1. Paul Sperry, “Defense Department Orders 273,000 Bottles of Sunblock,” WorldNetDaily, October 9, 2002, <http://www.worldnetdaily.com/news/article.asp?ARTICLE_ID=29225>.
2. Arthur Schlesinger Jr., “The Immorality of Preventive War,” History News Network, August 26, 2002. Also see Jimmy Carter, “The Troubling New Face of America,” Washington Post, September 5,2002.
3. “U.S. Soldiers in Prison Handled Well Thanks to SOFA; Even Beefsteak Served; 40 Percent More in Calories Taken by Them than Japanese, with Even Desserts Served at Every Supper,” Asahi Shimbun (Tokyo), October 11, 2002, p. 39.
4. See, e.g., “The Pentagon’s Colonial Pretensions Thrive in Asia,” Los Angeles Times, November 2, 1995; “Fort Okinawa: Go-banken-sama, Go Home!” Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists 52:4 (July/August 1996), pp. 22–29; “The Okinawan Rape Incident and the End of the Cold War in East Asia,” California Western International Law Journal 27:2 (Spring 1997), pp. 389–97; Okinawa: Cold War Island (Cardiff, Calif.: Japan Policy Research Institute, 1999) (editor and contributor); “Time to Bring the Troops Home: America’s Provocative Military Posture in Asia Makes War with China More Likely,” Nation, May 14, 2001, pp. 20–22; and “Okinawa between the United States and Japan,” in Josef Kreiner, ed., Ryukyu in World History, JapanArchiv 2 (Bonn: Bier’sche Verlagsanstalt, 2001), pp. 365–94.
5. See Chalmers Johnson, “The CIA and Me,” Bulletin of Concerned Asian Scholars 29:1 (Jan-Mar. 1997), pp. 34–37. Also see Willard C. Matthias, America’s Strategic Blunders: Intelligence Analysis and National Security Policy, 1936–1991 (University Park: Pennsylvania State University Press, 2001), pp. 297–98.
6. Tim Weiner, Blank Check: The Pentagon’s Black Budget (New York: Warner Books, 1990), p. 114.
7. Eric Schmitt and Alison Mitchell, “U.S. Lacks Up-to-Date Review of Iraqi Arms,” New York Times, September 11,2002.
8. Tom Bowman, “Special Forces’ Role May Expand,” Baltimore Sun, August 3, 2002; Lawrence J. Korb and Jonathan D. Tepperman, “Soldiers Should Not Be Spying,” New York Times, August 21,2002; Rowan Scarborough, “Study Urges Wider Authority for Covert Troops vs. Terror,” Washington Times, December 12, 2002; Scarborough, “Rumsfeld Bolsters Special Force,” Washington Times, January 6, 2003; and Douglas Waller, “The CIA’s Secret Army,” Time, January 26, 2003. For an excellent summary of the CIA’s record in running “secret wars,” see “America’s Shadow Warriors,” New York Times, March 3,2003.
9. Max Weber, Economy and Society (1922), in H. H. Gerth and C. Wright Mills, eds. and trans., From Max Weber: Essays in Sociology (New York: Oxford University Press, 1958), pp. 233–34. Also see William Pfaff, “Governments Don’t Like to Be Accountable,” International Herald Tribune, September 2, 2002; and Daniel P. Moynihan, Secrecy: The American Experience (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1999).
1. Manuel Miles, “The USA Is Not an Empire,” <http://www.strike-the-root.com/milesl4.html>.
2. Robert M. Gates, From the Shadows: The Ultimate Insider’s Story of Five Presidents and How They Won the Cold War (New York: Touchstone Books, 1996), p. 266. Also see John Tirman, “How the Cold War Ended,” Global Dialogue 3:4 (Autumn 2001), pp. 80–90. For the White House’s version, see George Bush and Brent Scowcroft, A World Transformed (New York: Vintage, 1998).
3. Anatoly Dobrynin, In Confidence: Moscow’s Ambassador to America’s Six Cold War Presidents (1962–1986) (New York: Times Books, 1995), p. 620.
4. Quoted by Frances Fitzgerald, Way Out There in the Blue: Reagan, Star Wars and the End of the Cold War (New York: Touchstone Books, 2000), p. 410.
5. Ibid., p. 331.
6. Hans-Hermann Hertle, “The Fall of the Wall: The Unintended Self-Dissolution of East Germany’s Ruling Regime,” in “The End of the Cold War,” Cold War International History Project, Woodrow Wilson International Center for Scholars, Bulletin, no. 12/13 (Fall/Winter 2001), pp. 133–34.
7. Vladislav M. Zubok, “New Evidence on the ‘Soviet Factor’ in the Peaceful Revolutions of 1989,” in “The End of the Cold War,” p. 6.
8. Thomas Blanton, “When Did the Cold War End?” Cold War International History Project, Woodrow Wilson International Center for Scholars, Bulletin, no. 10 (March 1998), pp. 185,191.
9. See Chalmers Johnson, “The Three Cold Wars,” in Ellen Schrecker and Maurice Isserman, eds., Cold War Triumphalism (New York: New Press, 2004).
10. See Ed A. Hewitt [NSC staff official], “An Idle U.S. Debate about Gorbachev,” New York Times, March 30, 1989; Michael Wines, “CIA Accused of Overestimating Soviet Economy,” New York Times, July 23, 1990; and Colin Hughes, “CIA Is Accused of Crying Wolf on Soviet Economy,” Independent, July 25, 1990. Michael R. Gordon, New York Times, January 31,1990; and National Security Strategy of the United States, March 1990, both quoted by Noam Chomsky, Deterring Democracy (New York: Hill and Wang, 1992), pp. 29–30. My thanks to Professor Chomsky for drawing my attention to these important sources.
11. William A. Galston, “Why a First Strike Will Surely Backfire,” Washington Post, June 16,2002.
12. Alfred Vagts, A History of Militarism (New York: Meridian, 1959), pp. 14–15,41.
13. “Battle of the Boffins,” Sydney Morning Herald, January 4, 2003; and James Dao and Andrew C. Revkin, “Machines Are Filling In for Troops,” New York Times, April 16, 2002. Also see Neil King Jr., “CIA Drones Spotted bin Laden but Couldn’t Shoot,” Wall Street Journal, November 23, 2001; and Eric Schmitt, “Improved U.S. Accuracy Claimed in Afghan Air War,” New York Times, April 9, 2002. On the excessive complexity and numerous errors of the “precision warfare” aerial guidance systems, see David Wood, “Grisly Accidents Call ‘Precision Warfare’ into Question,” Newhouse News Service, February 7, 2003, <http://www.newhouse.com//wood020703.html>.
14. Jonathan S. Landay, “Missile Kills Top bin Laden Associate: Unmanned CIA Plane Hits al-Qaeda Target in Yemen,” San Diego Union-Tribune, November 5,2002; Esther Schrader and Henry Weinstein, “U.S. Enters a Legal Gray Zone: Strike in Yemen Raises Thorny Questions of Assassination and the Definition of War,” Los Angeles Times, November 5, 2002; Robert Schroeder, “Tell the Truth about U.S. Assassination Policy,” Baltimore Sun, November 14, 2002; Associated Press, “American al-Qaeda Operatives Can Be Killed: Secret Finding by Bush Gives CIA Authority,” Houston Chronicle, December 3, 2002; Tony Geraghty and David Leigh, “The Name of the Game Is Assassination,” Guardian, December 19,2002; Seymour M. Hersh, “Manhunt,” New Yorker, December 30, 2002, pp. 66–74; and Doyle McManus, “A U.S. License to Kill,” Los Angeles Times, January 11,2003.
15. Sven Lindquist, A History of Bombing (New York: New Press, 2001), s.v. pars. 5, 26.
16. John A. Hobson, Imperialism: A Study (New York: Pott, 1902); quoted by Hannah Arendt, The Origins of Totalitarianism (New York: Meridian Books, 1958), p. 152. Also see W. G. Beasley, Japanese Imperialism, 1894–1945 (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1987), p. 2.
17. David B. Abernethy, The Dynamics of Global Dominance: European Overseas Empires, 1415–1980 (New Haven: Yale University Press, 2000), p. 382.
18. Cited in “History of U.S. Territorial Acquisitions,” <http://www.philam-war.org/territorial.htm>.
19. Abernethy, Dynamics, p. 22.
20. Vagts, History of Militarism, pp. 14–15.
21. Quoted by John Gerassi, Los Angeles Times Book Review, December 16,2001, p. 7.
22. John M. Collins, “Military Bases,” Military Geography for Professionals and the Public (Washington: U.S. National Defense University, Institute for National Strategic Studies, March 1998), <http://www.ndu.edu/inss/books/milgeo/milgeochl2.html>; The Editors, “U.S. Military Bases and Empire,” Monthly Review 53:10 (March 2002); and Diana Johnstone and Ben Cramer, “The Burdens and the Glory: U.S. Bases in Europe,” in Joseph Gerson and Bruce Birchard, eds., The Sun Never Sets: Confronting the Network of Foreign U.S. Military Bases (Boston: South End Press for the American Friends Service Committee, 1991), p. 199.
23. Johnstone and Cramer, “Burdens,” p. 219.
24. Ibid., p. 200. Also see Andrew Alexander, “The Soviet Threat Was Bogus,” Spectator, April 20,2002.
25. DeNeen L. Brown, “Trail of Frozen Tears: The Cold War Is Over but to Native Greenlanders Displaced by It, There’s Still No Peace,” Washington Post, October 22, 2002; and Mike Davis, “Bush’s Ultimate Thule,” March 14,2003, <http://www.nationinstitute.org/tomdispatch/index.mhtml?mm=3&yr=2003>.
26. Patrick Lloyd Hatcher, “’Base-mania’ in Central Asia,” JPRI Critique 9:3 (April 2002).
27. Rachel Cornwell and Andrew Wells, “Deploying Insecurity,” Peace Review 11:3 (1999), p. 410.
28. William Arkin, “U.S. Air Bases Forge Double-Edged Sword,” Los Angeles Times, January 6,2002.
29. See, e.g., “Bush Plays Caligula while Blair Strews His Path with Rose Petals,” Scotsman, September 16,2002.
1. Hyman G. Rickover, How the Battleship Maine Was Destroyed (Washington: Government Printing Office, 1976).
2. Stuart Creighton Miller, “Benevolent Assimilation”: The American Conquest of the Philippines, 1899–1903 (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1982), p. 11.
3. “The Spanish American War,” <http:/www.smplanet.com/imperialism/splendid.html>.
4. “A Gift from the Gods,” <http:/www.smplanet.com/imperialism/gift.html>.
5. Amy Forliti, “Camp Commander Relieved of Duties,” Associated Press, October 14, 2002; and “‘Too Nice’ Jail Commander Is Fired,” Sydney Morning Herald, October 17,2002.
6. Miller, “Benevolent Assimilation,” p. 1.
7. Cited in Howard Zinn, A People’s History of the United States (New York: Harper & Row, 1980), p. 306.
8. Quoted by Miller, “Benevolent Assimilation,” p. 26.
9. Joseph Lepgold and Timothy McKeown, “Is American Foreign Policy Exceptional? An Empirical Analysis,” Political Science Quarterly, Fall 1995, <http://www.mtholyoke.edu/tag/intrel/lepgold.htm>.
10. For the fullest details on the “Farewell Address, Washington’s Final Manuscript,” see <http://www.virginia.edu/gwpapers/farewell/>.
11. Quoted by Ralph Raico, “American Foreign Policy—The Turning Point, 1898–1919: Part I,” <http://www.fff.org/freedom/0495c.asp>.
12. Elihu Root, The Military and Colonial Policy of the United States: Addresses and Reports (Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1916), pp. 417–40, <http://www.google.com/search?q=cache:aF2E4_mZg9YC:www.shsu.edu/-his_ncp/RootGS.html+Elihu+Root&hl=en>.
13. Parameters (U.S. Army War College Quarterly) 31:1 (Spring 2001), inside back cover.
14. Arthur S. Link, “Woodrow Wilson Biography,” <http://www.gi.grolier.com/presidents/ea/bios/28pwils.html>.
15. See Peter van den Maas, “The American Tradition in Diplomacy,” <http://odur.let.rug.n1/~usa/E/kissinger/kiss03.htm>.
16. “President Woodrow Wilson’s War Message, April 2, 1917,” <http://www.lib.byu.edu/~rdh/wwi/1917/wilswarm.html>.
17. Alistair Cooke, “Letter from America: The Pursuit of Self-Determination,” <http://news.bbc.co.uk/hi/english/world/letter_fromnewsid_288000/2882_50.stm>.
18. Ibid.
19. William Pfaff, Barbarian Sentiments: America in the New Century, rev. ed. (New York: Hill and Wang, 2000), p. 275.
20. James A. Donovan, Militarism U.S.A. (New York: Charles Scribner’s Sons, 1970), p. 10.
21. James Dunnigan, “A Long American Tradition,” Strategy Page, August 20,2001.
22. United States Civil War Center, “Statistical Summary of America’s Major Wars,” June 13, 2001, <http://www.cwc.lsu.edu/cwc/other/stats/warcost.htm>.
23. Cordell Hull, The Memoirs of Cordell Hull, (New York: Macmillan, 1948), p. 1111; cited by Alfred Vagts, A History of Militarism (New York: Meridian, 1959), p. 474.
24. Donovan, Militarism U.S.A., pp. 114–15.
25. Quoted by Telford Taylor, Sword and Swastika: Generals and Nazis in the Third Reich (New York: Simon and Schuster, 1952), p. 368.
26. United States Civil War Center, “Statistical Summary.” Also see U.S. Department of Veterans Affairs, Office of Public Affairs, America’s Wars (Washington, May 2001), <http://www.va.gov/pressrel/amwars01.htm>, which gives slightly different totals but offers no figures at all on the Confederate side in the Civil War.
27. See, in particular, Robert Higgs, “The Cold War: Too Good a Deal to Give Up,” Intervention Magazine Online, March 2002; and Robert Higgs, “The Cold War Is Over, but U.S. Preparation for It Continues,” Independent Review 6:2 (Fall 2001). The totals used here are based on the purchasing power of 2002 dollars. For actual amounts in billions of 1996 dollars, compare Martin Calhoun, Senior Research Analyst, Center for Defense Information, U.S. Military Spending, 1945–1996, <http://www.cdi.org/issues/milspend.html>. Calhoun places military spending for 1950 at $133.0 billion; for 1953 at $437.0 billion; for 1968 at $388.9 billion; and for 1989 at $376.2 billion.
28. Peter Pae, “Southland Defense Industry Quietly Heeds War’s Drumbeat,” Los Angeles Times, September 27, 2002. Also see Patrick Lloyd Hatcher, Economic Earthquakes: Converting Defense Cuts to Economic Opportunities (Berkeley: Institute of Governmental Studies, University of California, 1994).
29. Jonathan Reingold, “Attack of the Pork Barrel Posse,” AlterNet, April 23, 2002. Also see Julian E. Barnes, Peter Cary, and Christopher H. Schmitt, “Special Investigative Report: War Profiteering,” U.S. News & World Report, May 13,2002, pp. 20–34; Gopal Ratnam and Gail Kaufman, “A New Way to Pay for Weapons? Boeing, U.S. Air Force Eye Third-Party Financing for B-52 Work,” DefenseNews.com, March 31, 2003; Michelle Ciarrocca, “Boeing: ‘Forever New Frontiers’ or ‘The Purse Is Now Open,’” Arms Trade Resource Center, April 4,2003; and Leslie Wayne, “Creative Deal or Highflying Pork?” New York Times, April 20,2003.
