acta, 33–34, 174n13, 174n15, 174n18, 175n28
Acts of Gallonius, 70
Acts of Maximilian, 58
Acts of Perpetua, 103, 193n36, 194n66
Acts of the Abitinian Martyrs, 71, 82, 104
Acts of the Scillitan Martyrs, 36, 58
Aelius Theon, 8
affect, 4, 5, 32, 33, 34, 37, 41, 46, 90, 152
Agathonike, 38–40, 60, 105, 144. See also Martyrdom of Carpus, Papylus, and Agathonike
algeō/algos, 12, 28, 65, 66, 74, 98, 111, 134, 135
Altman, Charles, 38
Amat, Jacqueline, 108
amphitheater, 10, 47, 49, 61, 103, 128, 142
analgesia, ix, 12, 13, 64, 65, 91, 99, 105, 109, 113, 120, 122; divinely bestowed, 21, 72, 73, 74, 80, 101; and judicial torture, 143, 145; in martyr texts, 51, 66; and Stoicism, 124, 135, 137; withheld from the unfaithful, 106
anesthesia, 12, 13, 22, 23, 27, 64, 65, 68, 80, 91, 93, 130, 145; withheld from the unfaithful, 131
apocalyptic, 34, 102, 105, 124–132
apostasy, 37, 54, 82, 99–101, 108, 122, 125, 144, 146, 152
apostate, 13, 83, 94, 99–101, 106
Appolonia, St., 1
arena, 10, 11, 42, 47, 50, 56, 69, 84, 97, 109–110, 123, 130, 142, 161n24
Arrian, 133
audience: ancient, ix, x, 3, 4, 5, 6–11, 164n56; emotional engagement of, 4, 6, 7, 31, 33, 62; and expectations for pain, 3, 12, 27, 29–30, 46–49, 61, 81, 93; as hearers, 3–4, 6–11; modern, ix, xi, 3, 156; as readers, 3–4; suffering of, 14, 152–153
Augustine, 4, 8, 9, 28, 130, 163n51, 180n90; and painlessness of martyrdom, 72, 80, 105, 109, 184n17; and pain of martyrdom, 118, 192n18
aurality, 3–5
Barnes, Timothy D., 33–35, 41, 174n15, 175n25
Barton, Carlin, 43
Basil, 116–117
Biblis, 54, 100–101. See also Letter of the Churches of Vienne and Lyons
Blandina, 48, 51, 56, 66, 75–77, 81, 103, 113, 154, 168n45, 186n43, 186n44. See also Letter of the Churches of Vienne and Lyons
bodies: as Christian social body, 145–147; as culturally constructed, 11; dissolution of, 2, 16, 20, 47, 49, 50, 61, 145–147; glorified, 78, 123, 124–132, 151, 153; in the Golden Legend, 21–22; immune to pain, ix, 2, 13, 18, 20, 30, 50–52, 65–68, 114–115, 155; in pain, 13, 17, 18, 22, 24, 54, 97–101, 107–114, 116–121; pagan, 15–16, 150–151; persecutors’, 101–107; prelapsarian, 22; protected from injury, 2, 13, 52–53, 55, 79, 81, 83, 151; versus spirit, 13, 64, 68–72; and suffering, 16–17, 18, 63–64, 152–153, 156–157; as textually constructed, 18, 20, 46, 77, 122–123; tortured, ix, x, 12, 25, 39, 46, 47, 142–145. See also resurrection; Stoicism
Bynum, Caroline Walker, 11, 107, 128, 130, 197n12, 199n46
Cameron, Averil, 45,
Carpus, 38, 39, 40, 57, 60, 125, 144. See also Martyrdom of Carpus, Papylus, and Agathonike
Carthage, 10, 17, 36, 69, 102, 108, 117, 126, 163n52, 194n58
Castelli, Elizabeth A., 8, 36, 44, 81, 116
Catherine, St., 1
Cato, 132
Celsus, 64
Charito, 50
Chariton, 50
Christian: arrest of, 2, 35, 36, 44, 45, 66, 91, 95, 99, 105, 111, 123, 139, 141, 144, 152; charges against, 5, 36, 45, 100, 141, 207n137; as criminal, 14, 138–139, 142, 147; as irrational, 14, 138, 140–141, 147, 206n132; as name, 40, 146; social body, 145–146; as stubborn, 14, 48, 49, 122, 138, 140, 141, 144, 147, 206n132; as subject to Roman power, 49, 52, 54, 56, 57, 60, 61, 62, 70, 74, 81, 89, 141, 142, 143, 144, 145–147; Roman views of, 138–142; trials of, 5, 34–35, 36, 37, 38, 40, 44, 45, 55, 58, 67, 89, 143, 145, 157
