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Page numbers in italics refer to illustrations.
Abdulla, Abdulkhaleq, 369
Abu Dhabi, UAE:
Dubai’s bailout by, 383
oil wealth in, 264
political status of, 266
redevelopment of, 10
Admiralty building (St. Petersburg), 29, 236, 247
Afghanistan, U.S. war in, 356, 362
Air India, 252, 256
Ai Weiwei, 319–20
Akhmatova, Anna, 237
al-Arabiya, 362
Alexander I, Emperor of Russia, 44–49
Alexander II, Emperor of Russia, 135, 136, 138–40, 142, 143, 146
Alexander III, Emperor of Russia, 140–41, 143, 156
Alexandra, Empress of Russia, 152, 154
Alexis Nikolayevich, Tsarevich of Russia, 152
Alexis Petrovich, Tsarevich of Russia, 32
al-Jazeera, 362
All About Shanghai, 167, 169, 197, 198
al-Qaeda, 355
Ambani, Mukesh, 341
American Seating Company, 215
Amritsar, India, massacre in, 218
Amsterdam, Netherlands:
canals in, 15
cosmopolitan society of, 19, 20, 23, 24
Peter the Great’s visit to, 15, 18–20
St. Petersburg’s modeling on, 6, 12, 15–16, 20, 24
Andreu, Paul, 320
Anna Ivanovna, Empress of Russia, 32, 34, 131
Angkor Wat, 394
Angleterre Hotel (St. Petersburg), 272, 274, 275
Antilia (Mumbai), 341
Arab expatriates in Dubai, 370
Arabian Ranches (Dubai), 364, 367
Arab Spring, 363
Arabtec, 290
Arab world:
anti-Westernism in nineteenth-
century, 260
development of, 11
Dubai’s distinctiveness in, 4, 5, 12, 262, 267, 354, 355, 361, 362, 376
modernity in, 11
oil wealth in, 258, 264, 356
pre-modern Chinese trade with, 57
press freedom in, 12, 362–63
see also Middle East
architecture:
Art Deco, 3, 9, 168, 190–93, 194, 195, 212–13, 215, 216, 319, 384, 393
Collegiate Gothic, 108
Constructivist, 162, 163, 233, 274
engineering breakthroughs in skyscraper, 189
Gothic Revival, 63, 106, 117, 118, 213
Indo-Saracenic, 210
“International Style,” 256
Mediterranean, 106
modernist, 160–61, 162, 163, 168, 177, 195, 229, 255, 256
neoclassical, 47, 63, 95, 102, 131, 233
pastiche, 168
of St. Petersburg, 6, 24, 26–28, 29–30, 34–35, 36–37, 44–48
seventeenth-century Russian, 141, 153
sociological and cultural influence of, 20, 386, 394–95
Soviet, 160, 161–64, 229, 232–34
traditional Arab, 373–74
Western European, 27, 35, 36, 37, 47–48, 195
see also Dubai, UAE, architecture of; Mumbai, India, architecture of; St. Petersburg, Russia, architecture of; Shanghai, China, architecture of
Armani Hotel (Dubai), 365
art:
Catherine the Great’s collection of, 7, 35–37
Russian, 22, 36
Western European, 22–23, 36
Asia:
Dubai’s appeal in, 262, 263
Europeans’ self-distinction from, 392–93
Mumbai’s symbolism in, 349
Asian Century, 9, 12, 393
Asia Realty Company, 196, 197
Assembly of Russian Factory and Plant Workers, 149
Augustine Heard & Company, 190
Australia, indigenous people of, 370
Azerbaijan, Dubai investment from, 357
Baader-Meinhof Gang, 355
Back Bay Reclamation Company, 113, 115, 124, 211–13, 384
Bailemen (Paramount) nightclub (Shanghai), 194
Ballard, J. G., 196
Bangalore, India:
shopping malls in, 10
Victoria’s Diamond Jubilee in, 201
Bank of Bombay, 114, 115
Banque Russo-Asiatique, 147–48, 170–71
Bauhaus, 160
BBC, 5, 362
Beijing, China:
architecture of, 64, 187, 188
Communist leadership in, 245, 246, 247, 297, 298
conservatism of, 80
cultural life in contemporary, 319–20
Drum Tower in, 188
Forbidden City in, 188
intellectual life of Imperial, 175
Tiananmen Square in, 246
Tiananmen Square movement in, 298–303
Western-style housing developments in contemporary, 10, 11
Bengal Army, 93–94
Berlin, Germany, Westernness of, 392
Berlin Wall, fall of, 281
Berman, Marshall, 207
Bhedwar, Sohrabji, 215
Big Ben:
Mumbai’s version of, 109, 124
Shanghai’s version of, 9, 66
bin Laden, Osama, 355, 356
Björk, 320
Black Death, 135
Bollywood, 8, 9, 214, 257–58, 331, 332–33, 349
Bolsheviks, 157–60, 164, 170, 179, 180, 230, 231, 236, 237
see also Soviet Union
Bolton, Captain, 93
Bombay, Baroda and Central India Railway (BB&CI), 124
Bombay City Improvement Trust, 206, 208, 209, 345
Bombay Electric Supply and Tramways Company (BEST), 204
Bombay First, 332, 347–48
Bombay Gymkhana, 211
Bombay Municipal Corporation, 91, 123, 210
Bombay Stock Exchange, 329, 330
Bombay Times, 93
Booz Allen Hamilton, 372
Boxer Rebellion, 83
Bremen, Germany, 136
Brenna, Vincenzo, 46
British American Tobacco, 177, 182
British East India Company:
Dubai outpost of, 260
India’s administration by, 95, 101, 102, 103, 107
Mumbai’s administration by, 93, 94, 96–97, 98–99
in Shanghai, 55, 61
British Petroleum (BP), 268
Brodsky, Joseph, 274
Bronze Horseman (St. Petersburg), 50, 51
Buddhists, 99
Bund, 53, 61, 62, 63, 69, 78, 165, 171, 186, 188–90, 298
Burj al-Arab (Dubai), 373
Burj Khalifa (Dubai), 290, 351, 353, 364, 365, 368, 371, 373–74, 383
Burnham, Daniel, 354
Bush, George W., 355
Byzantium, 22
Cairo, Egypt:
MGM theater in, 216
Western-style housing developments in, 11
Calcutta, India:
British colonial administration in, 102, 103, 107, 206
language of, 251
MGM theaters in, 216
worker housing in, 204
Calcutta Government House, 102
California, University of, at Berkeley, 277
Cama, Byramjee Hormusjee, 115
Cambridge University, 107, 108
Campbell, George, 103
Canon, 361
Carrefour, 366
Carsick Cars, 320
Cathay Hotel (now Peace Hotel, Shanghai), 165, 190–93, 194, 197, 240, 246, 305, 365
Cathedral of Our Savior on Spilt Blood, 127, 140–43, 232, 286
Catherine Canal (St. Petersburg), 34–35, 142
Catherine of Braganza, 96
Catherine the Great, Empress of Russia:
artwork collected by, 7, 35–37
cultural repression by, 41–43, 395
cultural selectiveness of, 35, 37, 39
St. Petersburg’s development under, 34–40, 144
salons of, 39–40
Winter Palace’s design by, 9, 34, 35, 36–37, 39
Census Bureau, U.S., 348
Central Intelligence Agency (CIA), 355
Chambers, W. A., 210
Charles II, King of England, 96
Chartered Bank of India, Australia, and China (Standard Chartered), 73, 359
chawls, 204–5, 206, 207, 258, 330
Cheka, 159, 160
Chen, Star, 313–14, 316
Chengdu, China, Western-style housing developments in, 10
Chennai, India (formerly Madras):
language of, 251
Raj administration in, 107
shopping malls in, 10
worker housing in, 204
Chen Yi, 245, 246, 247
Chhatrapati Shivaji Terminus, see Victoria Terminus
Chiang Kai-shek, 89, 181, 184, 185–86, 187, 242
Chicago, Ill.:
building of, 354
Shanghai’s modeling on, 58
skyscrapers in, 189, 373
child labor:
in Mumbai, 340, 345
in Shanghai, 177
China:
anti-Westernism in Nationalist-era, 9, 184, 188
communism’s advent in, 179–82, 184, 185; see also Chinese Communist Party (CCP)
conservatism of rural, 181
Dubai trade with, 259, 377
economic development of, 11, 56, 58, 80, 81–82, 169, 282, 356, 369
energy demand in, 282, 356
Indian relations with, 348
Indian trade with, 110, 203
Japanese wars with, 169, 239, 241–42
literature in, 175
Maoist revolution in, 197, 198, 242–43, 244
Nationalist rule of, 89, 181, 184, 185–86, 242–43, 244
1911 revolution in, 87–89, 171, 172
railroads in, 81–82, 87
