1 Kompridis, N. (2000). So we need something else for reason to mean. International Journal of Philosophical Studies , 8(3), 271–295.

2 Hood, B. M. (2010). The Science of Superstition: How the Developing Brain Creates Supernatural Beliefs. New York: HarperOne.

3 Benson, H., Dusek, J. A., Sherwood, J. B., Lam, P., Bethea, C. F., Carpenter, W., … Hibberd, P. L. (2006). Study of the Therapeutic Effects of Intercessory Prayer (STEP) in cardiac bypass patients: A multicenter randomized trial of uncertainty and certainty of receiving intercessory prayer. American Heart Journal , 151(4), 934–942. doi:10.1016/j.ahj.2005.05.028

4 De Gloucester, P. C. (2013). Referees Often Miss Obvious Errors in Computer and Electronic Publications. Accountability in Research, 20(3), 143–166. doi:10.1080/08989621.2013.788379

5 Street, 1615 L., NW, Washington, S. 800, & Inquiries, D. 20036 202 419 4300 | M. 202 419 4349 | F. 202 419 4372 | M. (2015, May 12). America’s Changing Religious Landscape. Retrieved from http://www.pewforum.org/2015/05/12/americas-changing-religious-landscape/

6 Huber, B. R. (2014). Scientists Seen as Competent But Not Trusted by Americans. Retrieved May 30, 2016, from http://wws.princeton.edu/news-and-events/news/item/scientists-seen-competent-not-trusted-americans

7 Hume, D. (n.d.). Of Miracles. Part I. Hume, David. 1909-14. An Enquiry Concerning Human Understanding. The Harvard Classics. Retrieved March 21, 2019, from https://www.bartleby.com/37/3/14.html

8 NW, 1615 L. St, Washington, S. 800, & Inquiries, D. 20036 U.-419-4300 | M.-419-4349 | F.-419-4372 | M. (2009, November 5). Scientists and Belief | Pew Research Center. Retrieved March 21, 2019, from https://www.pewforum.org/2009/11/05/scientists-and-belief/

9 USA TODAY. (n.d.). Pastor defends his anti-homosexual sermon . Retrieved from https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=UbSM_kxpObc

10 VOA News. (n.d.). Gay Evangelicals Argue That Bible Does Not Condemn Homosexuality. Retrieved from https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=5OJVlgpe-R0

11 Global Warming Skeptic Organizations (2013). (n.d.). Retrieved March 21, 2019, from https://www.ucsusa.org/global-warming/solutions/fight-misinformation/global-warming-skeptic.html

12 This is a general rule and like most general rules, there are exceptions. It is possible that new data has been discovered and the scientific community has not had time to assess the data and revise their conclusions, so the consensus is outdated. There are undoubtedly other scenarios, but these are extremely rare and should never be used as a reason to reject the scientific consensus based on the probability alone.

13 Are Women Responsible for Their Own Safety? Australians Point Fingers After Comedian’s Rape and Murder - The New York Times. (n.d.). Retrieved from https://www.nytimes.com/2018/06/18/world/australia/eurydice-dixon-murder.html

14 Allan, J. A. (2016). Phallic Affect, or Why Men’s Rights Activists Have Feelings: Phallic Affect, or Why Men’s Rights Activists Have Feelings. Men and Masculinities , 19 (1), 22–41. https://doi.org/10.1177/1097184X15574338

15 Khazan, O. (2017, August 15). 5 Ways White Supremacists Use Victimhood to Their Advantage. Retrieved July 20, 2018, from https://www.theatlantic.com/science/archive/2017/08/the-worlds-worst-support-group/536850/

16 Persons Arrested. (n.d.). Retrieved from https://ucr.fbi.gov/crime-in-the-u.s/2014/crime-in-the-u.s.-2014/persons-arrested/main

17 This is a widely accepted fact by organizations that offer preventative advice including the CDC (https://www.cdc.gov/violenceprevention/sexualviolence/prevention.html), universities (https://deanofstudents.umich.edu/article/walking-alone-night), and local police departments (https://police.ufl.edu/resources/brochures-safety-tips/persons-crimes/), based on their extensive experience with these crimes.