30. Kelly Patricia O’Meara, “Rumsfeld Inherits Financial Mess,” Insight-Mag.com, August 2001.
31. See John Dower, War without Mercy (New York: Pantheon, 1987); and Sheila K. Johnson, The Japanese through American Eyes (Stanford: Stanford University Press, 1991).
32. William Manchester, “The Bloodiest Battle of All,” New York Times Magazine, June 14,1987.
33. See William Rivers Pitt, “Think the Days of the Draft Are Gone? Think Again,” Truthout/Perspective, September 11,2002, <http://www.truthout.com/docs_02/09.12A.wrp.draft.htm>.
34. See Tom Engelhardt, The End of Victory Culture: Cold War America and the Disillusioning of a Generation (New York: Basic Books, 1995), particularly part 3: “The Era of Reversals (1962–1975).”
35. Christian G. Appy, Working-Class War: American Combat Soldiers and Vietnam (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1993), p. 5.
36. Vagts, History of Militarism, p. 463.
37. See, e.g., Walter V. Robinson, “One-Year Gap in Bush’s National Guard Duty,” Boston Globe, May 23, 2000; Wayne Slater, “Records of Bush’s Alabama Military Duty Can’t Be Found,” Dallas Morning News, June 26, 2000; “G. W. Bush Went AWOL,” New Republic, November 13, 2000; Richard Sisk, “General Raps Plans for Invasion,” New York Daily News, August 27, 2002; James Bamford, “Untested Administration Hawks Clamor for War,” USA Today, September 17,2002; Eric Margolis, “Bush Looks for Buddies in Bad Times,” Toronto Sun, September 29, 2002; George Johnson, “The Chicken Hawks’ War,” TomPaine.com, November 14,2002; and Linda McQuaig, “What Did Dubya Do in the War, Daddy?” Toronto Star, November 17,2002.
38. H. R. McMaster, Dereliction of Duty: Lyndon Johnson, Robert McNamara, the Joint Chiefs of Staff, and the Lies That Led to Vietnam (New York: Harper Perennial, 1997), p. 329.
39. See Frances Fitzgerald, Way Out There in the Blue: Reagan, Star Wars, and the End of the Cold War (New York: Touchstone, 2000).
40. See Chalmers Johnson, “In Search of a New Cold War,” Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists, September/October 1999, pp. 44–51; and editorial, “China Viewed Narrowly,” New York Times, June 10, 2001.
41. Kurt M. Campbell, “China Watchers Fighting a Turf War of Their Own,” New York Times, May 20, 2000. The Times failed to identify Campbell as a former member of the Pentagon establishment.
42. James Dao, “Signaling Change, Bush Picks 3 Executives for Pentagon Jobs,” New York Times, April 25, 2001.
43. Richard Gardner, “Foreign Policy on the Cheap,” Financial Times, June 8, 2001.
44. Newsweek, June 25, 2001.
45. Ronald Steel, Pax Americana (New York: Viking, 1967), pp. 17–18.
1. Andrew J. Bacevich, “Different Drummers, Same Drum,” National Interest, Summer 2001, pp. 74–75.
2. Quoted by Matthew Engel, “Iraqmania Grips the U.S.,” Guardian, December 5, 2001.
3. Charles Krauthammer, “The Bush Doctrine,” Time, March 5, 2001. Also see Max Boot, “The Case for American Empire,” Weekly Standard, October 15, 2001; Richard Gwyn, “Imperial Rome Lives in the U.S.,” Toronto Star, December 9, 2001.
4. Robert D. Kaplan, “Supremacy By Stealth,” Atlantic Monthly, July/August 2003, pp. 67–83.
5. See Walter Russell Mead, Special Providence: American Foreign Policy and How It Changed the World (New York: Knopf, 2001). Cf. Christopher Layne, “Masters of the Universe,” Washington Post, December 23, 2001.
6. National Security Archive, “State Historians Conclude U.S. Passed Names of Communists to Indonesian Army, Which Killed at Least 105,000 in 1965–66,” July 27, 2001, <http://www.gwu.edu/~nsarchiv/NSAEBB/NSAEBB52/>; BBC News, “U.S. Blocks Indonesia History Revelations,” July 28, 2001; George Lardner Jr., “Papers Show U.S. Role in Indonesian Purge,” Washington Post, July 28, 2001; Isabel Hilton, “Our Bloody Coup in Indonesia,” Guardian, August 1, 2001; and Jaechun Kim, “U.S. Covert Action in Indonesia in the 1960s,” Journal of International and Area Studies 9:2 (December 2002), pp. 63–85.
7. See Thomas Blanton, “When Did the Cold War End?” and attached documents, in Cold War International History Project, Woodrow Wilson International Center for Scholars, Bulletin, no. 10 (March 1998), pp. 184–91.
8. Quoted by Emily Eakin, “‘It Takes an Empire,’Say Several U.S. Thinkers,” New York Times, April 2, 2002.
9. A good analysis of the backgrounds of the neocon defense intellectuals is Michael Lind, “How Neoconservatives Conquered Washington—and Launched a War,” New Statesman, April 7, 2003, <http://www.antiwar.com/orig/lindl.html>. Also see Philip Gold, “There Are Some Unflattering Truths to ‘Neocons,’” Seattle Post-Intelligencer, May 11, 2003.
10. Paul Kennedy, “The Perils of Empire,” Washington Post, April 20, 2003.
11. See, e.g., Lewis H. Lapham, “The American Rome: On the Theory of Virtuous Empire,” Harper’s, August 2001, pp. 31–38; Richard Gwyn, “Imperial Rome Lives in the U.S.,” Toronto Star, December 9, 2001; David Chandler, “Imperialism May Be Out, but Aggressive Wars and Colonial Protectorates Are Back,” Observer, April 14, 2002; Samuel Brittan, “Liberal Imperialism Is a Dangerous Temptation,” Financial Times, April 11, 2002; “Building ‘Empire’ Shouldn’t Be Goal,” Jacksonville Daily News, October 15, 2001; Mark Weisbrot, “Should We Police World?” Philadelphia Inquirer, April 13, 2001; William Pfaff, “America’s Imperial Instinct,” International Herald Tribune, April 8, 2002; John Pilger, “Behind the Jargon about Failed States and Humanitarian Interventions Lie Thousands of Dead,” November 23, 2001, <http://pilger.carlton.com/print/88462>; and Hugo Young, “A New Imperialism Cooked Up over a Texan Barbecue,” Guardian, April 2, 2002.
12. Sebastian Mallaby, “The Reluctant Imperialist: Terrorism, Failed States, and the Case for American Empire,” Foreign Affairs 81:2 (March/April 2002), pp. 2–7.
13. See the Report of the International Commission on Intervention and State Sovereignty, The Responsibility to Protect (Ottawa: International Development Research Centre, 2001). Also see Ernst B. Haas, Beware the Slippery Slope: Notes toward the Definition of Justifiable Intervention, Policy Papers in International Affairs no. 42 (Berkeley: Institute of International Studies, University of California, 1993); Stanley Hoffmann, The Ethics and Politics of Humanitarian Intervention (Notre Dame: University of Notre Dame Press, 1996); and Samantha Power, A Problem from Hell: America and the Age of Genocide (New York: Basic Books, 2002).
14. “U.S. Said Violating International Treaties,” Reuters, Washington, April 4, 2002.
15. David Moberg, “Courting Disaster,” In These Times, June 10, 2002.
16. Carola Hoyos, “Milosevic War Crimes Trial Threatened by U.S. Demand,” Financial Times, June 12, 2002. See also David Teather, “U.S. Threat to Wreck Treaty System,” Guardian, May 6, 2002; Neal A. Lewis, “U.S. to Renounce Its Role in Pact for World Tribunal,” New York Times, May 5, 2002; and Lewis, “U.S. Rejects All Support for New Court on Atrocities,” New York Times, May 7, 2002.
17. The legislation is H.R. 4775, 107th Cong., 2nd sess.: “A bill making supplemental appropriations for further recovery from and response to terrorist attacks on the United States for the fiscal year ending September 30, 2002, and for other purposes.” Also see Expatica News, The Hague, “U.S. Invasion Proposal Shocks MPs,” June 10, 2002, <http://www.expatica.com/block.gif>; “Dutch Citizens Up in Arms over U.S. Congressional Act That Would Protect U.S. Officials or Service Personnel from War Crimes Convictions in The Hague,” National Public Radio, Morning Edition, June 14, 2002.
18. Elizabeth Becker, “On World Court, U.S. Focus Shifts to Shielding Officials,” New York Times, September 7, 2002; “U.S. Fears Prosecution of President in World Court,” Reuters, November 15, 2002.
19. See, e.g., Conn Hallinan, “America’s War Criminals,” San Francisco Examiner, July 10, 2001; Marcus Gee, “Is Henry Kissinger a War Criminal?” Toronto Globe & Mail, June 11, 2002.
20. William Burr and Michael L. Evans, eds., “East Timor Revisited: Ford, Kissinger, and the Indonesian Invasion, 1975–1976,” National Security Archive, December 6, 2001, <http://www.gwu.edu/nsarchivNSAEBB/NSAEBB62/>. Also see Agence France-Presse, “U.S. Endorsed Indonesia’s East Timor Invasion: Secret Documents,” December 7, 2001; Jim Wolf, Reuters, “U.S. Agreed to Indonesia’s Invasion of E. Timor, Documents Reveal,” San Diego Union-Tribune, December 20, 2001.
21. See, e.g., Jim Mann, “Unilateralism Dead? That’s a Myth Perception,” Los Angeles Times, October 24, 2001; and Michael Byers, “The World according to Cheney, Rice, and Rumsfeld,” London Review of Books, February 21, 2002.
22. Nicholas Watt, Richard Norton-Taylor, and Oliver Burkeman, “Camp X-Ray Row Threatens First British Split with U.S.,” Guardian, January 21, 2002; Caroline Daniel, “Legitimacy of U.S. Detentions Challenged,” Financial Times, December 3, 2002; Neil A. Lewis, “Guantánamo Prisoners Ask for Rights,” New York Times, December 3, 2002; Jane Sutton, “A Year Later, Guantánamo Prisoners Still in Limbo,” Reuters, January 10, 2003.
23. William D. Hartung, “Making the World Safe for Nuclear Weapons,” May 14, 2002, <www.CommonDreams.org>; Richard Butler, “Nuclear Testing and National Honor,” New York Times, July 13, 2001; and Rebeca E. Johnson, “Who’s for a Nuclear Free-For-All?” Disarmament Diplomacy, no. 58 (June 2001).
24. International Herald Tribune, July 14, 2001.
25. Michael J. Glennon, “How War Left the Law Behind,” New York Times, November 21, 2002.
26. “America as Sparta,” Boston Globe Online, March 12, 2002.
27. Alan W. Bock, “War and Peace and Liberty,” Orange County Register, September 16, 2002.
28. Edward Alden, “A Spaceman in the Pentagon,” Financial Times, August 25–26, 2001; and James Dao, “A Low-Key Space Buff,” New York Times, August 25, 2001.
29. See Seumas Milne, “The Innocent Dead in a Coward’s War,” Guardian, December 20, 2001; Roberto J. Gonzales, “Ignorance of Casualties Isn’t Bliss,” San Diego Union-Tribune, January 4, 2002; Fairness and Accuracy in Reporting, “NYT Buries Story of Airstrikes on Afghan Civilians,” January 9, 2002, <http://www.fair.org/activism/nyt-niazikala.html>; and Marc Herold, “Counting the Dead,” Guardian, August 8, 2002. Also see Herold’s Web sites for the raw data and further analysis: (1) “Dead Afghan Civilians: Disrobing the Non-Counters,” <http://www.cursor.org/stories/noncounters.htm>; and (2) “Herold’s Research,” <http://pubpages.unh.edu/~mwherold/>. The United Nations estimates that American bombing killed about 5,000 civilians directly and that up to 20,000 other Afghans died through the disruption of drought relief and the bombing’s other indirect effects. See Jonathan Steele, “Counting the Dead,” Guardian, January 29, 2003. The leaked U.N. report is available online at <http://www.casi.org.uk>.
30. Loring Wirbel, “NRO, Space Command, NASA Tout Common Language of ‘Space Supremacy’ at Conference,” Global Network against Weapons and Nuclear Power in Space, April 11, 2002.
31. Ibid.
32. On the so-called fourth generation of warfare, i.e., one dominated by space-based warfare and “asymmetric” threats such as terrorism, see Peter J. Boyer, “A Different War: Is the Army Becoming Irrelevant?” New Yorker, July 1, 2002, pp. 54–67.
33. See Joseph Kay, “Bush Administration Renews U.S. Drive to Militarize Space,” July 25, 2001, <http://www.wsws.org/articles/2001/jul2001/spac-j25_prn.shtml>; Rob Larson, “Space for Rent: A Free Society Militarizes Space,” August 23, 2001, <http://www.indepen.com/2001/Aug09.01/profit.html>; “The Final Frontier: The U.S. Military’s Drive to Dominate Space,” Colorado Springs Independent, December 13, 2001, <http://www.csindy.com/csindy/2001-12-13/cover.html>; and Theresa Hitchens, “U.S. Space Policy: Time to Stop and Think,” Disarmament Diplomacy, no. 67 (October-November 2002). Also relevant are: Carlton Meyer, “Preparing for War in Space,” G2mil: The Magazine of Future Warfare, June 2001, <http://www.g2mil.com/June2001.htm>; Charles Aldinger, “U.S. Likely to Put Arms in Space—Air Force Chief,” Reuters, August 1, 2001; Hu Xiaoming, “U.S. Will Probably Deploy Weapons in Outer Space,” People’s Daily (Beijing), August 3, 2001; Steve Boggin, “Space—The Final Frontier in a New and Terrifying Arms Race,” Independent (London), August 8, 2001; Bill McAllister, “AFA Grad May Lead Era of Space Warriors,” Denver Post, August 12, 2001; “U.S. Missile Experts Meet to Save the Nation—and Make a Few Bucks,” Space Daily, August 26, 2001, <http://www.spacedaily.com/news/010826123032.51ofx47q.html>.
34. For details on the British death camps and statistics on the number who died, see Paul Harris, “’Spin’ on Boer Atrocities,” Observer, December 9, 2001. Also see BBC News, “Imperialism in the Dock—The Boer War,” November 10,1999.
35. Quoted by Kay, “Bush Administration.”
36. See Jason Vest, “The Dubious Genius of Andrew Marshall,” American Prospect, February 15, 2001; and Nicholas Lemann, “Dreaming about War,” New Yorker, July 16, 2001, pp. 32–38.
37. Nora K. Wallace, “Without Space, We’re Back to World War II,” Santa Barbara News-Press, April 23, 2003, <http://globalsecurity.org/org/news/2003/030423-space-war01.htm>.
