NOTES 
NOTES Preface
IX “The only thing new in the world”: Merle Miller, Plain Speaking: An Oral Biography of Harry S Truman. (New York: Berkley Publishing, 1974.)
IX “history can only live if one recovers”: Russell Potter, foreword to Resolute: The Epic Search for the Northwest Passage and John Franklin, and the Discovery of the Queen’s Ghost Ship, by Martin W. Sandler. (New York: Sterling Publishing Co., Inc., 2006.)
Chapter 1: Ziryab
1 “There never was, either before or after him”: Ahmad ibn Muhammad al-Makkari, as quoted in Yusef Ali, “The Music of the Moors in Spain,” in “Golden Age of the Moor,” ed. Ivan Van Sertima, Journal of African Civilizations 11 (1991).
1 “undoubtedly one person alone cannot change”: Henri Terrasse, Islam d’Espagne: Une rencontre de l’Orient et de l’Occident [Islamic Spain: A Meeting of East and West] (Paris: Plon, 1958).
2 Ziryab’s rise from slavery to extraordinary fame: Jan Carew, “Moorish Culture-Bringers: Bearers of Enlightenment,” in “Golden Age of the Moor,” ed. Ivan Van Sertima, Journal of African Civilizations 11 (1991).
2 “A Black slave”: Ibid.
2 “He is a freeman of thy family”: Ahmad ibn Muhammad al-Makkari, as quoted in Yusef Ali, “The Music of the Moors in Spain,” in “Golden Age of the Moor,” ed. Ivan Van Sertima, Journal of African Civilizations 11 (1991).
3 “What difference is there”: Ibid.
3 “By Allah! Were it not that I consider thee”: Ibid.
3–4 “Envy is one of the basest vices”: Ibid.
7 “He was deeply versed in every branch of art”: Ibid.
7 “answered to the four elementary principles of the body”: Titus Burckhardt, Moorish Culture in Spain (New York: McGraw-Hill, 1972).
8 “restore the equilibrium of the soul the same way that medicine restores the equilibrium of the body”: Yusef Ali, “The Music of the Moors in Spain,” in “Golden Age of the Moor,” ed. Ivan Van Sertima, Journal of African Civilizations 11 (1991).
8 The lute before Ziryab represented these four humors: Julian Ribera, Music in Ancient Arabia and Spain (Stanford, Calif.: Stanford University Press, 1929; reprint: Whitefish, Mont.: Kessinger Publishing, 2007).
8 “by the soft down which covers the claw of that bird”: Chris Lowney, A Vanished World: Medieval Spain’s Golden Age of Enlightenment (New York: Free Press, 2005).
8 Some of these new instruments included the carrizo: Ivan Van Sertima, “The Moor in Europe: Influences and Contributions,” in “Golden Age of the Moor,” ed. Ivan Van Sertima, Journal of African Civilizations 11 (1991).
10 “a complete musical work, composed of various airs and melodies”: George Dimitri Selim, “A Gift of Music,” Library of Congress Information Bulletin, Vol. 55, No. 15 (1996).
11 Ziryab always began by testing a new pupil’s voice: Ivan Van Sertima, “The Moor in Europe: Influences and Contributions,” in “Golden Age of the Moor,” ed. Ivan Van Sertima, Journal of African Civilizations 11 (1991).
11 “the founder of the musical traditions of Muslim Spain”: Clifford E. Bosworth, Encyclopedia of Islam (Leiden, the Netherlands: Brill, 2004).
11 “Ziryab’s music influenced all neighboring countries”: G. Talebzadeh, “Zaryâb: A Genius Iranian Musician” (Fravahr.org, 2003).
11 “Andalusian music was advanced by Ziryab”: Ibid.
11 “Even when the Moors had been defeated”: Ivan Van Sertima, “The Moor in Europe: Influences and Contributions,” in “Golden Age of the Moor,” ed. Ivan Van Sertima, Journal of African Civilizations 11 (1991).
12 “The artistic Spain of olden times”: Julian Ribera, Music in Ancient Arabia and Spain (Stanford, Calif: Stanford University Press, 1929; reprint: Whitefish, Mont: Kessinger Publishing, 2007).