18 Michael, J., Dunne, M. P., & Martin, N. G. (2000). Genetic and environmental influences on sexual orientation and its correlates in an Australian twin sample. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 78(3), 524–536. http://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.78.3.524

19 Personality: Classic Theories and Modern Research. (2010) (5 edition). Boston: Pearson.

20 Ley, D. J. (2014). The Myth of Sex Addiction (Reprint edition). Lanham, Md.: Rowman & Littlefield Publishers

21 Ray, D. (2014, June 24). Guest post by Dr. Darrel Ray: sex addiction is a non-existent diagnosis. Retrieved from http://www.patheos.com/blogs/wwjtd/2014/06/guest-post-by-dr-darrel-ray-sex-addiction-is-often-a-product-of-sexual-shame/

22 Lazarus, C. N. (2010, August 25). Is “Sex Addiction” a Dangerous Myth? Retrieved from http://www.psychologytoday.com/blog/think-well/201008/is-sex-addiction-dangerous-myth

23 American Psychiatric Association. (2013). Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, 5th Edition: DSM-5 (5 edition). Washington, D.C: American Psychiatric Publishing.

24 2016 ICD-10-CM Diagnosis Code F52.8 : Other sexual dysfunction not due to a substance or known physiological condition. (n.d.). Retrieved from http://www.icd10data.com/ICD10CM/Codes/F01-F99/F50-F59/F52-/F52.8

25 Addiction | Psychology Today . (n.d.). Retrieved from https://www.psychologytoday.com/basics/addiction

26 Ray, D. (2014, June 24). Guest post by Dr. Darrel Ray: sex addiction is a non-existent diagnosis. Retrieved from http://www.patheos.com/blogs/wwjtd/2014/06/guest-post-by-dr-darrel-ray-sex-addiction-is-often-a-product-of-sexual-shame/

27 Jabr, F. (n.d.). How the Brain Gets Addicted to Gambling. Retrieved from http://www.scientificamerican.com/article/how-the-brain-gets-addicted-to-gambling/

28 Voon, V., Mole, T. B., Banca, P., Porter, L., Morris, L., Mitchell, S., … Irvine, M. (2014). Neural Correlates of Sexual Cue Reactivity in Individuals with and without Compulsive Sexual Behaviours. PLOS ONE , 9(7), e102419. http://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0102419

29 Krieger, L. H. (1995). The content of our categories: A cognitive bias approach to discrimination and equal employment opportunity. Stanford Law Review , 1161–1248.

30 McIntosh, P. (2010). White privilege and male privilege. The Teacher in American Society: A Critical Anthology, 121.

31 Janis, I. L. (1972). Victims of groupthink: a psychological study of foreign-policy decisions and fiascoes.

32 George, A. L. (1997). From groupthink to contextual analysis of policy-making groups. Beyond Groupthink: Political Group Dynamics and Foreign Policy-Making, 35.

33 Myers, D. G., & Lamm, H. (1976). The group polarization phenomenon. Psychological Bulletin , 83(4), 602.

34 Fyock, J., & Stangor, C. (1994). The role of memory biases in stereotype maintenance. British Journal of Social Psychology , 33(3), 331–343.

35 Sample size determination. (2018). In Wikipedia . Retrieved from https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sample_size_determination&oldid=875539295

36 Rape Addendum. (n.d.). Retrieved from https://ucr.fbi.gov/crime-in-the-u.s/2013/crime-in-the-u.s.-2013/rape-addendum/rape_addendum_final

37 Statistics on Perpetrators of CSA. (n.d.). Retrieved from https://victimsofcrime.org/media/reporting-on-child-sexual-abuse/statistics-on-perpetrators-of-csa

38 Expanded Homicide Data Table 6. (n.d.). Retrieved from https://ucr.fbi.gov/crime-in-the-u.s/2013/crime-in-the-u.s.-2013/offenses-known-to-law-enforcement/expanded-homicide/expanded_homicide_data_table_6_murder_race_and_sex_of_vicitm_by_race_and_sex_of_offender_2013.xls

39 Jonathan Haidt: The moral roots of liberals and conservatives | TED Talk. (n.d.). Retrieved from https://www.ted.com/talks/jonathan_haidt_on_the_moral_mind/discussion?quote=339

40 Statistics on Perpetrators of CSA. (n.d.). Retrieved from https://victimsofcrime.org/media/reporting-on-child-sexual-abuse/statistics-on-perpetrators-of-csa

41 Scherer, K. R., Schorr, A. E., & Johnstone, T. E. (2001). Appraisal processes in emotion: Theory, methods, research. Oxford University Press.

