Abraham (Ibrahim), 14, 74
Abwehr Blaetter (periodical), 161
Abwehrverein (Association for the Defense Against Antisemitism), 161
Action Française, 87
Acts, book of, 46
Adorno, Theodor, 31
Afghanistan, 188
Africa, 126, 127, 130
African Americans, 145–47, 150, 202
Agimet, 60
Agobard of Lyons, 51
agriculture, 154–55
Ahasuerus, 39
ahl al-kitab (People of the Book), 68, 192
AIDS, 62
Akkadian language, 21
alcohol, 80
Alexander II, 54, 82, 83
Alexandria, 41, 44
Algeria, 195, 196
Alliance Israelite Universelle, 97, 160
Almohads, 68
al-Qaeda, 130, 200
Amalekites, 59
Ambrosius, 50
American Jewish Committee, 161
anarchists, 186
Anglo Jewish Association, 160
Annales d’histoire revisioniste, 136
anomie of society, 35
anti-Americanism, 14, 17, 129, 187–88
Antichrist, 47, 55
Anti-Defamation League of B’nai B’rith, 161
Anti-Fascist Committee, 174–75
antiglobalism, 186
Antisemitism (Samuel), 34
antisemitism (term), 21–22, 93
Antisemitism: Its History and Causes (Lazare), 27, 28
anti-Zionism
and anti-Americanism, 17
and antisemitism, 7, 9, 18, 20, 207–8
controversy, 5–6
generalized to all Jews, 195–96
Antonescu, Ion, 134
Apion, 41
Apolonius, Molon, 41–42
appearance of Jews, 43, 54, 80–81, 158–59, 168, 193
appeasement policies, 12, 16
Arabs and Arab societies
anti-Zionism, 195–96, 198
Arab-Israeli conflict, 178
conspiracy theories, 20, 197, 200–201, 206
and critics of Jews, 148
expulsions of Jews, 68
in France, 13
fundamentalism, 182
and Holocaust, 139–42, 184
and Israel, 196–97, 202, 206
and Nazism, 187
propaganda, 198, 203
and references to Jews, 6, 148
relationships with Jews, 18, 147
and Russia, 16
slave trade, 146
sources of antisemitism, 5, 196–97
and Soviet Union, 197
Arafat, Yasser, 205
Arendt, Hannah, 32–33
Argentina, 201
Armenians, 124, 177
Arrow Cross of Hungary, 107, 112, 121
Aryanism, 92, 93
Ashkenazi Jews, 72
Asia, 126, 134, 203
Assembly from Alsace Lorraine, 72–73
assimilation
in ancient Rome, 44
and character traits of Jews, 158
Clermont-Tonnerre on, 72–73
continuation of, 210
difficulty of, 2, 91, 165–66
in France, 151
German philosophers on, 74
in Germany, 151
Holbach on, 72
in Hungary, 110
of non-Jew minorities, 126
in Poland, 80–81, 109
and Zionism, 169
Association for a Taxation of Financial Transaction and for Assistance to Citizens (ATTAC), 186
athletes, Jews as, 162–63
Auschwitz-Birkenau extermination camp
death toll, 138
and denials of Holocaust, 130, 141, 184
gas chambers, 119, 121
location, 136
public reaction, 135
Austria
attitudes toward Jews, 150, 160
and defenses against antisemitism, 163
demographics, 78
emigration, 116–17
and Holocaust, 122
and Jewish identity, 166
Jewish population, 36
“Autoemancipation” (Pinsker), 26–27
Azouri, Najib, 195
Baader-Meinhof terrorist gang, 130, 182–83
Babi Yar mass execution, 120
Baghdad, Iraq, 193, 196
Bahai in Iran, 8
Balfour Declaration, 195
Ballin, Albert, 93–94
Baltic countries, 134
Banu Qurayza tribe, 67
barbarism, 34
Barbie, Klaus, 130
Beilis trial (1911), 89
Belgium
attacks on Jews, 57
attitudes toward Jews, 129, 150, 160
expulsions of Jews, 54
and Holocaust, 120, 122
political parties, 11
Belzec extermination camp, 119
Benoist, Alain de, 129
Benz, Wolfgang, 122
Berg, Kid, 163
Berg, Nicholas, 201
Berlin, Germany, 36–37
Berlin Olympic Games, 116
Berlusconi, Silvio, 127
Berman, Jakub, 176
Bernard of Clairvaux, 53
Besarabets (newspaper), 85
Bialik, Haim Nahman, 85
Bialystok ghetto, 120
Biarritz (Retcliffe), 96
Bin Laden, Osama, 130, 184, 200
Biro Bidzhan (Soviet district), 30
Black Death, 38, 54, 60–62, 67
Black Hundreds, 84, 87–89
blacks, 145–47, 150, 202
blogging, 130
blood libel, 55–57
accusations, 66, 80, 153
Beilis trial, 89
Damascus trial, 56, 194
Hugh of Lincoln, 56
Luther on, 64
Muslim version, 140
in Romania, 112
St. William of Norwich, 55–56
Bloody Sunday in St. Petersburg, 88
Boer War, 103
Bohemia, 65
Bolshevism
and Nazism, 113
participation of Jews in, 83, 104, 105, 132
and spread of antisemitism, 30
and Zionism, 180
Bomberg, Daniel, 59
bourgeois society, 31
boycotts of Jewish shops, 109, 115
Brafman, Iakov, 82
Britain
antisemitic activity, 128
attitudes toward Jews, 65, 149, 150, 160
and defenses against antisemitism, 163
demographics, 11
expulsions of Jews, 36
ghettos, 71
imperialism, 33, 177
Jewish population, 66, 125
legislation, antisemitic, 110
and Livingstone, 13
