Bibliography

Books and Articles

• Abdelkrim, Farid. Pourquoi j’ai cessé d’être islamiste: Itinéraire au coeur de l’islam en France. Paris: Les Points sur les i, 2015.
• Abdel-Latif, Omaima. “In the Shadow of the Brothers: The Women of the Egyptian Muslim Brotherhood.” Occasional paper, Carnegie Endowment for International Peace, October 31, 2008. http://carnegieendowment.org/2008/10/31/in-shadow-of-brothers-women-of-egyptian-muslim-brotherhood/ifm.
• Abdullah, Aslam, and Gasser Hathout. The American Muslim Identity: Speaking for Ourselves. Los Angeles: Multimedia Vera International, 2003.
• Akkari, Ahmed. Min afsked med islamismen: Muhammedkrisen, dobbeltspillet og kampen mod Danmark. Np: ArtPeople, 2014.
• ________. Mod til at Tilve. Oslo: Gyldendal, 2018.
• American Muslim Council. “American Muslim Council: Our First Five Years.” 1996.
• Amghar, Samir, and Fall Khadiyatoulah, “Disillusioned Militancy: The Crisis of Militancy and Variables of Disengagement of the European Muslim Brotherhood.” Mediterranean Politics 22, no. 1 (2017): 54–70.
• Anani, Khalil al-. Inside the Muslim Brotherhood: Religion, Identity, and Politics. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2016.
• ________. “Upended Path: The Rise and Fall of Egypt’s Muslim Brotherhood.” Middle East Journal 69, no. 4 (Autumn 2015): 527–43.
• Ashour, Omar. “Between ISIS and a Failed State: The Saga of Libyan Islamists.” Rethinking Political Islam Series, Brookings Institution, 2015.
• ________. The De-Radicalization of Jihadists: Transforming Armed Islamist Movements. New York: Routledge, 2009.
• Awad, Mokhtar. “The Rise of the Violent Muslim Brotherhood.” Current Trends in Islamist Ideology. November 6, 2017.
• Awadi, Hesham Al-. The Muslim Brothers in Pursuit of Legitimacy. London: I. B. Tauris, 2014.
• Bakker, Edwin, and Roel Meijer, eds. The Muslim Brotherhood in Europe. New York: Oxford University Press, 2013.
• Barrelle, Kate. “Pro-integration: Disengagement from and Life After Extremism.” Behavioral Sciences of Terrorism and Political Aggression 7, no. 2 (2015): 129–42.
• Barrett, Paul M. American Islam: The Struggle for the Soul of a Religion. New York: Picador, 2007.
• Ba-Yunus, Ilyas, and Kassim Kone. Muslims in the United States. Westport, Conn.: Greenwood Press, 2006
• Bergeaud-Blackler, Florence. Le marché halal ou l’invention d’une tradition. Paris: Seuil, 2017.
• Besson, Sylvain. La conquête de l’Occident. Le projet secret des islamistes. Paris: Seuil, 2005.
• Bjørgo, Tore, and John G. Horgan, eds. Leaving Terrorism Behind: Individual and Collective Disengagement. London: Routledge, 2008.
• Bokhari, Kamran. “Countering Violent Extremism and American Muslims.” Program on Extremism at George Washington University, October 2015.
• Bowen, Innes. Medina in Birmingham, Najaf in Brent: Inside British Islam. London: Hurst, 2014.
• Brandon, James, and Raffaello Pantucci. “UK Islamists and the Arab Uprisings.” Current Trends in Islamist Ideology. June 22, 2012.
• Caeiro, Alexandre, and Mahmoud al-Saify. “Qaradawi in Europe, Europe in Qaradawi? The Global Mufti’s European Politics.” In The Global Mufti: The Phenomenon of Yusuf Al-Qaradawi, edited by Bettina Gräf and Jakob Skovgaard-Petersen. New York: Columbia University Press, 2009.
• Carlbom, Aje. “Islamic Activism in a Multicultural Context—Ideological Continuity or Change?” Report by the Swedish Civil Contingency Agency and Malmö University, 2017.
• ________. “Mångkulturalismen och den politiska mobiliseringen av islam.” In Centrum för Danmarksstudier, edited by Ulf Hedetoft, Bo Betersson, and Lina Sturfelt, 26–65. Stockholm: Makadam förlag, 2006.
• Chaouki, Khalid. Salaam Italia! Reggio Emilia: Aliberti, 2005.