12 “The tradition of changing clothes”: Ahmad ibn Muhammad al-Makkari, as quoted in Yusef Ali, “The Music of the Moors in Spain,” in “Golden Age of the Moor,” ed. Ivan Van Sertima, Journal of African Civilizations 11 (1991).
12 “A vogue for brightly colored clothes”: Jan Read, The Moors in Spain and Portugal (Totowa, NJ: Rowman and Littlefield, 1975).
13 “Both men and women wore the hair”: Ahmad ibn Muhammad al-Makkari, as quoted in Yusef Ali, “The Music of the Moors in Spain,” in “Golden Age of the Moor,” ed. Ivan Van Sertima, Journal of African Civilizations 11 (1991).
13 “Bangs were out”: Chris Lowney, A Vanished World: Medieval Spain’s Golden Age of Enlightenment (New York: Free Press, 2005).
13 “the fetid smell of the armpits”: Ahmad ibn Muhammad al-Makkari, as quoted in Yusef Ali, “The Music of the Moors in Spain,” in “Golden Age of the Moor,” ed. Ivan Van Sertima, Journal of African Civilizations 11 (1991).
14 a vast improvement over anything: Ivan Van Sertima, “The Moor in Europe: Influences and Contributions,” in “Golden Age of the Moor,” ed. Ivan Van Sertima, Journal of African Civilizations 11 (1991).
16–17 “[Ziryab] was fitted with so much penetration and wit”: Ahmad ibn Muhammad al-Makkari, as quoted in Yusef Ali, “The Music of the Moors in Spain” in “Golden Age of the Moor,” ed. Ivan Van Sertima, Journal of African Civilizations 11 (1991).
Chapter 2: Cahokia
19 “warfare that was insane, unending, continuously attritional”: Alfred L. Kroeber, “Native American Population,” American Anthropologist 36 (1934).
19–20 “For thousands of centuries—centuries in which human races were evolving”: Alan Brinkley, American History: A Survey Vol. 1 (New York: McGraw Hill, 2007).
20 “Native Americans transformed their land”: Charles C. Mann, 1491: New Revelations of the Americas Before Columbus (New York: Knopf, 2005).
20 “a thriving, stunningly diverse place”: Ibid.
22 “From their central location, [the Cahokians] traveled vast distances”: Claudia G. Mink, Cahokia: City of the Sun (Collinsville, Ill.: Cahokia Mounds Museum Society, 1992).
22–23 “As years passed, people learned to cultivate corn”: Sidney G. Denny and Ernest Lester Schusky, The Ancient Splendor of Prehistoric Cahokia (Prairie Grove, Ark.: Ozark Publishing, 1997).
23 “When I reached the foot of the principal mound”: Ibid.
23–24 “It is absurd to suppose a relationship of any kind”: J. D. Baldwin, Ancient America (New York: Harper and Brothers, 1871).
24 “signalized by treachery and cruelty”: J. W. Foster, Pre-Historic Races of the United States of America (London: S. C. Griggs and Co., 1887).
26 “This pharaonic enterprise required carrying 14,666,666 baskets”: Sally A. Kitt Chappell, Cahokia: Mirror of the Cosmos (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2002).
27 beneath Mound 72 were found the remains of a man buried in about 1050: Including Biloine Whiting Young and Melvin Fowler, Cahokia: The Great Native American Metropolis (Champaign, Ill.: University of Illinois Press, 2000).
28 “Only a person of central importance”: Thomas E. Emerson and R. Barry Lewis, Cahokia and the Hinterlands: Middle Mississippian Cultures of the Midwest (Champaign, Ill.: University of Illinois Press, 1999).
28 the four men were deliberately placed in graves: Rinita A. Dalan et al., Envisioning Cahokia: A Landscape Perspective (DeKalb, Ill.: Northern Illinois University Press, 2003).
29 a city aligned with the cosmos: Including Sally A. Kitt Chappell, Cahokia: Mirror of the Cosmos (Chicago, Ill.: University of Chicago Press, 2002).
30 “sacred geography”: Sally A. Kitt Chappell, Cahokia: Mirror of the Cosmos (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2002).
31 “Situated upon a very beautiful plain”: Biloine Whiting Young and Melvin Fowler, Cahokia: The Great Native American Metropolis (Champaign, Ill.: University of Illinois Press, 2000).
33 since his fellow archaeologist allowed no time for the planning: Ibid.