Muslim population, 126, 148
political parties, 186
British Mandate in Palestine, 30
Browe, Peter, 31
Buchenwald camp, 135–36
Bulgaria, 120
Bunche, Ralph, 145–46
Bush, George W., 187–88
Butz, Arthur R., 136
Cairo, Egypt, 195
Caligula, 41
Calvinism, 64
Capistrano, 54–55, 56–57
capitalism
and Communism, 179
Friedrich on, 34
Jews associated with, 114, 143, 148, 172
Marxists on, 31
and socialism, 28, 79, 172
Sombart’s study of, 25–26
caricatures of Jews, 159
Carlist party, 113
Carlos the Jackal, 9, 130, 182, 184
Carol II, King of Romania, 111
Catherine II, 79
Catholic Church
attacks on Jews, 80
and Dreyfus case, 102
and emancipation of Jews, 78
and establishment of ghettos, 62–63
and Italian antisemitism, 127
popes, 53, 54, 56–57, 61
Central Europe. See also specific countries
and defenses against antisemitism, 163
and Holocaust, 118, 119
Jewish population, 107
regional variations in antisemitism, 69
status of Jews, 71
Centralverein, 161
Chamberlain, Houston Stewart, 93, 94
character traits of Jews, 158–59, 167
Chechens and Chechnya, 7, 133, 134, 204
Chelmno extermination camp, 119
China, 204
Chmielnicki, Bohdan, 66
Chmielnicki massacre, 69
Chomsky, Noam, viii, 183
Christianity. See also Catholic Church
and Black Death, 61–62
blood libel cases, 55–57, 153, 195
charity for Jews, 75–76
and conversion of Jews, 54, 108
Crusades, 38, 51, 52–53
desecration of Host, 57
Fourth Lateran Council, 54, 57
Inquisition, 62–63, 70
and Islam, 19, 52, 67–68, 192
and Judaism, 3, 45–52, 53–55, 62–64, 66, 142
Judaism’s rejection of, 1, 36, 151
and Judaizers, 48
militancy, 206
and Nazism, 144
persecution, 45, 52
political influence, 10
in Russia, 132
theologians, 31
threat of Jews to, 80, 143
in United States, 142
Cicero, 42
Cioran, Emil, 112
circumcision rite, 41, 43, 44
citizenship rights, 41
Civilta Cattolica, 57
class enemies, Jews as, 179
Claudius, 41
Clement VI, 54, 61
Clermont-Tonnerre, Stanislas, comte de, 72–73
Clinton, Bill, 187, 201
Cold War, 179, 181, 187
Cologne, Germany, 52
Communism
avoidance of antisemitism, 173
breakdown, 133
equality emphasis, 206
and fall of Soviet Union, 180
and Holocaust, 124
and “Jewish question,” 30
motives behind antisemitism, 177
participation of Jews, 14, 114, 132, 133, 174, 176
and Polish population, 134
propaganda, 105, 175
and references to Zionism and Judaism, 180
repression of Jews, 179
and revolutions, 30, 99
in Russia, 150
and working class, 184
and Zionism, 180
competition, Jews as, 77, 80, 95, 143, 154
concentration camps, 115, 117, 119, 121
Congress of Vienna, 76
conscription, 81, 82, 86
conspiracy theories
in Arab world, 20, 197, 200–201, 206
and Biarritz, 96
and Communism, 177–78
and Protocols of the Elders of Zion, 29, 82, 96–102
on revolutionary ambitions, 30, 156
in United States, 144
Constantine, 49, 50
conversion of Jews
church on, 54, 108
and German Jewry, 164–65
German philosophers on, 74
and Inquisition, 70
and issues of equality, 91
and military conscription, 81
motivations, 165
Pobedonostsev on, 84
and prevalence of antisemitism, 151
conversion to Judaism, 54
Copts in Egypt, 8
Coughlin, Charles Edward, 144
countryside, flight from, 154–55
court Jews (Hofjuden), 65
Croatia, 120
Cromwell, Oliver, 64
Crusades, 38, 51, 52–53
Czechoslovakia, 118, 122, 138
Dachau camp, 136
Dalets (Untouchables) in India, 8, 157
Damascus trial of 1840, 56, 194
David (biblical), 97
Dayan, Moshe, 184
death camps, 119, 121, 135, 136, 141
defenses against antisemitism, 160, 163–64, 168
democracy, 24, 199
democrats, 34, 181
demographics, 78
demonopathy, 26
Denikin, Anton, 104
Denmark, 113, 120
department stores, 95
depictions of Jews, 159
deportations. See expulsions of Jews
Deutscher, Isaac, 180
Devil, 55, 199
diaspora, 39
Diodorus, Siculus, 41
disease in Jewish population, 40
Disraeli, Benjamin, 14, 156
Dmowski, Roman, 109
“doctor’s plot” in Soviet Union, 62
Donin, Nikolas, 58
Dresden bombing, 138
Dreyfus case, 27, 29, 73, 101–2, 195
Drumont, Edouard, 102
Dubrovin, Alexander, 87
Duehring, Eugen, 22, 93
Durkheim, Emile, 35
East Germany, 175, 178–79
Eastern Europe. See also specific countries
antisemitic activity, 131–32, 134
attitudes toward Jews, 167
Freemasons, 73
Holocaust, 118, 119, 123, 139
Jewish population, 16–17, 107, 128, 133, 138
minorities, 110
pogroms, 78
propaganda, 175
regional variations in antisemitism, 66, 69
