General
Blamey, M. and Grey-Wilson, C. (1993) Mediterranean Wild Flowers. London.
Budge, E. A. Wallis. (1978) Herb-Doctors and Physicians in the Ancient World. Chicago.
Carroll, M. (2003) Earthly Paradises. London.
Carroll-Spillecke, M. (ed.) (1992) Der Garten von der Antike bis zum Mittelalter. Mainz.
di Pasquale, G. and Paolucci, F. (eds) (2007) Il giardino antico da Babilonia a Roma. Livorno.
Gothein, M. L. (1966) A History of Garden Art 1, trans. L. Archer-Hind. New York.
Hobhouse, P. (1997) Plants in Garden History. London.
Houdret, J. (2002) Practical Herb Garden. London.
Huxley, A. An Illustrated History of Gardening, London, 1978.
Hyams, E. (1971) A History of Gardens and Gardening. London.
Shoemaker, C. A. (2001) Encyclopedia of Gardens, History and Design, 3 vols. Chicago and London.
Singer, C. (1929) The Herbal in Antiquity and its transmission to later Ages. Journal of Hellenistic Studies 47, 1–52
Archaeology
Brown, A. E. (1991) Garden Archaeology. York, 1991.
Ciaraldi, M. (2007) People and Plants in Ancient Pompeii, a New Approach to Urbanism from the Microscope Room. London.
Currie, C. (2005) Garden Archaeology, a handbook. York.
Dickson, C. (1994) Macroscopic fossils of garden plants from British Roman and medieval deposits. In Moe, D. (ed.) Garden History: garden plants, species, forms and varieties from Pompeii to 1800. Journal of the European Study Group on Physical, Chemical, Mathematical and Biological Techniques applied to Archaeology (PACT) 42, 47–72.
Dimbleby, G. (1978) Plants and Archaeology. London.
Evans, J. G. (1981) An Introduction to Environmental Archaeology. London.
Gleason, K. L. (1994) The Archaeology of Garden and Field. Philadelphia.
Jashemski, W. F. and Meyer, F. G. (eds) (2002) The Natural History of Pompeii. Cambridge.
Liljenslotpe, P. and Klynne, A. (1999) ‘The Prima Porta Garden Archaeological Project…’. In Docter, R. F. and Moorman, E. M. (eds) Proceedings of the XVth International Congress of Classical Archaeology, Amsterdam, July 12–17, 1998, Amsterdam, 234–236 and figs 91–92.
Taylor, C. (1983) The Archaeology of Gardens. Aylesbury.
Chapter 1. Egyptian
Bellinger, J. (2008) Ancient Egyptian Gardens. Sheffield.
Bigelow, M. H. (2000) Ancient Egyptian gardens. Ostracon 2(1), 7–11
Brewer, D. J. et al. (1994) Domestic Plants and Animals, The Egyptian Origins. Warminster.
Daines, A. (2008) Egyptian Gardens. Studia Antiqua 6(1), 15–25.
El-Maenshawy, S. (2012) Aspects of the office of Temple Gardener in ancient Egypt. A reconsideration of the recently published stela TN.20.3.25.3. Discussions in Egyptology 65, 53–66.
Frazer, J. G. Adonis Attis Osiris, Vol II. New York, 1963.
Gothein, M. L. (1966) A History of Garden Art, 1, trans. L. Archer-Hind. New York.
Hepper, F. N. (1990) Pharaoh’s Flowers, the Botanical Treasures of Tutankhamun. London.
Manniche, L. (1999) An Ancient Egyptian Herbal. London.
Stevens, C. J. and Clapham, A. J. (2014) Botanical insights into the life of an ancient Egyptian village. In Stevens, C. J. et al. (eds) Archaeology of African Plant Use. London, 61, 151–164.
Wilkinson, A. (1994) Symbolism and design in ancient Egyptian gardens. Garden History 22(1), 1–17.
Wilkinson, A. (1998) The Garden in Ancient Egypt. London.