collective effervescence, 6, 161n24
Columella, 34
commentarius, 33–40
counter-discourse, 13–14, 122, 138, 142, 145, 147
counternarrative, 13, 93, 122–124, 126, 142, 145, 147
crown of immortality, 75, 76, 78, 137
Culler, Jonathan, 4
Cyprian, 67, 70, 78; in Augustine, 4; in Prudentius, 117. See also Acts of Cyprian
death: as announced in passing, 12, 57–60; as obscured by text, 12, 57, 60–61; perfected through, 58, 59; of the persecutor, 101–102
Decius, 101
De Wet, Chris L., 93
Dinocrates, 96–97, 127. See also Passion of Perpetua and Felicitas
Dionysius of Halicarnassus, 6, 7
Dionysius of Heraclea, 135, 136
Dioscorides, 64
doleo/dolor, 12, 27, 27, 28, 30, 65, 66, 67, 68, 69, 70, 71, 73, 78, 79, 87, 95, 96, 97, 98, 103, 104, 105, 106, 109, 110, 111, 117, 118, 130, 134, 135, 169n59
Donatists, 70, 71, 87. See also Acts of the Abitinian Martyrs; Martyrdom of Marculus; Passion of Maxima, Donatilla, and Secunda; Passion of Maximian and Isaac
dualism: cosmic, 44, 124–126; mind/body, 13, 64, 68–72, 127
Ebbeler, Jennifer V., 41
Edict of Milan, 101
Edwards, Catharine, 14, 27, 133, 152, 154, 202n71, 210n13
ekphrasis, 8, 9, 11, 91, 119, 150, 151, 176n39, 180n95
emotional contagion, 6
empathic inaccuracy, 155
empathy, 8, 12, 14, 25, 32, 37, 38, 48, 61, 86, 109, 155, 156, 173n6
endurance: and masculinity, 136, 204n100; of pain, 18, 21, 22, 29, 49, 59, 77, 112–113, 117, 118; of torture, 42, 47, 50, 54, 69, 72, 73–74, 78, 82, 97, 104, 136
Epictetus, 133–134, 136, 138, 140–141, 203n85
epistle, 33, 34, 40–46; influence on audience, 41–42, 43, 45–46
eschatology. See apocalyptic
Eulalia, 68
Eusebius, 8, 45; and pain as a locus of meaning, 107, 111–114
exitus illustrium virorum. See noble death
eyewitness: audience as, 4, 37, 38, 43, 45, 58; to martyrdom, 6, 42, 43, 45, 52, 83
Farb, Peter, 91
Felicitas, 10, 69, 73–74, 80, 96–98, 103, 110, 118. See also Passion of Perpetua and Felicitas
Felix, 104. See also Acts of the Abitinian Martyrs
Flavian, 29–30, 60, 67–68, 70, 78–79, 129. See also Martyrdom of Montanus and Lucius
Forty Martyrs of Sebaste, 9; in Basil, 116–117; in Gregory of Nyssa, 8, 120
4 Maccabees, 20–21, 116, 135–136
Francis, St., 1
Freud, Sigmund, 90
Galerius, 101–102
Germanicus, 11, 61, 99. See also Martyrdom of Polycarp
gladiator, 10, 11, 56, 105, 108–111
God: as focus of martyr texts, 64, 154; with the martyr, 9, 52, 56, 60, 72–80, 83, 146; protecting martyrs from pain, x, 20, 22, 47, 55, 115, 123, 146, 151–152
Gonzalez, Eliezer, 127
Goodine, Elizabeth, 76
Harries, Jill, 142
Harvey, Susan Ashbrook, 60
Heffernan, Thomas, 95, 96, 108, 110, 127
Hippolytus: in Prudentius, 149, 150, 151; in Seneca, 15–16, 27, 149, 150, 151
humor: of the martyrs, 39, 44, 83–92; social function of, 85, 86–87, 90–91
identity: constructed by Christians, x, 18, 23, 40, 48, 138, 154, 157; constructed by Romans, 121, 138
ideology of martyrdom, x, 22, 59, 65, 93, 96, 104, 112, 113, 116, 120, 156
imitatio Christi, 29–30
impassibility: as attribute of prelapsarian existence, 22; as attribute of resurrected bodies, 130, 131; of Christian martyrs, x, 2, 13, 17, 46, 50, 66, 67, 71, 72, 73, 77, 93, 105, 114–115, 143, 145, 146, 147, 153, 154; and magic, 17, 22; medical theories of, 23
impassivity: 2, 21, 22, 46, 50, 80, 83, 106, 154