• Chesnot, Christian, and Georges Malbrunot. Qatar Papers: Comment l’émirat finance l’islam de France et d’Europe. Paris: Lafron, 2019.
• Colombo, Valentina, Giuseppe Dentice, and Arturo Varvelli. “Political Party or Armed Faction? The Future of the Libyan Muslim Brotherhood.” Libya’s Fight for Survival: Defeating Jihadist Networks. Counter Extremism Project, European Foundation for Democracy, 2015.
• Crouch, Mira, and Heather McKenzie. “The Logic of Small Samples in Interview-Based Qualitative Research.” Social Science Information 45, no 4 (2006): 483–99.
• Curtis, Edward E. Islam in Black America: Identity, Liberation, and Difference in African-American Islamic Thought. Albany, N.Y.: SUNY Press, 2002.
• Dalgaard-Nielsen, Anja. “Promoting Exit from Violent Extremism: Themes and Approaches.” Studies in Conflict and Terrorism 36, no. 2 (2013): 99–115.
• Dannin, Robert. Black Pilgrimage to Islam. New York: Oxford University Press, 2002.
• Davenport, Christian. How Social Movements Die: Repression and Demobilization of the Republic of New Africa. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2014.
• Davis, Joyce M. Between Jihad and Salaam: Profiles in Islam. New York: St. Martin’s, 1997.
• Dawson, Lorne L., and Amarnath Amarasingam. “Talking to Foreign Fighters: Insights Into the Motivations for Hijrah to Syria and Iraq.” Studies in Conflict and Terrorism 40, no. 3 (2017): 191–210.
• Della Porta, Donatella. “Leaving Underground Organizations: A Sociological Analysis of the Italian Case.” In Leaving Terrorism Behind: Individual and Collective Disengagement, edited by Tore Bjorgo and John Horgan, 49–65. London: Routledge, 2008.
• Demant, Froujke, Marieke Slootman, Frank Buijs, and Jean Tillie. Decline and Disengagement: An Analysis of Processes of Deradicalisation. Amsterdam: IMES, University of Amsterdam Press, 2008.
• Disley, Emma, Kristin Weed, Anais Reding, Lindsay Clutterbuck, and Richard Warnes. “Individual Disengagement from Al Qa’ida-Influenced Terrorist Groups. A Rapid Evidence Assessment to Inform Policy and Practice in Preventing Terrorism.” London: RAND Europe, 2012.
• Durrani, Peter. “Leaving the Religious Sandpit.” In Yalla! Let’s Redecorate the Tree—Sweden and the Muslim Cultural Sphere, edited by Gustav Adolphs, 120–22. Stockholm: Swedish Ministry for Foreign Affairs, 2002.
• Edwards, Rosalind, and Janet Holland. What Is Qualitative Interviewing? Edited by Graham Crow. London: Bloomsbury Academic, 2013.
• European Forum of Muslim Women. “Positively European.” Accessed October 29, 2018. http://www.efomw.eu/www.efomw.eu/index9fc0.html?p=475&lang=en.
• Fadl, Khaled Abou El. “Striking a Balance: Islamic Legal Discourse on Muslim Minorities.” In Muslims on the Americanization Path?, edited by Yvonne Yazbeck Haddad and John L. Esposito. New York: Oxford University Press, 2000.
• Farag, Mona Kamal. “Evolving Female Participation in Egypt’s Muslim Brotherhood.” Doctoral dissertation, University of Exeter, April 2013. https://ore.exeter.ac.uk/repository/bitstream/handle/10871/14681/FaragM.pdf;sequence=1.
• Fitzgerald, Mary. “Introducing the Libyan Muslim Brotherhood.” Foreign Policy. 2012.
• Forum for Muslim Youth and Student Organisations. “FEMYSO-Annual Report 2014.” https://femyso.org/check-out-our-annual-reports/.
• Fourest, Caroline. Frère Tariq: Discours, stratégie et méthode de Tariq Ramadan. Paris: Grasset & Fasquelle, 2004.
• Fradkin, Hillel. “The History and Unwritten Future of Salafism.” Current Trends in Islamist Ideology. November 25, 2007. https://www.hudson.org/content/researchattachments/attachment/1338/fradkin_vol6.pdf.
• Frampton, Martyn. The Muslim Brotherhood and the West: A History of Enmity and Engagement. Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 2018.