Chapter 2. Mesopotamia and the Near East
Dalley, S. (1993) Ancient Mesopotamian Gardens…. Garden History 21, 1–13.
Finkel, I. L. (1989) The Hanging Gardens of Babylon. In Clayotn, P. and Price, M. (eds) The Seven Wonders of the World. London, 38–58.
Hepper, F. N. (1987) Planting a Bible Garden. London.
James, W. (1984) Gardening with Biblical Plants. Chicago.
Langgut, D. et al. (2013) Fossil pollen reveals the secrets of the Royal Persian Garden at Ramat Rahel, Jerusalem. Palynology 37(1), 115–129.
Leach, M. (1982) On the origins of kitchen gardening in the ancient Near East. Garden History 10(1), 1–16.
Olmstead, A. T. (1948) History of the Persian Empire. Chicago.
Oppenheim, A. L. (1965) On Royal gardens in Mesopotamia. Journal of Near Eastern Studies 24(4), 328–333.
Stronach, D. (1978) Pasargadae: A Report on the Excavations Conducted by the British Institute of Persian Studies from 1961 to 1963. Oxford.
Stronach, D. (1990) The Garden as a political statement: some case studies from the Near East in the first millennium BC. Bulletin of the Asia Institute 4, 171–180.
Stronach, D. (1994) Parterres and stone watercourses at Pasargadae: notes on the Achaemenid contribution to garden design. Journal of Garden History 14(1), 3–12.
Thompson, R. C. (1924) The Assyrian Herbal, London.
Watson, W. G. E. (2004) A botanical snapshot of Ugarit. Trees, fruit, plants and herbs in the cuneiform texts. Aula Orientalis 22, 107–155.
Wiseman, D. J. (1983) Mesopotamian gardens. Anatolian Studies 33, 137–144.
Zohary, M. (1982) Plants of the Bible. Cambridge.
Chapter 3. Greek Bronze Age
Baumann, H. (1993) Greek Wild Flowers and Plant Lore in ancient Greece. London.
Evans, A. J. (1901) Mycenaean Tree and Pillar Cult and its Mediterranean Relations. Journal of Hellenistic Studies 21, 99–204.
Morgan, L. (1988) The Miniature Wall Paintings of Thera. Cambridge.
Morgan, L. (ed.) (2005) Aegean Wall Painting. London.
Raven, J. E. (2000) Plants and Plant Lore in Ancient Greece. Oxford.
Schäfer, J. (1992) Garten in der bronzezeitlichen ägäischen Kultur? Rituelle Bildsprache und bildliches Konzapt der Realität. In Carroll-Spillecke, M. (ed.) Der Garten Von Der antike Bis Zum Mittelalter, Mainz am Rhein, 101–140.
Shaw, M. C. (1993) The Aegean garden. American Journal of Archaeology 97, 661–685.
Tzedakis, Y. and Martlew, H. (eds) (2002) Minoans and Mycenaeans, Flavours of their Time. Athens.
4. Greek gardens and groves
Bauman, H. (1993) Greek Wild Flowers and Plant Lore in Ancient Greece, trans. W. Stern. London.
Bedal, L.-A. (2003) The Petra Pool-Complex, A Hellenistic Paradeisos in the Nabataean Capital. New Jersey.
Bernard, P. (1994) An Ancient Greek city in Central Asia’, Ancient Cities. Scientific American, 66–75.
Carroll-Spillecke, M. (ed.) (1989) ΚΗΠΟΣ Der antike Griechische Garten. Munich.
Carroll-Spillecke, M. (1992) The gardens of Greece from Homeric to Roman times. Journal of Garden History 12(2), 84–101.
Detienne, M. (1994) The Gardens of Adonis. Trans. J. Lloyd. Princeton.
Evyasaf, R.-S. (2010) Gardens at a crossroads: The influence of Persian and Egyptian gardens on the Hellenistic Royal gardens of Judea. Bollettino di Archeologia On Line, vol. speciale D/D9/5, 27–37.
Gleason, K. L. (1988) Garden excavations at the Herodian Winter Palace in Jericho, 1985–7. Anglo-Israel Archaeological Society, 21–39.