33 “Cahokia being the biggest city around”: Charles C. Mann, 1491: New Revelations of the Americas Before Columbus (New York: Knopf, 2005).
33 “evidence of Cahokia’s response to its uneasy relations”: Biloine Whiting Young and Melvin Fowler, Cahokia: The Great Native American Metropolis (Champaign, Ill.: University of Illinois Press, 2000).
33 “It surrounded the central core of the community”: Ibid.
36 gambling was frequently associated with the game: Timothy Pauketat, Ancient Cahokia and the Mississippians (Cambridge, England: Cambridge University Press, 2004).
36 “the seat of the largest political chiefdom”: Thomas E. Emerson and R. Barry Lewis, Cahokia and the Hinterlands: Middle Mississippian Cultures of the Midwest (Champaign, Ill.: University of Illinois Press, 1999).
36–37 “Cahokia is unique. . . . I still can’t say it is a state”: Biloine Whiting Young and Melvin Fowler, Cahokia: The Great Native American Metropolis (Champaign, Ill.: University of Illinois Press, 2000).
38–39 “The primary facts now seem to indicate”: Thomas E. Emerson and R. Barry Lewis, Cahokia and the Hinterlands: Middle Mississippian Cultures of the Midwest (Champaign, Ill.: University of Illinois Press, 1999).
Chapter 3: Gil Eanes
42 “big and strong of limb, his hair”: Gomes Eanes de Zurara, Crónica dos Feitos da Guiné [The Chronicle of the Discovery and Conquest of Guinea] (1453).
43 “bound to engage in great and noble conquests”: Ibid.
44 “Beneath the huge red sandstone cliffs”: Peter D. Jeans, Seafaring Lore and Legend (New York: McGraw-Hill, 2004).
45 “So the Infant [prince] . . . began to make ready”: Gomes Eanes de Zurara, Crónica dos Feitos da Guiné [The Chronicle of the Discovery and Conquest of Guinea] (1453).
48 “Now the Infant always received home again”: Ibid.
49 “probably sailed in a simple square-rigged”: Hugh Thomas, The Slave Trade: The Story of the Atlantic Slave Trade: 1440–1870 (New York: Simon and Schuster, 1997).
50 “The Infant made ready the same vessel”: Gomes Eanes de Zurara, Crónica dos Feitos da Guiné [The Chronicle of the Discovery and Conquest of Guinea] (1453).
51 “and as he proposed, he performed”: Ibid.
53 “This achievement of Gil Eanes marks an era”: John Fiske, The Discovery of America with Some Account of Ancient America and the Spanish Conquest (Boston: Houghton, Mifflin and Company, 1892).
Chapter 4: Joseph Warren
58 “Awake! Awake, my countrymen”: Boston Gazette, October 7, 1765.
61 “The former . . . was accomplished”: John H. Cary, Joseph Warren: Physician, Politician, Patriot (Urbana, Ill.: University of Illinois Press, 1961).
61 “The colonies, until now”: Richard Frothingham, Life and Times of Joseph Warren (Boston: Little, Brown and Company, 1865).
64 “The fatal fifth of March, 1770”: John H. Cary, Joseph Warren: Physician, Politician, Patriot (Urbana, Ill.: University of Illinois Press, 1961).
65 Hutchinson’s words proved prophetic: Richard Frothingham, Life and Times of Joseph Warren (Boston: Little, Brown and Company, 1865).
66 “Last night three cargoes of Bohea Tea”: John Adams Diary 19, 16 December 1772–18 December 1773 [electronic edition], Adams Family Papers: An Electronic Archive, Massachusetts Historical Society, www.masshist.org/digitaladams/.
68 “The British people of the Atlantic”: D. W. Meinig, The Shaping of America: A Geographical Perspective on 500 Years of History, Vol. 1: Atlantic America (New Haven, Conn.: Yale University Press, 1986).
70 “For solidity of reasoning, force of sagacity”: The Works and Correspondence of the Right Honourable Edmund Burke, Vol. 3 (London: Francis and John Rivington, 1852).
72 “a few hisses from some of the officers”: John H. Cary, Joseph Warren: Physician, Politician, Patriot (Urbana, Ill.: University of Illinois Press, 1961).
72 “The interest and safety of Britain”: Ibid.