Shanghai’s distinctiveness in, 5, 8, 10, 64, 76, 77, 78, 79, 80, 81–82, 83, 84, 85, 86, 88, 172, 174, 175, 176–77, 181, 198, 246, 304, 305, 308–9, 322–23
Soviet relations with, 180, 247, 300–301
Western domination of, 89, 186, 298
women in, 79, 173, 174
World War II in, 241, 242
Yale University branch in, 187
China, Imperial:
bureaucracy in, 56, 57
criminal code in, 59, 83, 85
cultural chauvinism in, 80, 81
decline of, 63, 64, 65, 73, 74, 83, 85–87, 167
modernizing factions in, 79
trade in, 56, 57–58
Western domination of, 58, 59–60, 65–66, 67, 83, 85, 87
women in, 79
China, People’s Republic of, 244–50, 297–323
capitalism in, 249–50, 297, 299, 303–4, 308–9
censorship in, 309, 318, 320, 322, 361
cultural contradictions of, 316–17, 319
cultural knowledge in, 316, 317, 318
Cultural Revolution in, 247–49, 315–16
establishment of, 244
film production in, 318–19
Gorbachev’s visit to, 300–301
industrialization of, 246–47
political repression in, 299, 300, 301–3, 309, 310–11, 317
Shanghai’s symbolism in, 304, 305, 308–9, 322–23
Special Economic Zones in, 250, 297, 303–4
television in, 308–9
Tiananmen Square movement in, 298–303
China Merchants Steam Navigation Company, 77–78
Chinese Communist Party (CCP):
advent of, 180, 181
Chiang Kai-Shek’s opposition to, 184, 185, 242–43
ideological development of, 185, 250
see also China, Communist
Chop Dollar, 61
Chrysler Building (New York), 3, 12
Chubais, Anatoly, 277
Church of the Resurrection of Jesus Christ (St. Petersburg), see Cathedral of Our Savior on Spilt Blood
Ciro’s (Shanghai), 193, 194
Citibank, 359
Civil War, U.S., 112, 115
Clark, Ernest “Slick,” 194
Cleveland, Ohio, Mumbai’s proposed modeling on, 348
CNN, 362
Coca-Cola, 277, 329
cohong, 57
Colgate-Palmolive, 334
colonialism:
communist viewpoints on, 180
justification of, 11, 55, 120
rebellion against, 8
Westernized metropolises of, 7
Columbia Circle (Shanghai), 196
communism:
Chinese advent of, 179–82, 184, 185
Lenin’s view of, 157, 179
propaganda and, 308, 309
see also Bolsheviks; Chinese Communist Party; St. Petersburg, Communist-era; Soviet Union
Communist, The, 180
Communist Manifesto (Marx), 179
Confucianism, 56, 76, 78, 173, 175, 176, 181
Constantine Palace, 286
Constantine Pavlovich, Grand Duke of Russia, 49, 50
Constructivism, 162, 163, 233, 274
Contractor, Hafeez, 335–36, 337–38, 339, 344
coolies, 61, 178, 189
Cornell University, Doha branch of, 10
Correa, Charles, 254, 255
cotton, 112, 115, 203
Crédit Lyonnais, 147, 279
Credit Suisse, 334, 359
Crimean War, 134
Da Liusheng, 395
Davis, Mike, 384
Dead Souls (Gogol), 134
Dean and Deluca, 374
Decembrists, 48–51, 129, 135, 275, 369
Defense of India Act, 208
Delft, Netherlands, scientific innovation in, 19
Delhi, India, political status of, 206, 251
Dell, 361
Deng Xiaoping, 249–50, 297–98, 299, 300, 303, 304, 394
Dewey, John, 176
Dhaka, Bangladesh, modernity in, 387
Dharavi (Mumbai), 341
“Diary of a Madman” (Lu), 176
Diderot, Denis, 35–36, 38–39
Disney, 379
Doge’s Palace, Mumbai University’s architectural inspiration from, 9, 12, 109
Doha, Qatar, Cornell University branch in, 10
Dong Dayou, 187, 315
Dostoevsky, Fyodor, 12
DP World, 265
Dubai, UAE, 259–68, 351–80
air conditioning in, 259, 266, 375
alcohol in, 267, 365, 379
Arab community in, 261, 266, 369, 370–71, 373, 374–75, 376
Arab Spring in, 363
architecture of, 266, 267–68, 353, 357–58, 359, 362, 364, 373–74
autocracy in, 260, 266, 372, 386
British colonialism in, 260, 263–64, 266
censorship in, 361, 362, 363, 386
climate of, 259
cosmopolitanism of, 259, 263, 353, 354–55, 364, 365–67, 377, 379, 385–86
criticism of, 268, 379, 384
culture of, 5, 266–67, 364, 365–67, 369, 370, 374, 375, 377, 378, 379–80, 386
currency in, 266, 360
debtors’ prisons in, 360, 384
“Downtown Dubai,” 351, 365
Dragon Mart in, 377, 378, 379
economic downturn in, 383–84
emergence of, 5–6
Emirati welfare state in, 266, 371
Executive Council of, 372
foreign investment in, 356–57
foreign population of, 5–6, 263, 353, 354–55, 357, 364, 367–69, 370, 371, 375, 383–84
future of, 380, 384–87
gender segregation in, 376
geography of, 259, 354
guest workers in, 263, 365, 367–69, 370, 371, 379–80, 381, 384
Harvard University negotiations with, 363–64
Healthcare City in, 363
hostage negotiations in, 355
Indian community in, 261, 262–63, 331, 357
Indian economic ties with, 261, 262–63, 266, 268, 331
infrastructure of, 260, 263, 264, 265, 266, 267, 268
International City in, 378–79
Islamic law in, 267, 358, 360, 365, 375–76
Jebel Ali harbor in, 267, 358
land reclamation in, 358, 384
language of, 6, 360, 366, 375, 386
legal code in, 358–60, 370–71, 379
media companies in, 12, 360, 362–63
metro system in, 367, 371
mosques in, 376
multinational corporations in, 268, 358, 359–60, 361–62, 364
naming of, 259
national security in, 371
1970s urban planning mandate of, 265
oil wealth in, 264, 369
opulence in, 365
population of, 260, 261, 263, 267, 357, 370
prostitution in, 267, 365
public schools in, 376
real estate market in, 267, 268, 356–57, 358, 362, 383
segregated communities in, 261, 366–67, 376, 378
Sheikh Zayed Road in, 357
skyscrapers in, 5, 267–68, 353, 373
strikes in, 368
technology industry in, 262, 360–62
tourism in, 354, 376
trade in, 260–61, 262–63, 265, 266, 377, 386
Twin Chrysler Buildings in, 3, 12, 360
violent crime in, 379
Westernization in, 4, 5, 9, 263–66, 268, 354, 358, 359, 360, 364–65, 369, 372–73, 374, 375, 378, 379, 383
wind towers in, 266
worker housing in, 367–68
Dubai International Airport, 354, 371
Dubai International Financial Centre (DIFC), 359–60
Dubai Marina, 364
Dubai World Trade Centre, 268
Dublin, Ireland, growth of, 357
Duke University, 277
Dulwich College, 313–14
Duma, 151–52, 155
Dutch East India company, 18, 19
Du Yuesheng (“Big-Eared Du”), 184, 185
Dyer, Reginald, 218
Earp, Thomas, 118–19
Economist, The (UK), 115
E. D. Sassoon & Co., 223
Egypt, 11
Arab Spring in, 363
expatriates in Dubai from, 370
Western heritage in, 392
Eiffel Tower (Paris), 161, 197
Eiffel Tower (Shenzhen), 394
Elizabeth II, Queen of England, 268
Emaar Properties, 364
Emirates airline, 354, 355, 377
Emirates Towers (Dubai), 353, 372
Empress Mills, 203
Encyclopédie, 37, 43, 51
Enlightenment, 37–40, 41, 143
Eros Cinema (Bombay), 199, 215
Europe, Western:
architecture of, 27, 35, 36, 37, 47–48, 195
art of, 22–23, 36
Bolshevik Revolution’s impact in, 160
Bombay trading with, 99–100
Catherine the Great’s reaction against, 42–43
Chinese trade with, 56, 57, 58, 65–66
development of, 11, 16–17, 19, 24, 25, 43, 48, 130, 135, 136
education in, 28
Enlightenment philosophy in, 37–40, 41, 143
free labor in, 136
industrialization’s effects in, 144
Lenin’s view of, 156
Peter the Great’s admiration of, 16–21, 25, 26, 29
Peter the Great’s visits to, 17–21, 25, 29
post-World War I decline of, 168, 195
printing in, 16, 19, 23
railroads in, 130
Russian tourists in, 292
St. Petersburg’s commercial imports from, 131
St. Petersburg tourists from, 238, 273
serfdom in, 135