38. Gail Kaufman and Gopal Ratnam, Space News, June 13, 2001. For other reports on attempts to cover up the BMD’s failings, see William J. Broad, “Missile Contractor Doctored Tests, Ex-Employee Charges,” New York Times, March 7, 2000; Broad, “Pentagon Classifies a Letter Critical of Antimissile Plan,” New York Times, May 20, 2000; Broad, “M.I.T. Studies Accusations of Lies and Cover-Up of Serious Flaws in Antimissile System,” New York Times, January 2, 2003; Broad, “U.S. Seeks Dismissal of Suit by Critic of Missile Defense,” New York Times, February 3, 2003; Arianna Huffington, “Blowing the Whistle on Bad Science,” AlterNet.org, March 14, 2002; Bradley Graham, “Secrecy on Missile Defense Grows,” Washington Post, June 12, 2002; and Graham, Hit to Kill: The New Battle over Shielding America from Missile Attack (New York: Public Affairs, 2001).
39. Lawrence F. Kaplan, New Republic, March 12, 2001. Kaplan is a senior editor at the New Republic. He is coauthor with William Kristol of the neoconservative book The War over Iraq (San Francisco: Encounter Books, 2003).
40. Jim Walsh, “The Two Faces of Bush on Defense,” Los Angeles Times, May 1, 2001.
41. Bill Keller, “Missile Defense: The Untold Story,” New York Times, December 29, 2001.
42. U.S. Department of Defense, Report of the Commission to Assess the Ballistic Missile Threat to the United States, July 15, 1998. For implementation of this report, see Donald H. Rumsfeld, 2001 Quadrennial Defense Review, June 22, 2001, “classified contents removed,” p. 13.
43. Paul Wolfowitz, “Remembering the Future,” National Interest, Spring 2000, p. 36. For the 1992 background, see David Armstrong, “Dick Cheney’s Song of America: Drafting a Plan for Global Dominance,” Harper’s, October 2002, pp. 76–83; and Tom Berry and Jim Lobe, “The Men Who Stole the Show,” Foreign Policy in Focus, Special Report, October 2002.
44. Quoted by Quentin Peel, “Face It, The Cold War Is Over,” Financial Times, August 20, 2001.
45. See Wen-ho Lee (with Helen Zia), My Country versus Me (New York: Hyperion, 2001); and Dan Stober and Ian Hoffman, A Convenient Spy: Wen-ho Lee and the Politics of Nuclear Espionage (New York: Simon and Schuster, 2001).
46. William Arkin and Robert Windrem, “The U.S.-China Information War,” August 20, 2001, <http://www.msnbc.com/news/607031.asp?cp1=1>.
47. Asahi Shimbun (Tokyo), April 25, 2003 (in Japanese).
48. Office of the Deputy Under Secretary of Defense (Installations and Environment), Base Structure Report (A Summary of DoD’s Real Property Inventory) (Washington: Department of Defense, 2002), s.v. “South Korea.”
49. Bruce Cumings, Korea’s Place in the Sun: A Modern History (New York: Norton, 1997), p. 153. Also see Doug Bandow, Tripwire: Korea and U.S. Foreign Policy in a Changed World (Washington, DC: Cato Institute, 1996).
50. Jim Lea, “S. Korean Protesters Hurl Rocks, Eggs at Camp Casey,” Stars & Stripes, July 21, 2002; K. T. Kim, “Trial of U.S. Soldiers to Open to Media Only,” Korea Times, November 8, 2002; James Brooke, “First of 2 G.I.’s on Trial in Deaths of 2 Korean Girls Is Acquitted,” New York Times, November 21, 2002; Don Kirk, “2nd U.S. Sergeant Is Cleared in the Death of 2 Korean Girls,” New York Times, November 23, 2002; BBC News, “S. Koreans Stage Huge Anti-U.S. Rally,” December 14, 2002; Robert Fouser, “Putting Alliance to a ‘Democracy Test,’” Korea Now, December 14, 2002; Tim Shorrock, “Ron’s Election Victory and the Widening Gap between the U.S. and South Korea,” Foreign Policy in Focus, January 7, 2003; Jaewoo Choo, “Vigils in Korea: U.S. Alliances on Trial,” Asia Times, January 7, 2003; and Peter S. Goodman and Joohee Cho, “Anti-U.S. Sentiment Deepens in S. Korea,” Washington Post, January 9, 2003.
51. Barbara Demick, “A Less Intrusive Presence for Troops in South Korea,” Los Angeles Times, April 2, 2003.
52. Walter Pincus, “CIA Head Predicts Nuclear Race: Small Nations Pursuing Arms,” Washington Post, February 12, 2003.
1. Brian Kennedy, “Uncle Sam Wants You to Play This Game,” New York Times, July 11, 2002; Steve Osunsami, “Simulated Sniping: U.S. Army Recruits Teens with Internet Game,” ABC News, October 31, 2002; and Steve Rubenstein, “Military Recruits Motivated by Promises of Perks, Not Patriotism,” San Francisco Chronicle, December 13, 2002.
2. See the following official Web sites: <www.nhra.com> and <www.goarmy.com>. Also see Chris Grenz, “Dragster an Army of One,” Topeka Capital-Journal, May 24, 2001; Jeff Wolf, “Army Mixes Recruiting, Racing,” Las Vegas Review-Journal, April 8, 2002. For a photograph of “The Sarge,” see Popular Mechanics, 2002, <http:/popularmechanics.com/automotive/motor_sports/2002/2/go_army/index.p-html>.
3. David Wood, “Shaky Economy Alters Equations of Risk in Today’s Military,” San Diego Union-Tribune, April 27, 2003.
4. Doug Rokke, “Gulf War Casualties,” September 30, 2002, <http://www.traprockpeace.org>; Karsten Strauss, “When the Dust Settles,” ABC News, May 5, 2003; Scott Peterson, “A Rare Visit to Iraq’s Radioactive Battlefield,” Christian Science Monitor, April 29,1999; and Peterson, “Remains of Toxic Bullets Litter Iraq,” Christian Science Monitor, May 15, 2003.
5. Susanna Hecht, “Uranium Warheads May Leave Both Sides a Legacy of Death for Decades,” Los Angeles Times, March 30, 2003; Neil Mackay, “U.S. Forces’ Use of Depleted Uranium Is ‘Illegal,’” Glasgow Sunday Herald, March 30, 2003; Steven Rosenfeld, “Gulf War Syndrome, the Sequel,” TomPaine.com, April 8, 2003; “UK to Aid DU Removal,” BBC News, April 23, 2003; Frances Williams, “Clean-Up of Pollution Urged to Reduce Health Risks,” and Vanessa Houlder, “Allied Troops Risk Uranium Exposure,’” Financial Times, April 25, 2003; Jonathan Duffy, “Iraq’s Cancer Children Overlooked in War,” BBC News, April 29, 2003.
6. Office of the Assistant Secretary of Defense for Force Management Policy, Population Representation in the Military Services (Washington: Department of Defense, November 2000), <http://dticaw.dtic.mil/prhome/poprep99/>.
7. Leonel Sanchez, “Hispanics Overrepresented in Combat Roles, Report Says,” San Diego Union-Tribune, March 28, 2003; “Baja Upset at U.S. Army Bid to Recruit in Tijuana,” San Diego Union-Tribune, May 9, 2003; Mark Stevenson, “U.S. Army Recruiter Crosses Mexico Border,” Associated Press, May 9, 2003; “Green Card Marines,” Los Angeles Times, May 25, 2003.
8. Adam Clymer, “Service Academies Defend Use of Race in Their Admissions Policies,” New York Times, January 28, 2003.
9. U.S. Department of Defense, “News Transcript: Background Briefing on the All Volunteer Force,” January 13, 2003, <http://www.defenselink.mil/news/Jan2003/t01132003_tl13bkgd.html>; Earl Ofari Hutchinson, “Echoes of’Fragging,’” San Francisco Chronicle, March 27, 2003; and Kimberly Hefling, “Military Trial Urged in Kuwait Fragging,” Washington Times, June 21, 2003.
10. Marie Tessier, Women’s ENews, posted on AlterNet.org, April 8, 2003.
11. Michael Janofsky, “Top Air Force Officer, at Academy, Issues Warning,” New York Times, March 8, 2003.
12. Roland Watson and Glen Owen, “Kitty Hawk Captain Loses Control,” Times Online, “World News,” September 4, 2002.
13. Norman Soloman, “Media Sizzle for an Army of Fun,” Media Monitors, July 8, 2002, <http://www.mediamonitors.net/solomon85.html>.
14. Kevin Heldman, “On the Town with the U.S. Military in Korea,” Z Magazine, February 1997, <http://www.zmag.org/zmag/articles/feb97army.html>.
15. Ibid.
16. Marianne Szegedy-Maszak, “Death at Fort Bragg,” U.S. News & World Report, August 12, 2002, p. 44.
17. Bill Vann, “The Fort Bragg Murders: A Grim Warning on the Use of the Military,” World Socialist Web Site, August 2, 2002.
18. Colin Soloway, “’I Yelled at Them to Stop,’” Newsweek, October 7, 2002, <http://www.msnbc.com/news/814576.asp>; and Dan Plesch, “Failure of the 82nd Airborne,” Guardian, December 19, 2002. Also see Marc W. Herold, “Vietnam Redux,” October 31, 2002, <http://www.cursor.org/stories/vietnam_redux.htm>, where full citations to Afghan incidents are given.
19. Associated Press, “Marine Corps Cancels Annual Sniper Meet,” October 23, 2002.
20. John M. Broder, “Arizona Gunman Chose Victims in Advance,” New York Times, October 30, 2002.
21. Roland Watson and Glen Owen, “Kitty Hawk Captain”; and “Kitty Hawk Captain Dismissed Over Crewmen’s Incidents,” Yomiuri Shimbun (Tokyo), September 4, 2002.
22. Heldman, “On the Town.”
23. Ibid. Also see Associated Press, “Uncle Sam Wants Your Kid,” December 3, 2002; and Suzanne Goldenberg, “Parents Furious as Pentagon Slides Recruiting Officers into Classrooms,” Guardian, December 5, 2002.
24. See “Military Escalates Assault on Civilian Schools,” Committee Opposed to Militarism and the Draft, Draft Notices, May-July 2001, <www.comdsd.org>; Carl Campanile, “New Law Lets Army Get Info on High School Kids,” New York Post, July 17, 2002; David Goodman, “No Child Unrecruited: Should the Military Be Given the Names of Every High School Student in America?” Mother Jones, November-December 2002; Helen Thomas, “Military Recruitment: An Invasion of Privacy,” TheJacksonChannel.com, November 18, 2002.
25. George Fisher, “Power over Principle,” New York Times, September 7, 2002. Also see Rebecca Trounson, “Law Schools Bow to Pentagon on Recruiters,” Los Angeles Times, October 12, 2002.
26. Lawrence H. Suid, Guts and Glory: The Making of the American Military Image in Film (Lexington: University Press of Kentucky, 2002), p. 8.
27. Nancy Benac, “More Movies with Pentagon Help,” Associated Press, May 16, 2001.
28. V. Dion Haynes, “Hollywood Boosts the Military,” Chicago Tribune, May 27, 2001.
29. Claudia Eller and Richard Natale, “Hit Status Elusive Target for ‘Pearl Harbor,’” Los Angeles Times, June 17, 2001. Also see Simon Davis, “U.S. Critics Attack’Pearl Harbor’ as Ultimate Hollywood Bilge,” London Telegraph, May 26, 2001; and Todd McCarthy, ‘“Pearl Harbor,’ a Film That Will Live in Infamy,” Reuters, May 25, 2001.
30. Dana Calvo, “Military Using Its Promotional Arms in Theaters,” Los Angeles Times, October 15, 2002.
31. Rupert Wingfield Hayes, “Doubts Set In on Afghan Mission,” BBC News, September 28, 2002. Also see James W. Crawley, “The War News—With No Last Names Allowed,” San Diego Union-Tribune, October 21, 2001.
32. See Carol Brightman, “U.S. Military Plans the War of Words,” Los Angeles Times, February 16, 2003; and Ralph Blumenthal and Jim Rutenberg, “Journalists Are Assigned to Accompany U.S. Troops,” New York Times, February 18, 2003.
33. Time, April 16, 2001; Honolulu Advertiser, April 16, 2001; as cited by John Kifner, “Despite Sub Inquiry, Navy Still Sees Need for Guests on Ships,” New York Times, April 23, 2001. Also see Tony Perry, “Sub Skipper Is Forced into Retirement,” Los Angeles Times, April 24, 2001.
34. Tony Perry, “Morale Likely a Factor in Decision on Sub Crew,” Los Angeles Times, April 4, 2001.
35. Phil Patton, “Exposing the Black Budget,” Wired, November 1995, <http:/www.wired.eom/wired/archive/3.1l/patton_pr.html>.
36. George Caldwell, “U.S. Defense Budgets and Military Spending,” Library of Congress, March 1992, <http://www.loc.gov/rr/news/militaryspending.html>; Bill Sweetman, “In Search of the Pentagons Billion Dollar Hidden Budgets,” <http://www.geocities.com/Athens/Crete/2546/black.html>; and Dan Morgan, “Classified Spending on the Rise; Report: Defense to Get $23.2 Billion,” Washington Post, August 27, 2003.
37. Sweetman, “In Search.”
38. Ibid.
39. John Kelly, Chris Kridler, and Kelly Young, “Billion Dollar Question: Where Has All the Air Force’s EELV Money Gone?” Florida Today, August 25, 2002.
40. Robert Windrem, NBC News, “Military Role Grows on Home Front,” April 18, 2001, <www.msnbc.com/news/546844.asp?Osp=n5b5zl>. Also see editorial, “Domestic Law Enforcement Is Not a Job for the Military,” Atlanta Journal-Constitution, July 19, 2002.
41. See, in particular, Alan W. Bock, Ambush at Ruby Ridge: How Government Agents Set Randy Weaver Up and Took His Family Down (Irvine, Calif.: Dickens Press, 1995).
42. Boston Globe and Associated Press, “New Command Being Set Up to Defend North America,” San Diego Union-Tribune, April 18, 2002; Eric Schmitt, “General Backs More Policing Power for Military,” San Diego Union-Tribune, July 21, 2002; David Johnston et al., “Administration Begins to Rewrite Decades-Old Spying Restrictions,” New York Times, November 30, 2002; Robert Dreyfuss, “Bringing the War Home,” Nation, May 26, 2003.
43. U.S. Department of Defense, “Homeland Security,” Defense Link, February 6, 2003, <http://www.defenselink.mil/specials/homeland/>.
44. “Defense Takeover,” Financial Times, April 8, 2002.
45. Eric Lichtblau and James Risen, “Broad Domestic Role Asked for CIA and the Pentagon,” New York Times, May 2, 2003.
46. Jeanette Steele, “Corps’War with Law: Marines Say Protection of Species Hurts Combat Training,” San Diego Union-Tribune, September 26, 2002; and Esther Schrader, “Defense Seeking Greater Latitude,” Los Angeles Times, July 15, 2002. Also see Katharine Q. Seelye, “Defense Dept. Forum Focuses on Environment,” New York Times, February 6, 2003; Jennifer Lee, “Military Seeks Exemptions on Harming Environment,” New York Times, March 6, 2003; Andrew Gumbel, “Pentagon Seeks Freedom to Pollute Land, Air and Sea,” Independent, March 13, 2003.
47. Charlie A. Beckwith, Delta Force (New York: Dell Books, 1985), p. 268.
48. Stratfor Global Intelligence Update, “Foreign Policy and the U.S. Military,” July 9, 2001 <http://www.worldnetdaily.com/news/article.asp?ARTICLE_ID=23554>.