77 “We conjure you”: Ibid.
77 George Washington donated: Benjamin Hart, Faith and Freedom: The Christian Roots of American Liberty (Carrollton, Tex.: Lewis and Stanley, 1988).
78–79 “I am here only as a volunteer”: Oliver Clay, Heroes of the American Revolution (New York: Duffield and Company, 1916).
80 “It was a dear-bought victory”: John Ferling, Almost a Miracle: The American Victory in the War of Independence (New York: Oxford University Press, 2007).
80 “the trials we have had”: Ibid.
80 “Doctor Warren, president of the Provincial Congress”: John H. Cary, Joseph Warren: Physician, Politician, Patriot (Urbana, Ill: University of Illinois Press, 1961).
81 “We mourn . . . for the citizen”: Richard Frothingham, Life and Times of Joseph Warren (Boston: Little, Brown and Company, 1865).
81 “Our dear Warren has fallen”: John H. Cary, Joseph Warren: Physician, Politician, Patriot (Urbana, Ill.: University of Illinois Press, 1961).
81 “if [Warren] had lived”: Ibid.
81 “Neither resentment . . . nor interested views”: Richard Frothingham, Life and Times of Joseph Warren (Boston: Little, Brown and Company, 1865).
81 “As he lived an ornament to his country”: Ibid.
83 “The personal representative of those brave citizens”: Ibid.
Chapter 5: Outdoing Revere
85 “If you mean to be a historical figure”: Virginius Dabney, “Jack Jouett’s Ride,” American Heritage 13, No. 1 (1961).
86 “Upon his head a metallic cap sword-proof”: James R. Case, An Account of Tryon’s Raid on Danbury in April, 1777 (Danbury, Conn.: Danbury Printing Co., 1927).
88 “As the British troops reached a point”: James Montgomery Bailey, History of Danbury, Conn., 1684–1896 (New York: Burr Printing House, 1896).
89 “The drunken men went up and down”: James R. Case, An Account of Tryon’s Raid on Danbury in April, 1777 (Danbury, Conn.: Danbury Printing Co., 1927).
92 “The Colonel’s most vigilant and watchful companion”: Louis S. Patrick, “Secret Service of the American Revolution,” Connecticut Magazine 11, No. 2 (1907): 265–274.
92–93 “These fearless girls, with guns in hand”: Ibid.
94 “One who even now rides”: Willis Fletcher Johnson, Colonel Henry Ludington: A Memoir (Whitefish, Mont.: Kessinger Publishing, 2007).
95 “Come on my boys! Never mind such random shots”: Albert Van Dusen, Connecticut: A Fully Illustrated History of the State from the Seventeenth Century to the Present. (New York: Random House, 1961).
96 Arnold . . . . calmly replied: Ibid.
97 “Henry Wordsworth Longfellow, God rest his bones”: Virginius Dabney, “Jack Jouett’s Ride,” American Heritage 13, No. 1 (1961).
100 “The unfrequented pathway over which this horseman”: Virginius Dabney, “Jouett Outrides Tarleton,” Scribner’s (June 1928).
102 “had an eccentric custom of wearing such habiliments”: Henry S. Randall, The Life of Thomas Jefferson (New York: Derby and Jackson, 1858).
102 when McLeod came into view on the approach: Ibid.
104 they heard a woman’s screams coming from an isolated cabin: Virginius Dabney, “Jack Jouett’s Ride,” American Heritage 13, No. 1 (1961).
105 “shared his grandfather’s fate in being forgotten by history”: Ibid.
105 “But for Captain Jack Jouett’s heroic ride”: Stuart G. Gibbony, as quoted in “Jack Jouett of Virginia: The ‘Other Ride,’” ed. Donald Norman Moran, reprint from The Valley Compatriot (February 1984), Americanrevolution.org.
Chapter 6: Elisha Kent Kane
110–111 As historian Pierre Berton observed: Pierre Berton, The Arctic Grail: The Quest for the North West Passage and the North Pole, 1818–1909 (Toronto: Anchor Canada, 1988).
127 whose summer hunting grounds were nearby: Mark Horst Sawin, “Raising Kane: The Making of a Hero, the Marketing of a Celebrity,” unpublished thesis, 1997, www.ekkane.org.
