The Port Chicago 50

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African Americans: assignment after boot camp, expectation about; assignments available to black servicemembers; combat service and fighting, eagerness for; dishonorable discharge for speaking out about racism; eagerness to serve in Navy; fear of; Navy Cross award to; Navy position available to; number of personnel at Port Chicago; service of in wars before World War II; temperament and intelligence for handling explosives. See also segregation and racism

Allen, Robert

Ammunition, bombs, and explosives: accidental explosion, danger of; betting on speed of loading duties; black sailors assignment to loading duties; dye capsule in bomb nose; fear of black sailors about loading duties; feelings about handling; handling and loading duties; hot cargo (incendiary bombs); Marshall and questions about Port Chicago conditions; pace and safety of loading duties; punishment for men who returned to loading duties; refusal of loading duties at Mare Island; return to loading duties at Mare Island; rough and careless handling as cause of explosion; safety regulations for handling; shift schedule for loading; training to handle; white sailors and ammunition loading duties; winch operations. See also explosion at Port Chicago

Anthony, Douglas

Armstrong, Daniel

Army and Army Air Corps

Bannon, Louis

Barge prison: discussion between Small and Delucchi before boarding; discussions between sailors aboard; sailors transfer to

Barracks: damage from explosion to; discussions about loading duties in; injuries to sailors in; lights out activities; list circulated in

Bell, Rieves

Blood supplies

Bordenave, Martin: assignment after boot camp, expectation about; court-martial and sentence; defense strategy; eagerness to serve in Navy; feelings about importance of decision; prejudices against black sailors; refusal of loading duties

Bryan (E.A. Bryan)

Camp Shoemaker

Carr, Albert

Civilian Conservation Corps

Civil rights: foundation of movement; Marshall role in fight for; Port Chicago 50 and fight for

Coakley, James

Combat service and fighting, eagerness for

Court-martial: appeal of verdict; closing arguments; cross-examination testimony; defense lawyers; defense strategy and testimony; location of and setting for; Marshall interest and involvement in; members of the court; overturning conviction; press coverage of; prosecution lawyers; prosecution strategy and questioning; reconsideration of case; rigging of against accused men; Small testimony; testimony about Small; transcript of; verdict and sentencing. See also Port Chicago 50

Crittenden, Jack: eagerness to serve in Navy; pardon, feelings about; prison barge; questioning of about mutiny; recovery of bodies from explosion; refusal of loading duties as mutiny; refusal of loading duties at Mare Island; verdict and sentencing

Delucchi, Ernest: accidental explosion, danger of; betting on speed of loading duties; character of; conversation with Small about prison barge; court-martial testimony; opinions about; pace of loading duties; refusal of loading duties at Mare Island; Small promotion, opinion about

Dixson, Julius

Dunn, John

Edwards, Robert

Explosion at Port Chicago: bravery of black soldiers after blast; cause of; compensation for victims and families; deaths from; debris from; descriptions of and damage from; injuries to sailors in barracks; inquiry into; investigation into, call by Marshall for; memorial service for victims; pier and ships, destruction of; real story about, interest of sailors in; recovery of bodies from

Flowers, Jefferson

Forrestal, James: appeal of verdict; court-martial, interest in by; integration of crews; Marshall and questions about Port Chicago conditions; Marshall involvement in court-martial; memo about explosion and recommendations for punishment; Navy policy toward black sailors; reconsideration of case; white sailors and ammunition loading duties; Wright report to about black sailors

Freedom, fighting for

Gay, Willie

Goss, Nelson

Granger, Lester

Gray, Joseph

Great Lakes training center

Green, Edward

Green, Nora

Green, Oliver “Ollie”

Harlem Hellfighters

Henry, Frank

“Honorable conditions” discharge

Integration of military services

James, Joseph

Jameson, DeWitt

Johnson, Edward

King, Martin Luther, Jr.

Kinne, Merrill T.

Knox, Frank

Liberty days

Mare Island Naval Shipyard, refusal of loading duties at

Marine Corps: African Americans in; guard duty by marines; racial tensions between servicemembers

Marshall, Thurgood; appeal of verdict; civil rights role; Constitution, memorization of; early life of; end of segregation in military services, reaction to; interest and involvement in court-martial; investigation into explosion, call for; NAACP attorney role; Port Chicago conditions, questions about; representation of black servicemen by

McPherson, Alphonso

Meeks, Freddie; cause of explosion; feelings about importance of decision; handling and loading explosives; life after leaving the Navy; Marshall involvement in court-martial; Port Chicago, appearance of area; presidential pardon for; refusal of loading duties at Mare Island; training to handle explosives

Military services: integration of; morale of black servicemembers; segregation and racism in; service of African Americans in wars before World War II; tensions and friendships between servicemembers

