Citizens To Lords

Aristotle 2, 19; account of Solonian reforms 32; advice to Alexander the Great 99–100; background 83–4; characteristics of Athenian democracy 36; civic principles 162; and class relations 195, 214; on Cleon 52; comparison with Plato 82–3, 84–6, 87, 91–3, 97; definition of democracy 38–9; definition of human associations 93; definition of the polis 93–4; on despotic rule 100–1; on equality 90, 92, 213–14; on governance 99–100; historical context of political theory 88–9; ideal polis 91–3, 197, 205–6; on inequality 89–92, 94–5; Islam and 191; and justice 90, 210–11, 213–14; and knowledge 85–6; medieval political theory and 192–3, 196–8, 203, 210–11; and morality 85–7; on the oikos 95; opposition to democracy 82; parts and conditions of the polis 77; politics of 87–93; and property 91, 95–6; and the public-private dichotomy 122–3; and the sciences 187; on slavery 15, 94–5, 100, 131, 132; theory of nature 97–8; Thomas Aquinas and 204–6, 207–8; and virtue 86–7, 214; and vulgarity 86–7

Athens 17; aristocratic disaffection 33–4, 51–2; aristocratic withdrawal from politics 66–7; assembly 37–8, 58–9; characteristics of democracy 36–42; Cicero and 142–3; civic freedom 41; Cleisthenes’s reforms 34–6, 89; comparison with Rome 115, 121; concept of freedom 30–1; culture of democracy 46–50; debate about social arrangements 44; elections 37; empire 41–2; law 36; the Lyceum 84; Macedonian hegemony 84; moral decadence 52–3; oligarchic revolutions 52, 56, 65, 143; Plato’s attack on 19; political relations 20; the rise of democracy 30–6; slavery 38; Solonian reforms 32–3, 89; and the Sophists 51; strength of ruling elements 69; unwritten law 143; women 38. See also Greeks

Augustine of Hippo, St 2, 131n, 145, 154–63, 184, 205

Augustus Caesar 116

autonomia 104

autonomy 29–30

Averroism 190, 209

banausic classes 39, 72, 95

beatitudo 207

blood rivalries 47

Bodin, Jean 186n, 231, 232, 234

Boniface VIII, Pope 181, 201, 202, 215

Brown, Peter 160

Bush, George W. 4–6

Caesaropapism 146

Callicles 51

Calvinism 155

Cambridge History of Medieval Political Thought 200–1, 233

Cambridge School, the 7–11, 12, 16

capitalism 13, 24, 2, 41, 1255, 234

Carolingians 178–80

Carthaginians, the 18

Catiline 133

Charlemagne 161, 170, 178–9

Charles Martel 178

China 2, 18, 102, 118, 137, 182

Christianity 23, 24, 120–1; Augustinian doctrine 154–63; civic principles 163; comparison with Islam 190–1; departure from ancient political traditions 162–3; divine and civil law 209–10; division between secular and spiritual power 177–82; doctrine of original sin 160–1; dualism 147, 150–1, 158, 188–9, 192, 210; Eastern 156, 161; emergence of Roman 144–7; and equality 148–51, 236; and feudal governance 177–86; the filioque controversy 161, 179; heresy 155, 159–60; and inequality 162–3; Neo-Platonist 151; and obedience 158–62, 163, 188; Pauline 145, 148–52, 178; the Pelagian heresy 160; and philosophy 187–9; and predestination 155–6; and property 147–8; Roman mission 156–7; schism 161, 179; and sexuality 161n; and sin 152, 153, 157, 158–61; and slavery 150; spheres of authority 151–2, 158; and Stoicism 147–8, 150–1; transformation into imperial religion 161n; universalism 145, 148–51; Western 156. See also Church, the