slave trade, 158
socioeconomics, 79
Stalinism, 174
status of Jews, 167
transition to modern antisemitism, 5
Eastern Orthodox Church, 80, 132, 178, 195
economic sources of antisemitism, 36, 38
competitors, Jews as, 77, 95, 143, 154
in Germany, 114
in Hungary, 110
in Poland, 108
prosperity of Jews, 62, 143–44, 157
education
in Germany, 115, 116
lack of secular education, 72, 80
literacy of Jews, 155
restrictions on Jews, 82, 109
in Romania, 111
Edward, Prince of Wales, 103
Efraim the Syrian, 48
Egypt, ancient
attitude toward Jews, 43
destruction of Elephantine temple, 40
exodus from, 40, 42, 44
xenophobia, 2
Egypt, modern, 11
Eichmann, Adolf, 137, 141
Eisenmenger (professor), 58, 82
Elephantine temple, 39–40
Eliade, Mircea, 112
Elias, Samuel “Dutch Sam,” 162
emancipation
advocates, 71
and Enlightenment era, 160
in France, 29
German philosophers on, 74–75
and nature of antisemitism, 155–56
opposition, 54, 65, 73–77, 80–81
Petlyura on, 104
Pinsker on, 26
in Russia, 29
emek ha’bacha (the valley of tears), 61
emigration and immigration
from Africa, 127
from Austria, 116
from Central Europe, 61
and demographic shifts, 11, 12
from Eastern Europe, 66, 134, 161–62
from Germany, 95, 116
Hitler on, 117
from Hungary, 176
during Middle Ages, 53
of Muslims, 201–2
to Palestine, 30
from Poland, 109, 176
political reaction to, 129–30
from Romania, 176–77
from Russia, 29, 84
from Soviet Union, 118, 177
to United States, 18, 84, 95, 142–43
from Western Europe, 61
Engels, Friedrich, 179
England, 54, 56, 76, 162. See also Britain
Enlightenment, 31, 71–79, 160, 171, 179
Enlightenment, Jewish (Haskalah), 82
equality, 179–80
Erasmus, 63
essentialist explanation of antisemitism, 45
Esther, book of, 39
eternal antisemitism theory, 33
ethnography, 92
eugenics, 94
Europe. See also specific countries and regions
assimilation of Jews, 2
attitudes toward Jews, 128, 149
and Black Death, 60–62
borders, 149
and Communism, 30
demographics, 10–12
and exodus of Jewry, 27
and Holocaust, 117, 122–23
immigration, 11, 126
and Islamist antisemitism, 199–200
Jewish population, 125, 126, 141, 172
legislation, anti-racialist, 131
in Middle Ages, 3–4, 50–62
and Middle East, 15
Muslim population, 10–13, 15–16
regional variations in antisemitism, 66, 69
socialism, 25
sources of antisemitism, 196, 197
status of Jews, 51–52, 172
trends in antisemitism, 10
violence against Jews, 38 (see also pogroms and massacres)
European Monitoring Centre on Racism and Xenophobia, 131
evil, Jews associated with, 149
Evola, Giulio, 129
exodus from Egypt, 40, 42, 44
exploitation of non-Jews, 157
expulsions of Jews
from Arab peninsula, 68
from Belgium, 54
from Bohemia, 65
from Britain, 36
and denials of Holocaust, 141
from England, 54
from France, 36, 50, 54
from Italy, 50
from Poland, 103, 134
from Portugal, 54, 69
from Russia, 79
from Spain, 36, 50, 54, 69
from Ukraine, 79
extermination camps, 119, 121, 135, 136, 141
Farrakhan, Louis, 146, 184
fascism, 10, 112–13, 125, 127, 129
Fatimids, 68
Faurisson, Robert, 136, 183
feminism, 148–49
Fez pogroms, 193
Fichte, Johann, 74, 75
Fini, Gianfranco, 127
First Crusade, 38, 51, 52–53
fiscus judaicus tax, 44–45
Flagellants, 55, 61–62
Flatow, Alfred, 162
Flatow, Gustav, 162
Ford, Henry, 99, 143
Fourier, Charles, 24, 79
Fourth Lateran Council in 1215, 54, 57
France
and Action Française, 87
assimilation of Jews, 151
attacks on Jews, 38, 51, 57, 77, 127–28
attitudes toward Jews, 65, 126, 150
and Black Death, 60
blood libel cases, 56
consular agents, 195
and Crusades, 52
and defenses against antisemitism, 163
demographics, 11, 13
Dreyfus case, 101–2
in Enlightenment era, 72
expulsions of Jews, 36, 50, 54, 62
and Freemasons, 73
French Revolution, 95–96, 171, 179
ghettos, 71
and Holocaust, 120
Jewish population, 29, 66, 125, 127
legislation, anti-racialist, 131
legislation, antisemitic, 110
literature on antisemitism, 23
Muslim population, 19, 126, 127–28
philosophers, 75
and Protocols of the Elders of Zion, 85
and religious sectarianism, 91
riots, 207
status of Jews, 154
transition to modern antisemitism, 5
Franco, Francisco, 113, 134
Frank, Ludwig, 162
Frankfurt, Germany, 37, 76
Frankfurt school of critical theory, 31, 32
Freemasons, 73, 95, 98, 113
French Revolution, 95–96, 171, 179
Freud, Sigmund, 37, 164, 166
Friedrich, Carl, 34
Fromm, Erich, 32