• Freer, Courtney. “From Co-optation to Crackdown: Gulf States’ Reactions to the Rise of the Muslim Brotherhood During the Arab Spring.” Project on Middle East Political Science. May 3–4, 2016.
• Galanter, Marc. “Unification Church (‘Moonie’) Dropouts: Psychological Readjustment After Leaving a Charismatic Religious Group.” American Journal of Psychiatry 140, no. 8 (August 1983): 984–89.
• Gambetta, Diego, and Steffen Hertog. Engineers of Jihad: The Curious Connection Between Violent Extremism and Education. Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press, 2016.
• Godard, Bernard, and Sylvie Taussig. Les Musulmans en France: Courants, institutions, communautés: Un état des lieux. Paris: Laffont, 2007.
• Gove, Michael. Celsius 7/7. London: Phoenix, 2006.
• Haines, Herbert H. “Black Radicalization and the Funding of Civil Rights: 1957–1970.” In Social Movements, edited by Doug McAdam and David A. Snow, 440–49. Los Angeles: Roxbury, 1997.
• Hamid, Shadi. Temptations of Power: Islamists and Illiberal Democracy in a New Middle East. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2014.
• Hatina, Meir. “Redeeming Sunni Islam: Al-Qa’ida’s Polemic Against the Muslim Brethren.” British Journal of Middle Eastern Studies 39, no. 1 (2012): 101–13.
• Hedges, Matthew, and Giorgio Cafiero. “The GCC and the Muslim Brotherhood: What Does the Future Hold?” Middle East Policy Council 24, no. 1 (Spring 2017).
• Hegghammer, Thomas. “Abdallah Azzam, Imam of Jihad.” In Al Qaeda in Its Own Words, edited by Gilles Kepel and Jean-Pierre Milelli, translated by Pascale Ghazaleh. Cambridge, Mass.: Belknap Press of Harvard University Press, 2008.
• Horgan, John. Walking Away from Terrorism: Accounts of Disengagement from Radical and Extremist Movements. London: Routledge, 2009.
• Horgan, John, Mary Beth Altier, Neil Shortland, and Max Taylor. 2017. “Walking Away: The Disengagement and de-Radicalization of a Violent Right-Wing Extremist.” Behavioral Sciences of Terrorism and Political Aggression 9, no. 2 (2017): 63–77. https://doi.org/10.1080/19434472.2016.1156722.
• Hussain Khan, Adil. “Political Islam in Ireland and the Role of Muslim Brotherhood Networks.” In Muslims in Ireland: Past and Present, edited by Oliver Scharbrodt, Tuula Sakaranaho, Adil Hussain Khan, Yafa Shanneik, and Vivian Ibrahim. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press, 2015.
• Investigative Project on Terrorism. Profile, Yousef al-Qaradawi. MAYA Conference, 1995, Toledo, Ohio. https://www.investigativeproject.org/profile/167/yusuf-al-qaradawi.
• Islamic Society of North America. History of ISNA. Documentary. Accessed October 29, 2018. http://www.isna.net/ISNAHQ/pages/Documentary.aspx.
• Jacobson, Michael. “Terrorist Dropouts: Learning from Those Who Have Left.” Washington Institute for Near East Policy. January 2010.
• Johnson, Ian. A Mosque in Munich: Nazis, the CIA, and the Rise of the Muslim Brotherhood in the West. Boston: Houghton Mifflin Harcourt, 2010.
• Johnson, Steve A. “The Muslims of Indianapolis.” In Muslim Communities in North America, edited by Yvonne Yazbeck Haddad and Jane Idleman Smith. Albany: State University of New York Press, 1994.
• Kandil, Hazem. Inside the Brotherhood. Malden, Mass.: Polity, 2014.
• Karnieli-Miller, Orit, Roni Strier, and Liat Pessach. “Power Relations in Qualitative Research.” Qualitative Health Research 19, no. 2 (2009): 280–81.
• Karoui, Hakim El. “La fabrique de l’islamisme.” Institut Montaigne. September 2018.
• Kepel, Gilles. Allah in the West: Islamic Movements in America and Europe. Stanford, Calif.: Stanford University Press, 1997.
• Ketchley, Neil. Egypt in a Time of Revolution: Contentious Politics and the Arab Spring. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2017.
• Khalil, James. “A Guide to Interviewing Terrorists and Violent Extremists.” Studies in Conflict and Terrorism 42, no. 4 (2019): 429–43.