Church, the: authority of 215–16, 217; and conciliar theory 217–18; corruption of 221–2; Dominicans 185, 210; Franciscans 184–5; governmental power 179–82; and heresy 159–60; Marsilius of Padua attack on 219–23, 224; mendicant orders 184–6, 210; organization 152–4; poverty 184–6; property 181–6, 215–16; rise of 24; wealth 181, 184; William of Ockham’s challenge to 229–30. See also Christianity

Cicero, Marcus Tullius 19, 117; and Athenian democracy 142–3; background 132–4; characterization of the state 140–2, 157; conception of natural law 143–4; on constitutions 142; and the decline of the Republic 138–9; on equality 142–4, 236; influences on 127; on justice 135, 140–2; justification for Roman imperialism 131–2; on moral equality 135–6; on natural equality 137–8; and Plato 133, 141–4; and political inequality 136–7; political principles 134–5; on property 139–40; on the redistribution of property 129–30; on the role of the state 23; on slavery 131–2; Stoicism of 132, 136, 136–7; and wealth 134; works 134–5

Circumellions 155

citizens and citizenship: division between ruler and ruled 100; equality 137–8; in Greek democracy 17; Marsilius of Padua on 220–1; medieval political theory and 193–4, 196; and property 91; Roman 121, 124, 126–7, 144, 163, 194, 236; Solonian reforms 32–3; tensions within 20–1

City of God, The (Augustine) 131n, 154–63

civic communes 196, 198–200

civic community 18–19, 30, 162, 163, 197, 199–200, 210–11, 220–2, 236

civic equality 137–8

civic humanism 10

civic identity 66, 105

civic sphere: disappearance of 171–2; medieval political theory and 193–6

civic virtue 58–9, 60–1, 63

civitas 207, 213

class inequality 137–8

class relations 19, 21–3, 40–1, 69–72, 78–9, 88–92, 122, 133, 194–6, 214

Cleisthenes 34–6, 52, 78, 89, 194

Cleomenes 103, 113–14

Cleon 52

Clytemnestra 47

Code of Justinian 104

Cold War, the 4

Coleridge, Samuel Taylor 82

commercial society, emergence of 9–10

common good, the 212

commonalities of experience 14

commonwealth, definition of 231

conciliar theory 217–18, 230

Confucian philosophy 2

consent 196, 198

Constantine, Emperor 146, 149, 156, 221– 2

Constantinople 145

Constitution of Athens 36, 87

constitutions: Cicero on 142; classification of 20; mixed 19–20, 125, 142, 144, 212–13; Plato on 77–9

context: Cambridge School interpretation of 8–11, 16; historical 12, 13–15, 16, 83, 88–9

corporatism 217–18, 218–25, 220–1, 223–5, 225–6, 227–32

cosmic cycle, the 76

cosmopolis 99, 104

cosmopolitanism 101–3, 104, 107, 144, 148, 150

cosmos, the 109–11, 111–12

Crates 108

Crete 17, 19, 89

crime 33, 60

Critias 51

Cyprian, Bishop of Carthage 153–4

Dante 222–3

De Catholicae Ecclesiae Unitate (On the Unity of the Catholic Church) (Cyprian) 153–4

De Monarchia (Dante) 222–3

De Officiis (On Duties) (Cicero) 129–30, 135, 136

De Rerum Natura (On the Nature of Things) (Lucretius) 106, 139

Decisive Treatise (Ibn Rushd) 189–90

Defensor Pacis (Marsilius) 193, 199, 201, 219–25

Demetrios of Phaleron 84

democracy: Aristotle’s definition 38–9; Aristotle’s opposition to 82; Athenian culture of 46–50; characteristics of Athenian 36–42; Cicero and 142–3; and class relations 40–1; criticisms of Athenian 39; Greek 17–21; mass 5n; opposition to 52–3; origins of 17–21; and philosophy 50–5; Plato and 21, 38, 39, 62, 64–5, 77–8, 81, 82; and poverty 39; rise of 30–6; Solonian reforms 32–3; the Sophists and 50–5; and techn 63–4