functionalist explanation of antisemitism, 45
fundamentalism, religious, 15, 182, 191, 198, 205
Gager, John, 33
Galton, Francis, 92
Garaudy, Roger, 130, 141, 183
Gaza, 183
Geremek, Bronislav, 134
Germany
assimilation of Jews, 151
associations defending Jews, 23
attacks on Jews, 51, 57
attitudes toward Jews, 65, 128, 150, 160
Berlin Olympic Games, 116
and Black Death, 60
blood libel cases, 56
and Crusades, 52
and defenses against antisemitism, 163
demographics, 11
and emancipation of Jews, 73, 76
emigration, 95, 116
expulsions of Jews, 138
financial restitution, 128, 176
foreign policy, 116
“German ideology,” 94–95
ghettos, 71
Green party, 185
and Holocaust, 118, 122, 135
and Jewish identity, 166
Jewish population, 23–24, 66, 93, 164
legislation, anti-racialist, 131
legislation, antisemitic, 115
Muslim population, 126
nationalism, 34
and Nazism, 31, 36, 100, 107, 113, 114–20, 125
philosophers, 74
pogroms, 117
population trends, 10, 36–37
and Protocols of the Elders of Zion, 98
and religious sectarianism, 91
socialism, 25
sources of antisemitism, 114
study of antisemitism in, 35
transition to modern antisemitism, 5
and Wilhelm Marr, 21
Gerstein, Kurt, 137
ghettos
and church, 62–63
effects on Jews, 37
in Enlightenment era, 71
establishment, 62–63
expansion of, 129
in Middle Ages, 3
in modern era, 76, 77
and Nazism, 118, 119
for Palestinians, 187
resistance, 119–20
and Zionism, 168
globalism, 15
Gobineau, Joseph, 92
Goebbels, Josef, 22
Goedsche, Hermann, 96
Goga, Octavio, 112
Gombos, Julius, 111
Granada, 68
Great Depression, 143–44
Greece, ancient, 2, 3, 41, 43–44
Greece, modern
attitudes toward Jews, 129
consular agents, 195
and Holocaust, 120, 122
Jewish population, 128–29
religious antisemitism, 10
Green party, 185
Gregory IX, 54, 58
Gregory X, 56
Granada pogroms, 193
Grimm’s Fairy Tales, 56
Gruenbaum, Isaac, 109
hadith, 67, 68
Haecateus of Abdera, 41
Haider, Jörg, 130
hair length, 43
Haman, 39
Hamas, 192
Harkabi, Yehoshafat, 196
Harwood, Richard, 136
Haskalah (Jewish Enlightenment), 82
Hebrew language, 109, 168, 191
Hegel, Georg Wilhelm Friedrich, 74–75
Heine, Heinrich, 165
Hellenistic period, 41
Hep Hep disturbances, 76, 78
Herder, Johann, 75
Herzl, Theodor, 27, 29, 33, 164, 169
Heydrich, Reinhard, 118
Himmler, Heinrich, 118–19, 135
Hitler, Adolf. See also Holocaust; Nazis
announcement of intentions, 117, 135
and Chamberlain, 94
and “final solution,” 119–22
ideology, 114
on Kristallnacht pogrom, 117
leadership, 110, 115–16
propaganda, 113–14, 115
and Protocols of the Elders of Zion, 100
and resistance, 123
and revisionism, 137
sympathizers, 140, 141, 145, 187
and Zionist-collaboration theory, 200
Hobsbawm, Eric, ix
Hoess, Rudolf, 137, 141
Hofjuden (court Jews), 65
Holbach, Paul-Henri, baron d’, 72
Holland, 76, 129, 138
Hollywood, 143
Holocaust. See also Hitler, Adolf; Nazis
Arab and Muslim attitudes, 139
and assimilation of Jews, 2
concentration camps, 115, 117, 119, 121
denials of, 125, 134, 135–41, 184–85, 197
discussion of, 150
“final solution,” 118–24, 137
impact, 38, 123–24, 207
Jewish casualties, 121–22, 138
and persecution by Jews, 6
resistance, 122
significance, 149
and study of antisemitism, 35
as unique event, 123–24
Holy Sepulcher, 52
Homel pogrom, 85–86
homosexuals, 124, 198
Horkheimer, Max, 31
Horthy, Miklös, 110, 111
Howard, Michael, 149
Hugh of Lincoln, 56
Hungary
Arrow Cross, 107, 112, 121
assimilation of Jews, 109–10
attitudes toward Hungarians, 179
Black Death in, 60
and Communist leadership, 176
and defenses against antisemitism, 163
and emancipation of Jews, 76
emigration, 176
and Holocaust, 121, 122, 123
Jewish population, 107, 110, 128, 133
legislation, antisemitic, 111
and neofascism, 134
pogroms, 30
political parties, 30
revolutionary coups, 99
riots, 108
status of Jews, 167
Hussein, Saddam, 130
Iberian peninsula, 92
identity of Jews, 33–34, 165–66, 172–73
Ignacio de Loyola, 70
Illuminati, 95
immigration. See emigration and immigration
imperialism, 33, 177, 179, 187–88, 199
Imredi, Bela, 111
India, 204
Innocent III, 54
Innocent IV, 56
Inquisition, 62–63, 70
internationalism, 149, 182
Internet, 17, 130
Intifada, 14
intolerance among Jews, 40, 42, 44
Iran, 11, 140, 198, 201
Iraq, 188, 193, 196
Iron Guard of Romania, 107, 111, 112
Irving, David, 136
Islam. See also Muslims
and Christianity, 19, 52, 67–68, 192
and European antisemitism, 199–200