49. Dana Priest, “A Four-Star Foreign Policy: U.S. Commanders Wield Rising Clout, Autonomy,” Washington Post, September 28, 2000. Also see Dana Priest, The Mission: Waging War and Keeping Peace with Americas Military (New York: Norton, 2003).
50. Dana Priest, “Standing Up to State and Congress,” Washington Post, September 30, 2000; Karen DeYoung, “Powell Says U.S. to Resume Training Indonesia’s Forces: Terrorism Fears Overtake Concerns about Army Abuses,” Washington Post, August 3, 2002.
51. Daniel Siegel and Joy Hackel, “El Salvador: Counterinsurgency Revisited,” in Michael T. Klare and Peter Kornbluh, eds., Low-Intensity Warfare (New York: Pantheon, 1988), pp. 112–35. Also see Cynthia J. Arnson, “Window on the Past: A Declassified History of Death Squads in El Salvador,” in Bruce B. Campbell and Arthur D. Brenner, eds., Death Squads in Global Perspective: Murder with Deniability (New York: St. Martin’s Press, 2000), pp. 85–124.
52. Priest, “Standing Up.”
53. Eric Schmitt and Thom Shanker, “Pentagon Sets Up Intelligence Unit,” New York Times, October 24, 2002.
54. Canadian Broadcasting Corp., “Experts Doubt Iraq, al-Qaeda Terror Link,” November 1, 2002.
55. Linda Robinson, “Moves That Matter: In the Intelligence Wars, a Preemptive Strike by the Pentagon Surprises Many in Congress,” U.S. News & World Report, August 12, 2002, p. 18. Also see Leona C. Bull, “Rivalry between Defense Department, CIA Reportedly Growing,” Journal of Aerospace and Defense Industry News, November 1, 2002, p. A6; Pat M. Holt, “U.S. Intelligence: Seeing What It Wants to See in Iraq,” Christian Science Monitor, November 7, 2002; Robert Dreyfuss, “The Pentagon Muzzles the CIA,” American Prospect 13:22 (December 16, 2002); and Eric Schmitt, “Pentagon Draws Up a 20-to-30-Year Antiterror Plan,” New York Times, January 17, 2003.
56. Robert Schlesinger, “Expanding Role of Defense Department Spurs Concerns; Some Say Officials Overstep Bounds, Limit other Agencies,” Boston Globe, June 8, 2003; Schmitt and Shanker, “Pentagon Sets Up Intelligence Unit.”
57. Greg Miller, “Wider Pentagon Spy Role Is Urged,” Los Angeles Times, October 26, 2002.
58. Patrick Martin, “Billions for War and Repression: Bush Budget for a Garrison State,” World Socialist Web Site, February 6, 2002.
59. Tim Weiner, Blank Check (New York: Warner Books, 1990), p. 178.
60. Ibid., pp. 172–98; and Stephen D. Goose, “Low-Intensity Warfare: The Warriors and Their Weapons,” in Klare and Kornbluh, Low-Intensity Warfare, p. 87.
61. Martin, “Billions for War”; and Rowan Scarborough, “Commandos Resist Loss of Purchasing Authority,” Washington Times, October 17, 2002.
62. Tom Bowman, “Special Forces’ Role May Expand,” Baltimore Sun, August 3, 2002; Pamela Hess, “Panel Wants $7 Billion Elite Counter-Terror Units,” United Press International, September 26, 2002; and William M. Arkin, “The Secret War: Frustrated by Intelligence Failures, the Defense Department Is Dramatically Expanding Its ‘Black World’ of Covert Operations,” Los Angeles Times, October 27, 2002.
63. New York Times, op-ed, August 21, 2002.
64. Greg Miller, “Military Wants Its Own Spies,” Los Angeles Times, March 4, 2003.
1. See A. J. Langguth, Our Vietnam: The War, 1954–1975 (New York: Simon and Schuster, 2000), pp. 184–85. Peter Schweizer, a research fellow at the right-wing think tank, the Hoover Institution, located on the campus of Stanford University, advocates that the United States solve its military manpower needs by creating an American version of the French foreign legion. See his “All They Can Be, except American,” New York Times, February 18, 2003.
2. See Tamar Gabelnick, “Security Assistance after September 11,” Foreign Policy in Focus 7:4 (May 2002); and North American Congress on Latin America, “15,000 Latin Americans Trained by the U.S. Military Last Year,” June 27, 2002, <http://www.nacla.org/bodies/body29.php>.
3 Lora Lumpe, “U.S. Foreign Military Training: Global Reach, Global Power, and Oversight Issues,” Foreign Policy in Focus, Special Report, May 2002.
4. See, for example, reports of the U.S. Special Forces attack of January 24, 2002, on the Afghan village of Uruzgan. After killing at least nineteen villagers, the Americans, wearing masks, took twenty-seven men prisoner. They bound and tortured them for several days and then shot some of the bound prisoners in the back. It turned out that none of them were members of the Taliban or al-Qaeda. One officer said, “We are sorry. We committed a mistake bombing this place.” The CIA distributed reparations money to the families of those killed (Molly Moore, “Villagers Released by American Troops Say They Were Beaten, Kept in ‘Cage,’” Washington Post, February 11, 2002).
5. Quoted in Victoria Garcia, “U.S. Foreign Military Training: A Shift in Focus,” Center for Defense Information, “Terrorism Project,” April 8, 2002.
6. On the roles of the CIA and the Pentagon in the overthrow of democracy in Brazil and the fostering of military takeovers in Uruguay, Chile, and Argentina, see A. J. Langguth, Hidden Terrors (New York: Pantheon, 1978).
7. Alfred W. McCoy, The Politics of Heroin: CIA Complicity in the Global Drug Trade (Chicago: Lawrence Hill Books, 1991), p. 306.
8. Linda Robinson, “America’s Secret Armies: A Swarm of Private Contractors Bedevils the U.S. Military,” U.S. News & World Report, November 4, 2002; James Gerstenzang, “Vinnell Corp., Targeted in Riyadh Before, Loses 9 More Workers,” Los Angeles Times, May 14, 2003.
9. Dana Priest, “U.S. Instructed Latins on Executions, Torture,” Washington Post, September 21, 1996. Also see Raymond Ker, “CIA and School of the Americas,” MediaMonitors, November 26, 2001, <http://www.mediamonitors.net/raymondker3.html>.
10. The Athenaeum, “The Sepoy Mutiny—India, 1857,” <http://www.lexicorps.com/sepoy.htm>.
11. George Crile, Charlie Wilson’s War: The Extraordinary Story of the Largest Covert Operation in History—the Arming of the Mujahideen (New York: Atlantic Monthly Press, 2003).
12. See International Consortium of Investigative Journalists, “Making a Killing: The Business of War,” October 28, 2002, a segment of a Center for Public Integrity eleven-part series, <http://www.public-i.org>; Deborah Avant, “Private Military Companies Part of U.S. Global Reach,” Progressive Response 6:17 (June 7, 2002); Robinson, “America’s Secret Armies”; Esther Schrader, “U.S. Companies Hired to Train Foreign Armies,” Los Angeles Times, April 14, 2002; James Dao, “U.S. Company to Take Over Karzai Safety,” New York Times, September 19, 2002; Leslie Wayne, “America’s For-Profit Secret Army,” New York Times, October 13,2002; David Isenberg, “Security for Sale in Afghanistan,” Asia Times, January 6, 2003; and Isenberg, “There’s No Business like Security Business,” Asia Times, April 30, 2003.
13. Quoted in Lumpe, “U.S. Foreign Military Training.”
14. Robinson, “America’s Secret Armies”; and John J. Lumpkin, “Spy Plane Too Costly for Operations,” Associated Press, August 28, 2002.
15. Halliburton Company Web Site, “Halliburton Awarded Services Contract to Support Troops in Balkans,” February 18,1999, <http://www.freerepublic.com/forum/a371d59862125.htm>.
16. Kathleen Hennessey, “A Contract to Spend,” Mother Jones, May 23, 2002; “The Biggest Camp There Is: Houses Being Built for 5,000 Personnel at Camp Bondsteel,” September 27, 1999, <http://www.freerepublic.com/forum/a38deddd77282.htm>; Global Security Organization, “Camp Bondsteel,” <www.globalsecurity.org/military/facility/camp-bondsteel.htm>. Also see Ivana Avramovic, “Civilians Take Over Security at Bosnia’s Task Force Eagle Base Camps,” Stars & Stripes, August 17, 2002.
17. Robert Bryce, “The Candidate from Brown & Root,” Austin Chronicle, August 28, 2000.
18. Lee Drutman and Charlie Gray, “Cheney, Halliburton and the Spoils of War,” Citizen Works, April 4, 2003, <http://www.corpwatch.org/issues/PID.jsp?articleid=6288>.
19. See, inter alia, Robert Caro, LBJ: Master of the Senate (New York: Knopf, 2002); Knut Royce and Nathaniel Heller, “Cheney Led Halliburton to Feast at Federal Trough,” Investigative Report, Center for Public Integrity, <http://www.public-i.org/story_01_080200_txt.htm>; Martin A. Lee, “Reality Bites,” San Francisco Bay Guardian, November 13, 2000; Jeff Gerth and Don Van Natta Jr., “In Tough Times, a Company Finds Profits in Terror War,” New York Times, July 13, 2002; Frank Rich, “The Road to Perdition,” New York Times, July 20, 2002; and Molly Ivins, “Dirtied by Iraqi Oil,” Creators Syndicate, September 5,2002.
20. Paul Stuart, “Camp Bondsteel and America’s Plans to Control Caspian Oil,” World Socialist Web Site, April 29, 2002.
21. James K. Galbraith, “The Unbearable Costs of Empire,” American Prospect 13:21 (November 18, 2002).
22. Tech. Sgt. Theresa McCullough, “U.S. Tankers Deploy to Bulgaria,” Air Force Link, November 21, 2001; Ian Traynor, “Payback Time for America’s Allies as GIs Set Up Camp in the New Europe,” Guardian, March 4, 2003; Doug Sanders, “Ex-Enemy Helping U.S. Fight in Iraq,” Globe and Mail, March 20, 2003; Global Security Organization, “Burgas Airport,” <http://www.globalsecurity.org/military/facility/burgas-ap.htm>.
23. Global Security Organization, “Camp Doha,” <http://www.global-security.org/military/facility/camp-doha.htm>.
24. “Top 200 Contractors 2000,” Government Executive Magazine, August 1, 2000.
25. Global Security Organization, “Camp Doha.”
26. Patrick E. Tyler, “Two U.S. Computer Workers Are Shot, One Fatally, Near Army Base in Kuwait,” New York Times, January 22, 2003; Craig D. Rose and Penni Crabtree, “Tapestry Solutions Is a Software Supplier,” San Diego Union-Tribune, January 22, 2003; Kenneth Bredemeier, “Thousands of Private Contractors Support U.S. Forces in Persian Gulf,” Washington Post, March 3, 2003.
1. Center for Defense Information, “The Global Network of United States Military Bases,” Defense Monitor 18:2 (1989).
2. U.S. Senate Subcommittee on Security Agreements and Commitments Abroad, Committee on Foreign Relations, December 21,1970; quoted in Monthly Review 53:10 (March 2002).
3. Office of the Deputy Undersecretary of Defense (Installations and Environment), Base Structure Report (A Summary of DoD’s Real Property Inventory) (Washington: Department of Defense, 2002); and U.S. Department of Defense, Washington Headquarters Services, Directorate for Information, Operations, and Reports, Worldwide Manpower Distribution by Geographical Area, September 30, 2001, <http://webl.whs.osd.mil/DIORCAT.HTM#M05>. The best unofficial sources on the American empire of bases are William R. Evinger, ed., Directory of U.S. Military Bases Worldwide, 3rd ed. (Phoenix: Oryx Press, 1998); and the database of the Global Security Organization, <www.global-security.org>.
4. Charles Glass, “Diary,” London Review of Books, February 21, 2002, p. 37.
5. William M. Arkin, “The Underground Military; Israel: Capital of Classified Bases,” Washington Post, May 7, 2001. Also see Agence France-Presse, “U.S. May Use Israeli Army Bases against Iraq,” September 9, 2002.
6. Michael Moran, “G. I. Joe as Big Brother,” MSNBC, April 6, 2001, <http://www.msnbc.com/news/546845.asp?Osp=n5b4b4>.
7. Statement for the Record of Lt. Gen. Michael V. Hayden, USAF, Director, National Security Agency, and Chief, Central Security Service, before the Joint Inquiry of the Senate Select Committee on Intelligence and the House Permanent Select Committee on Intelligence, October 17, 2002. On Intelsat, see Renae Merle, “U.S. Probes Military Use of Commercial Satellites,” Washington Post, December 6, 2002.
8. The main sources are Patrick S. Poole, Echelon: America’s Secret Global Surveillance Network, <http://fly.hiwaay.net/~pspoole/echelon.html>;Duncan Campbell, Development of Surveillance Technology and Risk of Abuse of Economic Information, Working Document for the Scientific and Technical Options Assessment (STOA) Program of the European Parliament (Luxemburg: European Parliament, October 1999); Niall McKay, “Lawmakers Raise Questions about International Spy Network,” New York Times, May 27,1999; Associated Press, “U.S.-Led Spy Net in Japan,” Washington Post, June 27, 2001; Duncan Campbell, Richard Norton-Taylor, David Pallister, and Jamie Wilson, “The Lessons for the U.S.: Money Can’t Buy Safety from Terrorism,” Guardian, September 15, 2001; Tatsushi Doi, “In-depth Study of Echelon,” Sankei Shimbun (Tokyo), May 16, 2001; Doi, “Intelligence Activities in Taiwan,” Sankei Shimbun, May 30, 2001; Hiroaki Horiuchi, “Echelon Has Been Intercepting Japanese Diplomatic Telegrams since 1981,” Mainichi Shimbun (Tokyo), June 27, 2001; and “Echelon,” Tokyo Shimbun, August 26, 2001. (The last four articles are in Japanese.)
9. Joseph Gerson and Bruce Birchard, eds., The Sun Never Sets: Confronting the Network of Foreign U.S. Military Bases (Boston: South End Press, 1991), p. 16; Public Radio News Services, Melbourne, Australia, Transcript, “The CIA in Australia, Part 3,” October-November 1986, <http://serendipity.magnet.ch/cia/cia_oz/cia_oz3.htm>; and Andrew Clark, “Kerr Briefed on CIA Threat to Whitlam,” Sunday Age, October 15, 2000, <http://www.ozpeace.net/pinegap/kerrsbriefing.htm>.
10. “Spy Agency Taps into Undersea Cable,” Wall Street Journal Online, May 22, 2001. The USS Jimmy Carter is scheduled to go into service tapping underseas optical fiber cables in 2004.
11. Campbell, Development of Surveillance Technology, pp. 48–50; Evinger, Directory of U.S. Military Bases Worldwide; and Vernon Loeb, “Espionage Demands Prod Navy on Sub Construction,” Washington Post, July 5, 2002.
12. Mark Thomas, “If the French Had Asked for Military Bases in Britain, We’d Be Torching Citroens and Picketing Patisseries,” New Statesman, April 9, 2001; and Diana Johnstone and Ben Cramer, “The Burdens and the Glory: U.S. Bases in Europe,” in Gerson and Birchard, The Sun Never Sets, p. 210.
13. Gerson and Birchard, eds., The Sun Never Sets, p. 16. In January 2003, the British defense secretary made the decision, without a vote of Parliament, to allow the United States to upgrade and use its secret base at Fylingdales in northern Yorkshire as part of its proposed missile defense network (Associated Press, New York Times, January 16, 2003).