Democritus 51

demos, the 33–5, 38, 69, 112

despotic rule 100–1

destiny 47

dik 44–6, 67

dikaiosune 67, 69

Dionysius I 66

Dionysius II 66

discourses, diversity of 13

dominium 23, 124–5, 147, 148, 168, 181, 182–3, 185–6, 209–10, 215, 228

donation of Constantine 222

Donatism 155, 159, 160

dualism 147, 150–1, 158, 188–9, 192, 210

Duns Scotus 184–5

Duo Sunt (Gelasius) 177–8

economic development 9–10

economic relations, feudal 167–8, 173

Egypt 19, 89

eleutheria 28–30, 104

empirical world, the 54–5

empiricists 4–6

Engagement Controversy 10, 12

England 25, 174–7, 186, 198, 202, 203, 225–32, 234–5

Epictetus 107

Epicureanism 105–7, 141

Epicurus 106

Epistle (Paul) 149, 153

equality 28, 36, 39, 51, 53–4, 66–7, 99, 109, 129, 235–6; Aristotle on 90, 92, 213–14; Christianity and 148–51, 236; Cicero on 135–8, 142–4, 236; and justice 69; and the polis 95, 96, 122–3

ethics 86–7

Euripides 28, 39, 46

Exclusion Crisis 10, 12

feudalism: and Christianity 177–86; competing claims of authority 170–1; definitions 167–8; disappearance of civic sphere 171–2;economic relations 167–8, 173; English 174–7; Germanic influences 167; governance 177–86, 205–6, 209; legal relations 210–14; levies 168; lordship 167–8, 195, 197; nature of 165–77; obligations 171–2; origins of 164–5; peasants 167–8, 172–4, 195; and political theory 192–200; property and 24n, 168–9, 181–6; public–private dichotomy 183; rise of 23–4; social relations 172–4, 194–6; transition from 25, 234–5; urban elites 172; variations 25

Finley, M.I. 15n

Forms 84–5, 109

Foundations of Modern Political Thought, The (Skinner) 7

France 175, 176n, 186, 198, 202, 202–3, 203, 214–18, 231, 234

Francis, St 184

Franks, the 170

fraternity 99

free will 155–6, 159–60

freedom 28–30, 41, 123, 171–2, 212, 228, 231–2, 236

Gaius Gracchus 116, 129

Gelasius, Pope 177–8, 180

Germany 25, 171

God: authority of 149; dominium 186; relation to 145, 153; Thomas Aquinas and 208–10

Good, the 74, 85–6

goodness 206

Gorgias (Plato) 64–5

Gorgias of Leontini 51

governance: feudal 177–86, 205–6, 209; types of 99–100

Gracchi brothers 114, 116, 129

Great Britain, emergence of commercial society 9–10

Greeks: changing conception of justice 44–6; characteristics of democracy 36–42; concept of freedom 28–30; concept of ownership 124; democracy 17–21; equality 28; evolution of political theory 42–6; Macedonian hegemony 83; origins of political theory 17–21; property 31–2; public–private dichotomy 122–3; the rise of democracy 30–6; rise of the polis 30–1; slavery 19, 29, 38; tradition of political thought 1–2; women 38. See also Athens