42 Witt Huberts, J. C., Evers, C., & De Ridder, D. T. (2012). License to sin: Self‐licensing as a mechanism underlying hedonic consumption. European Journal of Social Psychology, 42(4), 490–496.

43 Chiou, W.-B., Yang, C.-C., & Wan, C.-S. (2011). Ironic effects of dietary supplementation illusory invulnerability created by taking dietary supplements licenses health-risk behaviors. Psychological Science , 22(8), 1081–1086.

44 Baumeister, R. F., & Vohs, K. D. (2003). Willpower, choice, and self-control.

45 Baumeister, R. F., Vohs, K. D., & Tice, D. M. (2007). The strength model of self-control. Current directions in psychological science, 16(6), 351–355. http://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-8721.2007.00534.x

46 Baumeister, R. F., Vohs, K. D., & Tice, D. M. (2007). The strength model of self-control. Current directions in psychological science, 16(6), 351–355. http://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-8721.2007.00534.x

47 Gailliot, M. T., Baumeister, R. F., DeWall, C. N., Maner, J. K., Plant, E. A., Tice, D. M., … Schmeichel, B. J. (2007). Self-control relies on glucose as a limited energy source: willpower is more than a metaphor. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology , 92(2), 325.

48 Obesity. (n.d.). [Text]. Retrieved from http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/obesity.html

49 Smith, E., Hay, P., Campbell, L., & Trollor, J. N. (2011). A review of the association between obesity and cognitive function across the lifespan: implications for novel approaches to prevention and treatment. Obesity Reviews , 12(9), 740–755. http://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-789X.2011.00920.x

50 Finkelstein, E. A., Trogdon, J. G., Cohen, J. W., & Dietz, W. (2009). Annual medical spending attributable to obesity: Payer-and service-specific estimates. Health Affairs , 28(5), w822–w831. http://doi.org/10.1377/hlthaff.28.5.w822

51 Cawley, J., Rizzo, J. A., & Haas, K. (2007). Occupation-specific absenteeism costs associated with obesity and morbid obesity. Journal of Occupational and Environmental Medicine , 49(12), 1317–1324.

52 Burton, W. N., Chen, C.-Y., Schultz, A. B., & Edington, D. W. (1998). The economic costs associated with body mass index in a workplace. Journal of Occupational and Environmental Medicine , 40(9), 786–792.

53 Jensen, M. D., Ryan, D. H., Apovian, C. M., Ard, J. D., Comuzzie, A. G., Donato, K. A., … Yanovski, S. Z. (2013). 2013 AHA/ACC/TOS Guideline for the Management of Overweight and Obesity in Adults A Report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Task Force on Practice Guidelines and The Obesity Society. Circulation, 01.cir.0000437739.71477.ee. http://doi.org/10.1161/01.cir.0000437739.71477.ee

54 Baumeister, R. F., Bratslavsky, E., Muraven, M., & Tice, D. M. (1998). Ego depletion: Is the active self a limited resource? Journal of Personality and Social Psychology , 74(5), 1252–1265. http://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.74.5.1252

55 Health, C. O. on S. and. (n.d.). Smoking and Tobacco Use; Fact Sheet; Adult Cigarette Smoking in the United States; Retrieved from http://www.cdc.gov/tobacco/data_statistics/fact_sheets/adult_data/cig_smoking/

56 Adult Obesity Facts | Data | Adult | Obesity | DNPAO | CDC. (n.d.). Retrieved from http://www.cdc.gov/obesity/data/adult.html

57 Rand, D. G., & Epstein, Z. G. (2014). Risking your life without a second thought: Intuitive decision-making and extreme altruism.

58 Okasha, S. (2013). Biological Altruism. In E. N. Zalta (Ed.), The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy (Fall 2013). Retrieved from http://plato.stanford.edu/archives/fall2013/entries/altruism-biological/

59 Viding, E., McCrory, E., & Seara-Cardoso, A. (2014). Psychopathy. Current Biology , 24(18), R871–R874. http://doi.org/10.1016/j.cub.2014.06.055

60 Kiehl, K. A., & Sinnott-Armstrong, W. P. (2013). Handbook on Psychopathy and Law . Oxford University Press.

61 Raine, A., & Glenn, A. L. (2014). Psychopathy: An Introduction to Biological Findings and Their Implications. NYU Press.