14. Evinger, Directory of US. Military Bases Worldwide, p. 291.
15. Richard Norton-Taylor, “Embarrassed U.S. Blocks Case against Peace Fighter,” Guardian, June 29, 2002.
16. Poole, Echelon, p. 13; Interview with James Bamford, author of Body of Secrets, in WorldNetDaily, June 24, 2001, <http://www.worldnetdaily.com/news/article.asp?ARTICLE_ID=23342>; and CBS News, 60 Minutes, “Ex-Snoop Confirms Echelon Network,” New York, February 27, 2000 (transcript posted March 1, 2000).
17. See Yorkshire Campaign for Nuclear Disarmament, “Menwith Hill, Commercial Espionage,” <http://cndyorks.gn.apc.org/mhs/index.htm>. Also see Jeffrey Richelson, “Desperately Seeking Signals,” Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists 56:2 (March-April 2000), pp. 47–51; American Civil Liberties Union’s special Web site <www.echelonwatch.org>; Stuart Miller, Richard Norton-Taylor, and Ian Black, “Worldwide Spying Network Is Revealed,” Guardian, May 26, 2001; Rupert Goodwins, “Echelon: How It Works,” ZDNet UK, <http://news.zdnet.co.uk/story/0,,t269-s2079849,00.html>; and ZDNet’s “Echelon Bibliography,” <http://www.zdnet.co.uk/news/specials/2000/06/echelon/>.
18. For the simplest explanation of one-time pads, see Francis Litterio, “Why Are One-Time Pads Perfectly Secure?” <http://world.std.eom/franl/crypto/one-time-pad.html>.
19. 60 Minutes, “Ex-Snoop Confirms Echelon Network.”
20. Derrick Z. Jackson, “A Nation Changed—and Unchanged,” Boston Globe, September 11, 2002; Dara Colwell, “The SUV-Terrorism Connection,” AlterNet.org, October 15, 2001; Terry Golway, “Time to Junk Gas-Guzzling SUV’s,” New York Observer, November 12, 2001, p. 5; Ian Roberts, “Car Wars,” Guardian, January 18, 2003; Jeff Plungis, “SUV Tax Break May Reach $75,000,” Detroit News, January 20, 2003; and Keith Bradsher, High and Mighty: SUV’s—The World’s Most Dangerous Vehicles and How They Got That Way (New York: Public Affairs, 2002).
21. Federation of American Scientists, “Smedley Butler on Interventionism,” <http://www.fas.org/man/smedley.htm>; and Hans Schmidt, Maverick Marine: Gen. Smedley D. Butler and the Contradictions of American Military History (Lexington: University Press of Kentucky, 1987), p. 2 et passim.
22. Energy Information Administration, U.S. Department of Energy, Caspian Sea Region: Reserves and Pipelines Tables, June 2002. Also see Dale Allen Pfeiffer, “The Forging of ‘Pipelineistan’: Oil, Gas Pipelines High Priority for U.S. in Central Asian Military Campaigns,” From theWilderness.com, July 11, 2002.
23. Michael T. Klare, “Oil Moves the War Machine,” Progressive, June 2002; and Klare, “Oiling the Wheels of War,” Nation, October 7, 2002, pp. 6–7. For other estimates of Caspian Sea oil and gas reserves, see Ahmed Rashid, Taliban: Militant Islam, Oil, and Fundamentalism in Central Asia (New Haven: Yale University Press, 2000), pp. 144–45; Stephen Kinzer, “A Perilous New Contest for the Next Oil Prize,” New York Times, September 21,1997; and “Russia Appears to Be Leading in Caspian Sea Resources Export Race,” Alexander’s Gas & Oil Connections 6:18 (September 25, 2001).
24. “How Oil Interests Play Out in U.S. Bombing of Afghanistan,” Drillbits & Tailings 6:8 (October 31, 2001); Pratap Chatterjee, “Afghan Pipe Dream: Is the U.S. War on Terrorism Really a War for a Caspian Natural Gas Pipeline? Maybe Yes, and Maybe No,” Corp Watch June 28, 2002.
25. The Editors, “U.S. Military Bases and Empire,” Monthly Review 53:10 (March 2002), quoting the U.S. State Department from the New York Times, December 15, 2001.
26. Phar Kim Beng, “Oil Needs Drive China West,” Asia Times, November 20, 2002; Sabrina Tavernise, “Putin Will Focus on Energy in Visit to China This Week,” New York Times, December 2, 2002. Also see Kang Wu and Fereidun Fesharaki, “Managing Asia Pacific’s Energy Dependence on the Middle East: Is There a Role for Central Asia?” Analysis from the East-West Center, no. 60 (June 2002).
27. J. Eric Duskin, “Permanent Installation: Thousands of U.S. Troops Are Headed to Central Asia, and They’re Not Leaving Anytime Soon,” In These Times, March 29, 2002; Robert G. Kaiser, “U.S. Plants Footprint in Shaky Central Asia,” Washington Post, August 27, 2002.
28. Chatterjee, “Afghan Pipe Dream.” Also see Jeff Gerth, “Bribery Inquiry Involves Kazakh Chief, and He’s Unhappy,” New York Times, December 11, 2002; and Joshua Chaffin, “The Kazakh Connection: How Money Buys Access to the Politicians and Power-brokers in Washington,” Financial Times, June 26, 2003.
29. Bob Woodward, Bush at War (New York: Simon & Schuster, 2002), p. 340; and Mike Allen, “CIA’s Cash Toppled Taliban,” Washington Post, November 16, 2002.
30. Colonel Stanislav Lunev, “Welcoming Our New Ally, Uzbek President Karimov,” NewsMax.com, March 11, 2002; Robert Burns, “Rumsfeld Meets C. Asian Leaders,” Washington Post, April 28, 2002; Ahmed Rashid, “Central Asia Trouble Ahead,” Far Eastern Economic Review, May 9, 2002; Duskin, “Permanent Installation”; Kari Huus, “Critical Ally Calling, with Baggage,”MSNBC.com, September 24, 2002; Yonatan Pomrenze, “Uzbekistan Basks in U.S. Spotlight,” MSNBC.com, September 24,2002.
31. See Kinzer, “Perilous New Contest.”
32. Sabrina Tavernise, “Kazakhstan Reaches Oil Accord with Foreign Group,” New York Times, January 28, 2003.
33. Carla Marinucci, “Chevron Redubs Ship Named for Bush Aide; Condoleezza Rice Drew Too Much Attention” San Francisco Chronicle, May 5, 2001.
34. Andrew Jack and David Stern, “Pipeline Plan for Borjomi Valley Is Approved,” Financial Times, December 3, 2002. Also see Jay Hancock, “Is Bush Pro-Azeri or Just Pro-Oil?” Baltimore Sun, April 2, 2001; Armen Georgian (Agence France-Presse), “U.S. Eyes Caspian Oil in ‘War on Terror,’” ZNet, May 1, 2002; Georgian, “Guzzling the Caspian,” Christian Science Monitor, September 27, 2002.
35. See Kaiser, “U.S. Plants Footprint.”
36. Georgian, “U.S. Eyes Caspian Oil.” Also see Misha Dzhindzhikhashvili (Associated Press), “Plan for U.S. Troops in Georgia Irks Russia,” San Diego Union-Tribune, February 28, 2002; and Patrick Martin, “U.S. Troops Deployed to Former Soviet Republic of Georgia,” World Socialist Web Site, March 1, 2002.
37. Patrick Martin, “U.S. Planned War in Afghanistan Long before September 11,” World Socialist Web Site, November 20, 2001. Also see James Risen, “New Breed of Roughnecks Battles over Caspian Oil Fields,” Los Angeles Times, May 24, 1998; and Pierre Abramovici, “Background to Washington’s War on Terror,” Le Monde Diplomatique, January 2002.
38. Steven Levine, “UNOCAL Quits Afghanistan Pipeline Project,” New York Times, December 5, 1998; Rashid, Taliban, p. 160; Jennifer Van Bergen, “Zalmay Khalilzad and the Bush Agenda,” Truthout, January 13, 2001, <http://www.truthout.org/docs_01/01.14A.Zalmay.Oil.htm>; “Vital Statistics: Greasing the Machine—Bush, His Cabinet, and Their Oil Connections,” Drillbits & Tailings 6:5 (June 30, 2001); Daniel Fisher, “Afghanistan: Oil Execs Revive Pipeline from Hell,” Forbes, February 4, 2002; Larry Chin, “Players on a Rigged Grand Chessboard: Bridas, UNOCAL, and the Afghanistan Pipeline,” Online Journal, March 6, 2002; Halima Kazem, “Afghanistan Eyes a Pipeline, but Prospects Look Dim,” Eurasianet, June 6, 2002; and “Joe Conason’s Journal,” Salon.com, December 3, 2002, <http://www.salon.com/poitics/conason/2002/12/03/bush/print.html>.
39. Jacob Weisberg, “Bush’s Favorite Afghan,” Slate, October 5, 2001, <http://www.slate.msn.com/?id=1008402>; and Wayne Madsen, “Afghanistan, the Taliban, and the Bush Oil Team,” January 10, 2002, <http://www.democrats.com/view2xfm?id=5496>.
40. Rashid, Taliban, p. 163.
41. Levine, “UNOCAL Quits.” Also see Mary Pat Flaherty, David B. Ottaway, and James V. Grimaldi, “How Afghanistan Went Unlisted as Terrorist Sponsor,” Washington Post, November 5,2001.
42. “Pipelineistan: The Rules of the Game,” Alexander’s Gas & Oil Connections 7:4 (February 21, 2002).
43. Allen, “CIA’s Cash.”
44. Kaiser, “U.S. Plants Footprint.”
45. Martin Walker, “Bases, Bases Everywhere,” United Press International, December 23,2001; Kamran Khan, “Pakistan Wants Its Airbases Back,” News, Pakistan, January 11,2002; and Anwar Iqbal, “U.S. Flew 57,800 Sorties from Pakistan,” United Press International, May 19, 2003.
46. Duskin, “Permanent Installation.”
47. Eric Schmitt and James Dao, “U.S. Is Building Up Its Military Bases in Afghan Region,” New York Times, January 9, 2002.
48. Edmund L. Andrews, “A Bustling U.S. Air Base Materializes in the Mud,” New York Times, April 27, 2002. Also see Global Security Organization, “Manas International Airport, Ganci Air Base, Bishkek, Kyrgyzstan,” <http://www.globalsecurity.org/military/facility/manas.htm>; Burns, “Rumsfeld Meets”; Patrick Martin, “U.S. Bases Pave the Way for Long-Term Intervention in Central Asia,” World Socialist Web Site, January 11, 2002; Duskin, “Permanent Installation”; and Steven Lee Myers, “Russia to Deploy Air Squadron in Kyrgyzstan, Where U.S. Has Base,” New York Times, December 4, 2002.
49. Ahmed Rashid, “New Wars to Fight,” Far Eastern Economic Review, September 12, 2002. Also see Global Security Organization, “Khanabad, Uzbekistan,” <http://www.globalsecurity.org/military/facility/khanabad.htm>; “U.S. Indicates New Military Partnership with Uzbekistan,” Wall Street Journal, October 15, 2001; Schmitt and Dao, “U.S. Is Building Up”; Martin, “U.S. Bases Pave the Way”; Duskin, “Permanent Installation”; Andrews, “Bustling U.S. Air Base”; Baglia Bukharbaeva (Associated Press), “U.S. Still Digging In at Secret Forward Base,” San Diego Union-Tribune, May 29, 2002; and Sean Gonsalves, “War on Terrorism Has Oily Undercurrent,” Seattle Post-Intelligencer, September 3, 2002.
50. Chatterjee, “Afghan Pipe Dreams”; “USA Pledges Not to Abandon Central Asia after Afghan War,” BBC, from Interfax-Kazakhstan News Agency, December 19, 2001; and George Monbiot, “America’s Imperial War,” Guardian, February 12, 2002.
1. The number of domestic bases is taken from William R. Evinger, ed., Directory of U.S. Military Bases Worldwide, 3rd ed. (Phoenix: Oryx Press, 1998).
2. “The Monroe Doctrine Declared, 1823,” <http://campus.northpark.edu/history/WebChron/USA/MonDoc.html>; and “Monroe Doctrine,” <http://gi.grolier.com/presidents/ea/side/mondoc.html>.
3. Harry Magdoff, introduction to Remaking Asia: Essays on the American Uses of Power, ed. Mark Selden (New York: Pantheon, 1974), p. 4.
4. Ronald Steel, Pax Americana (New York: Viking, 1968), p. 10.
5. Garrett Moritz, “Explaining 1898: Conquest of Empire in the Gilded Age,” <http://www.gtexts.com/college/papers/s4.html>; and Stuart Creighton Miller, “Benevolent Assimilation”: The American Conquest of the Philippines, 1899–1903 (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1982), p. 3. A thought-provoking book that throws doubt on Turner’s frontier thesis is Andro Linklater, Measuring America: How An Untamed Wilderness Shaped the United States and Fulfilled the Promise of Democracy (New York: Walker & Co., 2002).
6. “U.S. Intervention in Latin America,” <http://www.smplanet.com/imperialism/teddy.html>; and “The Roosevelt Corollary to the Monroe Doctrine,” < http://www.uiowa.edu/~c030162/Common/Handouts/POTUS/TRoos.html>
7. Zoltan Grossman, comp., “A Century of U.S. Military Interventions,” <http://zmag.org/CrisesCurEvts/interventions.htm>.
8. David B. Abernethy, The Dynamics of Global Dominance: European Overseas Empires, 1415–1980 (New Haven: Yale University Press, 2000), p. 86.
9. John M. Collins, “Military Bases,” Military Geography for Professionals and the Public (Washington: U.S. National Defense University, Institute for National Strategic Studies, March 1998), <http://www.ndu.edu/inss/books/milgeo/milgeochl2.html>; and Kenneth Hunt, NATO without France: The Military Implications, Adelphi Paper no. 32 (London: Institute for Strategic Studies, December 1966).
10. Keith B. Cunningham and Andreas Klemmer, Restructuring the U.S. Military Bases in Germany: Scope, Impacts, and Opportunities. Report 4 (Bonn: Bonn International Center for Conversion, 1995), p. 6.
11. Ibid., p. 10.
12. Ibid., p. 14.
13. Michael Goldfarb, “Origins of Pax Americana,” <http://www.insideout.org/documentaries/pax/notebook.asp>. Also see Mark Landler, “Germans Near Bases Don’t Hate U.S., Just the Noise,” New York Times, February 17, 2003.
14. Evinger, Directory of U.S. Military Bases Worldwide, p. 255.
15. See Ken Silverstein, “Police Academy in the Alps: The Tax-Supported Marshall Center Offers More Fun and Games Than War Games,” Nation, October 7, 2002, pp. 17–22; Rick Emert, “Army Cranking Out New Facilities,” Stars & Stripes, December 14, 2002; David Rennie, “Pentagon Plans NATO Blitz on Germany by Pulling Out,” Sydney Morning Herald, February 12, 2003.
16. Cunningham and Klemmer, Restructuring the U.S. Military Bases, p. 23.
17. Kozy K. Amemiya, “The Bolivian Connection: U.S. Bases and Okinawan Emigration,” in Chalmers Johnson, ed., Okinawa: Cold War Island (Cardiff, Calif.: Japan Policy Research Institute, 1999), pp. 53–69.