Gregory VII, Pope 180, 195

Hegel, Georg 2

hektemorage 32n

Hellenistic period 103–4

Hellenization 101–2

Heraclitus 109–12

Hermes 60

Herodotus 29, 34, 44, 59, 111

heroic ideals 2

Hesiod 45–6, 48

Hilton, Rodney 29, 164

Hindus 2

Hippias of Elis 51

historical background: and the Cambridge School 8–11; importance of 3–4

historical materialism 12

historical rupture 165

history, sense of 43–4

History of the Peloponnesian War (Thucydides) 42

Hobbes, Thomas 2, 10, 12, 135, 196, 236

Holy Roman Empire 170, 172, 199, 222–3, 224, 234

Holy Spirit 160–1

Homer 2, 31, 44–6

homonoia 112

household ties 31

human association, Aristotle’s definition 93

human nature 3, 43, 50, 53–4, 60, 63, 86, 105, 109, 136, 236

humanism 233

humanistic principle, the 21

Ibn Rushd 189–90

Ideas 69

ideology 80–2

imperium 23, 124–5, 147, 148, 168, 182–3

In Defence of Flaccus (Cicero) 142

In Defence of Sestius (Cicero) 139

India 2

individualism: Epicureanism and 106–7; Stoicism 107; William of Ockham on 227–32

inequality 66–7, 213–14, 235–6; Aristotle on 89–92, 94–5; Christianity and 162–3; Cicero on 136–7; natural 53–5, 59; Plato on 59, 69–72, 137–8; Romans 123; Stoicism 112–13, 130–1. See also political inequality

Isagoras 34–5

isegoria 39

Islam 187–8, 189–91

Islamic fundamentalism 191

isonomia 36, 67, 69, 104

Italy 25, 172, 198–200, 202, 203, 218–25, 234

Jesus Christ 160–1

John XXII, Pope 185–6, 201, 201–2, 219, 226

John of Paris 201, 214–18

Judaism 187–8

Julian the Apostate, Emperor 158

Julius Caesar 117, 134

justice: Aristotle and 90, 210–11, 213–14; changing Greek conception of 44–6; Cicero on 135, 140–2; conflicting conceptions of 47; and equality 69; medieval political theory and 210–14; natural 141; Plato on 11, 46, 67–70; Roman 128; and the Socratic method 56–7; Solonian reforms 33

kingship 104–5, 170–1, 195, 211, 215

kinship ties 31, 33, 47, 49

knowledge: absolute 57; Aristotle’s theory of 85–6; Plato’s theory of 64, 74, 84; requirements for 59; Stoicism and 108; universalism and 63; and virtue 61–2

labour: control of 18, 70; division of 63–4, 70, 72, 136; and freedom 29–30; and political rights 40–1

law: Cicero on 141; divine and civil 209–10; English 174–6; equality of 36; Islamic 189–91; and kingship 104–5; Marsilius of Padua on 220–3, 225; and nature 53–5; Plato on 77–9, 104–5; and religion 187–92; Roman 23, 120–7, 148, 168, 176, 182–3, 184,196; Solonian reforms 33; Sophocles on 49; and Stoicism 129; Thomas Aquinas and 208–10. See also natural law