128 “They are deserters, in act and in spirit”: Pierre Berton, The Arctic Grail: The Quest for the North West Passage and the North Pole, 1818–1909 (Toronto: McClelland and Stewart, 1988).
132 “humanized the Arctic”: Frank Rasky, The North Pole or Bust (n.p.: Book Sales, 1984).
Chapter 7: The Sultana
136 “To become a prisoner in the Civil War”: Bruce Catton, The American Heritage Short History of the Civil War (New York: Dell Laurel Leaf, 1960).
137 “Physically weakened as many of them were”: “Reminiscence of the War,” Wayne County Democrat, April 28, 1880.
139 “On every part of her the men seemed”: Records of the Inquiry Conducted by Gen. William Hoffman, Records of the Adjutant General’s Office, Record Group 153, National Archives, Washington, D.C.
139 “if we arrive safe at Cairo”: Gene Eric Salecker, Disaster on the Mississippi: The Sultana Explosion, April 27, 1865 (Annapolis, Md.: Naval Institute Press, 1996).
140–141 “I . . . mingled with the living skeletons”: Jerry O. Potter, The Sultana Tragedy: America’s Greatest Maritime Disaster (Gretna, La.: Pelican, 1992).
142 Hundreds of passengers: National Tribune, March 10, 1900.
142 “Oh the awful sight!”: Jerry O. Potter, The Sultana Tragedy: America’s Greatest Maritime Disaster (Gretna, La.: Pelican, 1992).
144 “Captain Mason rushed into the steam-filled main cabin”: Argus (Memphis), May 28, 1865.
144 “I thought the sights on the battle-fields”: Jerry O. Potter, The Sultana Tragedy: America’s Greatest Maritime Disaster (Gretna, La.: Pelican, 1992).
145 Fortunately for the courageous woman: Gene Eric Salecker, Disaster on the Mississippi (Annapolis, Md.: Naval Institute Press, 1996).
145 they had been clinging to the same log: Jerry O. Potter, The Sultana Tragedy: America’s Greatest Maritime Disaster (Gretna, La.: Pelican, 1992).
145 “Although I felt that I would not drown”: Chester Berry, Loss of the Sultana and Reminiscences of Survivors (Lansing, Mich.: Darius D. Thorp, 1892).
146 “Minutes seemed hours”: Chester Berry, Loss of the Sultana and Reminiscences of Survivors (Lansing, Mich.: Darius D. Thorp, 1892).
146 “The cries of sufferers had ceased”: Jerry O. Potter, The Sultana Tragedy: America’s Greatest Maritime Disaster (Gretna, La.: Pelican, 1992).
147 “Now, when I hear persons talking”: Chester Berry, Loss of the Sultana and Reminiscences of Survivors (Lansing, Mich.: Darius D. Thorp, 1892).
148 “One poor boy clutched”: William H. C. Michael, “Explosion of the Sultana,” Civil War Sketches and Incidents (Omaha, Neb.: Commandery of the State of Nebraska, Military Order of the Loyal Legion of the United States, 1902).
148 Frank Barton was also credited: Jerry O. Potter, The Sultana Tragedy: America’s Greatest Maritime Disaster (Gretna, La.: Pelican, 1992).
148–149 “We are still in hopes”: Ibid.
150–151 “We have, as a people”: Argus (Memphis), May 8, 1865.
151 “No troops belonging to States”: New York Times, May 3, 1865.
Chapter 8: America’s First Subway
153 By the time this secret subway was built: Ric Burns et al., New York: An Illustrated History (New York: Knopf, 2003).
154 It was, in many ways: Kenneth T. Jackson and David S. Dunbar, Empire City: New York Through the Centuries (New York: Columbia University Press, 2002).
155 Several New York doctors speculated: Edward Robb Ellis, The Epic of New York City: A Narrative History (New York: Kodansha America, 1997).
155–156 “The driver swears at the passengers”: James Blaine Walker, Fifty Years of Rapid Transit, 1864–1917 (New York: Arno Press, 1970).
159 “The entire distance [of the tunnel]”: Alfred E. Beach, The Pneumatic Dispatch (New York: American News Company, 1868).
160 “[It] is by far the largest machine”: Alfred E. Beach, Illustrated Description of the Broadway Pneumatic Underground Railway with a Full Description of the Atmospheric Machinery and the Great Tunneling Machine (New York: S. W. Green, 1870).