urbanization in, 136
Exposition Internationale des Arts Decoratifs et Industriels Modernes, 168
Fabergé, 146–47
Facebook, 363
Falconet, Etienne-Maurice, 51
Fan Wenzhao, 319
Far Eastern Review (Philippines), 81, 173
Fessenden, Sterling, 185
Financial Times (UK), 280
Finland, Russian tourists in, 292
Flanagan, Maurice, 354
Flying Star, 178
Foster, Norman, 288
France:
absolute monarchy in, 31
anti-Bolshevik stance of, 158
Chinese trade with, 57, 65
in Crimean War, 134
development in, 130
gold market in, 263
literacy in, 43
Russia’s war with, 44, 48
St. Petersburgers’ cultural influences from, 33, 40–43, 48, 133
serfdom in, 135
Shanghai concession of, 7, 60, 65, 66, 70, 167, 180, 184, 186, 240, 295
Vichy government of, 240
Voltaire’s censorship in, 37
French Revolution, 40–43, 130
Frere, Henry Bartle Edward, 101–8, 111, 114, 115, 116, 212, 386
Fringe Festival (Shanghai), 320
FSB, 281, 294
Gadiya, Mangal, 93
Gandhi, Indira, 268
Gandhi, Mohandas K., 216–24, 252, 253, 329, 333
Gang of Four, 247
Gapon, Grigori, 149, 150, 151
Gazprom, 269, 282–83, 288–92
General Electric, 286
General Staff Building (St. Petersburg), 45–46
Gensler, 359
George V, King of England, 225
Germany:
Europeanness of, 392
Japan’s World War II alliance with, 240, 241
Lenin’s assistance from, 157
Night of the Long Knives in, 231
St. Petersburg’s blockade by, 234–37
serfdom in, 41, 135–36
Shanghai expatriate community from, 70
Shanghai refugees from, 239–40
Soviet nonaggression pact with, 234
Germany, East, secret police in, 281
Getz Bros. & Co., 70
Ghonim, Wael, 363
Gillette, 277
Giotto, 109
glasnost, 271, 273
globalization:
Communist China’s cultural resistance to, 317–18
contemporary Dubai’s role in, 386
contemporary Mumbai’s role in, 349
jet-powered, 6, 354, 385
nature of, 5
spread of, 10
Gogol, Nikolai, 133–34, 175, 176
gold, 262–63, 331
Goldwyn, Samuel, 216
Golitsyn, Prince, 24, 31–32
Google, 363
Gorbachev, Mikhail, 271–72, 274, 275, 276, 300, 301
Gostiny Dvor (St. Petersburg), 131
Great Britain:
anti-Bolshevik stance of, 158
Bombay’s building by, 8, 95, 96–97, 101–2, 104–12, 116, 117–20, 123–25, 206, 332, 349
Chinese communist tension with, 182, 183, 184
Chinese trade with, 56, 57, 58, 62, 65–66
cotton supply to, 112, 203, 221
in Crimean War, 134
Dubai colonization by, 260, 263–64, 266
Dubai expatriates from, 354–55, 370
expatriate taxation by, 354
Gandhi’s Noncooperation Movement against, 217, 221–23, 224
Great Depression in, 212
Indian independence from, 224–25
Indian nationalism reaction of, 207–8, 217–18, 224
India’s rule by, 91–125, 201–25, 253
industrialization’s effects in, 144
literacy in, 43
monarchy in, 20–21, 31
peak empire of, 201
Raj-era ideology of, 95–96, 103, 104, 105, 107, 109, 111, 117, 119, 120, 121, 122, 123, 202, 205–6, 207–8, 209–10, 211, 218, 219, 220, 221
St. Petersburg expatriates from, 29
Sepoy Mutiny against, 93–95, 103, 104, 224
serfdom in, 135
Shanghai settlement of, 7, 59, 60–61, 62, 63, 64, 65, 66–67, 69, 70, 71, 73, 81, 180, 182, 184, 186, 244, 248; see also Shanghai, China, International Settlement of
Wahhabi movement against, 94
Great Depression, 197, 211, 212, 261
Great Indian Peninsula Railway (GIPR), 117, 119, 125
Great Mosque of Cordoba (Spain), 118
Great World (Shanghai), 173
Greece, ancient, 392
Green Gang, 184–85
Green Villas (Shanghai), 313
Grimm, David, 141
Grinevitsky, Ignati, 139–40
Gropius, Walter, 164
Guangzhou, China:
architecture of, 61
Chinese businessmen in, 78
population of, 60
trade in, 57–58
Guiding Light, 376
Gujaratis, 332
Guo family, 172
Guo Moruo, 175
Gu Shunzhang, 181, 184
Gusinsky, Vladimir, 283
Haas School of Business, 277
Haipai, 173–77
Haji Ali shrine (Mumbai), 341
Harper’s Weekly, 76
Harvard University:
proposed Dubai branch of, 363–64
Shanghai branch of, 10, 167
Haussmann, Georges-Eugène, 130, 207
Hermitage (St Petersburg):
Catherine the Great’s building of, 36
Chinese theme park scale model of, 395
neoclassical rooms in, 391
preservation of, 293
sculpture of Voltaire in, 38, 43, 235, 395
Stalin’s purging of, 231, 235
World War II cultural preservation in, 235
Herzog & de Meuron, 288
Hewlett-Packard, 361
Hind Swaraj (Gandhi), 219, 220
Hindus, 95, 99, 124, 330, 331
Hiranandani, Surendra, 336
Hiranandani Gardens (Mumbai), 325, 334–35, 336–37, 338, 339
History of the Russian Empire under Peter the Great, The (Voltaire), 37
Hitler, Adolf, 231, 234
Holy Trinity Cathedral (Shanghai), 63, 248
Hong Kong, 245, 250, 304, 310, 312
Hongkong and Shanghai Banking Corporation (HSBC), 73, 77, 244, 359
Hong Xiuquan, 63
Hoopmann, Errol, 359, 360
Hornby, William, 97
Hornby Road (Mumbai), 208–9, 214, 258
Houdon, Jean-Antoine, 38, 395
Hsu Jun, 78
Huang Chu-jiu, 173
Hudec, Ladislav, 195–96, 319
Hume, Allan Octavian, 120–21
Hussein, Sayyad, 93
Huxley, Aldous, 176
Hu Yaobang, 299, 300
Hyde Park (London), 273
“Hyde Park” (Leningrad), 273
Hyderabad, India, Victoria’s Diamond Jubilee in, 201
IBM, 268, 329
Ibn Battuta Mall (Dubai), 374–75, 378, 379, 385
Ibrahim, Dawood, 331
Imperialism: The Highest Stage of Capitalism (Lenin), 179–80
Imperial Mariinsky Theater (St. Petersburg), 151, 293
Imperial Towers (Mumbai), 344, 349
India:
anti-colonialism in, see Gandhi, Mohandas K.; Indian National Congress
anti-salt tax campaign in, 224
anti-Westernism in, 9, 99, 217, 218, 219, 220, 221–23, 224, 225, 251, 328
ascendance of, 12, 333
British judicial system in, 95
British rule over, 91–125, 201–25, 253
British unification of, 122, 207
Chinese exploration of, 56
Chinese relations with, 348
Chinese trade with, 203
cotton production in, 112, 115, 203, 221
cultural identity in contemporary, 338–39
democracy in, 253, 258, 343, 344, 345, 348, 386
development of, 11, 95–96, 103, 104, 105, 111–12, 119, 121–22, 202, 205, 209–10, 220, 282, 356, 369
diaspora of, 338
Dubai ties to, 261, 262–63, 266, 268, 331, 357
economic restructuring of, 257, 327, 328–29, 334
energy demand in, 282, 356
gold smuggling in, 262–63
homespun cloth movement in, 221–23
independence of, 224–25, 258
industrialization of, 253
languages of, 122, 251
“License-Permit Raj,” 250–59, 262, 327–28, 329
marriage in contemporary, 338–39
Mughal emperor of, 95
Mumbai’s distinctiveness in, 4, 5, 8, 10, 98, 99, 100, 101, 102, 124, 202, 205–6, 210, 213, 220–21, 223, 258, 329, 332, 337, 349
nationalist movement in, 207, 212, 369; see also Gandhi, Mohandas K.; Indian National Congress
Nehruvian economic policy in, 252–54, 257, 262, 268, 327–28, 333
postcolonial state creation in, 251
public sector in, 254, 255, 256, 327–28
railroads in, 82, 98, 111–12, 117, 121, 124, 203, 340, 342
Sepoy Rebellion in, 93–95, 103, 104, 224
social structure of, 98, 99
Soviet trade with, 328
technology in, 328, 362
tourists from, 329
urban areas in contemporary, 4, 337
Vernacular Press Act in, 121
women in, 338–39
India Council, 116
Indian National Congress:
formation of, 121–23, 207
in homespun cloth campaign, 223
worker support of, 207
see also Gandhi, Mohandas K.