62 Hunter, P. (2010). The psycho gene. EMBO Reports, 11(9), 667–669. http://doi.org/10.1038/embor.2010.122

63 Opinion | When the Left Turns on Its Own - The New York Times. (n.d.). Retrieved from https://www.nytimes.com/2017/06/01/opinion/when-the-left-turns-on-its-own.html?mcubz=2

64 College professor fired following remarks on “Tucker Carlson Tonight.” (2017, June 25). [Text.Article]. Retrieved from https://www.foxnews.com/us/college-professor-fired-following-remarks-on-tucker-carlson-tonight

65 Benedetti, F. (2005). Neurobiological Mechanisms of the Placebo Effect. Journal of Neuroscience , 25(45), 10390–10402. http://doi.org/10.1523/JNEUROSCI.3458-05.2005

66 Walach, H., & Jonas, W. B. (2004). Placebo research: the evidence base for harnessing self-healing capacities. Journal of Alternative & Complementary Medicine , 10(Supplement 1), S–103.

67 Moerman, D. E., & Jonas, W. B. (2002). Deconstructing the placebo effect and finding the meaning response. Annals of Internal Medicine , 136(6), 471–476.

68 Walach, H., & Jonas, W. B. (2004). Placebo research: the evidence base for harnessing self-healing capacities. Journal of Alternative & Complementary Medicine , 10(Supplement 1), S–103.

69 Kienle, G. S., & Kiene, H. (1997). The powerful placebo effect: fact or fiction? Journal of Clinical Epidemiology , 50(12), 1311–1318.

70 Kirsch, I. (2013). The placebo effect revisited: Lessons learned to date. Complementary Therapies in Medicine , 21(2), 102–104. http://doi.org/10.1016/j.ctim.2012.12.003

71 Price, D. D., Finniss, D. G., & Benedetti, F. (2008). A Comprehensive Review of the Placebo Effect: Recent Advances and Current Thought. Annual Review of Psychology , 59(1), 565–590. http://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.psych.59.113006.095941

72 Also refer to the chapter on extraordinary claims requiring extraordinary evidence.

73 List of government space agencies. (2019). In Wikipedia . Retrieved from https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_government_space_agencies&oldid=888493495

74 I do this at https://www.positivehumanism.com/tools/lp/author/positivehumanism/5/The-Morality-of-Positive-Humanism

75 Boiling frog. (2019). In Wikipedia . Retrieved from https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Boiling_frog&oldid=888356845

76 Abuse Defined. (n.d.). Retrieved from https://www.thehotline.org/is-this-abuse/abuse-defined/

77 For a great example of this, see https://www.gotquestions.org/friendships-unbelievers.html

78 We can see this in the documentary “Jesus Camp.” Highlights available at https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=LACyLTsH4ac

79 Stanford University. (2015). Stanford Mass Shootings in America, courtesy of the Stanford Geospatial Center and Stanford Libraries. Retrieved from https://stanfordgeo.cartodb.com/u/msadb/viz/dc181e3e-16bb-11e5-b766-0e018d66dc29/embed_map

80 Facts About Mental Illness and Violence - Mental Health Reporting - UW School of Social Work. (n.d.). Retrieved from http://depts.washington.edu/mhreport/facts_violence.php

81 CNN.com - Transcripts. (n.d.). Retrieved from http://www.cnn.com/TRANSCRIPTS/0208/16/lt.03.html

82 University, C. (2008, October 26). Making Paradise: Suicide Note from Charles Carl Roberts IV’s. Retrieved from http://makingparadise.blogspot.com/2008/10/suicide-note-from-charles-carl-roberts.html

83 Carlson, J. D., & Ebel, J. H. (2012). From Jeremiad to Jihad: Religion, Violence, and America. University of California Press.

84 Pfeifer, B., & Ganzevoort, R. R. (2015). The Implicit Religion of School Shootings Existential Concerns of Perpetrators Prior to Their Crime. Journal of Religion and Violence , 2(3). http://doi.org/10.5840/jrv20153172

85 Haidt, G. L. and J. (2015, September). The Coddling of the American Mind. The Atlantic. Retrieved from http://www.theatlantic.com/magazine/archive/2015/09/the-coddling-of-the-american-mind/399356/

86 Seligman, M. E., Steen, T. A., Park, N., & Peterson, C. (2005). Positive psychology progress: empirical validation of interventions. American Psychologist , 60(5), 410.