insensitivity, ix, x, 21, 30, 51, 57, 63, 64, 65, 66, 69, 73, 77, 84, 120, 132–136, 144, 145, 146, 154
Jerome, St., 1
Jesus: as differentiated from martyrs, 29, 75; as impassible, 30; with the martyrs, 64, 72, 74–79, 80, 118; pain of, 21, 29, 30, 46
John Chrysostom, 9; and painlessness of martyrdom, 21, 115; and pain of martyrdom, 118–119
judgment, 130–131; of Christians, 45, 115, 125, 126; of persecutors, 89, 94, 102, 105, 126, 131
Judicial system: Roman, 2, 13, 33, 35, 36, 138–139, 141, 142–145, 147; violence of, 14, 22, 52, 54, 61, 82, 123, 142–144, 146. See also quaestio
Justin, 47, 50, 58–59. See also Martyrdom of Justin
Keen, Suzanne, 155–156
Kinnard, Isabelle, 73
Kyle, Donald, 56
Laurence, 84–87
Letter of Phileas, 112–113
Letter of the Churches of Vienne and Lyons, 20, 41, 44, 48, 51, 54, 56, 60, 66, 74, 81, 84, 94, 99, 101, 113, 135, 144, 153
MacMullen, Ramsay, 6
Marcus Aurelius, 64, 134, 138, 140, 141
Marian, 49, 51–52. See also Martyrdom of Marian and James
Martin, Dale, 139
martyrdom: and bodily preservation, 2, 8–83; divine presence during, 72–80; future rewards of, 124–125, 128–130, 131
Martyrdom of Agape, Irene, and Chione, 59
Martyrdom of Bishop Fructuosus and His Deacons, Augurius and Eulogius, 80, 103, 125, 127, 128
Martyrdom of Carpus, Papylus, and Agathonike, 183n10; Greek recension, 38–40, 57, 59–60, 84, 89, 125, 144, 183n11; Latin recension, 57, 60, 65, 73, 105, 125, 183n11
Martyrdom of Conon, 57, 60, 74
Martyrdom of Irenaeus, 67
Martyrdom of Justin, 47, 58, 59
Martyrdom of Marculus, 52, 79, 81, 83, 104
Martyrdom of Marian and James, 49, 52, 70, 125, 126, 128
Martyrdom of Montanus and Lucius, 20, 29, 60, 67, 70, 78, 118, 125, 129
Martyrdom of Pionius, 66, 82, 84, 88, 106, 128
Martyrdom of Polycarp, 19, 29, 40, 42, 44, 47, 50–51, 54, 60–61, 69, 77–78, 84, 89, 99, 119, 124–126; in Eusebius, 111–112; humor in, 44, 89
martyr texts: as hagiography, 19; as historical documents, 9, 11, 19, 33, 122, 154; as historically verisimilitudinous texts, 3, 11, 16, 20, 25, 31, 36, 38, 46, 122, 146, 154; as miracle stories, x, 9, 12, 14, 19, 20, 22, 47, 56, 57, 60, 61, 64, 125, 154, 155; and oral delivery, 3–5, 8
Meltzer, Gary, 85
Millar, Fergus, 35
Minucius Felix, 73
Mitchell, Matthew, 76
Moss, Candida, 76
Nikolaus, 35
Origen, 116
Oring, Elliott, 91
pain: in the ancient world, 26–28, 63–64; of apostates, 99–101; cultural meanings of, 3, 12, 17, 20, 21–22, 24–27; definition of, 24, 25; experienced apart from martyrdom, 94–98; experienced by martyrs, 107–121; in humoral theory, 27–28; of non-Christians, 101–107; as result of injury, 24–26; unexpected Christian responses to, 83–92. See also algeō/algos; audience, expectations for pain; bodies, immune to pain; bodies, and suffering; bodies, in pain; doleo/dolor; imitatio Christi; insensitivity; quaestio; soul, in pain; suffering, and emotional pain; transference, of injury
painlessness. See analgesia; anesthesia; bodies, immune to pain
Pamphilus. See Papylus
Papylus, 38–40, 57, 59, 84, 89, 144, 183n10. See also Martyrdom of Carpus, Papylus, and Agathonike
Passion of Maxima, Donatilla, and Secunda, 71, 103
Passion of Maximian and Isaac, 53, 54, 71, 104, 106