Nielsen, I. (1994) Hellenistic Palaces. Aarhus.
Raven, J. E. (2000) Plants and Plant Lore in Ancient Greece. Oxford.
Thompson, D. B. (1963) Garden Lore in Ancient Athens. Princeton.
Vatin, C. (1974) ‘Jardins et Vergers Grecs’. Mélanges Helléniques offerts À Georges Daux, 345–357. Paris.
Chapter 5. Etruscan
Barker, G. and Rasmussen, T. (2000) The Etruscans. Oxford.
Haynes, S. (2000) Etruscan Civilization. London.
MacIntosh Turfa, J. (ed.) (2013) The Etruscan World. London.
Bergmann, B. (2008) Staging the supernatural: interior gardens of Pompeian houses. In Mattusch, C. C. et al. Pompeii and the Roman Villa. Washington, 53–69; See also the associated Courtyards and Gardens Catalogue, 170–203.
Bowe, P. (2004) Gardens of the Roman World, London.
Ciaraldi, M. (2007) People and Plants in Ancient Pompeii, a New Approach to Urbanism from the Microscope Room. London.
Ciarallo, A. (2000) Gardens of Pompeii, trans. L. Touchette. Rome.
Ciarallo, A. (1993) The garden of ‘Cassa Dei Casti Amanti’ (Pompeii, Italy). Garden History 21, 110–116.
Cima, M. and Rocca, E. (eds) (1998) Horti Romani. Rome.
Conticello, B. and Romano, F. (eds) (1992) Domus-Viridaria Horti Picti. Naples.
Daubeny, C. (1865) Essay on the Trees and Shrubs of the Ancients. Oxford.
Dickson, C. (1994) Macroscopic fossils of garden plants from British Roman and medieval deposits. In Garden History: Garden Plants, Species, Forms and Varieties from Pompeii to 1800. Journal of the European Study Group on Physical, Chemical, Mathematical and Biological Techniques applied to Archaeology (PACT), 47–72.
di Pasquale, G. and Paolucci, F. (eds) (2007) Il giardino antico da Babilonia a Roma. Livorno.
Du Prey de la Ruffinière, P. (1994) The Villas of Pliny from Antiquity to Posterity. Chicago.
Farrar, L. (1996) Gardens of Italy and the Western Provinces of the Roman Empire, from the 4th Century BC to the 4th Century AD. Oxford.
Farrar, L. (1998) Ancient Roman Gardens. Stroud.
Farrar, L. (2001a) The pergola in ancient Rome. In Edwards, P. and Swift, K. (eds) Pergolas, Arbours and Arches. London, 12–19.
Farrar, L. (2001b) Roman gardens. In Shoemaker, C. A. (ed.) Encyclopedia of Gardens: History and Design 3. London, 1127–1132.
Grimal, P. (1943 [1969]) Les Jardins Romains. Paris, 2nd edn.
Jashemski, W. F. (1979 & 1993) The Gardens of Pompeii, 2 vols. New Rochelle.
Jashemski, W. F. (1995) Roman gardens in Tunisia: preliminary excavations in the House of Bacchus and Ariadne and in the East Temple at Thuburbo Maius. American Journal of Archaeology 99, 559–576.
Jashemski, W. F. and Ricotti, S. P. R. (1992) Preliminary excavations in the gardens of Hadrian’s Villa: the Canopus Area and the Piazza D’Oro. American Journal of Archaeology 96, 579–597.
Lawson, J. (1950) The Roman garden. Greece and Rome 19(57), 97–105.
Lloyd, R. B. (1982) Three monumental gardens on the Marble Plan. American Journal of Archaeology 86, 91–100.
Macdonald, W. L. and Pinto, J. (1995) Hadrian’s Villa and its Legacy. Yale, New Haven and London.
MacDougall, E. B. (ed.) (1987) Ancient Roman Villa Gardens. Dumbarton Oaks.
MacDougall, E. B. and Jashemski, W. F. (eds) (1981) Ancient Roman Gardens. Dumbarton Oaks.