“Internationale, The,” 181, 237
International Economic Forum, 294
International Harvester, 147
International Monetary Fund, 328
Internet:
in China, 309, 361
UAE censorship of, 360–61
Iran:
Dubai expatriates from, 263
Dubai visitors from, 354
UAE relations with, 377
see also Persia
Iraq, U.S. war in, 356, 362
Islamic fundamentalism, 94, 260, 349, 355–56, 373–74
Israel:
Dubai relations with, 361, 376
technology industry in, 362
Italy:
architecture of, 27, 35, 36
St. Petersburg expatriates from, 29
Shanghai community from, 184
Itogi, 283, 284
Izvestia, 160
Jains, 99, 332
Japan:
Chinese tension with, 182, 183, 184
Chinese wars with, 169, 239, 241–42
economic development in, 254
electronics industry in, 262
modernization in, 86, 169
pearl industry in, 261
Russia’s war with, 150
Shanghai community from, 169–70, 182, 186, 239
in World War II, 240–42
Japanese Red Army, 355
Jardine, William, 68, 110
Jardine Matheson and Company, 68, 70, 78
Jatkar, Harshavardhan, 346
jazz, 173, 193–94, 214, 238
Jazz Singer, The, 214
Jeejeebhoy, Jamsetjee, 110
Jehangir, Cowasjee, 110, 113, 114
Jews:
in Mumbai, 97, 99
in Shanghai, 69–70, 193, 239–40, 241
in St. Petersburg, 23
Jiang Zemin, 299, 300, 302–3
Jin Mao Tower (Shanghai), 308, 373
Jiujiang, China, foreign concessions in, 184
Johnson, Philip, 256
Johnson/Burgee Architects, 256
Joint Savings Society, 195
Jones Lang LaSalle, 357
Journey from St. Petersburg to Moscow (Radishchev), 41–42
J. P. Morgan, 334
Jumeirah Beach Residences, 364
JVC, 262
Kadoorie family, 193
Kant, Immanuel, 37–38
Kaufman, Fredy, 240
Kerensky, Alexander, 156, 158
KGB, 279, 280–81
Khrushchev, Nikita, 238
Kipling, Rudyard, 218
Kirov, Sergei, 229–30
Kirov Works, 236, 275
Kodak, 208
Koolhaas, Rem, 384
Kotenev, Anatol, 170, 182
Kovalev, Alexei, 272
Kremlin, 16, 142, 159
Krichinsky, Stepan, 153
Krishna, Raj, 327
Kronstadt, 160
Kunstkamera (St. Petersburg), 13, 28–29, 285
Kuwait, Dubai development loans from, 263
Lagos, Nigeria, modernity in, 387
Lamb, Thomas, 216
Las Vegas, Nev., growth of, 357
Lea & Perrins, 77
League of Nations, 170
Lebanon, Dubai expatriates from, 357
Leeuwenhoek, Anton van, 19
Lenin, Vladimir Illyich, 156–57, 158, 160, 171, 179–80, 181
Leningrad Young Communist Club, 231
Lermontov, Mikhail, 154–55
Li Hongzhang, 79
lilongs, 64, 73, 76, 177, 246
Lincoln Memorial, 394
Lindsay, Hugh, 55–56
Living City, 289
London, England:
Dubai’s modeling on, 263–64, 265, 266
and India’s economic restructuring, 328
Mumbai’s modeling on, 4, 8, 96, 109, 124
Mumbai’s telegraph link with, 112
neoclassical architecture in, 47, 63
Peter the Great’s visit to, 20–21
Shanghai’s modeling on, 9, 58, 63, 66
Los Angeles, Calif., housing developments in, 196
Louis XIV, King of France, 31, 42
Louis XVI, King of France, 135
Louvre (Paris), 36
Lu Xun, 175–76
Lytton, Lord, 121
Macau, 57
Maersk, 279
Ma family, 172
Maharashtra, India, 251
State Industries and Investment Corporation of, 255
see also Marathis
Makarov, Ignaty, 141
Makhtoum bin Hasher, Sheikh, 261
Makhtoum family, 260, 262, 263
Manchester Guardian, 177
Manchu dynasty, 83, 87
Mao Zedong, 185, 197, 198, 243, 247, 248, 249, 299
Marathis, 331
see also Shiv Sena
“market Bolsheviks,” 277–80
Markova, Anna, 284
Marx, Karl, 156–57, 179, 180
Masquerade (Lermontov), 154–55
Mattarnovy, Georg Johann, 28
Matviyenko, Valentina, 283–84, 288, 289, 290–91
Mayer, Louis B., 216
McKinsey & Company, 348, 359, 372
Medvedev, Dmitri, 289, 294
Mehta, Harshad, 329
Mendelsohn, Erich, 163
Metro Cinema (Bombay), 215–16
Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer Corporation, 215–16, 319
Metropole Gardens Ballroom (Shanghai), 194
Metropolitan Hotel (Dubai), 365
Miami, Fla., Latin American wealth in, 357
Miami Beach, Fla., Art Deco architecture of, 212, 213
Michelangelo, 36
microscope, 19
Microsoft, 361, 363
Middle East:
Chinese exploration of, 56
hijackings in, 355
political instability in, 262, 356, 362
see also Arab world
Mikhail Nikolayevich, Grand Duke of Russia, 139, 155
Mindspace (Mumbai), 338
Mission Impossible III, 322
modernism, 160–61, 162, 163, 168, 177, 195, 229, 234, 255, 256
modernity:
Chinese Communist Party’s presentation of, 322, 323
contemporary Dubai’s representation of, 353, 385
contemporary Mumbai’s representation of, 347, 349
critics of, 219–20
ingredients of, 8–9
nature of, 5, 11
rebellion against, 9
revolutionary implications of, 8, 9, 130, 386–87
twenty-first century, 387
Mohammed, Sheikh, Ruler of Dubai, 353–54, 355, 356, 358, 362, 372, 373, 386
Montferrand, Auguste Ricard de, 46–48
Monument to the Heroic Defenders of Leningrad, 237
Morocco, Dubai expatriates from, 370
Moscow, Russia:
anti-Soviet demonstrations in, 275–76
barbers in, 21
civic leadership of, 283
as Communist capital, 158, 159
conservatism of, 140, 141, 152, 154, 159
German Quarter in, 16–17, 30
Napoleon’s attack on, 44
newspapers in, 16, 23, 283
political power of, 278–79
population of, 131
Mumbai, India, 91–125, 199–225, 250–59, 325–49
anticolonial assembly in, 8
anti-Westernism in, 254, 255, 331, 332, 339
architecture of, 3, 4, 8, 9, 95, 101, 104, 105–10, 111, 117–20, 123–25, 204, 206, 208, 209, 210–11, 212–13, 255–57, 334, 335–36, 338, 339, 344, 346
Art Deco architecture in, 9, 212–13, 215, 216, 384
auto-rickshaw ban in, 4
Belapur Central Business District in, 256, 257
Bollywood vision of, 257–58, 332–33, 349
British building of, 8, 95, 96–97, 101–2, 104–12, 116, 117–20, 123–25, 206, 332, 349
British East India Company fort in, 93, 96–97, 98–99, 101, 105, 106, 208
bubonic plague outbreak in, 201–2, 205
businessmen in, 109–10, 113–15, 122, 203, 223, 252–53, 332, 333
cinemas in, 9, 214–16
city hall in, 123
consumerism in, 330, 340
contemporary, 333–49
cosmopolitanism of, 10, 96, 98, 100, 122, 213, 214–16, 222–23, 258, 330, 333, 336, 337, 338, 349
crime in, 330
culture of, 5, 8, 9, 11, 98, 100–101, 104, 108, 110, 118, 120, 121, 123, 124–25, 202, 205, 207, 208, 209, 210, 211, 212, 213, 251, 333, 337, 338, 345, 346, 347, 349
Dubai’s similarity to, 384
Dubai trade with, 261, 262–63
economic restrictions in, 202, 203, 209, 221, 252–54, 262
Esplanade in, 93, 106
ethnic battles in, 330–31, 332
film industry in, 8, 9, 214; see also Bollywood
future of, 347–49
Gandhi’s campaigning in, 224
Gandhi’s opinion of, 217, 218, 220–21, 222, 223, 252
gold smuggling in, 263, 331
Gothic architecture in, 8, 106, 107, 108, 109, 111, 117–20, 123, 124, 206, 210, 212, 213
Gothic train station in, see Victoria Terminus (now Chhatrapati Shivaji Terminus)
Hornby Road in, 208–9, 214, 258
hybrid architectural styles in, 123–25, 209, 210–11, 215, 256
industrialization in, 203, 204, 206, 209, 220–21, 222, 223, 254, 330
infrastructure of, 111–12, 115, 203–4, 210, 332, 333, 334, 335, 340, 341–44, 347, 349
land reclamation in, 96–97, 113, 124, 211–13, 256
languages of, 251, 330
License-Permit era in, 250–59, 262
life expectancy in, 341
maidans in, 106, 338
Malabar Hill in, 113
