Index

Please note that page numbers are not accurate for the e-book edition.

A&W (restaurant), 70

“ABC of Physical Activity for Health, The,” 23

abdominals: aesthetics as a driver of health-related behaviors, 11–12; relation to fitness and sex, 1–2, 4, 7, 11

acupressure, 135, 141, 159, 160, 163

acupuncture, 134, 153, 159–60, 161–62

adaptation, 20, 36

addiction industry, 59–60, 122–24

adolescents. See children

advergames, 63

advertising. See marketing

aerobic activity. See exercise

alcohol consumption and diet, 54, 90, 91, 123, 187

alternate nasal breathing, 141

alternative medicine: acupuncture, 134, 153, 159–60, 161–62; basic elements of remedies, 131–32; colon cleansing and, 150–51; debate over need for a study approach, 160–61; efficacy of, 142–44, 148–53, 164–66, 181–83; homeopathy defined, 141–42; informed consent by a patient and, 146–47; media’s presentation of, 154–58; motion sickness and, 129–31, 135, 158, 159; naturopath experience, 133; naturopathy history, 136–38; nonscientific-basis of naturopath philosophy, 137–40; placebo effect and, 145–46, 161; popularity of, 136, 145; reasons people visit practitioners, 147–48; regulation as a health profession, 151; skepticism requirement, 163–64, 181–83; viewed as a religion, 143, 147, 153–54

American Alternative Medical Association, 151

American Association of Drugless Practitioners, 151

American Cancer Society, 112

American Council on Exercise, 35

American Journal of Clinical Nutrition, 89

American Journal of Human Genetics, 114

American Society for Nutritional Sciences, 59

Angell, Marcia, 189

antidepressants, 164

appetite and exercise, 9

Archives of Disease in Childhood, 31

Association of Accredited Naturopathic Medical Colleges, 151, 152

Atlas Sports Genetics, 127

Bad Wörishofen spa, 136

balanced plate approach to diet, 85–86

Ball, Geoff, 75–76

Bell, Rhonda, 46, 48, 65

Berman, Mark, 68

Berry, Tanya, 34

Bhandari, Mohit, 172

Big Food. See food industry

Big Pharma. See pharmaceutical industry

blood pressure and health, 11, 18, 47, 97

body composition, 50–52

body-fat percentage, 14

body mass index (BMI), 50–52

BRCA 1 and 2, 109

breakfast eating and weight maintenance, 88

British Medical Journal, 90–91, 116

Brownell, Kelly, 31

Bubela, Tania, 120

Burger King, 70

caloric intake: appetite and exercise and, 9; daily recommendation, 44, 82–83; of kids under twelve, 58; optimistic bias, 68; portion size and diet, 68–70, 73–77; of teenage boys, 83; underestimation of the calories in food, 66–68; weight loss and, 8

CAM (complementary and alternative medicine). See alternative medicine

Canada Food Guide, 76–77

Canadian Association of Naturopathic Doctors, 139, 140

Canadian College of Naturopathic Medicine (CCNM), 151

Canadian Institutes of Health Research (CIHR), 120, 168

cancer: alternative medicine use and, 136, 145, 147, 152, 155; balanced diet and, 47, 90, 98; fitness and, 3, 11; genetic testing and, 109, 112, 122, 123–24

cardiovascular disease, 90, 91

CCNM (Canadian College of Naturopathic Medicine), 151

Charlton, Bruce G., 153

children: caloric intake of teenage boys, 83; challenges of feeding a healthy diet to, 55–57, 58, 81; obesity study involving, 31; parental approach to kids’ diets impact, 70; portion size and obesity in, 75–76; resistance training and, 19; societal pressures to eat junk food, 58; soda consumption, 54; susceptibility to junk-food marketing, 62–64

Chinese medicine, traditional, 134, 159, 162

chiropractic, 136, 137, 153

cholesterol and health, 11, 18, 115

CIHR (Canadian Institutes of Health Research), 120, 168

circuit training, 21

cleansing your body: alternative medicine and, 150–51; beliefs about, ix–x, 91, 92

