1 F.A. Hayek, Law, Legislation and Liberty, Vol. 2 (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1978), 136.
2 Richard Rumbold, “The Last Speech of Coll. Richard Rumbold, with Several Things That Passed at His Tryal, 26 June, 1685,” (aka “Speech on the Scaffold”) in The last words of Coll. Richard Rumbold, Mad. Alicia Lisle, Alderman Henry Cornish, and Mr. Richard Nelthrop who were executed in England and Scotland for high treason in the year 1685, https://quod.lib.umich.edu/e/eebo/A57890.0001.001/1:1.1?rgn=div2;view=fulltext.
3 This section benefited from many excellent works, including: Deirdre McCloskey, “The Bourgeois Era” trilogy: The Bourgeois Virtues: Ethics for an Age of Commerce, Vol. 1 (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2006); Bourgeois Dignity: Why Economics Can’t Explain the Modern World, Vol. 2 (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2010); Bourgeois Equality: How Ideas, Not Capital or Institutions, Enriched the World, Vol. 3 (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2016); Matt Ridley, The Rational Optimist: How Prosperity Evolves (New York: Harper, 2010); The Evolution of Everything: How Ideas Emerge (New York: Harper, 2015); Joel Mokyr, A Culture of Growth: The Origins of the Modern Economy (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 2017); Johan Norberg, Progress: Ten Reasons to Look Forward to the Future (London: Oneworld Publications, 2017).
4 Max Roser, “Economic Growth,” Our World in Data, accessed April 18, 2020, https://ourworldindata.org/economic-growth.
5 Max Roser, Esteban Ortiz-Ospina, and Hannah Ritchie, “Life Expectancy,” Our World in Data, accessed April 18, 2020, https://ourworldindata.org/life-expectancy#life-expectancy-has-improved-globally.
6 Deirdre McCloskey, Bourgeois Equality: How Ideas, Not Capital or Institutions, Enriched the World, Vol. 3 (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2016), 10–11.
7 Deirdre McCloskey, Bourgeois Equality: How Ideas, Not Capital or Institutions, Enriched the World, Vol. 3 (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2016), 6; “Real Gross Domestic Product per Capita,” Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis, accessed April 18, 2020, https://fred.stlouisfed.org/series/A939RX0Q048SBEA.
8 “We Can End Poverty: Millennium Development Goals and Beyond 2015,” United Nations, accessed April 18, 2020, https://www.un.org/millenniumgoals/poverty.shtml.
9 Johan Norberg, Progress: Ten Reasons to Look Forward to the Future (London: Oneworld Publications, 2017), 11.
10 Joseph Loconte, “How Martin Luther Advanced Freedom,” Wall Street Journal, October 26, 2017, https://www.wsj.com/articles/how-martin-luther-advanced-freedom-1509059066.
11 Eric Metaxas, Martin Luther: The Man Who Rediscovered God and Changed the World (New York: Viking, 2017), 348–49, 640-43.
12 David Daniell, William Tyndale: A Biography (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1994), 1–2.
13 Stillman Drake, “Galileo’s Explorations in Science,” Dalhousie Review 61, no. 2 (1981): 219, https://dalspace.library.dal.ca/bitstream/handle/10222/60308/dalrev_vol61_iss2_pp217_232.pdf?sequence=1&isAllowed=y.
14 Freeman J. Dyson, The Scientist as Rebel (New York: New York Review Books, 2006), 196.
15 David Brewster, “Letter to Robert Hooke, February 5, 1675–6,” in Memoirs of the Life, Writings, and Discoveries of Sir Isaac Newton, Vol. 1 (Edinburgh: 1855), 142, http://www.newtonproject.ox.ac.uk/view/texts/normalized/OTHE00101.
16 This history of the Dutch Golden Age benefited from many sources, including: Deirdre McCloskey, “The Bourgeois Era” trilogy: The Bourgeois Virtues: Ethics for an Age of Commerce, Vol. 1 (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2006); Bourgeois Dignity: Why Economics Can’t Explain the Modern World, Vol. 2 (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2010); Bourgeois Equality: How Ideas, Not Capital or Institutions, Enriched the World, Vol. 3 (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2016); Simon Schama, The Embarrassment of Riches: An Interpretation of Dutch Culture in the Golden Age (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1988). Jan De Vries and Ad van der Woude, The First Modern Economy: Success, Failure, and Perseverance of the Dutch Economy, 1500–1815 (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2000); Maarten Prak, The Dutch Republic in the Seventeenth Century, trans. Diane Webb (New York: Cambridge University Press, 2005).
17 Thomas Jefferson, “Letter to John Holmes, April 22, 1820,” Library of Congress, accessed April 18, 2020, https://www.loc.gov/exhibits/jefferson/159.html.
18 Thomas Jefferson, Notes on the State of Virginia (Boston: Lilly and Wait, 1832), 170.