Massari, G. (ed.) (2001) Il parco Archeologico-Botanico delle Terme Taurine. Civitavecchia.
Settis, S. (2002) Le Pareti Ingannevoli, La Villa di Livia e la pittura di giardino. Milan.
Tomei, M. A. (1992) Nota sui giardini antichi del Palatino. Mélanges de l’Ecole française de Rome, Antiquité 104, 917–951.
Villedieu, F. (ed.) (2001) Il Giardino dei Cesari. Rome.
Von Stackelberg, K. (2009) The Roman Garden. London.
Chapter 7. Byzantine
Littlewood, A. R. (1979) Romantic paradises: The role of the garden in Byzantine romance. Byzantine and Modern Greek Studies 5, 95–114.
Littlewood, A. R. (1992) Gardens of Byzantium. Journal of Garden History 12, 126–153.
Littlewood, A. R. (2013) Gardens of the Byzantine World. In Bodin, H. and Hedlund, R. (eds) Byzantine Gardens and Beyond. Uppsala, 30–113.
Littlewood, A. R., Maguire, H. and Wolschke-Bulmahn, J. (eds) (2002) Byzantine Garden Culture. Dumbarton Oaks.
Maguire, H. (2000) Gardens and parks in Constantinople. Dumbarton Oaks Papers 54, 251–264.
Maguire, J. (1990) A description of the Aretai Palace and its garden. Journal of Garden History 10(4), 209–213.
Mango, C. (1972) The Art of the Byzantine Empire 312–1453. New Jersey.
Chapter 8. Islamic
Conan, M. (ed.) (2007) Middle East Garden Traditions: Unity and Diversity. Dumbarton Oaks.
Conan, M. and Kress, W. J. (2007) Botanical Progress, Horticultural Innovations and Cultural Changes. Dumbarton Oaks.
Harvey, J. H. (1992) Garden plants of Moorish Spain: a fresh look. Garden History 20(1), 71–82.
Hobhouse, P. (2003) Gardens of Persia. London.
Moynihan, E. B. (1980) Paradise as a Garden, in Persia and Mughal India. London.
Petruccioli, A. (ed.) (1997) Gardens in the Time of the Great Muslim Empires. New York.
Ruggles, D. F. (2000) Gardens, Landscape, and Vision in the Palaces of Islamic Spain. Pennsylvania.
Ruggles, D. F. (2008) Islamic Gardens and Landscapes. Pennsylvania.
Ruggles, D. F. and Taboroff, J. (2014) Gardens and landscaping. Oxford Islamic Studies Online, no. 264.
Titley, N. M. (1979) Plants and Gardens in Persian, Mughal and Turkish Art. London.
Wilber, D. N. (1979) Persian Gardens and Garden Pavilions. Dumbarton Oaks.
Chapter 9. Medieval
Collins, M. (2000) Medieval Herbals. London.
Creighton, O. H. (2013) Designs Upon the Land, Elite Landscapes of the Middle Ages. Woodbridge.
De Gex, J. (1995) A Medieval Flower Garden. London.
Fisher, C. (2004) Flowers in Medieval Manuscripts. London.
Harvey, J. (1981) Mediaeval Gardens. London.
Innes, M. and Perry, C. (2002) Medieval Flowers. London.
Jennings, A. (2004) Medieval Gardens. London.
Landsberg, S. (1995) The Medieval Garden. London.
Steane, J. (1985) The Archaeology of Medieval England and Wales. London.
Sutherland, R. (1967) The Romaunt of the Rose…. Oxford.
Turner, T. H. (1848) Observations on the state of horticulture in England in early times, chiefly previous to the fifteenth century. Archaeological Journal 5, 295–311.
Wilkins, E. (1969) The Rose-Garden Game. London.
Williamson, J. (1986) The Oak King, The Holly King, and the Unicorn. New York.
Chapter 10. Conclusions
Farrar, L. (1998) Ancient Roman Gardens. Stroud.
Harvey, J. (1981) Mediaeval Gardens. London.