• Kirkpatrick, David D. Into the Hands of the Soldiers: Freedom and Chaos in Egypt and the Middle East. New York: Penguin Books, 2018.
• Leonard, Karen. “South Asian Leadership of American Muslims.” In Muslims in the West: From Sojourners to Citizens, edited by Yvonne Yazbeck Haddad. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2001.
• Lia, Brynjar. The Society of the Muslim Brothers in Egypt: The Rise of an Islamic Mass Movement 1928–1942. Reading, U.K.: Ithaca Press, 1999.
• Louizi, Mohamad. Liberer l’Islam de l’Islamisme. Paris: Fondation pour l’Innovation Politique, 2018.
• ________. Pourquoi j’ai quitté les Frères Musulmans. Paris: Michalon, 2016.
• Lynch, Marc. “Islam Divided Between Salafi-jihad and the Ikhwan.” Studies in Conflict and Terrorism 33, no. 6 (2010): 467–87.
• MacLean, Gerald. Abdullah Gul and the Making of New Turkey. London: Oneworld, 2014.
• Maghraoui, Abdeslam. “Morocco: The King’s Islamists.” Wilson Center Report. August 27, 2015.
• Magued, Shaimaa. “The Egyptian Muslim Brotherhood’s Transnational Advocacy in Turkey: A New Means of Political Participation.” British Journal of Middle Eastern Studies 45, no. 3 (2018): 480–97.
• Mahdi Ahmed, Gutbi. “Muslim Organizations in the United States.” In The Muslims of America, edited by Yvonne Yazbeck Haddad. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1991.
• Maréchal, Brigitte. “The European Muslim Brothers’ Quest to Become a Social (Cultural) Movement.” In The Muslim Brotherhood in Europe, edited by Edwin Bakker and Roel Meijer. New York: Oxford University Press, 2013.
• ________. The Muslim Brothers in Europe: Roots and Discourse. Leiden: Brill, 2008.
• Marongiu-Perria, Omero. “La stratégie suicidaire des ramadanien.ne.s.” Oumma.com. February 17, 2018.
• ________. “Omero Marongiu-Perria: Ab esse ad posse valet, a posse ad esse non valet consenquentia.” Accessed October 29, 2018. http://omeromarongiu.unblog.fr/.
• Matteson, Shirley M., and Yvonna S. Lincoln. “Using Multiple Interviewers in Qualitative Research Studies: The Influence of Ethic of Care Behaviors in Research Interview Settings.” Qualitative Inquiry 15, no. 4 (2009): 659–74.
• McAdam, Doug. “Studying Social Movements: A Conceptual Tour of the Field.” Program on Nonviolent Sanctions and Cultural Survival, Weatherhead Center for International Affairs, Harvard University, 1992.
• McCants, William. “The Believer: How an Introvert with a Passion for Religion and Soccer Became Abu Bakr Al-Baghdadi, Leader of the Islamic State.” Brookings Essay. September 1, 2015.
• ________. “Islamist Outlaws: Saudi Arabia Takes on the Muslim Brotherhood.” Foreign Affairs. March 17, 2014.
• McCarthy, Rory. “When Islamists Lose: The Politicization of Tunisia’s Ennahda Movement.” Middle East Journal 72, no. 3 (Summer 2018): 365–84.
• McCloud, Aminah Beverly. African American Islam. New York: Routledge, 1994.
• Meining, Stefan. Eine Moschee in Deutschland: Nazis, Geheimdienste und der Aufstieg des politischen Islam im Westen. Munich: Beck Verlag, 2011.
• Merley, Steven. “The Muslim Brotherhood in the United States.” Research monograph for the Hudson Institute, April 2009.
• Middle East Media and Research Institute (MEMRI). “Leading Sunni Sheikh Yousef al-Qaradhawi and Other Sheikhs Herald the Coming Conquest of Rome.” Special Dispatch No. 447, December 6, 2002.
• ________. “New Muslim Brotherhood Leader: Resistance in Iraq and Palestine is Legitimate; America is Satan, Islam Will Invade America and Europe.” Special Dispatch No. 655, February 4, 2004.
• Mitchell, Richard. The Society of the Muslim Brothers. New York: Oxford University Press, 1969.
• Moghadam, Assaf, and Brian Fishman, eds. Fault Lines in Global Jihad: Organizational, Strategic, and Ideological Fissures. New York: Routledge, 2011.