clinical trials, 108–9, 160, 170, 188

Coca-Cola Company, 32

Cochrane Collaboration, 117, 190

coffee consumption and diet, 54, 91

Collins, Francis, 104, 107, 113, 119

colon cleansing, 150–51

complementary and alternative medicine (CAM). See alternative medicine

Consumer Protection Act, Canada, 62

core exercises and fitness, 37–38

Corinthian Naturopathic College, 151

Cradle to Grave (Freeman, Critchley, Lee), 170

Crick, Francis, 103

Critchley, David, 170

cycle of hype in scientific research, 121–22

Darmon, Nicole, 59

deficit model, xiii

depression, 35, 164

detoxification, ix–x, 92

diet: accuracy of published nutritional information, 72; addictive nature of a high-fat diet, 59–60; alcohol consumption and, 91; balanced plate approach, 85–86; BMI and body fat, 50–52; breakfast eating and, 88; children and (see children); coffee consumption and, 91; diet diary usefulness, 52, 53–54; diet industry and, 96, 97; eating in front of the TV, 88; eating less to lose weight, 52, 53–54; error of trying to balance high-fat with low-fat foods, 71–72; fast-food industry’s tactics encouraging eating, 61–64, 68–70; food industry’s role in food policy and nutrition research, 77–80; health related reasons to eat healthy, 97–98; healthy eating plan, 46–49, 82–85, 88–92, 187; individual perceptions of height and weight, 49–52, 64; inverse relationship between calories and price of the food, 59; late-night eating’s association with weight gain, 89; liposuction and weight loss, 96; Mediterranean diet, 90–91; myths about, 92; optimistic bias and, 68; Paleolithic diet, 90–91; people’s self-reported food intake, 52–53; percent of food budgets spent in restaurants, 66; poison foods, 54, 61, 85–86; portion size and, 68–70, 73–77; proliferation of conflicting messages about, 44–45; recommended caloric intake per day, 44, 82–83; restaurant rules for a diet plan, 71–72; scientific credibility of food guidelines, 80–81; self-monitoring’s impact on food intake, 52, 53–54; serving size definitions, 76–77; snacking throughout the day and, 89; societal pressures to eat junk food, 57–58, 73; socioeconomic status’s relation to obesity, 58–59; underestimation of the calories in food, 66–68; weight-loss maintenance difficulty, 86–87, 94–97; weight-loss program success, 65, 81, 93–94, 98

dietary guidelines, 76–77, 92

diet diary, 52, 53–54

diet industry, 96, 97

Doucet, Mathieu, 189

Drewnowski, Adam, 59

dual energy x-ray absorptiometry (DXA), 50–52

Egilman, David, 177

elderly and exercise, 3, 18, 19

endurance athletes, 19

Ernst, Edzard, 142, 154, 157, 161–62

Evans, Jim, 125, 127, 187

exercise: aerobic activity and fitness, 17, 21–22; benefits of, 2–3, 7; impact on appetite, 9; myths about, 30–31; weight loss and, 7–10, 30–31. See also fitness

fad diets, 83, 139

fast-food industry: addictive nature of a high-fat diet, 59, 60–61; availability of, 58; need to avoid, 71, 83, 84, 89; tactics encouraging eating, 61–64, 68–70. See also food industry

Ferris, Steven, 178

Finegood, Diane, 81, 97

fish consumption, 90, 91, 187

Fit for Consumption (Maguire), 33

fitness: aerobic activity and, 17, 21–22; aesthetics as a driver of health-related behaviors, 6, 11–12; basic exercise routine sample, 27–29; benefits of exercise, 2–3; core exercises and, 37–38; defined, 11–12; disconnect between perception of and actual work, 25; equating good appearance with health, 5–6; evolutionary underpinnings of desirable physique, 11–12; fitness industry’s focus on perfection, 33–34; influence of scientific information on, 26; intensity of the exercise and, 23, 25–27; marketing’s impact on people’s perception of, 34–35; motivation to exercise, 29–30; myths about, 12–16, 30–31, 39–40; obesity linked to physical inactivity, 31–33; public health messages about, 23–24, 32; relation to sex and good abs, 1–2, 4, 7; relation to weight loss, 7–10; resistance training and (see resistance training); workout with a celebrity trainer, 38–42; yoga and, 35–37

fitness industry, 33–34

flexibility and fitness, 15, 16, 35

Food Advisory Team (FAT), 35, 46

Food Guide Advisory Committee, Canada, 79

food guides, national, 76–77, 92

food industry: portrayal of physical inactivity as the cause of obesity, 31–33; role in food policy and nutrition research, 77–79; tactics that encourage eating, 61–64. See also fast-food industry

Food Marketing to Children and Youth: Threat or Opportunity?, 62

Fourthmeal, 89

Freedhoff, Yoni, 77

Freeman, Susie, 170

Friendly’s, 70

Fugh-Berman, Adriane, 179

Garrod, Archibald, 103

Gelsinger, Jesse, 109

genetics: direct-to-consumer genetic testing, 101–3, 105, 114; forces influencing the message about genetics, 124–25; gene therapy realities, 108–9; genetic information’s effect on health behaviors, 115–18; genetic research background, 103–5; hypothetical scenario regarding the genetic revolution’s impact, 107–8; industries with a stake in genetics research, 122–24; interpreting individual genetic testing results, 106–7, 125–27; move to use in medical diagnoses, 109; pop-culture attention devoted to, 99–100; popular portrayal of the genetic revolution, 119–20; predisposition to obesity and, 83; pressure on researchers to produce results, 120–22; value of genetic testing for personal health, 110–15