fundamentalism, 182, 191, 198, 205
hadith, 67, 68
Jews under rule of, 51, 67, 192–93
jihad, 192
Judaism’s rejection of, 1, 36, 151, 191–92, 193, 194
Koran, 59, 67–68, 147, 191–92, 193, 199
militancy, 205–6
and references to Jews, 6
and sources of antisemitism, 5, 197–98
status of Jews, 67–69
and Trotskyism, 186
Voltaire on, 71
Israel. See also anti-Zionism; Zionism
anti-Israelism, 5–6, 7, 9 (see also anti-Zionism)
and Arabs, 196–97, 202, 204–5
criticisms, 6–7, 8
founding, 160, 182, 184
integration, 15
Israeli-Palestinian conflict, 8–10, 19–20, 187, 200, 203–5
Jewish population, 209
and left-wing opposition, 147–48
and Palestinians, 187
religious nationalism, 15, 205
Six-Day War, 181, 183, 204
and sources of antisemitism, 203
status, 14
as threat to world peace, ix, 7–8, 149, 186–87
and United States, 15, 17–18, 200
Israelitische Allianz, 160
Italy
attacks on Jews, 77
attitudes toward Jews, 150, 160
demographics, 10
expulsions of Jews, 50
and fascism, 112
and Holocaust, 120, 122
Jewish population, 66, 127
legislation, antisemitic, 113
and neofascism, 127
propaganda, 10
Japan, 86, 177
Jehovah’s Witnesses, 124
Jerusalem, 50, 192, 203, 205
Jesus Christ, 45–46, 74, 93, 151, 192
Jewish antisemitism, 159, 166, 176
Jewish Enlightenment (Haskalah), 82
Jewish identity, 33–34, 165–66, 172–73
“Jewish question,” 23–25, 27, 29, 30
“Jewish spirit,” 21, 25
“The Jews and Their Lies” (Luther), 63–64
jihad, 192
John, book of, 47
John Chrysostom, 47–48, 49
Joly, Maurice, 96
Josef II, 76
Josephus, Flavius, 40, 41
Journal of Historical Review, 136
Judaizers, 48
Judas Iscariot, 48
Judeophobia, 5, 20, 22, 26, 201
Justin Martyr, 45, 47
Justinian I, 50
Juvenal, 43
Kaganovitch, Lazar, 30
Kallinikon, 50
Kant, Immanuel, 74, 75
Kautsky, Karl, 173, 180
Keynes, John Maynard, 155
Khomeinists, 198
King, Martin Luther, 145
Kishinev pogrom, 78, 85–86, 168
Kniga Kahala (Brafman), 82
Korherr, Richard, 121
Kristallnacht pogrom, 117, 147
Kun, Bela, 108, 110
Kunzelmann, Dieter, 147
Kurds, 2
La vieille taupe (the Old Mole), 137, 183
Lagarde, Paul, 22, 93
land ownership, 155
Landau, Ben, 200
Lassalle, Ferdinand, 172, 173
Latvia, 105
Lazare, Bernard, 27–29, 102
Le Monde, 13
Le Pen, Jean-Marie, 127, 130
League of Nations, 110, 116
left wing, 147–50. See also Communism
Friedrich on, 34
on Holocaust, 17
ideology, 15
and political parties, 185–86
on Zionism, 17, 150, 182
legal status of Jews
in Middle Ages, 3
in Muslim world, 193–94
in Poland, 81
in Roman civilization, 50
in Spain’s Golden Age, 69
Legion of Archangel Michael. See Iron Guard of Romania
legislation, anti-racialist, 131, 160
legislation, antisemitic
in Eastern Europe, 30
in Germany, 115
in Hungary, 111
in Italy, 113
opposition to, 110
in Poland, 109
Lenin, Vladimir Il’ich, 132, 173, 174
Leninism, 179–80, 182
Leo III, 50
Leon, Abram, 174
Leonard, Benny, 162–63
lepers, Jews as, 40, 42, 44
Lessing, Gotthold, 73
Lettwin, Oliver, 149
Leuchter, Fred, 136
Lewinsky, Monica, 201
Lewis, Bernard, 68
libel against Jews, 54. See also blood libel
Libya, 196
limpieza de sangre (purity of blood), 22, 70, 91–92, 159–60
literature, antisemitic, 65, 76, 96–101, 132, 174
literature on antisemitism, 22–23, 30–36
Lithuania, 80, 81, 103
Livingstone, Ken, 13
Lodz ghetto, 119, 120
Lombards, 154
London, England, 60
Louis, George, 87
Low Countries of Europe, 70
Lowther, Sir Gerald, 195
Lueger, Karl, 78
luftmenschen status, 167
Luke, book of, 46
Luther, Martin, 55, 63–64
Luxemburg, Rosa, 156, 173
Lvov, Poland, 107
Lysimachus, 41
Madagascar, 93, 109
Mahler, Horst, 129, 130, 183–84
Mainz, Germany, 52
Majdanek extermination camp, 119, 136
Makhno, Nestor, 104
Malik, Charles, 140–41
Manetho, 40
Manifestations of Antisemitism in the EU 2002–2003, 131
Manifesto group, 127
Maria Theresa, 65
Marr, Wilhelm, 21, 93
marriage, 50, 51, 115, 134, 193
Martial, 43
Marx, Karl, 24, 79, 157, 172, 173
Marxism, 31, 179–80, 182
Marxist Social Democrats, 79
Masons, 73, 95, 98, 113
Matthew, book of, 46
Mein Kampf (Hitler), 114
Mendoza, Daniel, 162
Mensheviks, 83, 105
Menuhin, Yehudi, 124
Merker, Paul, 175–76
Middle Ages, 50–62
conspiracy theories, 101
expulsions of Jews, 3–4
prosperity of Jews, 192–93, 194
and rule of Islam, 67
sources of antisemitism, 151–52, 153
middle class, 4, 34, 105
Middle East, 15, 126, 130, 141, 203
military conscription, 81, 82, 86