18. See, in particular, Ichiro Tomiyama, “The ‘Japanese’ of Micronesia,” in Ronald Y. Nakasone, ed., Okinawan Diaspora (Honolulu: University of Hawaii Press, 2002), pp. 64–68 et passim; Koji Taira, “Okinawa’s Choice: Independence or Subordination,” in Johnson, ed., Okinawa: Cold War Island, pp. 171–85; and Steve Rabson, introduction to Okinawa: Two Postwar Novellas By Oshiro Tatsuhiro and Higashi Mineo (Berkeley: Institute of East Asian Studies, University of California, 1989), pp. 1–30.
19. See Kensei Yoshida, Democracy Betrayed: Okinawa under U.S. Occupation (Bellingham: Center for East Asian Studies, Western Washington University, 2001), p. 17.
20. Ibid., p. 54.
21. Morton Mintz, “U.S. Stationed A-Bomb Ship 200 Yards off Japans Coast,” Washington Post, May 22, 1981; Edwin O. Reischauer, “Japan: The Meaning of the Flap,” Washington Post, June 5, 1981; and Hans M. Kristensen, Japan under the U.S. Nuclear Umbrella (Berkeley: Nautilus Institute, July 1999).
22. Chii Kyotei Kenkyukai (Status of Forces Agreement Research Association), Nichi-Bei chii kyotei chikujo hihan (Point-by-point criticism of the Japanese-American status of forces agreement) (Tokyo: Shin Nihon Shuppansha, 1997), pp. 253–56. In Japanese.
23. See, e.g., Takis Michas, “America the Despised,” National Interest, Spring 2002, pp. 94–102; Anthee Carassava, “Anti-Americanism in Greece Is Reinvigorated by War,” New York Times, April 7, 2003; and John Brady Kiesling, “Diplomatic Breakdown,” Boston Globe, April 27, 2003.
24. Quoted by Jim Huck, “1947–1970s, Greece: Helping Fascists in Civil War & Coup,” <http://www.ncf.carleton.ca/coat/our_magazine/links/issue43/articles/1947_1970s_greece.htm>.
25. Quoted by William Blum, Killing Hope: U.S. Military and CIA Interventions since World War II (Monroe, Maine: Common Courage Press, 1995), p. 216.
26. Seymour M. Hersh, Kissinger: The Price of Power (1983); quoted in Blum, Killing Hope, p. 220.
27. Helena Smith, “The CIA Claims to Have Changed,” Guardian, August 28, 2001; “A U.S. History of Greece Is Kept Secret,” Kathimerini (English ed.), Athens, July 30, 2001.
28. Thomas Patrick Carroll, “Last Tango in Nicosia,” Middle East Intelligence Bulletin 3:12 (December 2001).
29. William J. Pomeroy, “The Philippines: A Case History of Neocolonialism,” in Mark Selden, ed., Remaking Asia: Essays on the American Uses of Power (New York: Pantheon, 1974), p. 162.
30. Alva M. Bowen Jr., “The Historical Setting: 1947–1975,” in John W. McDonald Jr. and Diane B. Bendahmane, eds., U.S. Bases Overseas: Negotiations with Spain, Greece, and the Philippines (Boulder, Colo.: Westview, 1990), p. 74.
31. See Bryan Johnson, The Four Days of Courage: The Untold Story of the People Who Brought Marcos Down (New York: Free Press, 1987).
32. Roland G. Simbulan, “How ‘The Battle of the Bases’ Was Won,” <http://www.boondocksnet.com/centennial/sctexts/simbulan.html>.
33. Michael Satchell, “Toxic Legacy: What the Military Left Behind,” U.S. News & World Report, January 24, 2000, pp. 30–31; and Benjamin Pimentel, “Deadly Legacy: Leftover Bombs, Chemicals Wreak Havoc at Former U.S. Bases in Philippines,” San Francisco Chronicle, July 5, 2001.
34. Dan Murphy, “Long-Term U.S. Strategy Emerges out of Philippines,” Christian Science Monitor, July 3, 2002; Michael Satchell, “Back to the Philippines: Eight Years after Base Closings, the U.S. Is Rebuilding a Military Relationship,” U.S. News & World Report, January 24, 2000, pp. 30–31; Doug Bandow, “Instability in the Philippines: A Case Study for U.S. Disengagement,” CATO Institute Foreign Policy Briefing, no. 64, March 21, 2001; Oliver Teves, “Philippine Base Ready for U.S.-Led Training,” Associated Press, San Diego Union-Tribune, January 20, 2002; Luis H. Francia, “U.S. Troops in the Philippines,” Village Voice, February 20–26, 2002; Jane Perlez, “U.S. Troops Likely to Remain in Philippines Longer Than Planned,” New York Times Service, San Diego Union-Tribune, March 31, 2002; and Tyler Marshall and John Hendren, “U.S. to Leave Philippines Despite Hostage Situation,” Los Angeles Times, May 27, 2002.
35. Kari Huus, “In Philippines, G.I. Joe Is Back,” MSNBC, August 2, 2002, <http://www.msnbc.com/news/787670.asp>; BBC News, “U.S. Unwelcome in Southern Philippines,” March 17, 2003; Karen DeYoung, “Powell Says U.S. to Resume Training Indonesia’s Forces,” Washington Post, August 3, 2002.
36. Eric Schmitt, “U.S. to Send Nearly 2,000 Troops to Fight Militants in Philippines,” New York Times, February 20, 2003; and Jim Gomez (Associated Press), “Philippines Says U.S. Troops Not Welcome in Combat Patrols,” San Diego Union-Tribune, April 22, 2003.
37. William Greider, Fortress America: The American Military and the Consequences of Peace (New York: Public Affairs, 1998), p. 101.
38. Haroon Siddiqui, “Real American Agenda Now Becoming Clear,” Toronto Star, May 4, 2003. Also see Peter Grier, “A Reluctant Empire Stretches More,” Christian Science Monitor, January 17, 2002; Thom Shanker and Eric Schmitt, “Pentagon Expects Long-Term Access to Four Key Bases in Iraq,” New York Times, April 20, 2003; Michael R. Gordon and Eric Schmitt, “U.S. Will Move Air Operations to Qatar Base,” New York Times, April 28, 2003; Eric Schmitt, “U.S. to Withdraw All Combat Units from Saudi Arabia,” New York Times, April 30, 2003; Esther Schrader, “U.S. Expedites Reshuffling of Europe Troops,” Los Angeles Times, May 1, 2003; Seth Stern, “New Map for U.S. Outposts,” Christian Science Monitor, May 1, 2003.
1. See Anthony Cave Brown, Oil, God, and Gold: The Story of Aramco and the Saudi Kings (Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1999).
2. On the origins of American oil diplomacy in the Middle East, see Douglas Little, “Opening the Door: Business, Diplomacy, and America’s Stake in Middle East Oil,” in American Orientalism: The United States and the Middle East since 1945 (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 2002), pp. 43–75.
3. See Robert Fisk, “New Crisis, Old Lessons: The Suez Crisis Has Haunted British Government for Almost 50 Years,” Independent, January 15, 2003.
4. Global Security Organization, “King Abdul Aziz Air Base, Dhahran, Saudi Arabia,” <http://www.globalsecurity.org/military/facility/dhahran.htm>; and Patrick E. Tyler, “Saudis Plan to End U.S. Presence,” New York Times, February 9, 2003.
5. The indispensable source is Ervand Abrahamian, “The 1953 Coup in Iran,” Science & Society 65:2 (Summer 2001), pp. 182–215. Also see Phillip Knightley, “Iraq Chose Saddam for Good Reason: The West Needs a History Lesson,” Independent, August 4, 2002; and the important book by Stephen Kinzer, All the Shah’s Men: An American Coup and the Roots of Middle East Terror (New York: John Wiley & Sons, 2003).
6. C. T. Sandars, America’s Overseas Garrisons: The Leasehold Empire (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2000), pp. 287, 293, 299; Robert Burns, “U.S. Building Up Forces at Obscure but Important Air Base in Qatari Desert,” Associated Press, June 30, 2002.
7. Denis F. Doyon, “Middle East Bases,” in Joseph Gerson and Bruce Birchard, eds., The Sun Never Sets: Confronting the Network of Foreign U.S. Military Bases (Boston: South End Press for the American Friends Service Committee, 1991), pp. 15, 275–307; Sandars, America’s Overseas Garrisons, pp. 55–59; and BBC News, “Diego Garcia Islanders Battle to Return,” October 31, 2002. For a few details on Diego Garcia in 2002, see Office of the Deputy Undersecretary of Defense (Installations and Environment), Base Structure Report (A Summary of DoD’s Real Property Inventory) (Washington: Department of Defense, 2002), s.v. “British Indian Ocean Territory.”
8. David Morgan, “Ex-U.S. Official Says CIA Aided Ba’athists,” Reuters, April 20, 2003, posted on CommonDreams.org, May 19, 2003; CBS News, “Profile: Saddam Hussein,” April 8, 2003; Richard Sale, “Saddam Key in Early CIA Plot,” United Press International, April 10, 2003; “Bush Topples an Old U.S. Ally,” SocialistWorkerOnline, April 18, 2003.
9. Michael Dobbs, “U.S. Had Key Role in Iraq Buildup; Trade in Chemical Arms Allowed Despite Their Use on Iranians, Kurds,” Washington Post, December 30, 2002; and “Arming Iraq: A Chronology of U.S. Involvement,” March 17, 2003, <http://www.rehberg.net/arming-iraq.html>.
10. Tony Paterson, “Leaked Report Says German and U.S. Firms Supplied Arms to Saddam,” Independent, December 18, 2002; Die Tageszeitung (Berlin), December 20, 2002; and James Cusick and Felicity Arbuthnot, “America Tore Out 8,000 Pages of Iraq Dossier,” Sunday Herald (Scotland), December 22, 2002. Also see Russ W. Baker, “Iraqgate,” Columbia Journalism Review, March/April 1993; Christian Dewar, “Arming Iraq: How George H. W. Bush and Ronald Reagan Helped Iraq Develop Weapons of Mass Destruction,” Democratic Underground, December 13, 2002; Stephen Green, “Rumsfeld’s Account Book: Who Armed Saddam?” CounterPunch, February 24, 2003; Paul Rockwell, “Who Armed Iraq?” San Francisco Chronicle, March 2, 2003; and “Yes, U.S. Helped Iraq Get Chemical, Biological Weapons,” Belleville News-Democrat (Southern Illinois and St. Louis metropolitan area), April 20, 2003, <http://www.belleville.com/mld/newsdemocrat/5674107.htm>.
11. Jeremy Scahill, “What about Those Chemical Weapons? The Saddam in Rummy’s Closet,” CounterPunch, August 2, 2002. For other discussions of the United States’ supply of poison gas and germ warfare feeder stocks to Iraq during its 1980s war with Iran, see Eric Margolis, “Old Dreams of Empire Dance in Blair’s Head,” Toronto Sun, March 31, 2002; Patrick E. Tyler, “Iraqi Gas Use Didn’t Stop U.S. Aid in ‘88,” (New York Times News Service), San Diego Union-Tribune, August 18, 2002; Neil Mackay and Felicity Arbuthnot, “How Did Iraq Get Its Weapons? We Sold Them,” Sunday Herald (Scotland), September 8, 2002; Robert Novak, “Following Iraq’s Bioweapons Trail,” Chicago Sun-Times, September 26, 2002; Matt Kelley, “U.S. Supplied Germs to Iraq in ‘80s,” Associated Press, September 30, 2002; Elson E. Boles, “Helping Iraq Kill with Chemical Weapons,” CounterPunch, October 10, 2002; Jost R. Hiltermann, “America Didn’t Seem to Mind Poison Gas,” International Herald Tribune, January 17, 2003; Stephen C. Pelletiere, “A War Crime or an Act of War?” New York Times, January 31, 2003; and Philip Shenon, “Iraq Links Germs for Weapons to U.S. and France,” New York Times, March 16, 2003.
12. Ritt Goldstein, “Oil Wars Pentagon’s Policy since 1999,” Sydney Morning Herald, May 20, 2003.
13. CBS News, as reported in New York Times, September 5,2002, p. A10; Bob Woodward, Bush at War (New York: Simon and Schuster, 2002), pp. 49, 60–61; Chris Bury, “A Tortured Relationship: U.S.-Iraq Relations. Part 2: War,” ABC News, September 18, 2002; Michael T. Klare, “Scheduling War,” February 12, 2003, <http://www.nationinstitute.org/tomdispatch/index.mhtml?pid=391>; and Stephen Fidler, “Just When Did the President Decide to Go to War?” Financial Times, March 27, 2003.
14. Robert Kagan and William Kristol, eds., Present Dangers: Crisis and Opportunity in American Foreign and Defense Policy (San Francisco: Encounter Books, 2000); and Rebuilding America’s Defenses, <http://www.newamericancentury.org/>, s.v.RebuildingAmericanDefensespdf>. On PNAC and the backgrounds of the neoconservatives in the second Bush administration, see Elisabeth Bumiller and Eric Schmitt, “On the Job and at Home, Influential Hawks’ 30-Year Friendship Evolves,” New York Times, September 11, 2002; Tom Barry and Jim Lobe, “The Men Who Stole the Show,” Foreign Policy in Focus, October 2002; Steven R. Weisman, “Abrams Back in Capital Fray at Center of Mideast Battle,” New York Times, December 7, 2002; Glenn Kessler, “U.S. Decision on Iraq Has Puzzling Past,” Washington Post, January 12, 2003; ABC News, “The Plan: Were Neo-Conservatives’ 1998 Memos a Blueprint for Iraq War?” March 10, 2003; and William O. Beeman, “Military Might: The Man behind ‘Total War’ in the Mideast,” San Francisco Chronicle, May 14, 2003.
15. PNAC, Rebuilding America’s Defenses, p. 51; and Nicholas Lemann, “The Next World Order,” New Yorker, April 1, 2002, p. 44. I am indebted to John Pilger for drawing my attention to PNAC’s activities. See his article in the New Statesman, December 16, 2002.
16. Scott Ritter, “Is Iraq a True Threat to the U.S.?” Boston Globe, July 20, 2002. On April 5, 2003, British Home Secretary David Blunkett admitted that no weapons of mass destruction were likely to be found in Iraq because they did not exist. See al-Jazerra (English), April 6, 2003.
17. PNAC, Rebuilding America’s Defenses, p. 14.
18. See Tom Regan, “When Contemplating War, Beware of Babies in Incubators,” Christian Science Monitor, September 6, 2002; Associated Press, “Not All Iraq Claims Backed by Evidence,” December 22, 2002; and Mitchell Cohen, “How Bush Sr. Sold the Bombing of Iraq,” CounterPunch, December 28, 2002.
19. See Victoria Samson, “Unmanned Aerial Vehicles: Iraq’s ‘Secret’ Weapon?” Center for Defense Information, Terrorism Project, October 10, 2002.
20. The most important source on this subject is Seymour Hersh, “A Case Not Closed,” New Yorker, November 1,1993.
21. Stephen Zunes, Tinderbox: U.S. Foreign Policy and the Roots of Terrorism (Monroe, Maine: Common Courage Press, 2003), p. 86; Robert Dreyfuss, “Persian Gulf—or Tonkin Gulf?” American Prospect 13:23 (December 2002); and Eric Schmitt, “Pentagon Shows Videos of Iraq Firing at Allied Jets,” New York Times, October 1, 2002.