GeneWatch UK, 123

ghostwriting and guest authorships in medical journals, 176–81

Goldstein, David, 114, 115, 120

Graston technique, 155–56

Hahnemann, Samuel, 141

health science. See scientific information

healthy living: arguments for and against, xv–xvi; argument that drug research should be independently conducted, 188–91; challenges of, 185–87; danger of relying on personal experience alone, 191; influence of economics on all research, 192; proliferation of information about, x–xii; steps to maximum health, 187–88

Helgerud, Jan, 26

herbal remedies, 131

HGP (Human Genome Project), 101, 104, 107

Highfield, Roger, 121–22

high-intensity interval training, 25–27

Hill, Kevin, 177

holistic approach, 131, 147, 148

homeopathy. See alternative medicine

hormone-replacement therapy, 179

Hudson, Tom, 111, 115

Human Genome Project (HGP), 101, 104, 107

hydrotherapy, 137, 151

IHOP, 70

In Defense of Food (Pollan), 84

injury prevention, 15, 19, 37, 187

intensity of exercise, 23, 25–27

International Congress on Physical Activity and Public Health, 32

International Food Information Council Foundation, 67

Internet: finding independent research on, 190; food advertising on, 63; information on alternative medicine and, 158

Journal of Manipulative and Physiological Therapeutics, 156

Journal of the American Dietary Association, 72

Journal of the American Medical Association (JAMA), 9, 66, 94, 95, 148, 175, 177

junk food: marketing of, 62–64; poison foods, 54, 61, 85–86; societal pressures to eat, 57–58, 73. See also fast-food industry

Kim, Junyong, 69

Kimmelman, Jonathan, 110

Kirby, Louis, 178

Kneipp, Sebastian, 136

Kneippism, 136

Krumholz, Harlan, 177

Laing, Maurice, 142

Lavizzo-Mourey, Risa, 68

Lee, Liz, 170

liposuction and weight loss, 96

Lombardi, Gina, 38–42

Ludwig, David, 79

Lululemon, 36

Lust, Benedict, 137

magazines’ presentation of fitness, xi, 2, 7

Mansoura, Monique K., 104

Maquire, Jennifer Smith, 33

marketing: contribution to overeating, 88; by fast-food industry, 61–64; food industry’s focus on physical activity, 31–33; impact on people’s perception of fitness, 34–35; impact on people’s perception of health, xi; of junk-food, 62–64; magazines’ presentation of fitness, xi, 2, 7; media’s presentation of alternative medicine, 154–58; by pharmaceutical companies, 175; yoga industry and, 36–37

Marteau, Theresa, 117

McBride, Colleen, 116, 117

McCargar, Linda, 46, 47, 48, 53, 80

McDonald’s (restaurant), 57, 62, 67, 69

McGill, Stuart, 38

media’s presentation of alternative medicine, 154–58

medical journals, 170, 176, 177, 179

Mediterranean diet, 90–91

Mendel, Gregor, 103

Merck, 177

meridians, 134, 153, 163

metabolism, 13, 92

Miller, Todd, 5, 7, 33, 37

motion sickness, 129–31, 135, 158, 159

motivation to exercise, 29–30

Mountain, Joanna, 101, 106–7

muscle-weighs-more-than-fat myth, 13–14

National Cancer Institute, 85

National Center for Complementary and Alternative Medicine (NCCAM), 161

National Strength and Conditioning Association’s Personal Trainer Conference, 4

Nature, 103, 119

nature-cures movement, 136, 138, 139

Nature Cures: The History of Alternative Medicine in America, 139

Naturopathic Association (British Columbia), 149

naturopathy. See alternative medicine

Navigenics, 114

Nestle, Marion, 78, 79, 80, 84

New Age, 137, 153

New England Journal of Medicine, 94, 95, 107, 172

NIH (U.S. National Institutes of Health), 104, 108, 167, 189

nutritional food guides, national, 76–77

Nutrition Source, 78

Obesity, 96

obesity: ailments associated with, 47; connection to portion sizes in restaurants, 69; food industry’s focus on physical inactivity as the cause of, 31–33; genetic predisposition towards, 83; portion size and, 75–76; relation to snacking throughout the day, 89; self-reported versus actual percent who are obese, 50; societal pressures to eat junk food, 58; socioeconomic status relation to, 58–59; study involving children, 31