media industry in, 223–24
Mohammed cartoon riot in, 10, 94
Muslim population in, 10, 94, 99, 109, 330, 331, 341, 344, 349
naming of, 96, 331
Nariman Point in, 256
Nehruvian redevelopment of, 254–57
1992 Stock Exchange boom in, 329–30
nineteenth-century economic boom in, 112–14
opulence in, 210, 333
outsourcing in, 330
political status of, 251–52
population of, 97, 99, 112–13, 204, 205, 211–12, 253, 330, 340, 342, 348–49
postcolonial, 250–54, 330
post-reform period, 325–49
press in, 121
Princess Street in, 206–7, 345
prostitution in, 344
public institutions of, 105, 106–7, 109, 114, 115, 122, 123, 210, 211, 333, 335, 347
railroads in, 8, 98, 111–12, 117, 124, 203, 342
Raj-era, 91–125, 201–25, 253, 349
real estate market in, 113, 115, 204, 252–53, 334, 335
religious freedom in, 97, 99, 119
renaming in, 331–32
rent control in, 253, 258, 345
revolutionary nature of, 9, 207, 209, 224, 257; see also Indian National Congress
Royal Opera House in, 214
sanitation in, 335, 340, 341
Sepoy Rebellion in, 93, 94–95, 104, 224
skywalks in, 343, 346
slum redevelopment in, 344–46
slums in, 111, 202–3, 204–5, 206, 209, 254, 258, 330, 333, 336–37, 339–44
social contradictions of, 120, 122, 202–3, 330, 332–33, 337, 339–45, 348
social structure of, 98, 99, 109, 202, 210, 211, 213, 332, 344
squatters’ rights in, 343, 344, 345
state government headquarters in, 256
street children in, 340
street life in, 337, 338, 340, 345, 346, 347
strikes in, 207
terrorist attacks in, 330, 331, 349
Town Hall of, 95
trade in, 97, 99, 110, 111–16, 117, 202, 203, 208–9, 222, 223, 258
traffic in, 343
train deaths in, 342–43
urban planning in, 206–7, 208, 209, 210, 333, 334, 335, 349
Western investment in, 329, 330, 334
Westernization in, 3, 4, 8, 9, 10, 98, 99–102, 104–10, 111–12, 116, 119, 120, 124, 202, 203, 204, 205–6, 207, 208, 209, 212, 213, 215–16, 220–21, 330, 336, 337, 338, 339, 340, 347
Western travelers’ impressions of, 4
white racism in, 8; see also Great Britain, Raj-era ideology of
worker housing in, 204–5, 206, 207
Mumbai, University of, 107–10
Convocation Hall of, 1, 108, 110
importance of, 12
library of, 9, 108–9, 110
Oxford-like design of, 3, 107, 108, 116, 124
Muraviev-Apostol, Sergei, 49–50
Murphy, Henry Killam, 187, 316
Murzban, Muncherji Cowasji, 106
Museum of the History of Religion and Atheism (Leningrad), 273
Musharraf, Pervez, 362–63
music:
in contemporary China, 319–20
in the court of Peter the Great, 29
Muslims:
history of, 374–75
in India, 10, 94, 95, 99, 109, 124, 330, 331, 341, 344, 349
see also Dubai, UAE, Islamic law in; Islamic fundamentalism
My Vision: Challenges in the Race for Excellence (Sheikh Mohammed), 354
Nabokov, Vladimir, 274
Nakheel, 379
Nanjing, China:
Chiang Kai-Shek’s government in, 185
foreign concessions in, 184
Japanese atrocities in, 241
shipbuilding in Imperial-era, 56
Nanjing, Treaty of, 58–59
Nanjing Road (Shanghai), 171–72, 181, 182, 190, 245, 321
Naoroji, Dadabhai, 122, 258
Napoleon I, Emperor of France, Russia’s war with, 44, 47, 48
Narayan, Govind, 94–95, 98, 99–100, 107–8, 211
Narodniks, 137–38
National Centre for the Performing Arts (Mumbai), 256
Nazi Party, 231, 234, 239, 240
NBC, 287
NEC, 262
Nehru, Jawaharlal, 252, 253, 255, 256, 257, 262, 329
Netherlands:
Chinese trade with, 57
democracy in, 19, 20, 22, 31
Peter the Great’s visit to, 17–20, 21
St. Petersburg expatriates from, 29
seventeenth-century maritime power of, 15, 17–18, 21
Neva River, 21, 23
Nevsky, Alexander, 131
Nevsky Prospect (St. Petersburg), 30, 130–31, 142, 146–47, 150, 153, 154, 155, 271, 273, 293, 321
“Nevsky Prospect” (Gogol), 133
Newsweek, 283
New York, N.Y.:
immigrants in, 5
population density in, 179
Shanghai’s modeling on, 58
skyscrapers in, 3, 216
Nicholas I, Emperor of Russia, 49, 50, 51–52, 129–30, 131, 135, 155
Nicholas II, Emperor of Russia, 140, 150, 151, 152, 153, 154, 155
Nicholas Nikolayevich, Grand Duke of Russia, 151
Nightingale, Florence, 111
Nikandrov, Philip, 289, 290, 293
North China Daily News (Shanghai), 70
North China Herald (Shanghai), 62, 74, 75, 77
Northern Bee (St. Petersburg), 132
“Nose, The” (Gogol), 134
NTV, 283
Okhitovich, Mikhail, 233, 234
opium, 56, 57, 59, 68, 70, 77, 110, 112, 191
Opium War, 57–58
Orange County, California, 364
Orange County, China, 11
Orbeli, Iosif, 235
Otis Elevator, 277
Oxford University, Mumbai University’s modeling on, 3, 107, 108, 116, 124
Pakistan, Dubai expatriates from, 263, 363
Palafox, Jun, 265
Palestinian Liberation Organization (PLO), 355
Palladio, Andrea, 27
Pan, Lynn, 243–44, 245
Pan Hannian, 245, 246, 247
Panthéon (Paris), 47
Paramount Pictures, 258
Paris, France:
Catherine the Great’s art collecting in, 36
neoclassical architecture in, 47
Russia’s occupation of, 44, 48
salons in, 29
Shanghai’s modeling on, 58
victory column in, 47
Park Hotel (Shanghai), 195
Parland, Alfred, 141
Parsis:
in Mumbai, 94, 97, 98, 99, 332
in Shanghai, 69
Patriot Act, 356
Paul I, Emperor of Russia, 46
Pavlova, Anna, 214
Pearl Harbor, 240
pearls, 261
People’s Liberation Army, 243, 301–2
People’s Will, 138–40, 156
perestroika, 271, 273
Persia:
Dubai traders from, 260–61
see also Iran
Peter and Paul Cathedral, 31
Peter and Paul Fortress, 24, 42, 138
Peter the Great, Emperor of Russia:
architectural book collection of, 26
cultural selectiveness of, 8, 20–23, 44
death of, 31
equestrian statue of, 50, 51
European tours of, 17–21, 25, 29
Nicholas II’s disdain for, 152, 153
rebellion against, 32
religious policy of, 23, 30, 38
Russian nobility’s Westernization by, 21–22, 25, 29
St. Petersburg built by, 6, 12, 15–26, 27, 28, 30–31, 37, 38, 44, 51, 153
serf labor under, 25
Voltaire’s history of, 37, 38
Western advisors to, 6, 10, 17, 26, 29, 49
Petrograd Society of Industrialists, 156
Petrograd Soviet of Workers’ and Soldiers’ Deputies, 156
philosophes, 38, 41, 43, 51, 317
Pizza Hut, 337, 339
Plassey, Battle of, 95
Portman, John, 303
Portugal:
Bombay’s naming by, 96
Chinese trade with, 57
Poussin, Nicolas, 36
PricewaterhouseCoopers, 372
Prince of Wales Museum (now Chhatrapati Shivaji Museum, Bombay), 332
Progress (Earp), 119, 205, 224
Prussia, literacy in, 43
Pushkin, Alexander, 301
Putilov, Nikolai, 148
Putilov family, 148, 170
Putilov Works, 148–49, 154, 159
see also Kirov Works
Putin, Vladimir, 280–88, 289, 293–94
Qianlong, Emperor of China, 56
Qin Benli, 299–300
Qing dynasty, 79, 85
qipao, 174
Quarenghi, Giacomo, 35, 36
Quit India Movement, 224
Qu Qiubai, 181
Rabbat, Nasser, 395
Radishchev, Alexander Nicolayevich, 41–42
Rajiv Gandhi Sea Link (Mumbai), 343, 349
Ramadan, 365
Rao, Narasimha, 327
Raphael, 36
Rashid, Sheikh, Ruler of Dubai, 263–65, 266, 267, 268, 353, 354
Rastrelli, Bartelomeo, 34, 131
Raven, Frank Jay, 196, 197
Readymoney, Sir, see Jehangir, Cowasjee
Red Army, 158, 234
Red Banner Factory (Leningrad), 163
Red Guards, 248–49
Regal Cinema (Bombay), 215
Remaking of Mumbai Federation, 346
Rembrandt, 36