Laws (Cicero) 141, 142

Laws (Plato) 19, 71, 73, 75, 78–9, 92

legislators, Marsilius of Padua on 220–3

libertas 28

literacy 17, 44

living law 104

Locke, John 2, 10, 12, 13, 135, 236

logos 108–10, 112–13, 147–8, 149

Lucretius 106, 139

Ludwig of Bavaria 201, 201–2, 218, 223, 226

Lycophron 51

Lycurgus 66

Macedonians 83–4, 99–103

Machiavelli, Niccolo 2, 10, 234

Macpherson, C.B. 6

Magna Carta 175

Manichaeism 154

Marathon, Battle of 37

Marc Anthony 134

Marcus Aurelius, Emperor 107

Marsilius of Padua 193, 199, 201–2, 203–4, 218–25, 230

Marx, Karl 96

materialism 106–7

Melian Dialogue, the 42, 54

Mencius 18, 22

Miletus 111

Mill, John Stuart 2

Minoans, the 17

mixed constitution, the 19–20, 125, 142, 144, 212–3

modernity 5n

monarchies 169, 174–5, 176, 196, 211, 213, 216–17

monism 108–10, 111, 112–13

moral equality 135–6

moral principles 21

moral relativism 62–3, 85

morality 85–7, 128, 213

More, Thomas 234–5

mos maiorum 139

Myceaneans, the 17, 31

natural law 109, 126, 135, 137, 141, 143–4, 192, 208–10, 210–14, 229

nature, law and 53–5

Neo-Platonism 151, 205

Netherlands 25

Nicholas of Cusa 234n

Nocturnal Council, the 79

nomoi 60–1

nomos 36, 49, 53–5, 66, 77, 104, 104–5

Normans, the 24n, 174, 176n

North Africa 154–5

Odyssey, The (Homer) 45

oikos, the 31, 67, 93–4, 95, 122–3

On Duties (De Officiis) (Cicero) 23

On Royal and Papal Power (John of Paris) 214–15

Oresteia, The (Aeschylus) 46–7, 48

ownership 124, 184, 185–6, 216, 229

Pagels, Elaine 161n

pain, avoidance of 106

Panaetius 107, 113, 127–8, 130, 131, 132

Pandora 48

paradeigma 69–72

Parmenides 81

patronage 40, 121–2

Paul of Tarsus, St 145, 148–51, 153, 161n

peasant-citizens 19, 22

peasants 21–2, 29, 40, 154–5; feudal 167–8, 172–4, 195; Roman 115, 117, 119; Solonian reforms 32

Pelagius 159–60

Peloponnesian War 52, 56

Pergamum 103

Pericles 37, 39, 42, 52

Persians (Aeschylus) 49

philia 49

Philip IV, King of France 201, 202, 215

Philo of Larissa 133

philosophy 43, 50–5, 57, 58, 64, 79, 79–82, 82–3, 103–4, 187–92

Phonecians, the 18

physis 53–5

Plato 2, 48; attack on Athens 19; background 65, 83; Cicero and 133, 141–4; civic principles 162; and class inequality 137–8; class structure 78–9; communism 73; comparison of works 75; comparison with Aristotle 82–3, 84–6, 87, 91–3, 97; on constitutions 77–9; on the decline of the polis 72–3; on democracy 77–8; educational programme 74; and eleutheria 29; epistemology 59; on the Good 74; and Heraclitus 110–11, 112; higher reality 84–5; ideology 80–2; and inequality 59, 69–72; interpreting 79–82; Islam and 191; on justice 11, 46, 67–70; and knowledge 64, 74, 84; on law 77–9, 104–5; Laws 19, 71, 73, 75, 78–9, 92; opposition to democracy 21, 38, 39, 62, 64–5, 81, 82; philosophical goal 66–7, 70–1, 81; and property 73, 93; and Protagoras 57–64, 65, 73; qualities of the ruling class 71; and reason 81; and social conditions 72–4; social division of labour 64; and Socrates 55; and the Sophists 51, 53, 54, 59, 64–5; on the soul 69–72; and stability 112; on statesmanship 75–7; in Syracuse 66; and techn 63–4; universalism 62–3; and virtue 62, 72, 73–4, 84–5

Platonic Academy, Sicily 66, 79, 84

pleasure 106

Plutarch 99

Pocock, J.G.A. 9–11

polis, the: Aristotle’s classification of 87–8; Aristotle’s definition 93–4; Aristotle’s ideal 91–3, 197, 205–6; decline of 104; development of 17–18; and equality 95, 96, 122–3; and freedom 30, 123; historical context of Aristotle’s theory of 88–9; parts and conditions of 77; Plato and 67, 72–3; purpose 60; reflection of natural hierarchy 97; rise of the 30–1

political inequality 136–7

political organization 1n

political power, source of 34–5

political rule 196–200

political science 4–6

political theory and thought: the canon 25–7; canonical scarcity 234; canonical thinkers 2, 6, 235; central question 2–3, 6–7; Chinese tradition 2; definition 1, 42–3; division of 4; epochal shifts 233–6; evolution of 42–6; Greek tradition 1–2; Hindu tradition 2; in history 21–5; history of 4–11; medieval 192–200, 200–4, 233–4; origins 17–21; politics of 14–15; social history of 11–16; Straussian 5n; tools of 11

Political Theory of Possessive Individualism: Hobbes to Locke, The (Macpherson) 6n