• Mubaraz, Ahmed, Milo Comerford, and Emman El-Badawy. “Milestones to Militancy: What the Lives of 100 Jihadis Tell Us About a Global Movement.” Tony Blair Institute for Global Change. April 2016.
• Muslim World League and World Assembly of Muslim Youth. Muslim Networks and Movements in Western Europe Project. September 15, 2010. http://www.pewforum.org/2010/09/15/muslim-networks-and-movements-in-western-europe-muslim-world-league-and-world-assembly-of-muslim-youth/.
• Nectar Trust. “Trustees’ Report for the Year Ended March 31, 2017.” http://beta.charitycommission.gov.uk/charity-details/?subid=0&regid=1146597.
• Norell, Magnus, Aje Carlbom, and Pierre Durrani. “The Muslim Brotherhood in Sweden.” Report commissioned by MSB (Swedish Civil Contingencies Agency). November–December 2016.
• Nunkoosing, Karl. “The Problems with Interviews.” Qualitative Health Research 15, no. 5 (2005): 698–706. https://doi.org/10.1177/1049732304273903.
• Ouis, Pernilla, and Anne Sofie Roald. Muslim i Sverige. Stockholm: Wahlström & Widstrand, 2003.
• Otterback, Jonas. Islam på svenska: tidskriften Salaam och islams globalisering. Lund Studies in the History of Religion. Stockholm: Almqvist & Wiksell, 2000. https://lup.lub.lu.se/search/ws/files/8593272/Islam_pa_svenska.pdf.
• Pargeter, Alison. Return to the Shadows: The Muslim Brotherhood and An-Nahda Since the Arab Spring. London: Saqi Books, 2016.
• ________. The Muslim Brotherhood: From Opposition to Power. London: Saqi Books, 2013.
• ________. The Muslim Brotherhood: The Burden of Tradition. London: Saqi Books, 2010.
• Petersen, Marie Juul. “For Humanity or for the Umma? Ideologies of Aid in Four Transnational Muslim NGOs.” Thesis, University of Copenhagen, 2011.
• Poston, Larry. Islamic Da’wah in the West. New York: Oxford University Press, 1992.
• Privot, Michaël. Quand j’étais Frère musulman. Paris: La Boîte à Pandore, 2017.
• Qaradawi, Yusuf al-. Islamic Awakening Between Rejection and Extremism. Herndon, Va.: International Institute of Islamic Thought, 1991.
• ________. Priorities of the Islamic Movement in the Coming Phase. Swansea, U.K.: Awakening Publications, 2000.
• Roberts, David. “Qater, the Ikhwan, and Transnational Relations in the Gulf.” Project on Middle East Political Science. March 9, 2014.
• Rostbøll, Christian F. “Autonomy, Respect, and Arrogance in the Danish Cartoon Controversy.” Political Theory 37, no. 5 (October 2009): 623–48.
• Roy, Olivier. Secularism Confronts Islam. New York: Columbia University Press, 2007.
• Rusbult, Caryl E., Christopher Agnew, and Ximena Arriaga. “The Investment Model of Commitment Processes.” Department of Psychological Sciences Faculty Publications. Purdue University, Paper 26. 2011.
• Shadid, Wasif, and Pieter Sjoerd van Koningsveld. “Loyalty to a Non-Muslim Government.” In Political Participation and Identities of Muslims in Non-Muslim States, edited by Wasif Shadid and P. S. van Konignsveld, 84–115. Kampen: Kok Pharos, 1996.
• Steinberg, Guido. “The Gulf States and the Muslim Brotherhood.” Project on Middle East Political Science. 2014.
• Tamimi, Azzam S. Rachid Ghannouchi: A Democrat Within Islamism. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2001.
• Tammam, Husan. “Yusuf Qaradawi and the Muslim Brothers: The Nature of a Special Relationship.” In The Global Mufti: The Phenomenon of Yusuf Al-Qaradawi, edited by Bettina Gräf and Jakob Skovgaard-Petersen. New York: Columbia University Press, 2009.
• Ternisien, Xavier. Les Frères Musulmans. Paris: Fayard, 2005.
• Trager, Eric. Arab Fall: How the Muslim Brotherhood Won and Lost Egypt in 891 Days. Washington, D.C.: Georgetown University Press, 2016.
• ________. “The Muslim Brotherhood Is the Root of the Qatar Crisis.” Atlantic. July 2, 2017.