Minc, Hilari, 176
minorities, non-Jewish, 8, 77–78, 107, 144–45, 179–80
minority, Jews as, 1–2, 35
Minsk ghetto, 119
“The Mirror of the Jews” (Pfefferkorn), 63
missionary efforts of Jews, 42–43, 49
Mohamad, Mahathir, 198–99
monotheism, 3, 37, 40, 42, 44
Moses, 41, 42, 58, 192
Mossad, 200
Mueller, Max, 92
Muhammad, 67, 151, 191–92, 193, 194
Munich Olympic Games, 183
Muskeljudentum (physical fitness), 168
Muslim Brotherhood, 186, 198
Muslims. See also Islam
antisemitic activity, 131
anti-Zionism, 198
and Black Death, 61
and Christianity, 52
conspiracy theories, 20
and critics of Jews, 148
and Crusades, 52
in Europe, 10–13, 15–16
and Fourth Lateran Council, 54
in France, 19, 126, 127–28
and Holocaust, 139, 140–42
immigration, 11, 12, 127, 201–2
legal status of Jews, 193–94
political influence, 149–50
and prosperity of Jews, 194
relationships with Jews, 12–14, 18–19, 125, 128
and Russia, 16
sources of antisemitism, 201–2
in United States, 18
voting rights, 12
Mussert movement, 113
Mussolini, Benito, 120
Napoleon, 76
Narodniki groups, 83
Nasser, Gamal Abdel, 141, 198
Nasser, Najib, 195
Nation of Islam, 145, 184
National Alliance, 127
National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP), 145
National Bolshevism, 129
National Democrats, 109
National Front, 127, 128
National Socialism, 179
nationalism
of Arabs, 182
and Nazism, 113
and neofascism, 127, 134
in nineteenth century, 171
religious nationalism, 15, 107, 205
and violence against Jews, 77
Nazis. See also Hitler, Adolf; Holocaust
and “antisemitism” term, 22
and Christianity, 144
concentration camps, 115, 117, 119, 121
cover-up of mass murders, 121, 135
current influence, 10
extermination camps, 119, 121, 135
“final solution,” 118–24, 137
and financial restitution, 128, 176
Friedrich on, 34
in Germany, 31, 36, 100, 107, 113, 114–20, 125
and ghettoization, 93
in Italy, 113
Jews acceptable to Nazis, 159
Jews under rule of, 118
and minorities, 111
neo-Nazism, 10, 17, 183, 209
opposition, 145
and Polish population, 134
propaganda, 113–14, 115
and Protocols of the Elders of Zion, 100
rise of, 107, 111
and St. John Chrysostom, 48
and study of antisemitism, 31, 35
and Zionist-collaboration theory, 137, 141, 200
Near East, 70
negationism, 125, 134, 135–41, 184–85, 197
neoconservativism, 188
neofascism
and decline of antisemitism, 130
emergence, 126–27, 133–34
and fascism, 127
and immigration, 11
influence, 10
neo-Nazism, 10, 17, 183, 209
Netherlands, 64, 113, 120, 122
Neumann, Franz, 31
Neumann, Michael, 149
“new antisemitism” (term), 5, 7, 9, 16, 189
New York Times, 143
Nicholas I, 81
Nicholas IV, 54, 56
Nietzsche, Friedrich Wilhelm, 93, 167
Nobel Prizes, 23, 162
Nordau, Max, 94, 168
North Africa, 127, 185, 193, 203
Northern League, 127
numerus clausus (quotas), 82
October Manifesto, 88
oil, 15
Oklahoma City federal building bombing, 144
Olympic Games, 116, 162, 183
Oppenheimer, Joseph Suess, 36
“Orat mater ecclesia” papal bull, 56
organ transplantation, 140
organized crime, 158
Oriental Jewry, 67
orientalization of Israel, 15
Origen, 47
The Origins of Totalitarianism (Arendt), 32–33
Orthodox Church, 80, 132, 178, 195
Ottoman empire, 13–14
Pakistan, 209
Pale of Settlement, 81–82, 86, 128
Palestine
and American blacks, 202
anti-Zionism, 195–96
British Mandate, 30
immigration, 84, 109
insurgencies, 182
Israeli-Palestinian
conflict, 8–10, 19–20, 187, 200, 203–5
and Jewish colonization, 195
and Jewish conspiracies, 140
and Jewish zealots, 44
loss of homeland, 196–97, 202, 203–5
restrictions on Judaism, 50
sacrifice of, 141
and sources of antisemitism, 203–5
and Zionism, 27, 167, 169
Pamyat antisemitic group, 132
Parkes, James, 31
Parsons, Talcott, 34–35
Pascal, Blaise, 166
patricide, 37
patriotism, 160, 161
Pauker, Ana, 176
Paulus, 45
Pearl, Daniel, 201
Pearson, Karl, 92
peasantry, Jewish, 24, 168
Pelley, William Dudley, 144
People of the Book (ahl al-kitab), 68, 192
People’s Democracies, 175, 177, 178
People’s Will party, 173
Pernersdorfer, Engelbert, 173
persecutors, Jews as, 6
Persians, 40
Peter the Hermit, 52
Peter the Venerable, 50
Petlyura, Symon, 104
Petronius, 43
Pfefferkorn, Johannes, 63
philology, 92
physical appearance of Jews, 43, 54, 80–81, 158–59, 168, 193
Pilsudski, Joseph, 108, 109, 111
Pinsker, Leon, 26–27, 29
Plehve, V. K., 85
Pobedonostsev, Konstantin, 84