161 “A tube, a car, a revolving fan”: Alfred E. Beach, The Pneumatic Dispatch (New York: American News Company, 1868).
163–164 “It is . . . estimated”: Ibid.
165 The building, which in 1858 was originally budgeted: Kenneth Ackerman, Boss Tweed: The Rise and Fall of the Corrupt Pol Who Conceived the Soul of Modern New York (New York: Carroll & Graf, 2005).
165 Among the possessions for which he was best known: Ibid.
170 “Our original intention was to construct”: “The Broadway Mystery,” New York Times, January 8, 1870, www.nycsubway.org/articles/beach-1870-01-08.html.
170 On February 26, Beach held his reception: Alfred E. Beach, Illustrated Description of the Broadway Pneumatic Underground Railway with a Full Description of the Atmospheric Machinery and the Great Tunneling Machine (New York: S. W. Green, 1870).
172 “The conductor touched a telegraph wire”: Ibid.
172 “So the world goes on”: Helen C. Weeks, “What a Bore!” Youth’s Companion, February 2, 1871, p. 40, www.merrycoz.org/yc/BORE.HTM.
173 “The days of dusty horsecars and rumbling omnibuses”: Ibid.
174 Unlike the subway extension proposal: Alfred E. Beach, Illustrated Description of the Broadway Pneumatic Underground Railway with a Full Description of the Atmospheric Machinery and the Great Tunneling Machine (New York: S. W. Green, 1870).
174 “It is only through an underground railway”: Joseph Brennan, Beach Pneumatic, 2004–2005, www.columbia.edu/~brennan/beach/.
177 “Now is it likely I’m going to run away?”: Kenneth Ackerman, Boss Tweed: The Rise and Fall of the Corrupt Pol Who Conceived the Soul of Modern New York (New York: Carroll & Graf, 2005).
183 By 1870, more than seven miles: “Remembering the Peshtigo Fire,” Peshtigo Times, October 7, 1998.
183 Six miles northeast was Marinette: Denise Gess and William Lutz, Firestorm at Peshtigo: A Town, Its People, and the Deadliest Fire in American History (New York: Henry Holt, 2002).
184–185 “Farmers had profited”: Peter Pernin, “The Great Peshtigo Fire: An Eyewitness Account,” Wisconsin Magazine of History 54, No. 4 (1971). Courtesy of the State Historical Society of Wisconsin, www.library.wisc.edu/etext/WIReader/WER2002-1.html.
186–187 “On September 22”: Ibid.
187 Father Pernin’s narrow escape: Peter Pernin, The Great Peshtigo Fire: An Eyewitness Account (Madison: Wisconsin Historical Society Press, 2nd ed., 1999).
188 “I have . . . seen fires sweep”: Peter Pernin, “The Great Peshtigo Fire: An Eyewitness Account,” Wisconsin Magazine of History 54, No. 4 (1971). Courtesy of the State Historical Society of Wisconsin, www.library.wisc.edu/etext/WIReader/WER2002-1.html.
188–189 “Sunday evening, after church”: Elias Colbert and Everett Chamberlin, Chicago and the Great Conflagration (Cincinnati: C. F. Vent, 1872).
189 “To reach the river”: Ibid.
192 “Horses’ manes and tails blowin’ to the right”: Alice Behrend, Burning Bush (Peshtigo, Wis.: Peshtigo Times, 2002).
193 “Scores failed to reach the river at all”: Franklin Tilton, Sketch of the Great Fires in Wisconsin at Peshtigo . . . and Thrilling and Truthful Tales by Eye Witnesses (Green Bay, Wis.: Robinson and Kustermann, 1871).
193 “The bridge was thoroughly encumbered”: Peter Pernin, “The Great Peshtigo Fire: An Eyewitness Account,” Wisconsin Magazine of History 54, No. 4 (1971). Courtesy of the State Historical Society of Wisconsin, www.library.wisc.edu/etext/WIReader/WER2002-1.html.
194 “Standing in the cold water”: Ibid.
194 “Ever’thin’ was driftin’ up against us”: Alice Behrend, Burning Bush (Peshtigo, Wis.: Peshtigo Times, 2002).