Reserve Bank of India, 266, 327, 329
Reutern, Mikhail, 143
Reuters, 362
rickshaws, 4, 178, 245
RMJM, 288, 289
rock ’n’ roll, 238
Roman Empire, 44, 392
Romanovs, 22, 48, 153, 155
see also Alexander I, Emperor of Russia; Alexander II, Emperor of Russia; Alexander III, Emperor of Russia; Alexandra, Empress of Russia; Alexis Nikolayevich, Tsarevich of Russia; Alexis Petrovich, Tsarevich of Russia; Anna Ivanovna, Empress of Russia; Catherine the Great, Empress of Russia; Constantine Pavlovich, Grand Duke of Russia; Mikhail Nikolayevich, Grand Duke of Russia; Nicholas I, Emperor of Russia; Nicholas II, Emperor of Russia; Nicholas Nikolayevich, Grand Duke of Russia; Paul I, Emperor of Russia; Peter the Great, Emperor of Russia
Rome, Italy, neoclassical architecture in, 47
Ross, Alex, 320
Rossi, Carlo, 45–46, 154
Rostov, Russia, 153
Rousselet, Louis, 100, 101, 347
Royal Indian Navy, 224
Roychand, Premchand, 110, 113, 114, 115
Rubens, Peter Paul, 36
Rushdie, Salman, 96–97
Ruskin, John, 219
Russell & Co., 70, 77, 82
Russia:
anti-autocracy movement in, 137–40, 151, 154, 155
anti-Putin protests in, 287, 292, 293–94
anti-Westernism in, 9, 42–43, 49, 52, 129, 130, 131, 140, 141, 142–43, 152
art in, 22, 36
autocracy in, 21, 22, 23, 25, 31, 32, 35, 39, 41, 42, 43, 44, 48, 51–52, 129–30, 139, 143, 151, 154, 155, 157, 280, 282, 283, 284, 287, 290, 291, 292, 294, 372
Bolshevik revolution in, 157–60, 170, 179, 230
censorship in, 42, 43, 52, 132, 155, 283, 285
church design in, 22
Crimean War loss of, 134
Decembrist revolt in, 48–51, 129
democracy in, 280, 290
development of, 16–17, 21, 43, 48, 129, 130, 135, 136, 143–44, 147–48, 151–52, 157
Dubai ties to, 354, 357
Europeanness of, 286, 392
foreign relations of, 286
French Revolution’s implications for, 41–43, 130
geography of, 21
internal passport system in, 292
Japan’s war with, 150
literacy in, 43–44, 138, 146
media in, 283, 286–87
Napoleon’s war with, 44, 48
natural gas wealth in, 282–83, 292, 293
navy of, 29
1905 Revolution in, 151–52
nobility in, 21–22, 25, 29, 32, 131, 132, 133, 135
oligarchs in, 278, 283
onion domes in, 22, 24, 141
organized crime in, 278, 279
Peter the Great’s Westernization of, 21–22, 25, 29
political assassinations in, 138, 139–40; see also Soviet Union, Great Purge in
political dissidents in, 42; see also St. Petersburg, Russia, revolutionary nature of
post-Communist economic policy in, 277–80
printing in, 16, 19, 23
Provisional Government of, 156
Putin’s leadership of, 280–94
railroads in, 129–30, 143, 147–48
religious repression in, 23
St. Petersburg’s distinctiveness in, 5, 10, 31, 43, 132, 137, 138, 140, 143, 151, 158, 232, 236, 276, 277, 286
secret police in, 52, 138, 156, 159, 160, 279, 280–81
serfdom in, 22, 24–25, 31, 39, 41, 48, 51, 131–32, 135, 136, 143
seventeenth-century-style architecture in, 141, 153
socialism’s spread in, 152
visa requirements for, 286
Western European relations with, 17, 158
Western investment in, 143–44, 147, 277
Whites (anti-Bolsheviks), 158, 180
World War I’s effect on, 154, 156, 157
World War I withdrawal of, 158
see also Soviet Union
Russian-American Treugolnik Rubber Company, 143–44
Russian Army, 48, 49, 50, 132, 155
see also Red Army
Russian Orthodox Church, 22–23, 29, 38, 141, 159
Rysakov, Nikolai, 139
Sachs, Jeffrey, 280
sailboats, in early St. Petersburg, 25–26
St. Basil’s Cathedral (Moscow), 141, 142, 148
St. Isaac’s Cathedral (St. Petersburg), 47, 132, 236
St. Pancras Station (London), 4, 117, 124
St. Paul’s Cathedral (London), 47
St. Peter’s Basilica (Vatican City), 47
St. Petersburg, Russia, 13–52, 127–64, 229–39, 269–94
Academy of Sciences in, 29, 33, 40, 42
Alexander I’s vision for, 44–48
Alexander Theater in, 154
Amsterdam as inspiration for, 6, 12, 15–16, 20, 24
Anna Ivanovna’s ice palace in, 32–33
anti-Bolshevism in, 159–60
anti-Soviet demonstrations in, 236, 237, 272–73, 275–76, 281
anti-Westernism in, 287–88
architectural orderliness of, 27, 35, 142, 162, 163, 288, 289
architecture of, 3, 6, 24, 26–28, 29–30, 34–35, 36–37, 44–48, 131, 140–43, 147, 148, 153, 161–64, 229, 232–34, 238, 288, 289
artworks in, 7, 35–37
Blockade Museum in, 237
“Bloody Sunday” in, 151
Bolshevik revolution in, 157–58
bridges in, 26
building of, 6–7, 12, 13–52, 130–31, 132, 140–43
bureaucracy in, 132, 134, 233, 238, 272
Calcutta’s similarity to, 102
canals in, 6, 25, 26, 34–35
capitalism in, 135, 143–44, 146, 147–49, 276–77, 278–79
Catherine the Great’s reign over, 34–43, 144
censorship in, 42, 43, 52, 132, 283, 285
Channel 5 in, 273, 274, 275
civic leadership of, 48–49, 146, 274, 281, 283–84
Communist-era, 158–64, 229–39, 271–76
Communist-era artistic community in, 237–38
contemporary, 292–94
cosmopolitanism of, 7, 29–30, 32, 43, 46, 47, 48, 159, 231, 237, 273, 293, 294
creation legend about, 16, 27
crime in, 145–46, 279
criticism of, 6–7, 31–32, 231–32
cultural and architectural preservationism in, 235, 238–39, 272, 289–90, 291
culture of, 5, 7, 9, 27–30, 31, 32, 33–34, 35, 40–43, 46, 48–49, 129, 131–33, 136–37, 138, 139, 140, 146, 149, 156, 160, 231, 237–38, 273–74, 287–88, 293–94
education in, 28, 35, 52, 146, 159
foreign shops in, 30, 130–31, 146–47, 293
French language spoken in, 6, 33
future of, 291, 294
Gazprom tower proposal in, 269, 288–92, 393
geography of, 21, 23, 292
German Quarter in, 30
Gorbachev-era elections in, 274
Gorbachev’s reforms in, 271–72, 273–74
Haymarket in, 144
House of the Soviets in, 233–34
industrialization’s effects in, 144–46, 147–51
infrastructure of, 25, 34–35, 129, 135, 144, 145, 146, 238, 284–85
International Prospect in, 232–33, 237
Lenin’s demotion of, 158–59
laying of cornerstone of, 23
literacy in, 146
literature of, 9, 133–34, 274
Mikhailov Garden in, 272–73
model homes in, 26–27
naming of, 24
Napoleon’s attack on, 44
Narva Gate of, 150, 162
Nazi siege of, 234–37
Nevsky Prospect in, 30, 130–31, 142, 146–47, 150, 153, 154, 155, 271, 273, 293, 321
newspapers in, 132, 159, 275, 283, 290
opulence in, 32, 33, 131, 133, 135, 146–47, 155
Palace of Culture in, 162
parade ground in, 45
peasants in, 143, 144–46, 148–49, 152, 159
Peter the Great’s creation of, 6, 12, 15–26, 27, 28, 30–31, 37, 38, 44, 51, 153
political repression in, 52, 129, 132, 135, 137, 159, 160, 230–32, 233, 273, 284
population of, 24, 30, 34, 43, 131, 143, 159, 236, 276, 279
post-Communist economy in, 276–77, 278–80
prostitution in, 146
Putin-era, 283–94
Putin-era artistic community in, 293–94
railroads in, 129, 154
renamings of, 154, 160, 274
revolutionary nature of, 9, 31, 40–44, 48–51, 136–40, 149, 154, 155, 156, 157, 158–60, 162, 229, 231, 232, 236, 237, 272–73, 275, 276, 277, 278, 291, 292–94; see also Bolsheviks; Decembrists
secret police in, 52, 159, 160, 230, 233, 236, 279
serf labor in, 25, 51, 131–32, 136
Shanghai expatriates from, 170–71
Shanghai’s ties to, 247, 301
shipbuilding in, 29
social contradictions of, 7, 30, 31–32, 34, 39, 40, 43–44, 51, 130, 131–33, 134, 144–46, 284–88, 290, 293