obesity creep, 10

O’Donovan, Gary, 22–23, 26

OECD (Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development), 169

omega-3 fatty acids, 90

O’Neill, Marcus, 51

optimistic bias and diet, 68

Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD), 169

Ornish diet, 95

overeating. See addiction industry

Paleolithic diet, 90–91

parental influence on kids’ diets, 35, 70

ParticipACTION website, 18, 24

peer-reviewed science, 171–73

Peterson, Mark, 10, 16–17, 36

pharmaceutical industry: argument that drug research should be independently conducted, 188–91; funding’s influence on medical research, 167–70, 192; ghostwriting and guest authorships in medical journals, 176–81; influence on peer-reviewed science, 171–73; promotion of drug sales within the medical community, 173–75; spending on pharmaceuticals in OECD countries, 169

pharmacogenomics, 107

physical activity. See exercise

Pilates, 38

placebo effect, 145–46, 161

“poison foods”, 49, 54, 61, 85–86

Pollan, Michael, 84

Popper, Karl, 193

portion size: diet and, 73–77; restaurants and, 68–70; serving size definitions, 76–77

pregnancy and exercise, 3

preventive medicine, 107

Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 3

prostate specific antigen (PSA), 112

Public Health Agency of Canada, 3

public health messages: about fitness, 23–24, 32; food guides, 76–77, 92

Public Health Nutrition, 32

Public Library of Science Medicine (PLoS Medicine), 79, 175, 179, 192

Quinlan, Mike, 68

Raine, Kim, 7, 46, 49, 54, 58, 93

Ravussin, Eric, 12–13

Reichman, Jerome, 188, 189

remedies, health. See alternative medicine

research funding. See pharmaceutical industry

resistance training: children and, 19; fitness and, 17–18; health benefits from weight lifting, 18–19; rules for a program, 20–22; safety of, 19–20

restaurants: growth in portion size at, 68–70; rules for a diet plan, 71–72

Rhodes, Ryan, 15

Robert Wood Johnson Foundation, 68

Rodgers, Wendy, 29

Ross, Joseph, 177

Rubin, Daniel, 152

Rudd Center for Food Policy and Obesity, 63

running and fitness, 10, 17, 20, 26

Schwartz, Marlene, 85, 86

Science and Technology Committee (British), 144, 149

Science-Based Medicine (website), 156

scientific information: argument that drug research should be independently conducted, 188–91; availability of, x–xii, xvi–xviii; cycle of hype in scientific research, 121–22; deficit model, xiii; genetic information’s effect on health behaviors, 115–18; genetic research background, 103–5; Human Genome Project, 101, 104, 107; influence on approaches to exercise, 26; peer-reviewed science, 171–73; scientific credibility of food guidelines, 80–81; support for genetic testing, 110; using to verify a health claim, 156–58

Scientific Therapeutics Information, 178

scopolamine patch, 158, 165, 166

serving size, 76–77

sex related to fitness, 1–2, 4, 7, 11

Sharma, Arya, 94, 95

similia principle, 141

Sinnema, Jodie, 157

Sismondo, Sergio, 189

smoking, 3, 6, 187

snacking and weight gain, 58, 89

societal pressures to eat junk food, 57–58, 73

soft drinks consumption, 54–55

spot reduction myth, 14, 38

Spurling, Geoffrey, 175

Stelfox, Henry, 172

St. John’s wort, 164

stretching myth, 14–16

Super Size Me, 69

supplements, 92, 114, 187

Taco Bell (restaurant), 89

tea consumption, 54, 91

Thai, Leon, 178

Thomas, Valerie, 77

tobacco industry, 31, 122, 123–24

toning myth, 17, 186

Toronto Charter on Physical Activity, 32

23andMe, 101–102, 103, 105, 106–7, 125, 126

U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 15, 25, 50

U.S. National Institutes of Health (NIH), 104, 108, 167, 189

vaccines, 137

Vioxx, 170, 177, 178

vital life force belief, 138

waist-to-hip ratio, 11

Wallace, Helen, 123

Wansink, Brian, 69

Wareham, Nick, 30, 88

Warner, Kenneth, 31

Watson, James, 103

Wazana, Ashley, 175

Weeks, Laura, 155, 157

weight gain: adherence to food guides and, 77; caloric intake and, 82; difficulty maintaining weight loss, 86–87, 94–97; linked to aging, 10; linked to quitting smoking, 6; snacking and, 89; soda consumption and, 55

weight loss: caloric intake and, 8; common myths about, 12–16, 30–31; eating less to lose weight, 52, 53–54; exercise and, 7–10, 30–31; maintenance difficulty, 86–87, 94–97; program success, 65, 81, 93–94, 98

weight training. See resistance training

Wendy’s (restaurant), 69

What to Eat (Nestle), 84

Whorton, James, 139, 140, 147

Willett, Walter, 77, 78, 80, 187

Wilson, Chip, 36

Wyeth, 179

yoga, 35–37

Yoga Journal, 36

Young, Neal, 192, 193

Zone diet, 95