195 “I looked up the street”: “Remembering the Peshtigo Fire,” Peshtigo Times, October 7, 1998.
196 Gradually, those who had managed: Denise Gess and William Lutz, Firestorm at Peshtigo: A Town, Its People, and the Deadliest Fire in American History (New York: Henry Holt, 2002).
196 “My father saved his orphaned children”: Alice Behrend, Burning Bush (Peshtigo, Wis.: Peshtigo Times, 2002).
196 “At the boarding house”: Franklin Tilton, Sketch of the Great Fires in Wisconsin at Peshtigo . . . and Thrilling and Truthful Tales by Eye Witnesses (Green Bay, Wis.: Robinson and Kustermann, 1871).
197 “Here lay a group”: Ibid.
197 “Whilst wandering among the ruins”: Peter Pernin, “The Great Peshtigo Fire: An Eyewitness Account,” Wisconsin Magazine of History 54, No. 4 (1971). Courtesy of the State Historical Society of Wisconsin, www.library.wisc.edu/etext/WIReader/WER2002-1.html.
197 Like Frank Tilton, owner and editor Luther Noyes: Denise Gess and William Lutz, Firestorm at Peshtigo: A Town, Its People, and the Deadliest Fire in American History (New York: Henry Holt, 2002).
198 “Alas that I should have to record”: Peter Pernin, “The Great Peshtigo Fire: An Eyewitness Account,” Wisconsin Magazine of History 54, No. 4 (1971). Courtesy of the State Historical Society of Wisconsin, www.library.wisc.edu/etext/WIReader/WER2002-1.html.
198–199 “After daylight, stragglers began”: Franklin Tilton, Sketch of the Great Fires in Wisconsin at Peshtigo . . . and Thrilling and Truthful Tales by Eye Witnesses (Green Bay, Wis: Robinson and Kustermann, 1871).
200 “In the entire Upper Bush country”: Elias Colbert and Everett Chamberlin, Chicago and the Great Conflagration (Cincinnati: C. F. Vent, 1872).
200 “When I heard the roar of the approaching tornado”: Franklin Tilton, Sketch of the Great Fires in Wisconsin at Peshtigo . . . and Thrilling and Truthful Tales by Eye Witnesses (Green Bay, Wis.: Robinson and Kustermann, 1871).
201 Frances Fairchild, the governor’s wife: Denise Gess and William Lutz, Firestorm at Peshtigo: A Town, Its People, and the Deadliest Fire in American History (New York: Henry Holt, 2002).
201 Ogden, who had lost over 
1 million in property: Ibid.
203 On February 24, 1872, in a tribute: Denise Gess and William Lutz, Firestorm at Peshtigo: A Town, Its People, and the Deadliest Fire in American History (New York: Henry Holt, 2002).
203 “The true total will never be known”: Peter Pernin, “The Great Peshtigo Fire: An Eyewitness Account,” Wisconsin Magazine of History 54, No. 4 (1971). Courtesy of the State Historical Society of Wisconsin, www.library.wisc.edu/etext/WIReader/WER2002-1.html.
204 What is known is that for years after the fire: Denise Gess and William Lutz, Firestorm at Peshtigo: A Town, Its People, and the Deadliest Fire in American History (New York: Henry Holt, 2002).
204–205 “A prolonged drought, a rural agriculture”: Stephen J. Payne’s foreword to the reprint edition of Peter Perrin, The Great Peshtigo Fire: An Eyewitness Account. Madison: Wisconsin Historical Society Press, 1999.
Chapter 10: Gustave Whitehead
209 “In approximately April or May 1899”: G. K. Weissenborn, “Did Whitehead Fly?” Air Enthusiast, January 1988.
209 “I recall that someone was”: Ibid.
210–211 “A novel flying machine”: Scientific American, June 8, 1901.
212–213 “When the power was shut”: Bridgeport Herald, August 18, 1901.
214 “Mr. Whitehead . . . last Tuesday night” these articles stated: New York Herald, August 19, 1901; Boston Transcript, August 19, 1901.
214 “It’s a funny sensation to fly”: Bridgeport Herald, August 18, 1901.
215 “Not far ahead the long field ended”: Ibid.
216 “I did witness and was present”: G. K. Weissenborn, “Did Whitehead Fly?” Air Enthusiast, January 1988.