Soviet transformation of, 159–60, 161–64, 232–34
Stalin’s brutality toward, 229–32, 233, 236–37, 273
Strike Avenue in, 162, 236
strikes in, 149–51, 154, 155, 156, 236
student demonstrations in, 137, 154
subway system in, 238
tourism in, 238, 273, 285–86, 293, 294
Tractor Street in, 162–63
victory column in, 47
vodka consumption in, 145, 279
Westernization in, 3, 6–7, 9, 10, 11, 24, 26–30, 33–34, 35–40, 44–49, 51, 52, 131, 133, 134, 135, 136, 138, 139, 140, 142–49, 158, 238, 273, 276–77, 284–86, 290, 293, 372, 391
worker housing in, 144–45, 162–63
World War I’s effect on, 154, 156
St. Petersburg (punk band), 238
St. Petersburg Gazette, 40
St. Petersburg State University, 28, 52, 108, 137, 156, 285
Saltykov-Shchedrin, Mikhail, 132
San Francisco, Calif.:
economic prosperity of, 265
Telegraph Hill tower in, 194
Sanger, Margaret, 176
Sassoon, David, 114, 192
Sassoon, Elias, 192
Sassoon, Victor, 192–93, 239, 240, 243
sati, 95
Satyagraha Sabha, 217
Saudi Arabia:
divestment from U.S., 356
Dubai visitors from, 267, 354
UAE relations with, 377
science:
early modern European innovations in, 19
Peter the Great’s interest in, 19, 28–29, 38
Scotland, Shanghai expatriate community from, 70–71
Scott, Gilbert, 63, 108, 109, 117, 118, 124
SENSEX, 329
September 11, 2001, terrorist attacks of, 355–56
Shadid, Anthony, 375
Shah Jahan, 210
Shanghai, China, 53–89, 165–98, 239–50, 295–323
advertising in, 174–75, 191
American troops in, 242
anti-Westernism in, 84, 85, 86, 87, 181, 182, 183, 184, 241, 245–46, 247–48
architecture of, 3, 9, 60–63, 64, 66, 76, 168, 171–72, 177, 187–88, 189, 190–92, 194, 196, 247, 248, 307–9, 310–11, 315–16, 319
Art Deco architecture in, 3, 190–93, 194, 195, 319
Art Deco cinemas in, 319
Avenue Edouard VII in, 167
banks in, 73, 75, 170–71
Battle of Muddy Flat in, 65
“Big Ching” clock tower in, 9, 66
bootleg products in, 77, 318
Bubbling Well Road in, 78–79, 247
capitalism in, 8, 77–78, 171–73, 245–46, 297, 299, 303–4, 305, 307, 319
Century Avenue in, 308
Century Park in, 321, 389
Chiang Kai-Shek’s policies in, 184, 185–86, 187, 243
Chinese businessmen in, 8, 77–80, 83, 87, 89, 171, 172–73, 183, 184, 186, 194–95, 243–44, 245, 247–48, 249, 297, 307, 314–15
Chinese civic leadership of, 8, 83–85, 182, 183–84, 186–88
Chinese population of, 8, 63–64, 65, 66, 69, 71, 73, 74, 76–80, 81, 83–85, 87, 88, 89, 167, 168, 170, 171, 173–78, 182, 183–84, 186–88, 193, 194–95, 239, 246, 298, 314–15
City Hall of, 187–88
civic plaza in, 309
Communist leadership of, 244–45, 246, 247, 248, 249, 299, 300, 301, 302–3, 304, 305, 306, 307, 308, 309, 310–11, 312, 313, 314, 317, 319–20
communist organizing in, 179–82, 184, 185
Communist repression in, 245–46, 299, 300, 302–3, 310–11, 317, 319–20
Communist symbolism of, 304, 305, 308–9, 322–23
consumerism in, 171–75, 181, 314
contemporary, 11–12, 309–23
cosmopolitanism of, 60, 67, 70–71, 73, 88, 169–71, 172, 173–77, 189, 190, 191–92, 193, 194, 195, 196, 197, 198, 240, 245, 246, 297, 312–14, 321, 323, 368
Cultural Revolution in, 248–49, 315–16
culture of, 5, 8, 9, 11, 64, 67–73, 76–77, 79, 82–83, 86, 87–88, 167, 168, 172, 173–77, 180, 181, 187–88, 189, 190, 191, 193, 194–95, 196, 245, 298, 309, 315–16, 317, 318, 319–20, 323
Deng’s bypassing of, 249, 250, 297–98
development’s pace in, 304–5, 310
Dubai’s similarity to, 384
education in, 81, 181–82
evictions in, 306, 320–21
extraterritoriality in, 58, 59–60, 65–66, 67, 77, 82, 83, 85, 168, 180, 182, 183, 186, 240, 317, 359
fashion of, 9, 88, 174
foreign concessions in, 7–8, 11, 12, 53–89, 167, 168, 169, 170, 175, 180, 182, 183, 184, 185, 186, 239, 240, 241, 243, 244, 248, 295, 298, 310, 359
foreign investment in contemporary, 305, 307
future of, 322, 323
General Chamber of Commerce in, 183, 184, 185
geography of, 55–56
Gorbachev’s visit to, 301
Harvard University branch in, 10, 167
horse-racing in, 71, 76–77
hybrid architectural styles in, 187–88, 194, 195, 196, 315–16
Imperial Customs House in, 62–63, 66
industrialization of, 169, 171, 178, 179, 180
infrastructure of, 80, 81, 82, 83, 84, 183, 186, 303, 304–5, 306–7, 318, 342, 347
International Race Club in, 167
International Settlement of, 66–67, 69, 74, 75, 81, 83, 84, 167, 175, 178, 183, 188, 240, 244, 384; see also Bund
Japanese community in, 169–70, 182, 186, 239
Japanese military aggression in, 239, 240–42
Japanese postwar plans for, 241–42
Jazz Age, 3, 9, 11, 88, 165–98, 298, 319
Jazz Age tourism in, 189–90
Jewish community in, 69–70, 193, 239–40, 241
judicial system in, 83, 85–86
laborers in, 61, 178, 189, 308, 311–12, 321–22, 323, 368
life expectancy in, 178, 305
literature of, 175–76
magazine industry in, 175
Maoist-era, 242–49
Mumbai’s proposed emulation of, 346, 348
music in, 320
naming of, 55
Nanjing Road in, 171–72, 181, 182, 190, 245, 321
newspapers in, 62, 83, 86, 299–300
Old City of, 55, 60, 65, 84, 88
opium trafficking in, 59, 68, 70, 77, 191
opulence in, 191, 197, 198, 239, 240
organized crime in, 184–85
Oriental Art Center in, 320
Parsis in, 69
People’s Square in, 244, 310
pidgin English language of, 72–73, 170, 248
policing of, 185
population booms in, 63, 169, 179
population control in, 311, 312–13, 314
poverty in contemporary, 312
prostitution in, 71–72, 170, 191, 245
Pudong area of, 169, 177, 295
Pudong’s development in, 298, 303–16, 317, 318, 321, 322, 346, 347, 389
real estate market in, 73–75, 197, 306, 307, 315, 320, 321
Reform-era, 295–323
revolutionary nature of, 9, 65, 79, 83, 84, 85–87, 179–83, 184, 198, 245, 247–48, 249, 297, 320, 321, 322, 323; see also Chinese Communist Party (CCP)
rickshaw pullers in, 178, 245
Russian refugees in, 170–71, 180
St. Petersburg’s ties to, 247, 301
Sikhs in, 69, 241, 314
Sino-Soviet Friendship Palace in, 247, 315
skyscrapers in, 3, 8, 9, 188, 189, 190, 195, 243, 246, 298, 305, 307, 308, 310, 322, 347, 373, 393; see also Cathay Hotel (now Peace Hotel); Jin Mao Tower; Park Hotel; Shanghai Oriental Pearl Radio and Broadcasting Tower
social contradictions of, 61, 80, 81, 85, 86, 168–69, 177–78, 179, 180, 186, 309, 319–20, 321–23
social hierarchy in, 68–69, 71, 77, 78–79, 169–71, 186, 190
sports complex in, 188
steamship’s introduction in, 77–78
strikes in, 182, 183, 184
subway system in, 303, 342
theater in, 319
Tiananmen Square movement’s suppression in, 298, 299, 300, 301, 302
trade in, 55, 56, 62, 65–66, 67, 68, 70, 73, 167, 172, 177, 243, 245, 246, 297
urban planning in, 305–6, 310–11
Westernization in, 3, 7–8, 9, 10, 58–63, 66, 71, 72, 76, 77, 79, 80, 81, 82, 87, 88, 167, 168, 172–73, 174–76, 177, 178, 179, 180, 187, 188–90, 191–96, 240, 317, 318
Western-style housing developments in, 196, 312–15, 316
white civic leadership of, 8, 64–66; see also Shanghai Municipal Council
white racism in, 8, 60, 63–64, 66, 69–70, 71, 73, 74, 76, 77, 80, 81, 84, 170, 182, 183
White Terror in, 185
worker housing in, 64, 73, 76, 177–78, 179, 311–12