pogroms and massacres. See also Holocaust
in Algeria, 196
in Baghdad-Farhud, 196
during Black Death era, 38, 54, 60–62, 67
Chmielnicki massacre, 69
Crusades, 38, 51, 52–53
in Eastern Europe, 78
in Fez, 193
by Flagellants, 55
in Germany, 117, 147
in Granada, 193
in Hebron community, 196
in Hungary, 30
in Libya, 196
in North Africa, 193
in Romania, 30, 120
in Russia, 27, 29, 30, 38, 78, 83–89, 104, 105, 168
in Ukraine, 30
Poland
assimilation of Jews, 80–81
attacks on Jews, 57
attitudes toward Poles, 179
blood libel cases, 80
and Communist leadership, 176
and defenses against antisemitism, 163
emigration, 109, 176
expulsions of Jews, 103, 134
ghettos, 119, 120
and Holocaust, 117–18, 119, 121
Jewish population, 66, 79, 80, 81, 107
and “Jewish question,” 27
land ownership, 155
literature on antisemitism, 22
racialist antisemitism, 111
social tensions, 36
sources of antisemitism, 4
status of Jews, 65–66, 167
“street antisemitism,” 108
trades, 108
virulence of antisemitism, 108–9
Poliakov, Leon, 66
political antisemitism, 23, 77, 78, 126
political explanations of antisemitism, 49
political influence of Jews, 143, 156–57
political parties, 11, 30, 109, 185–86. See also specific parties
politics, Jews in, 77
popes, 53, 54, 56–57, 61
population trends, 10–11, 36–37. See also specific regions and countries
Populism, 142, 171, 173, 181–82
Portugal, 54, 62, 69–70, 146, 193
Posidonius, 41
post-racialist antisemitism, 20
poverty, 36, 84
Powell, Adam Clayton, 145
professions of Jews. See also usury
in Austria, 78
competitors, Jews as, 77, 95, 143, 154
entrepreneurship of Jews, 157
as estate managers, 79–80
in Hungary, 110
and Nazism, 115–16
in Poland, 108
restrictions on Jews, 3, 65, 66, 154
success of Jews in, 157–58
in United States, 142
proletariat, 185
propaganda. See also Protocols of the Elders of Zion
anti-Islamic propaganda, 198
of Arab world, 198, 203
and denials of Holocaust, 184
in Eastern Europe, 134, 175
of Henry Ford, 143
of Nazis, 115
political propaganda, 144
prevalence, 65, 76, 120
on Russia and Communism, 175
of Soviet Union, 178
Proskurov pogrom, 104
prosperity of Jews, 62, 157, 171, 194, 202
prostitution, 158, 187
Protestantism, 64, 91
The Protocols of the Elders of Zion, 96–101
and American policies, 188
in Arab world, 197
distribution, 105, 198
Ford’s distribution of, 143
influence, 29, 82, 85
modern interpretation, 9
in Spain, 113
Proudhon, Pierre, 24, 79
psychological explanations of antisemitism, 32, 37, 172
public office, 68, 75, 76, 176, 193
Puritanism, 25
purity of blood (limpieza de sangre), 22, 70, 91–92, 159–60
Quintilianus, 42
Qutb, Sayyid, 198
race theory, 92–94
racialist antisemitism, 4–5, 22, 70, 91–95, 111
Rakosi, Matias, 176
Rashi, 154
Rassinier, Paul, 135–36
Rathenau, Walther, 159
Ree, Paul, 164
Reich Citizenship Law, 115
Reinhardt, Django, 124
religiosity of Jews, 2
religious sources of antisemitism, 36, 54
in Arab world, 196
and assimilation of Jews, 151
attitude of church, 66
and Black Death, 61–62
in Eastern Europe, 107
in Middle Ages, 151–52
in United States, 142
Renan, Ernest, 92
Republican party, 181
restitution, financial, 128, 176
Retcliffe, Sir John, 96
Reuchlin, Johann, 63
Revelation, book of, 46–47
revisionism, 125, 134, 135–41, 184–85, 197
Rhineland, Germany, 38, 52
Rhodes, Cecil, 33
Riga ghetto, 119
right wing, 10, 11, 17, 171, 172. See also specific groups, including Nazis
rights of Jews. See emancipation
riots, 76, 77, 83, 107–8
Rodinson, Maxime, 174
Rohling, August, 195
Roman, Petre, 134
Roman civilization, 2, 3, 41–44, 49, 50
Romania
and defenses against antisemitism, 163
emigration, 176–77
and Holocaust, 121, 122, 134
and Ion Antonescu, 134
Iron Guard, 107, 111, 112
Jewish population, 107, 128
legionnaires, 121
literature on antisemitism, 23
and neofascism, 134
pogroms, 30, 120
virulence of antisemitism, 111–12
Roosevelt, Franklin D., 144, 187
Roosevelt, Theodore, 94
Rosenberg, Alfred, 99
Rosenblum, Maxie, 163
Rosenzweig, Franz, 164
Ross, Barney, 163
Rotfeld, Adam, 134
Rothschild family, 25, 79, 142, 157
Rousseau, Jean-Jacques, 75
Russia
antisemitic activity, 131–33
and Arab societies, 16
assimilation of Jews, 81–83
attitudes toward Jews, 128
attitudes toward Russians, 179–80
blood libel cases, 89
and Chechnya, 7, 133, 134, 204
and communism, 150
and defenses against antisemitism, 163
expulsions of Jews, 103