Politics (Aristotle) 91–2, 93–8, 99–100, 191, 196–8, 205–6, 211

Politics and Vision (Wolin) 4

polity, the 91

Polybius 19, 132

popular rule 17–18

popular sovereignty 35–6, 195

Posidonius 107, 113, 127, 130, 132

possessive market society 6

poverty 39, 184–6, 228–9

predestination 155–6, 159–60

Prodicus of Ceos 51

production 18, 19, 21–2, 40–1, 95

Prometheus 59–60

Prometheus Bound (Aeschylus) 47–8, 50

property: absolute 124n; Aristotle and 91, 95–6; autonomy of 21; Christianity and 147–8; Church 181–6; Cicero on 139–40; conditional 167; development of 19–21; English law 175–6, 186, 203; feudal 24n, 168–9, 181–6; in Greece 31–2; John of Paris on 215–18; ownership 124, 184, 185–6, 216, 229; Plato and 73, 93; redistribution of 129–30; rights 183–6; and the rise of capitalism 13; Romans and 116–19, 120–7, 168–9, 182–3, 184; Roman Stoic philosophy 127–32; and the state 23–4, 139–40, 215–16, 235; Stoic threat to 129; Thomas Aquinas and 210; William of Ockham on 228–9

Protagoras 2, 48, 51, 55, 57–64, 65, 73, 141–2, 163

Protagoras (Plato) 57–60

psyche 57

public–private dichotomy 23, 122–6, 140, 147–8, 169, 183

Publius Servius Rullus 133

punishment 60

Pythagoras 81, 109

rationalism 82

reason 81, 206, 207

relativism 62–3

relevance 14

religion: and philosophy 187–92; and the state 146–7

Renaissance 199n

representation 203

Republic (Cicero) 131–2, 136, 139, 141

Republic (Plato): Aristotle’s criticism of 93; attack on democracy 62; on the decline of the polis 72–3; Ibn Rushd’s commentary on 191; as the ideal 75; on inequality 69–72; interpreting 79–82; on justice 11, 46, 67–70; and property 73; and social conditions 72–4; social division of labour 64; on the soul 69–72; state model 19; on virtue 72, 73–4

Republic (Zeno) 108

republicanism, medieval 173–4

resistance theories (France) 217

revenge 47

Reynolds, Susan 166n

rights 216–17, 228

Romanization 102

Rome and the Romans 18–19; administration 118; army 115, 118; Christian mission 156–7; Christianization of 146, 158; citizens 121, 124, 126–7, 144, 163, 194, 236; comparison with Athens 115, 121; concept of ownership 124; concept of the state 125–6; emergence of Christianity 144–7; Empire 116–19, 124, 127, 144, 145–6, 169; expansion 115–16; fall of the Empire 118–19, 153, 174; Germanic influences 167; the Gracchan reforms 129; imperialism 131–2, 144; and inequality 123; and justice 128; land ownership 115–16, 117–19, 129–30; law 23, 120–7, 148, 168, 176, 182–3, 184, 196; medieval political theory and 193–4; municipal system 117–18; oligarchy 116–17, 117; patronage 121–2; peasantry 115, 117, 119; population 116; property relations 116–19, 120–7, 168–9, 184; public–private dichotomy 23, 122–6; the Republic 114–17, 118, 123–4, 128–31, 132–3, 134, 138–9; Romanization 102; sack of 155; the Senate 114, 125; slavery 126–7; social order mirrored in Church organization 152–3; state lands 115–16; Stoic philosophy 127–32, 147–8, 151; wealth 116

Rousseau, Jean Jacques 2

Salamis, Battle of 37

Samos 106

Saxonhouse, Arlene 15n

Scepticism 154

Scipio Africanus the Younger 128

Scipionic circle, the 128

secular power, spiritual power and 177–82

self-sufficiency 29–30

Seneca 107, 147

Septuagint, the 148

Seventh Epistle (Plato) 65

sexuality 161n

Sicily 66

sin 152, 153, 157, 158–61, 206–7, 228

Skinner, Quentin 7–9, 10 slavery 19, 29, 38; Aristotle and 15, 94–5, 100, 131, 132; and Christianity 150; Cicero on 131–2; natural 15; in Rome 126–7; Stoicism and 109, 112–13, 130–1; Thomas Aquinas and 209–10