• “The Unbreakable Muslim Brotherhood: Grim Prospects for a Liberal Egypt.” Foreign Affairs 90, no. 5 (September–October 2011): 114–26.
• Union des Organisations Islamiques de France. “UOIF Actualites.” Accessed October 29, 2018. http://www.uoif-online.com/equipe-de-direction/.
• van Stekelenburg, Jacquelien, and Bert Klandermans. “Individuals in Movements: A Social Psychology of Contention.” In Handbook of Social Movements Across Disciplines, edited by Bert Klandermans and Conny Roggeband, 103–39. New York: Springer US, 2010.
• Vidino, Lorenzo. “The Muslim Brotherhood in Austria.” Report by the George Washington University Program on Extremism and the University of Vienna. September 2017.
• ________. The New Muslim Brotherhood in the West. New York: Columbia University Press, 2010.
• Vielhaber, David. “The Milli Görüs of Germany.” Hudson Institute, June 13, 2012.
• Wickham, Carrie Rosefsky. Mobilizing Islam: Religion, Activism and Political Change in Egypt. New York: Columbia University Press, 2002.
• ________. The Muslim Brotherhood: Evolution of an Islamist Movement. Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press, 2012.
• Windisch, Steven, Pete Simi, Gina Sott Ligon, and Hillary McNeel. “Disengagement from Ideologically-Based and Violent Organizations: A Systematic Review of the Literature.” Journal for Deradicalization 9 (Winter 2016/17): 1–38.
• Wolf, Anne. Political Islam in Tunisia: The History of Ennahda. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2017.
• Wright, Stuart A. “Reconceptualizing Cult Coercion and Withdrawal: A Comparative Analysis of Divorce and Apostasy.” Social Forces 70, no. 1 (September 1991): 125–45.
• Yilmaz, Ihsan, and James Barry. “Instrumentalizing Islam in a ‘Secular’ State: Turkey’s Diyanet and Interfaith Dialogue.” Journal of Balkan and Near Eastern Studies (2018).

Government Reports and Documents

• Abdurahman Alamoudi resume. Introduced as evidence in U.S. v. Abdurahman Muhammad Alamoudi, U.S.D.C. of Eastern Virginia, Case 03-1009M, September 30, 2003.
• Affidavit of U.S. Immigration and Customs Enforcement Special Agent Brett Gentrup in U.S. v. Abdurahman Muhammad Alamoudi. U.S.D.C. of Eastern Virginia, Case 03-1009M, September 30, 2003.
• Akram, Mohammed. “An Explanatory Memorandum on the Strategic Goals for the Group in North America.” Government Exhibit 003-0085 in United States v. Holy Land Foundation et al., 3:04-cr-240 (ND, Tex.).
• Comité Permanent de Contrôle des Services de Renseignements et de Sécurité (Comité R). Report to the Belgian Parliament, July 19, 2002, Brussels.
• Erhvervs- og Selskabsstyrelsen (Danish Commerce and Companies Agency). Filings, April 7, 1983, Denmark.
• Federal Republic of Germany, Office for the Protection of the Constitution. Annual Report, 2005.
• “Ikhwan in America.” Government Exhibit 003-0089 in United States v. Holy Land Foundation et al., 3:04-cr-240 (ND, Tex.).
• International Islamic Bank. Annual reports, 1982–1996. Erhvervs- og Selskabsstyrelsen, Denmark.
• Islamic Relief USA. Letter to Congress, July 19, 2018. http://irusa.org/wp-content/uploads/2018/07/2018.7.19-IRUSA-Congressional-Response-to-MEF-Cover-Letter-FINAL.docx.pdf.
• Islamische Gemeinschaft Marburg/Omar Ibn al-Khattab Moschee. Filing at the Frankfurt Ausländeramt, January 25, 1990.
• Morocco, Head of Government. “Biographie du Dr Saad Dine El Otmani.” Accessed October 29, 2018. http://www.pm.gov.ma/fr/fichier.29.34.Biographie.
• Netherlands. Algemene Inlichtingen-en Veiligheidsdienst (AIVD). “The Radical Dawa in Transition: The Rise of Islamic Neoradicalism in the Netherlands.” General Intelligence and Security Service of the Netherlands, February 2008.
• Qatar Ministry of Foreign Affairs. “Financed by Qatar, the First Mosque ‘Masjid’ Opened in Slovenia.” Qatar Fund for Development, January 7, 2018.