22. James Harding, Richard Wolffe, and James Blitz, “U.S. Will Rebuild Iraq as Democracy, Says Rice,” Financial Times, September 22, 2002.
23. Anthony Sampson, “West’s Greed for Oil Fuels Saddam Fever,” Observer, August 11, 2002. On the younger Bush’s dubious past as a member of the board of Harken Energy Corporation of Houston, see “Bush Was Told of Risks before Stock Sale: Harken Memo Went to SEC after Probe,” Boston Globe, October 30, 2002; and Michael Lind, Made in Texas (New York: Basic Books, 2003), pp. 102–3. For a summary of American oil machinations in the Persian Gulf over the past fifty years, see Robert Dreyfuss, “The Thirty-Year Itch,” Mother Jones, March 1, 2003.
24. Ed Vulliamy, “Troops ‘Vandalize’ Ancient City of Ur,” Observer, May 18, 2003.
25. Julian Borger, “Anger at Peace Talks ‘Meddling,’” Guardian, July 13, 2000; Brian Whitaker, “U.S. Thinktanks Give Lessons in Foreign Policy,” Guardian, August 19, 2002; Jill Junnola, “Perspective: Who Funds Whom?” Energy Compass, October 4, 2002; Eric Margolis, “After Iraq, Bush Will Attack His Real Target,” Toronto Sun, November 10, 2002; Margolis, “Bush’s Mideast Plan: Conquer and Divide,” Toronto Sun, December 8, 2002; Sandy Tolan, “Beyond Regime Change,” Los Angeles Times, December 1, 2002; Jim Lobe, “Neoconservatives Consolidate Control over U.S. Mideast Policy,” Foreign Policy in Focus, December 6, 2002; Bill Christison and Kathleen Christison, “Too Many Smoking Guns to Ignore: Israel, American Jews, and the War on Iraq,” CounterPunch, January 25, 2003; and Michael Lind, “The Weird Men behind George W. Bush’s War,” New Statesman, April 7, 2003, <http://www.newamerica.net/index.cfm?sec=programs&pg=article&pubID=l189&T2=Article>.
26. Dan Plesch, “Weapons of Mass Distraction,” Observer, September 29, 2002; and Brian J. Foley, “War Cries: Weapons of Mass Distraction,” CounterPunch, November 8, 2002.
27. On presidential decision making during the Vietnam War, see Daniel Ellsberg, Secrets: A Memoir of Vietnam and the Pentagon Papers (New York: Viking, 2002). On Ellsberg’s analysis, see Chalmers Johnson, “The Addiction to Secrecy,” London Review of Books, February 6, 2003. On Karl Rove, see James C. Moore and Wayne Slater, Bush’s Brain: How Karl Rove Made Bush Presidential (New York: Wiley, 2003).
28. Jay Bookman, “The President’s Real Goal in Iraq,” Atlanta Journal-Constitution, September 29, 2002.
29. Carol Morello, “Saudi Officials Shield U.S. Troop Presence from Public,” Washington Post, March 22, 2003; and Robin Allen, “Gulf States Keep Lid on Extent of Defense Ties,” Financial Times, February 18, 2003.
30. Global Security Organization, “Eskan Village,” <http://www.global-security.org/military/facility/eskan-village.htm>. The Global Security Organization’s collection of reports on CENTCOM bases is an invaluable source.
31. Catherine Taylor, “U.S. Air Base Ready for War after Millions in Upgrades,” Christian Science Monitor, December 31, 2002. Also see Vernon Loeb and Dana Priest, “Saudis Balk at U.S. Use of Key Facility,” Washington Post, September 22, 2001; Julian Borger, “U.S. Paves Way for War on Iraq; Attack Base to Be Moved into Qatar to Bypass Saudi Objections,” Guardian, March 27, 2002; Kim Sengupta and Andrew Buncombe, “Saudi Bans Use of Its Air Bases to Attack Iraq,” Independent, August 8, 2002; and Reuters, “Saudi Says Will Not Help Any U.S. Strike on Iraq,” November 3, 2002.
32. “U.S. Military Women Cast Off Abayas,” CBS News, January 22, 2002.
33. Eric Schmitt, “U.S. to Withdraw All Combat Units from Saudi Arabia,” New York Times, April 30, 2003; and Maureen Dowd, “Hypocrisy and Apple Pie,” New York Times, April 30, 2003.
34. Global Security Organization, “Ahmed al Jaber Air Base,” <http://www.globalsecurity.org/military/facility/ahmed-al-jaber.htm>.
35. Global Security Organization, “Ali al Salem Air Base,” <http://www.globalsecurity.org/military/facility/ali-al-salem.htm>.
36. Global Security Organization, “Manama, Bahrain,” <http://www.globalsecurity.org/military/facility/manama.htm>.
37. Ali Akbar Dareini, “Bahrain Joins Iran in Opposing U.S. Attack on Iraq,” Associated Press, August 18, 2002.
38. Gary C. Gambill, “Qatar’s al-Jazeera TV: The Power of Free Speech,” Middle East Intelligence Bulletin 2:5 (June 1, 2000); Andrea Koppel and Elise Labott, “U.S. Pressures Qatar to Restrain TV Outlet,” CNN.com, October 3, 2001; Tariq Ali, “Diary,” London Review of Books, August 22, 2002; and Robin Shulman, “From Ramallah to Oakland: Al-Jazeera Is a Rising Star in the New Information Age,” San Francisco Chronicle, August 18, 2002. During the second Iraq war, the United States kept up a drumbeat of criticism against al-Jazeera’s reporting. See Elizabeth Ptacek, “Backlash against al-Jazeera,” In These Times, April 4, 2003.
39. 1st Lt. Johnny Rea, 379th Air Expeditionary Wing Public Affairs Officer, <http://198.65.138.161/military/library/news/2002/06/mil-02061l-usaf01.htm>.
40. Associated Press, “U.S. to Close One Air Base, Upgrade Another,” Washington Times, May 12, 2003; Global Security Organization, “Al-Udeid Air Base, Qatar,” <http://www.globalsecurity.org/military/facility/udeid.htm>.
41. Michael Wolff, “Live from Doha,” New York Magazine, April 7, 2003; Verne Gay, “Brig. Gen. Vincent Brooks, the Face of the War Effort,” Chicago Tribune, April 10, 2003.
42. BBC News, “U.S. to Expand Abu Dhabi Air Base,” May 14, 2003.
43. See “Oman Open to Closer U.S. Military Ties,” WorldNetDaily.com, January 14, 2002; Ian Bruce, “U.S. to Spend £90m on Air Base in Oman,” Herald, April 19, 2002; and “Oman Allocates Land for New Base,” World Tribune.com, April 25, 2002.
1. Hannah Arendt, The Origins of Totalitarianism (New York: Meridian Books, 1958), p. 125.
2. World Trade Organization, Annual Report 1998: International Trade Statistics (Geneva: WTO, 1998), p. 12. Quoted in Walden Bello, The Future in the Balance (Oakland, Calif.: Food First Books, 2001), p. 36.
3. Bruce R. Scott, “The Great Divide in the Global Village,” Foreign Affairs 80:1 (January/February 2001), p. 160.
4. Manfred B. Steger, Globalism: The New Market Ideology (Lanham, Md.: Rowman & Littlefield, 2002), pp. 12–13.
5. For a sunny argument that globalization will undercut the state and usher in a period of lasting peace, see Richard N. Rosecrance, The Rise of the Virtual State: Wealth and Power in the Coming Century (New York: Basic Books, 2000).
6. Steger, Globalism, p. 54.
7. Bill Clinton, “Remarks by the President on Foreign Policy,” invitation-only address in San Francisco, February 26, 1999; and Sonya Ross, “Clinton Talks of Better Living,” Associated Press, October 15, 1997. Quoted in Steger, Globalism, p. 55.
8. See Bush’s press conference after the April 22, 2001, Summit of the Americas in Quebec. Also see Maude Barlow, The Free Trade Area of the Americas: The Threat to Social Programs, Environmental Sustain-ability and Social Justice (San Francisco: International Forum on Globalization, 2001).
9. Oswaldo de Rivero, The Myth of Development (London: Zed Books, 2001), p. 138.
10. Ibid., p. 22.
11. Harvey Cox, “The Market as God: Living in the New Dispensation,” Atlantic Monthly, March 1999, pp. 18–23.
12. Arendt, Origins of Totalitarianism, p. 209. On the racism and genocide of the British Empire, see Sven Lindquist, Exterminate All the Brutes (New York: New Press, 1996).
13. Joseph E. Stiglitz, “A Fair Deal for the World,” New York Review of Books, May 23, 2002, p. 24. Also see Stiglitz, Globalization and Its Discontents (New York: W. W. Norton, 2002).
14. De Rivero, Myth of Development, pp. 3, 9, 24.
15. Quoted in Ha-Joon Chang, Kicking Away the Ladder: Development Strategy in Historical Perspective (London: Anthem Press, 2002). Chang is a professor of economics at Cambridge University.
16. On how Japan became the world’s second most productive economy, see Chalmers Johnson, MITI and the Japanese Miracle: The Growth of Industrial Policy, 1925–1975 (Stanford: Stanford University Press, 1982); Linda Weiss, The Myth of the Powerless State (Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 1998); and Meredith Woo-Cumings, ed., The Developmental State (Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 1999).
17. De Rivero, Myth of Development, p. 109; Ted C. Fishman, “Making a Killing: The Myth of Capital’s Good Intentions,” Harper’s, August 2002, p. 34.
18. Thomas Ferguson, “Blowing Smoke: Impeachment, the Clinton Presidency, and the Political Economy,” in William J. Crotty, ed., The State of Democracy in America (Washington: Georgetown University Press, 2001), p. 233. On the workings of the IMF and the World Bank, see William Finnegan, “The Economics of Empire: Notes on the Washington Consensus,” Harper’s, May 2003, pp. 41–54.
19. Nicholas Guyatt, Another American Century? The United States and the World after 2000 (London: Zed Books, 2000), p. 8.
20. Bello, Future in the Balance, p. 49.
21. John Madeley, Hungry for Trade: How the Poor Pay for Free Trade (London: Zed Books, 2000), p. 58; Guyatt, Another American Century?, pp. 12, 37.
22. Lawrence Summers, “The Memo,” <http://www.whirledbank.org/ourwords/summers.html>. Also see Jonathan R. Pincus and Jeffrey A. Winters, eds., Reinventing the World Bank (Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 2002), pp. 13–14.
23. Jeffrey E. Garten, “The Root of the Problem,” Newsweek, March 31, 1997. Quoted by Guyatt, Another American Century?, p. 185. Also see Garten, “Business and Foreign Policy,” Foreign Affairs 76:5 (1997), pp. 67–79.
24. Bello, Future in the Balance, p. 52.
25. Ibid., p. 51.
26. Ibid., p. xiv.
27. Ibid., pp. 45,69; Steve Schifferes, “Doha Trade Deal Unraveling,” BBC News, November 10, 2002.
28. Stiglitz, “Fair Deal for the World,” p. 28.
29. See “WTO Pact on Generic Drugs Blocked by U.S.,” Financial Times, December 21–22, 2002; and Nicola Bullard, “Is the WTO Collapsing under Its Own Ambitions?” Focus on Trade, no. 82 (December 2002). For the WTO agreement weakening patent protection on drugs, see World Trade Organization, Doha, Qatar, WTO Ministerial, 2001, “Declaration on the TRIPS Agreement and Public Health,” November 14, 2001.
30. Andrew Pollack, “Widely Used Crop Herbicide Is Losing Weed Resistance,” New York Times, January 14, 2003.
31. Madeley, Hungry for Trade, pp. 100–03.
32. The most comprehensive treatment of these complex issues is Edith Terry, How Asia Got Rich (Armonk, N.Y.: M. E. Sharpe, 2002).
33. Thomas L. Friedman, The Lexus and the Olive Tree (New York: Farrar, Straus & Giroux, 1999), pp. 112–13.
34. Fishman, “Making a Killing,” p. 41, n. 10; David Hale, “Will Argentina Recover without the IMF?” Zurich Financial Services, December 20, 2002. Hale is chief economist for Zurich Financial Services.
35. De Rivero, Myth of Development, p. 17.
36. Robert Naiman (Center for Economic and Policy Research), “Secrecy at the IFIs [international financial institutions],” Progressive Response 5:38 (November 13, 2001); and Bello, Future in the Balance, pp. 28–29.
37. Focus on Trade, January 2002; and James Harding, “Globalizations Children Strike Back,” Financial Times, September 11, 2001.
38. Robert B. Zoellick, “American Trade Leadership: What Is at Stake?” Institute for International Economics, Washington, DC, September 24, 2001.
39. Thomas Friedman, “Senseless in Seattle,” New York Times, December 1,1999; and Peter Wahl, “European Social Forum,” Focus on Trade, no. 83 (December 2002).
40. See J. Bradford DeLong, “The Meltzer Report,” <http://www.j-bradford-delong.net/TotW/meltzer.html>; Christian Weller, “Meltzer Report Misses the Mark: Commission’s Recommendations for World Bank, IMF Need Further Consideration,” Economic Policy Institute, Issue Brief 141, April 13, 2000 ; and Bello, Future in the Balance, pp. xiv, 60.
41. Shihoko Goto, “Argentina’s Menem Says Woes Not His Fault,” Washington Times, June 12, 2002.
42. See the important analysis of John Feffer, “Militarization in the Age of Globalization,” Foreign Policy in Focus, November 6, 2001. Also see William Pfaff, “Bush Team’s Military Focus Is Skewing U.S. Foreign Policy,” International Herald Tribune, June 30, 2001.
43. David Lague, “Gripes over U.S. Grip on Arms Trade,” Far Eastern Economic Review, September 26, 2002; Kim Kwang-tae, “U.S. to Ditch Korea’s Weapons Integration if It Buys Non-U.S. Aircraft in F-X Plan,” Korea Times, July 22, 2001; Hwang Jang-jin, “Boeing F-15K, with GE Engine, Wins Deal Worth $4.46 Billion,” Korea Now, May 4, 2002, p. 24.
44. Larry Rohter, “Jet Purchase Splits Brazil: New Leader Wants Voice,” New York Times, November 29, 2002.
45. Larry Rohter, “Brazil: U.S. Offers Missiles,” New York Times, May 24, 2002; Raymond Colitt, “Lula to Use Defense Funds in Famine Fight,” Financial Times, January 4–5, 2003.
46. Michelle Ciarrocca, “Post 9/11 Economic Windfalls for Arms Manufacturers,” Foreign Policy in Focus 7:10 (September 2002).
47. Gwyn Kirk and Margo Okazawa-Rey, “Neoliberalism, Militarism, and Armed Conflict,” Social Justice 27:4 (Winter 2000), p. 9; Charles M. Sennott, “Arms Deal Criticized as Corporate U.S. Welfare,” Boston Globe, January 14, 2003.
48. Karen Talbot, “The Real Reasons for War in Yugoslavia: Backing Up Globalization with Military Might,” Social Justice 27:? (Winter 2000), p. 100.
49. William Greider, “The End of Empire,” Nation, September 23, 2002.
1. Madeleine Bunting, “Beginning of the End: The U.S. Is Ignoring an Important Lesson from History—That an Empire Cannot Survive on Brute Force Alone,” Guardian, February 3, 2003.