Smith, Sir Thomas 231

social conditions 72–4

social context 12–13; Cambridge School interpretation of 8–11

social contract, the 51, 218

Socrates 2, 54, 55–8, 59, 61–2, 65

Solon 2, 32–3, 78, 89, 194

Sophists, the 50–5, 59, 61, 64–5

Sophocles 46, 48, 48–50, 122, 143

soul, the 69–72

sovereignty: absolute 186; and citizenship 194; and consent 196; corporate 221; parcellized 23–4, 88, 119, 166–7, 168, 171, 173, 177, 182, 202–3; popular 35–6, 195; shared 212

Sparta 17, 19, 34, 35, 48, 52, 103, 113–14, 129

speech, equality of 39

Sphairos of Borysthenes 113

spiritual power, and secular power 177–82

stability 112

stasis 89–90

state, the: Augustine on 154, 157; authority of 215–18; Cicero’s characterization of 140–2, 157; control of labour 18; and equality 92; fragmentation 169–72; Hellenistic concept of 104; independence of 21; Marsilius of Padua on 220; moral purpose of 141–2; offices of 18; and production 18, 22; and property 23–4, 139–40, 215–16, 235; purpose 60; and religion 146–7; Roman concept of 125–6; Skinner and 8; Western tradition of 21

Statesman, The (Plato) 62, 75–8, 91–2, 162

statesmanship 75–7

Stoicism: and Christianity 147–8, 150–1; Cicero and 132, 136, 136–7; concerns 105, 107; and equality 109; foundation and phases of 107; and inequality 112–13, 130–1; and justice 141; and law 129; logos 108–10, 112–13; the Middle Stoa 130–1; philosophy 109–13; political implications of 108–14; Roman variants 127–32, 147–8, 151; shift away from politics 106; and slavery 109, 112–13, 130–1; Zeno’s Republic 108

Strauss, Leo 5–6

successor kingdoms 102–3

Summa Theologica (Thomas Aquinas) 206

Suppliant Woman, The (Euripides) 28, 39, 46

Syracuse 66

taxation 168, 169–70n

techn 63–4, 67, 77

telos 95, 96, 97, 205–6, 207–8

Tertullian 153

Theaetetus (Plato) 63

Theophrastus 84

thesmos 36

Thomas Aquinas, St 2, 185, 189, 196, 197, 198, 201–2, 203–4; and Aristotle 204–6, 207–8; and constitutions 212–13; on equality 213–14; God and 208–10; John of Paris and 214–15; law and 208–10; and legal relations 211–14; property and 210; slavery and 209–10

Thrasymachus 51

Thucydides 37, 42, 44, 52, 54, 122

Tiberius Gracchus 116, 129

tradition 20–1, 49

tributary system 169–70n

Trinity, the 160–1

truth 81

tyrannical rule, Thomas Aquinas and 212

unitary jurisdiction, Marsilius of Padua’s call for 220–4

United States of America 15n

Universal Forms 85

universalism 62–3, 79–80, 82, 145, 148–51

unmoved mover, the 208

vassalage 166n

virtue 57, 58–9, 60–3, 72, 73–4, 84–5, 86–7, 112, 208, 214

Visconti, Matteo 219, 224

vulgarity 86–7

wealth 18, 116, 128, 134, 210

Webb, Eugene 161n

Wickham, Chris 169n

William of Moerbeke 196–8, 211

William of Ockham 201–2, 203–4, 218–19, 225–32

wisdom 66

Wolin, Sheldon 4

women, status of 38, 94, 109

Wood, Neal 11n

Works and Days (Hesiod) 45–6

writing 17

Xenophon 55

Zeno 107, 108, 112

Zeus 47–8, 59–60