• “Rapport d’Activite du Fonds de Dotation al Wakf France, 2014.” http://www.journal-officiel.gouv.fr/publications/assoccpt/pdf/2014/3112/794458620_31122014.pdf.
• U.K. House of Commons. “Muslim Brotherhood Review: Main Findings.” Policy paper, House of Commons, U.K., December 17, 2015. https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/muslim-brotherhood-review-main-findings.
• ________. Foreign Affairs Committee. Oral evidence, November 29, 2011.
• ________. “ ‘Political Islam,’ and the Muslim Brotherhood Review.” House of Commons Paper HC 118, November 7, 2016. https://publications.parliament.uk/pa/cm201617/cmselect/cmfaff/118/118.pdf.
• U.K. Prime Minister’s Office. “Government Review of the Muslim Brotherhood,” 2014. https://www.gov.uk/government/news/government-review-of-the-muslim-brotherhood.
• U.S. Department of the Treasury. “Treasury Designates Benevolence International Foundation and Related Entities as Financiers of Terrorism,” November 19, 2002. https://www.treasury.gov/press-center/press-releases/Pages/po3632.aspx.
• ________. “Treasury Designates Bosnian Charities Funneling Dollars to Al Qaida,” June 5, 2004. https://www.treasury.gov/press-center/press-releases/Pages/js1527.aspx.
• ________. “Union of Good.” Accessed October 29, 2018. https://www.treasury.gov/resource-center/terrorist-illicit-finance/Pages/protecting-union-of-good.aspx.

Interviews

• Abu Hajar, Adly. Interview by author, April 2018, Malmoe, Sweden.
• Akaf, Mohammed. “Interview with Mohammed Akef.” Asharq Al-Awsat, December 11, 2005.
• Akkari, Ahmed. Interview by author, June 2018, Qaqortoq, Greenland.
• Benmakhlouf, Chakib. “Interview with Chakib Benmakhlouf.” Asharq Al-Awsat, May 20, 2008, http://archive.aawsat.com/details.asp?section=17&article=471438&issueno=10766#.W3bdG-hKg2x. “Interview with MB Deputy Chairman in al Ahrar Daily.” Ikhwanweb, June 16, 2008. http://www.ikhwanweb.com/Article.asp?ID=17267&LevelID=1&SectionID=0.
• Breze, Lhaj Thami. Interview by author, May 2009, La Courneuve, France.
• Chaouki, Khalid. Interview by author, June 2018, Rome.
• Durrani, Pierre. Interviews by author, 2017 and 2018, Stockholm and Malmoe, Sweden.
• Elmeshad, Hussien. Interview by author, October 2018, London.
• Fotouh, Abd El Monem Abou El. Interview by author, December 2008, Cairo.
• Haddad, Abdullah el. Interview by author, May 2014, London.
• Hamdoun, Omar el. Interview by author, May 2014, London.
• Helbawy, Kamal. Interviews by author, December 2008 and May and December 2017, London.
• Jenkins, Sir John. Inteview by author, April 2018, London.
• Kherbawy, Tharwat El-. “Interview with Tharwat El-Kherbawy: An Insider’s Look at the Muslim Brotherhood.” By Sara Abou Barker. Egypt Daily News, November 20, 2012.
• Kherigi, Intissar. “Interview with Intissar Kherigi on ENAR’s Forgotten Women Project.” European Network Against Racism, March 11, 2016.
• Louizi, Mohamed. Interview by author, April 2018, Lille, France.
• Madi, Abul Ila Al. “Interview with Abul Ila Al Madi.” Arab Reform Bulletin, December 2005. https://carnegieendowment.org/2005/12/15/arab-reform-bulletin-december-2005-pub-17786.
• Marongiu, Omero. Interview by author, April 2018, Lille, France.
• Muhammad, Abdur-Rahman. Interview by author, January 2018, Washington, D.C.
• Nada, Yussuf. Interview by author, July 2008, Campione d’Italia, Italy.
• Ouis, Pernilla. Interview by author, April 2018, Malmoe, Sweden.
• Soudan, Mohammed. Interview by author, May 2014, London.
• Zafarani, Ibrahim El. “A Talk with EX-MB Leader Ibrahim El Zafarani.” Asharq Al-Awsat, July 29, 2012, https://eng-archive.aawsat.com/theaawsat/features/a-talk-with-ex-mb-leader-ibrahim-el-zafarani.