2. “Bush’s United States Military Academy Graduation Speech,” Washington Post, June 2, 2002; and “Full Text: Bush’s National Security Strategy,” New York Times, September 20, 2002.
3. Ewen MacAskill, “Up to 50 States Are on Blacklist, Says Cheney,” Guardian, November 17, 2001; James Doran, “Terror War Must Target 60 Nations, Says Bush,” Times (London), June 3, 2002.
4. Arthur Schlesinger Jr., “Good Foreign Policy a Casualty of War,” Los Angeles Times, March 23, 2003.
5. Cf. William Pfaff, “Al Qaeda vs. the White House,” International Herald Tribune, December 28, 2002; Pfaff, “Religiosity and Foreign Policy: When Power Disdains Realism,” International Herald Tribune, February 3, 2003; Anatol Lieven, “The Push for War,” London Review of Books, October 3, 2002; and Jack Beatty, “In the Name of God,” Atlantic Monthly, March 5, 2003.
6. Stanley Hoffmann, “The High and the Mighty,” American Prospect 13:24 (January 13, 2003).
7. Immanuel Wallerstein, “The Righteous War,” Commentary no. 107, University of Binghamton, February 15, 2003.
8. Letter of John Brady Kiesling, New York Times, February 27, 2003.
9. Tom Barry, “The U.S. Power Complex: What’s New?” Foreign Policy in Focus, Special Report, November 2002, η. 11.
10. See chapter 6 above; and Madhavee Inamdar, “Global Vigilance in a Global Village: U.S. Expands Its Military Bases,” Progressive Response 6:41 (December 31, 2002).
11. William M. Arkin, “The Best Defense,” Los Angeles Times, July 14, 2002; “War Designed to Test New Weapons: Interview with Vladimir Slipchenko,” Rossiyskaya Gazeta, February 22, 2003, <http://globalresearch.ca/articles/SLI303A.html>.
12. John A. Gentry, “Doomed to Fail: America’s Blind Faith in Military Technology,” Parameters, Winter 2002–03, pp. 88–103. Also see Mike Davis, “Slouching toward Baghdad,” Tomdispatch.com, February 26, 2003. For the computer crash of January 2000, see James Bamford, Body of Secrets: Anatomy of the Ultra-Secret National Security Agency (New York: Anchor Books, 2002), pp. 451–53.
13. Gentry, “Doomed to Fail,” p. 99.
14. Jason Vest, “The Army’s Empire Skeptics,” Nation, March 3, 2003, pp. 27–30. Also see Thomas E. Ricks and Vernon Loeb, “Unrivaled Military Feels Strains of Unending War,” Washington Post, February 16, 2003.
15. See Ira Chernus, “Shock & Awe: Is Baghdad the Next Hiroshima?” CommonDreams.org, January 27, 2003. On the proposed Anglo-American use of such weapons as lasers that can blind and stun and microwave beams that can heat the water in human skin to the boiling point, see Antony Barnett, “Army’s Secret ‘People Zapper’ Plans,” Observer, November 3, 2002. The United States is sponsoring research on chemical and biological weapons that violates the 1972 Biological Weapons Convention and other international treaties. One of the projects is to produce antibiotic-resistant anthrax (Julian Borger, “U.S. Weapons Secrets Exposed,” Guardian, October 29, 2002; and Thomas Fuller, “Microwave Weapons: The Dangers of First Use,” International Herald Tribune, March 17, 2003).
16. Julian Borger, “U.S. Plan for New Nuclear Arsenal,” Guardian, February 19, 2003. Also see Ellen Goodman, “War Is Now the Cover Story for Making More Terror,” Newsday, March 14, 2002; Tad Daley, “America’s Nuclear Hypocrisy,” International Herald Tribune, October 21, 2002; Jonathan Schell, “The Bomb Is Back,” Sojourners Magazine, November-December 2002, pp. 20–25, 58–59; Ira Chernus, “Brandishing Nukes—A Self-Defeating Policy,” CommonDreams.org, February 4, 2003; Dan Stober, “Administration Moves Ahead on Nuclear’Bunker Busters,’” San Jose Mercury News, April 23, 2003; and Noah Shachtman, “Embattled Lab Unveils New Nukes,” Wired, April 23, 2003.
17. Elaine Scarry, “A Nuclear Double Standard,” Boston Globe, November 3, 2002.
18. See Marilyn W. Thompson, The Killer Strain: Anthrax and a Government Exposed (New York: HarperCollins, 2003); and Chuck Murphy, “Not Iraq, but Anniston, Ala.,” St. Petersburg Times, March 16, 2003. According to Murphy, the U.S. Army is currently storing in the United States 873,020 pounds of sarin, 1,657,480 pounds of VX nerve agent, and 1,976,760 pounds of mustard gas.
19. “Complete Text of President Bush’s State of the Union Address,” Los Angeles Times, January 28, 2003. Also see Ian Urbina, “On the Road with Murder, Inc.,” Asia Times, January 24, 2003; Ori Nir, “Bush Seeks Israeli Advice on ‘Targeted Killings,’” Forward, February 7, 2003.
20. Bob Woodward, Bush at War (New York: Simon and Schuster, 2002), pp. 145–46.
21. James Madison, as quoted by Senator Robert C. Byrd (D-West Virginia), October 3, 2002, speaking in opposition to a resolution granting the president open-ended authority to go to war whenever he chooses. See John C. Bonifaz, “War Powers: The White House Continues to Defy the Constitution,” TomPaine.com, February 4, 2003.
22. Doug Thompson, “Role Reversal: Bush Wants a War, Pentagon Urges Caution,” Capitol Hill Blue, January 22, 2002; quoted by Winslow T. Wheeler, “The Week of Shame: Congress Wilts as the President Demands an Unclogged Road to War” (Washington: Center for Defense Information, January 2003), p. 17.
23. Wheeler, “Week of Shame,” p. 17. Also see Steve Lopez, “Hindsight Casts Harsh Light on Use-of-Force Resolution,” Los Angeles Times, March 5, 2003.
24.1 am indebted to William Norman Griggs analysis in his “Suspending Habeas Corpus,” New American 18:14 (July 15, 2002). Also see “Detaining Americans,” Washington Post, June 13, 2002; and Nat Hentoff, “George W. Bush’s Constitution,” Village Voice, January 3, 2003.
25. Benjamin Weiser, “U.S. to Appeal Order Giving Lawyers Access to Detainee,” New York Times, March 26, 2003.
26. Dick Meyer, “John Ashcroft: Minister of Fear,” CBSNews.com, June 12, 2002. Also see Geov Parrish, “Hello? Is Anybody Getting This Down?” WorkingForChange.com, June 11, 2002; and Edward Alden and Caroline Daniel, “Battle Lines Blurred as U.S. Searches for Enemies in the War on Terrorism,” Financial Times, January 2, 2003.
27. For details, see Paul Brodeur, Secrets: A Writer in the Cold War (Boston: Faber and Faber, 1997), pp. 159–65. On the CIA’s illegal domestic spying, see Angus Mackenzie, Secrets: The CIA’s War at Home (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1997). There is direct continuity between these thirty-year-old assaults on civil liberties and the Bush administration’s 2003 proposal to give the Pentagon and the CIA subpoena powers, which would allow them to demand personal and financial records on people in the United States as part of alleged counterterrorism operations. See Eric Lichtblau and James Risen, “Broad Domestic Role Asked for CIA and the Pentagon,” New York Times, May 2, 2003.
28. James Bamford, “Washington Bends the Rules,” New York Times, August 27, 2002.
29. Patrick S. Poole, “Inside America’s Secret Court: The Foreign Intelligence Surveillance Court,” <http://fly.hiwaay.net/~pspoole/fiscshort.html>.
30. Anita Ramasastry, “Why the Foreign Intelligence Surveillance Act Court Was Right to Rebuke the Justice Department,” September 4, 2002, <http://writ.news.findlaw.com/ramasastry/20020904.html>. Ramasastry is a professor of law at the University of Washington School of Law in Seattle.
31. Richard B. Schmitt, “U.S. Expands Clandestine Surveillance Operations,” Los Angeles Times, March 5, 2003.
32. Bob Egelko, “Spy Court to Review Prosecutors’ Powers,” San Francisco Chronicle, September 1, 2002; and Anita Ramasastry, “The Foreign Intelligence Surveillance Court of Review Creates a Potential End Run around Traditional Fourth Amendment Protections for Certain Criminal Law Enforcement Wiretaps,” November 26, 2002, <http://writ.news.findlaw.com/ramasastry/20021126.html>.
33. “U.S. Considers New Anti-Terrorism Legislation,” Reuters, February 7, 2003.
34. William M. Arkin, “The Military’s New War of Words,” Los Angeles Times, November 24, 2002.
35. Bob Kemper, “Team Makes Sure War Message Is Unified, Positive,” Chicago Tribune, April 7, 2003.
36. “U.S. Lobbyist Helped Draft Eastern Europeans’ Iraq Statement,” Yahoo News, February 20, 2003.
37. Pervez Hoodbhoy, “America’s Dreams of Empire,” Los Angeles Times, January 26, 2003; Chris Floyd, “Bush Uses War to Bury Probe of 9/11,” CounterPunch, March 22, 2003.
38. James Bamford, Body of Secrets: Anatomy of the Ultra-secret National Security Agency (New York: Anchor Books, 2002), pp. 78–91. Also see Bamford, “Bush Wrong to Use Pretext as Excuse to Invade Iraq,” USA Today, August 29, 2002; Adam Hochschild, “War or Peace? The U.S. Is Looking for an Excuse to Fight,03 ” San Francisco Chronicle, January 19, 2003; and Jennifer A. Gritt, “Weapons of Mass Delusion,” April 30, 2003, <http://www.antiwar.com/orig/gritt2.html>.
39. “Weighing the Evidence,” New York Times, February 15, 2003.
40. The transcript is online at <http://www.fair.org/press-releases/kamel.pdf>. Also see “Star Witness on Iraq Said Weapons Were Destroyed,” Fairness and Accuracy in Reporting, Media Advisory, February 27, 2003; John Barry, “The Defector’s Secrets,” Newsweek, March 3, 2003; Andrew Gumbel, “Anthrax, Chemicals, and Nerve Gas: Who Is Lying?” Independent, April 20, 2003; and “So Where Are They, Mr. Blair?” Independent, April 20, 2003.
41. The most useful statement from Ritter is his interview with the PBS television program Frontline in 1999, <http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/pages/frontline/shows/unscom/interviews/ritter.html>.
42. Jonathan Rugman, “Downing Street Dossier Plagiarized,” Channel 4 News, February 6, 2003, <http://www.channel4.com/news/2003/02/week_l/06_dossier.html>; and Alexander Cockburn, “The Great’Intelligence Fraud,’” CounterPunch, February 15, 2003.
43. “U.N. Inspectors: U.S. Used Forged Reports,” Guardian, March 8, 2003.
44. Joby Warrick, “Some Evidence on Iraq Called Fake,” Washington Post, March 8, 2003; Stephen Fidler, “Niger Documents Fake, Says ElBaradei,” Financial Times, March 8–9, 2003; Louis Charbonneau, “’Proof That Iraq Sought Uranium Was Fake,” Reuters, March 7, 2003; Bob Drogin and Greg Miller, “Intelligence Value in Iraq Questioned,” Los Angeles Times, March 8, 2003; Mark Phillips, “Inspectors Call U.S. Tips ‘Garbage,’” CBSNews.com, February 20, 2003; Congressman Henry A. Waxman to President George W. Bush, March 17, 2003, <http://www.house.gov/waxman/text/admin_iraq_march_17_let.htm>; Dana Priest and Karen De Young, “CIA Questioned Documents Linking Iraq, Uranium Ore,” Washington Post, March 22, 2003; and Seymour M. Hersh, “Who Lied to Whom?” New Yorker, March 31, 2003, pp. 41–43.
45. Quoted by Ray Close, “A CIA Analyst on Forging Intelligence,” CounterPunch, March 10, 2003.
46. Ray McGovern, “CIA Director Caves In,” CommonDreams.org, February 13, 2003.
47. Seymour M. Hersh, “Selective Intelligence,” New Yorker, May 12, 2003, pp. 44–51. Also see Paul Harris, Martin Bright, Taji Helmore, and Ed Helmore, “U.S. Rivals Turn On Each Other as Weapons Search Draws a Blank,” Observer, May 11, 2003; Barton Gellman, “Frustrated, U.S. Arms Team to Leave Iraq; Task Force Unable to Find Any Weapons,” Washington Post, May 11, 2003; and Harold Meyerson, “Enron-like Unreality,” Washington Post, May 13, 2003.
48. Thorn Shanker and Richard W. Stevenson, “Pentagon Wants $10 Billion a Year for Antiterror Fund,” New York Times, November 27, 2002; Leslie Wayne, “Rumsfeld Warns He Will Ask Congress for More Billions,” New York Times, February 6, 2003. Llewellyn H. Rockwell Jr., “War and the Economy,” Mises.org, March 10, 2003.
49. David R. Sands, “Allies Unlikely to Help Pay for Second Iraq Invasion,” Washington Times, March 10, 2003.
50. Edmund L. Andrews, “Federal Debt Near Ceiling; Second Time in 9 Months,” New York Times, February 20, 2003.
51. David Hale, “Are the Financial Markets Ready for One War or Two?” Zurich Financial Services, March 12, 2003.
52. Vincent Cable, “The Economic Consequences of War,” Observer, February 2, 2003.
53. Laton McCartney, Friends in High Places. The Bechtel Story: The Most Secret Corporation and How It Engineered the World (New York: Ballantine, 1989); “U.S. Invites Bids for Iraq Reconstruction Work,” Reuters, March 10, 2003; Joshua Chaffin, “Halliburton’s Links Sharpen Bids Dispute,” Financial Times, March 27, 2003; Oliver Morgan and Ed Vulliamy, “Cronies Set to Make a Killing,” Observer, April 6, 2003; Stephen Glain, “Halliburton Unit Could Make $7 Billion,” Boston Globe, April 11, 2003; and David Ivanovich, “Pentagon Defends Halliburton Job,” Houston Chronicle, April 10, 2003.
54. Robert Higgs, “Free Enterprise and War, a Dangerous Liaison,” Independent Institute, January 22, 2003, <http://www.independent.org/tii/news/030122Higgs.html>.
55. Fred Kaplan, “Star Wars Spending Spree,” Slate, November 7, 2002; and Seymour Melman, “In the Grip of a Permanent War Economy,” Bear Left!, March 9, 2003, <http://www.bear-left.com/original/2003/0309permanent.html>.
56. Reinhold Niebuhr, The Irony of American History (New York: Scribner, 1952); quoted by Joseph C. Hough Jr., “President’s Newsletter,” Union Theological Seminary in the City of New York, March 2003.
57. “U.S. Plans Death Camp,” Herald Sun (Australia), May 26, 2003, <news.com.au>; “Guantánamo Courtrooms Being Prepared,” Los Angeles Times, June 2, 2003.
58. Michael Klare, Resource Wars: The New Landscape of Global Conflict (New York: Owl Books, 2002); Ken Silverstein, “The Crude Politics of Trading Oil,” Los Angeles Times, December 6, 2002.
59. Loring Wirbel, “U.S. ‘Negation Policy in Space Raises Concerns Abroad,” EETimes, May 22, 2003.