Miller, Dorie

Morehouse, Carleton

Mutiny: charges of; consequences of; definition of; evidence gathering and interrogations about; refusal of loading duties as; Small’s role in. See also court-martial; Port Chicago 50

National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP): founding of; legal help for accused mutineers; Marshall as attorney for; pamphlet about prisoners; purpose of

Navy: assignments after boot camp; danger of jobs in; eagerness of African Americans to serve in; integration of crews; number of African Americans in; policy toward black sailors; positions available to black; refusal to obey orders, consequences of; segregation and racism in; tensions and friendships between black and white sailors

Navy Cross award

Nimitz, Chester

Osterhaus, Hugh

Parks, Rosa

Port Chicago 50: appeal of verdict; daily activities for; feelings about importance of decision; life after leaving the Navy; NAACP pamphlet about; overturning conviction of; presidential pardons for; publicity about; release from prison and return to active duty; respect for and treatment of; sentencing after court-martial. See also barge prison; court-martial; mutiny

Port Chicago Naval Magazine: African Americans assignment to; appearance of area; commanding officer’s feeling about minority personnel; feelings about being assigned to; importance of work at; morning routine at; number of personnel at; transfer of black sailors from. See also ammunition, bombs, and explosives

Prisoner sailors. See Port Chicago 50

Quinalt Victory

Rich, Morris

Ringquist, Glen

Robinson, Jackie

Robinson, Percy; assignment after boot camp, expectation about; cause of explosion; dye capsule in bomb nose; eagerness to serve in Navy; feelings about importance of decision; feelings about Navy experience; frayed nerves of sailors; Great Lakes training center experience; handling and loading explosives; injury to from explosion; journal kept by; life after leaving the Navy; mutiny and refusal to obey orders; opinion about Delucchi; pace of loading duties; Port Chicago, appearance of area; refusal of loading duties at Mare Island; return to loading duties at Mare Island

Roosevelt, Eleanor

Roosevelt, Franklin D.

Roosevelt, Teddy

Routh, Robert: feelings about being assigned to Port Chicago; feelings about Navy experience; foreboding about day; Great Lakes training center experience; injury to from explosion; liberty days; life after leaving the Navy; lights out activities; Port Chicago, appearance of area; recruitment of; refusal of loading duties, feeling about

Sangay

Section Eight discharge

Segregation and racism: desegregation on base; discrimination against black sailors; dishonorable discharge for speaking out about; government inaction about; Marshall and cases about; Navy policy toward black sailors; prejudices and segregation in the military; in schools; tensions and friendships between servicemembers; in towns near military bases; treatment on liberty days; unconstitutionality of segregation. See also integration of military services

Sheppard, Cyril: assignment after boot camp, expectation about; explosion and damage description; opinion about Delucchi; pace of loading duties; refusal of loading duties at Mare Island; verdict and sentencing

Sikes, Spencer; damage to barracks from explosion; eagerness to serve in Navy; feelings about handling explosives; importance of work at Port Chicago; liberty day; mourning deaths from explosion; reenlistment and Korean War service of; return to Port Chicago after blast

Small, Joseph “Joe”; accidental explosion, danger of; assignment after boot camp, expectation about; Camp Shoemaker brig; CCC experience of; conversation with Delucchi about prison barge; court-martial witness testimony about; daily activities for prisoners; death of; defense strategy; early life of; explosion and damage description; feelings about handling explosives; feelings about importance of decision; feelings about Navy experience; frayed nerves of sailors; Great Lakes training center experience; handling and loading explosives; injuries to sailors from explosion; leadership abilities and role of; liberty days; life after leaving the Navy; lights out activities; morning routine for; mutiny, understanding of; mutiny role of; opinion about Delucchi; pace of loading duties; pardons and overturning conviction, feelings about; path to Navy of; petty officer promotion; prison barge; refusal of loading duties at Mare Island; release from prison and return to active duty; respect for and opinions about; return to barracks after shift; tensions and friendships between black and white sailors; training to handle explosives; transfer to Camp Shoemaker; transfer to Mare Island; verdict and sentencing; winch operations; Wright meeting with

Soublet, Morris

Stubblefield, Edward

Terminal Island Naval Disciplinary Barracks

Tobin, James

Tobin, Joseph

Trimmingham, Rupert

Truman, Harry

Tuskegee Air Field and training base

Veltmann, Gerald; closing arguments; court-martial defense assignment; cross-examination testimony; defense strategy and testimony; rigging of court-martial

Waldrop, Edward

Washington, George

West Virginia

Williams, Albert, Jr.

World War I

World War II: declaration of war against US; end of; Pearl Harbor attack; surrender of Japan; US entrance into

Wright, Carleton; appeal of verdict; explosion, comments to press about; fear by black sailors; mutiny and refusal to obey orders; Navy policy toward black sailors; sentencing following court-martial; Small meeting with