217 the Spanish-American War: Frank Delear, “Gustave Whitehead and the First Flight Controversy,” Aviation History, March 1996.
217 “Whitehead in 1901 and Wright Brothers in 1903”: Ibid.
221 “Newspaper readers will remember”: Megan Adam, “Gustave Whitehead’s Flying Machine,” www.deepsky.com/~firstflight/Pages/article4.html.
222 Forced to take a job: Frank Delear, “Gustave Whitehead and the First Flight Controversy,” Aviation History, March 1996.
225 “Weisskopf’s excommunication from the halls”: G. K. Weissenborn, “Did Whitehead Fly?” Air Enthusiast, January 1988.
225 In what can only be regarded: Thomas D. Crouch, A Dream of Wings: Americans and the Airplane, 1875–1905 (New York: Norton, 1976).
227 “The long-suffering ghost of Gustave Whitehead”: Frank Delear, “Gustave Whitehead and the First Flight Controversy,” Aviation History, March 1996.
Chapter 11: Exercise Tiger
230–231 “I am concerned over the absence”: Harry C. Butcher, My Three Years with Eisenhower: The Personal Diary of Harry C. Butcher (New York: Simon and Schuster, 1946).
232 Under authority of the 1939 Compensation: Ken Small, The Forgotten Dead (London: Bloomsbury, 1988).
234 “NOTICE”: “The Evacuation of the South Hams by Jane Putt,” www.bbc.co.uk/ww2peopleswar/stories/25/a8633225.shtml.
237 Some were armed with either: Ralph C. Greene and Oliver E. Allen, “What Happened Off Devon,” American Heritage, February/March 1985.
238 “We crossed the convoy route”: Ibid.
238 “We all saw it”: Ibid.
239 “[At 2:30 a.m.]”: Ibid.
239 “General Quarters rudely aroused us”: Naval Historical Center, Oral Histories—Exercise Tiger, 28 April 1944, Recollections by Lt. Eugene E. Eckstam, MC, USNR (Ret.), adapted from “The Tragedy of Exercise Tiger,” Navy Medicine 85, No. 3 (May–June 1994): 5–7.
240 “There was a deafening roar”: Susan English and Aaron Elson, A Mile in Their Shoes: Conversations with Veterans of World War II (Maywood, NJ: Chi Chi Press, 1998).
240 “Suddenly . . . there was [another] explosion”: Clifford M. Graves, Front Line Surgeons: A History of the Third Auxiliary Surgery Group (San Diego: Frye and Smith, 1950).
240 “Trucks, men, and jeeps”: Ralph C. Greene and Oliver E. Allen, “What Happened off Devon,” American Heritage, February/March 1985.
241 “There were a lot of guys on the front end”: Susan English and Aaron Elson, A Mile in Their Shoes: Conversations with Veterans of World War II (Maywood, NJ: Chi Chi Press, 1998).
241 “The worst memory I have”: Paul Stokes, “Veterans Honour 749 Who Died in D-Day Rehearsal,” Daily Telegraph (London), April 29, 1994.
243 Although it took hours: Ralph C. Greene and Oliver E. Allen, “What Happened Off Devon,” American Heritage, February/March 1985.
243 “The convoy was now broken up”: Ken Small, The Forgotten Dead (London: Bloomsbury, 1988).
244 “We arrived in the area at daybreak”: Ralph C. Greene and Oliver E. Allen, “What Happened Off Devon,” American Heritage, February/March 1985.
244–245 “We pulled away from [our] sinking LST”: Ken Small, The Forgotten Dead (London: Bloomsbury, 1988).
245–246 “I spotted some wreckage”: Ibid.
246 “When we got closer to land”: Ralph C. Greene and Oliver E. Allen, “What Happened Off Devon,” American Heritage, February/March 1985.
247 “We’re in the war at last”: Ibid.
247 “They were filled”: Ibid.
248 Typical of the statements: Charles H. MacDonald, “Slapton Sands: The Cover-up That Never Was,” Army 38, No. 6 (June 1988).
250 “virtually no records”: Ken Small, The Forgotten Dead (London: Bloomsbury, 1988).
250 The Department of Defense agreed: Ralph C. Greene and Oliver E. Allen, “What Happened Off Devon,” American Heritage, February/March 1985.