worker illnesses in, 178
World Expo in, 312, 318
World War II in, 240–42
Shanghai Centre, 303
Shanghai Club, 182
Shanghai Demographic Survey of 2008, 312
Shanghai Girls, 174, 315
Shanghai Hailiang International Trading FZCO, 377
Shanghai Interpreters’ College, 79
Shanghai Library, 188, 315
Shanghai Municipal Council (SMC):
Chinese representation on, 183–84, 186
Communist tension with, 182, 183, 184, 185
economic troubles of, 75
formation of, 66–67
industrial practices allowed by, 178
Japanese representation on, 170, 182
Jazz Age headquarters of, 197
racism of, 66, 80, 81, 84, 170, 182, 183
Shanghai Oriental Pearl Radio and Broadcasting Tower, 308–9
Shanghai Power Company, 183
Shanghai Pudong International Airport, 318
Shanghai Race Club, 71, 77, 167, 170, 190, 244
Shanghai Steam Navigation Company, 77
Shanghai University, 181–82
Shanghai Urban Planning Exhibition Hall, 310–11
Shanghai Volunteer Corps, 65
Sheikh Mohammed Centre for Cultural Understanding, 370
Shenzhen, China:
building of, 10, 249–50, 298
growth of, 297, 394
Window of the World park in, 394–95
Shimonoseki, Treaty of, 169, 171
shipbuilding:
in China, 56
in Moscow, 17
Peter the Great’s study of, 17, 18, 29
in St. Petersburg, 29
Shivaji, Chhatrapati, 332
Shiv Sena, 331, 332, 339
Shostakovich, Dmitri, 237
Siberia:
sixteenth-century Cossack invasion of, 393
Stalin’s labor camps in, 231
Sikhs, in Shanghai, 69, 241, 314
Sincere (Shanghai), 171, 172, 173, 181
Singapore, Yale University branch in, 10
Singer Sewing Machine Company building (St. Petersburg), 147, 289
Singh, Manmohan, 257, 327, 328, 329
Sino-Japanese war, 169
Sir Jamsetjee Jeejeebhoy School of Art, 110–11, 118, 346
Siuzor, Pavel, 147
Slumdog Millionaire, 333, 334
Small Swords, 65
Smith, Adrian, 308, 373
Smith, T. Roger, 105–6
Smolny Institute for the Education of Young Women of Noble Birth (St. Petersburg), 35, 158, 229, 236, 271
Sobchak, Anatoly, 274, 275, 276–77, 278, 280, 281
Solzhenitsyn, Alexander, 274
Sonapur labor camp (Dubai), 367–68
Song Jiaoren, 89
Sony, 262
Souk Al Bahar (Dubai), 374
South Africa, Gandhi’s experiences in, 219
Soviet Union, 229–39
anti-Westernism in, 230, 231–32, 234, 237, 281
architecture of, 160, 161–64, 229, 232–34
Chinese relations with, 180, 247, 300–301
creation of, 157–60
cultural conservatism in, 163, 238
cultural repression in, 238
downfall of, 275–76, 281, 282, 304, 328, 354
German nonaggression pact with, 234
Gorbachev’s reforms in, 271–72, 273–74
Great Purge in, 230–32, 273
Indian trade with, 328
industrialization of, 232
Maoist China’s emulation of, 247
Nehruvian India’s emulation of, 255
political protests in, 273
secret police in, 230, 233, 236
Stalin’s rule over, 229–37
television in, 274, 275
Western contact with, 160, 161, 238
World War II in, 234–37
see also Russia
Stalin, Joseph, 163, 229–37
Standard Oil, 180
Starbucks, 374
Stasi, 281
Stellar International Complex, 318
Stevens, Charles Frederick, 215
Stevens, Frederick William, 116–18, 124
Stiglitz, Joseph, 278
Strelna, Russia, Constantine Palace in, 286
Suez Canal, 115–16
Sverdlovsk, Russia, anti-Soviet demonstrations in, 276
Sweden, Neva River port of, 21, 23
Syria, Western heritage in, 392
Tagore, Rabindranath, 176
taipans, 68
Taiping Rebellion, 63, 65, 74
Taiwan, 310, 312
Taj Mahal (Agra), 210
Taj Mahal Hotel (Mumbai), 210–11, 214, 349
Taj Mahal scale model (Shenzhen), 394
Taliban, 356
Talreja, Priyanka, 346, 347
Tao Chengzhang, 89
Tata, Jamsetji Nusserwanji, 203, 210
Tata, J. R. D., 252
Tatlin, Vladimir, 161–62
tea, 57
Teatro Olimpico, 35
telegraph, 82, 112
telephone, 191
television, 308–9
Tenet, George, 355
Tercentenary Church (St. Petersburg), 153–54
Thackeray, Bal, 331
Thadani, Dhiru, 339
Thames Town (Shanghai), 315
30 Rockefeller Plaza (New York), 216
Thomas Cook, 208, 258
Tiananmen Square (Beijing), 246, 298–303
Tilak, Bal Gangadhar, 207
Times of India, 111, 112, 123, 201, 202
Tolstoy, Leo, 219–20
Tong King-sing, 78
Trans-Siberian Railway, 148
Trezzini, Domenico, 26, 27, 28
Triangle factory fire, 178
Trotsky, Leon, 160
Tsarskoye Selo, 129–30, 150, 152
Feodorov village in, 152–53
Turkey, in Crimean War, 134
Twain, Mark, 205
Twelve Colleges (St. Petersburg), 28
Twin Chrysler Buildings (Dubai), 3, 12, 360
2008-2009 global financial crisis, 364, 383
Ukrainian Cossacks, 393
Ulyanov, Alexander, 156
UNESCO, 288
United Arab Emirates (UAE):
citizenship in, 368
democratic process in, 371–72
discrimination in, 355
energy use in, 375
foreign policy of, 376–77
formation of, 266
Internet censorship in, 360–61
Islamic radicals’ relations with, 355–56, 373–74
swimsuit modesty law in, 376
United Artists, 319
United States:
anti-Bolshevik stance of, 158
architecture of, 196, 393
Bombay trading with, 99–100
Chinatowns in, 393
Chinese immigration restrictions in, 86
Chinese Nationalists’ backing by, 243, 244
Chinese relations with, 12
Chinese trade with, 57
Dubai consulate of, 268
expatriate taxation by, 354
indigenous people of, 370
Japan’s World War II defeat by, 242
Jazz Age influence of, 193–94, 196
media and technology in, 360
and Mumbai film industry, 215–16
post-World War I culture in, 168
Shanghai settlement of, 7, 12, 59–60, 64, 65, 66–67, 70, 180, 184, 186; see also Shanghai, International Settlement of
UAE relations with, 356, 376
Ural Mountains, 393
Urban Century, 9–10
Uttar Pradesh, India, 331
vada pao, 337
Vaidya, Raosaheb Sitaram Khanderao, 210
Valentine’s Day, 339
Vancouver, Canada, Shanghai’s modeling on, 313
Vatican:
legal code in, 360
Winter Palace loggia’s modeling on, 3, 9, 36–37
Victoria, Queen of England:
Diamond Jubilee celebration of, 201
India’s rule by, 95–96, 119, 201
Victoria Terminus (now Chhatrapati Shivaji Terminus, Mumbai), 4, 91, 117–20, 124, 201, 211, 224, 332, 342, 349
Viñoly, Rafael, 288
Vision Mumbai: Transforming Mumbai into a World-Class City, 348
Voina, 294
Voltaire, 37, 38, 42–43, 52, 235, 395
Wahhabi movement, 94
Wang Ching-wei, 241
Warner Bros., 319
What Is to Be Done? (Lenin), 156
wheelbarrows, 25
White Nights, 23, 25
William III, King of England, 20, 31
Willingdon Sports Club (Mumbai), 211
Wilson, George Leopold “Tug,” 197
Wing On (Shanghai), 171, 172, 173
Winter Palace (St. Petersburg):
art collection of, see Hermitage
design of, 3, 9, 34, 35, 36–37, 39
loggia of, 36–37
marches on, 149–50, 151, 275, 281
preservation of, 293
women:
Chinese, 79, 173, 174
Emirati, 376
Indian, 338–39
St. Petersburg education of, 28, 35
World Economic Herald (Shanghai), 299–300
World War I, 154, 156, 157, 158, 168
World War II, 197, 234–37, 240–42
Xu Kuangdi, 307
Yale University:
Chinese branch of, 187
Singapore branch of, 10
Yangtze River, 55
Yang Xiliu, 194
Yeltsin, Boris, 276, 280, 281, 282
Zaandam shipyards, 17
Zhang Binglin, 85–86
Zhang Rufei, 298
Zhang Shouwang, 320
Zhao Ziyang, 300, 303, 304
Zheng He, 56
Zhou Enlai, 184, 299
Zhou Hui Nan, 173
Zhu Rongji, 8, 299, 300, 302, 303, 304, 305–6
Zou Rong, 85–86