Passion of Perpetua and Felicitas: in Augustine, 9, 80, 109, 118; humor in, 56, 88; and martyrs’ emotions, 94–95; pain in, 94–98, 107–111, 118; as scripture, 9; swords in108–109; visions in, 96, 98, 108, 110, 125, 129
Passion of Theodore, 119
Perpetua, 10, 11, 69, 80, 84, 95–96, 97, 98, 103, 106, 108–111. See also Passion of Perpetua and Felicitas
persecution, 2, 3, 75, 80, 84, 86, 88, 89, 91, 98, 99, 101, 116, 128, 130, 131, 134, 141, 145, 146, 151, 152, 153; versus prosecution, 99, 138, 141, 145
persecutor: as incompetent, 52, 54, 56–57, 91, 105; as powerless, 56–57, 60, 62, 74, 81, 85, 89, 105, 143, 146, 147; suffering of, 13, 94, 102–107
Pliny the Elder, 64
Pliny the Younger, 132, 135, 138, 139, 140, 141
Polycarp, 11, 24, 29, 42–44, 54–55, 60, 66, 82, 89, 99, 146. See also Martyrdom of Polycarp
ponos, 20, 111, 117, 130, 135, 153
Ponticus, 60
Porphry, 127
Prudentius: and martyrdom of Cyprian, 118; and martyrdom of Eulalia, 68; and martyrdom of Hippolytus, 149–151; and martyrdom of Laurence, 84–85; and martyrdom of Romanus, 65–66, 87, 98; and martyrdom of Vincent, 68, 104; and painlessness of martyrdom, 65–66, 68–69, 87, 98, 114; and pain of martyrdom, 117–118
quaestio, 54, 82, 142–144, 146, 181n109
Quintus, 99. See also Martyrdom of Polycarp
Rajak, Tessa, 46
resurrection: of Jesus, 29; and judgment, 130–131; of martyrs, 126, 128–130, 144; nature of, 126–128, 130, 144
Revocatus, 56. See also Passion of Perpetua and Felicitas
rhetoric: and ancient theory, 4, 6–8, 35, 41; in martyr texts, 7, 9, 11, 30, 33, 57, 77, 122, 123, 141–152
Riggsby, Andrew, 34
Rist, John, 134
Romanus, 65–66, 87, 98; humor in, 87. See also Prudentius
Ross, Ellen M., 46
Sanctus, 20, 48–49, 51, 66, 74–75, 76–77, 81, 99, 113, 125. See also Letter of the Churches of Vienne and Lyons
Saturninus, 82. See also Acts of the Abitinian Martyrs
Saturninus, 56. See also Passion of Perpetua and Felicitas
Saturus, 11, 56, 88–89, 105, 126–127. See also Passion of Perpetua and Felicitas
Seeley, David, 135
self-violence, 2
Seneca, 15–17, 20, 27, 64, 85, 132, 134–136, 149, 150–151, 152, 154
sense perception, 7, 11, 27, 28, 161n29; hearing, 7–8, 11; sight, 7, 11, 27; touch, 8
Shaw, Brent, 71, 126, 132, 133
Socrates, 132
soul, 7; versus body, 13, 22, 51, 53, 68–72, 115, 116, 120; as corporeal, 28; as incorporeal, 131; in pain, 28; of persecutors, 85, 104
Stoicism, 138, 140, 156; theories of pain in, ix, 13, 20–21, 27, 64, 124, 132–138, 153
suffering, 12, 13, 14, 21; definition of, 18, 23, 27–29; and emotional pain, 16, 25, 27–29
Tazelita, 104
Tertullian, 11, 28, 39, 114–116, 128, 130–131, 144, 152
Theophilus, 128
Thomas, St., 1
Thorson, James, 85
torture: as deterrent, 142, 143, 144, 145; by forces of nature, 52–54; ineffectiveness of, 52–57; as remedy, 54, 75, 80, 81–83, 112, 123, 124, 144; as semblance not reality, 52–53, 55, 57, 62, 65, 67, 68, 75, 81, 87, 90–91, 103, 144
transference: of emotion, 6, 102–103; of injury, 80, 94, 95, 103–107
trauma, 13, 23, 24, 27, 48, 60, 69, 77, 81, 90, 106
trials. See Christian: trials of
Ulpian, 54
van Dam, Raymond, 9
Vettius Epagathus, 45, 144. See also Letter of the Churches of Vienne and Lyons
Victor, 79. See also Martyrdom of Montanus and Lucius
Vincent, St.: in Augustine, 72, 80, 105, 118; in Prudentius, 68–69, 104
violence. See judicial system, violence of
Winkler, John J., 50