and Holocaust, 118, 120
and Japan, 86
Jewish population, 16–17, 66, 79
literature on antisemitism, 22
and Muslims, 16, 126
pogroms, 27, 29, 30, 38, 78, 83–89, 104, 105, 168
population trends, 11
propaganda, 10, 175
and Protocols of the Elders of Zion, 29, 85, 98, 100
revolution, 30, 98–99, 104–5 (see also Bolshevism)
social tensions, 36
socialism, 25
sources of antisemitism, 4
status of Jews, 167
Russian Orthodox church, 80, 178
Sabbath ritual, 43, 44
Sachs, Maurice, 166
sacrifices, 40, 42
Sahih, 192
Saint-Simonians, 79
Salome, Lou Andreas, 164
Samuel, Maurice, 34
Sanacja political movement, 109
Saracens, 54
Sartre, Jean-Paul, 33–34, 147
Satan, 55, 199
scapegoats, 1, 33
Schelling, Friedrich Wilhelm Joseph von, 75
segregation of Jews, 115. See also ghettos
self-hatred of Jews, 165–66
Semitic language, 21–22, 191
Seneca, 42–43
September 11th terrorist attacks, 200
sexual relationships, 115, 158, 193
Sharpton, Al, 184
Shaw, George Bernard, 94
Shi’a Muslims, 19, 69
shtetl, 168
Six-Day War, 181, 183, 204
skinheads, 130. See also neo-Nazism
Slansky trial, 134, 175
slave trade, 146, 158, 184, 187
Slovakia, 76
Smith, Adam, 155
Smith, Gerald, 144
Sobibor extermination camp, 119, 136
social Darwinism, 94
Social Democrats, 83, 94, 173, 184
social explanations of antisemitism, 36, 79, 157
Social Revolutionaries, 83, 105
socialism
and capitalism, 28, 79, 172
emergence, 78
leadership, 24–25
and working class, 185
Socrates of Constantinople, 48
Sombart, Werner, 25
South Africa, 84, 95, 103, 162
Southern Europe, 69
Soviet Union. See also Bolshevism
and Arabs, 197
and conspiracy theories, 177–78
emigration, 118, 177
expulsions of Jews, 138
fall of, 132, 180, 181
and Holocaust, 122, 139
Jewish population, 175, 209
propaganda, 178
racialist antisemitism, 179
Stalinism, 174
Spain
assimilation of Jews, 151
attitudes toward Jews, 150, 160
blood libel cases, 56
expulsions of Jews, 36, 50, 54, 62, 69
fascism, 113
Golden Age, 69
Jewish population, 128–29, 192–93
limpieza de sangre, 22, 70
persecution of Jews, 38, 68
population trends, 10–11
racialist antisemitism, 4
restrictions on Jews, 154
state-supervised antisemitism, 69
status of Jews, 53, 154
Speer, Albert, 114
Spinoza, Benedictus de, 28, 72
sports, Jews in, 162–63
St. Augustine of Hippo, 47, 48
St. Cyril, 50
St. Simon, 57
St. William of Norwich, 55
Stahl, Friedrich, 156
Stalin, Joseph, 30, 62, 105, 175, 177
Stalinism, 174, 186
stereotypes, 37, 158–59, 172, 175
Strauss, Leo, 188, 201
“street antisemitism,” 108
Streicher, Julius, 25–26
suicides of Jews, 52, 122
Summers, Lawrence, ix
Sunni Muslims, 19, 69
Sweden, 120
Switzerland, 76, 113, 150
Synod of Claremont, 50
Tacitus, 42, 43, 44
Talmud
anti-Christian references, 48–49, 152
and antisemites, 152–53
and conspiracy theories, 82
Eisenmenger on, 58–60
influence, 28
Pfefferkorn on, 63
The Talmud Jew (Rohling), 195, 197
“Talmud Jews,” 57–60
Tantawi, Muhammad Sayyed, 199
taxes on Jews
and the church, 53
in Germany, 116
in Muslim world, 68, 193
in Poland, 109
in Rome, 44–45
temples, destruction of, 39–40, 50
terrorism, 126, 144, 200
Theobald, 55
Theodorakis, Mikis, 9, 129, 149
Theodosius, 50
Theophrast, 40
Third Reich. See Nazis
third world, 15
Thiriart, Jean François, 129
Tiberius, 44
Tito, Josip Broz, 175
Tomaso, Pater, 194
trades of Jews. See professions of Jews
Transnistria, 120
Trebitsch, Arthur, 166
Treblinka extermination camp, 119
Trotsky, Leon, 30, 173, 174
Trotskyism, 174, 181, 185–86
Turkey, 11, 70, 185
Turner Diaries (MacDonald), 144
Uighurs, 8
Ukraine
blood libel cases, 80
expulsions of Jews, 79
Jewish population, 66, 81, 132
pogroms, 30, 38, 83–84, 104
United Kingdom. See Britain
United Nations, 8
United States
and anti-Americanism, 14, 17, 129, 187–88
and Communism, 177
and East Germany, 179
foreign policy, 17–18, 188
immigration, 18, 84, 95, 142–43, 162
imperialism, 187–88
and Israel, 15, 17–18, 200
Jewish population, 209
and Jewish spirit, 25
legislation, antisemitic, 110
literature on antisemitism, 23
political affiliation of Jews, 181
prevalence of antisemitism, 142–47
Urban II, 52
usury
interest rates, 155
Leon on, 174
modern equivalents, 9
as primary profession of Jews, 28, 153–54
resentment of, 3, 153–54
Valentin, Hugo, 31
Venice, Italy, 62
Verges, Jacques, 130
Vienna, Austria, 36
Vilna, Lithuania, 107
violence against Jews, 50. See also Holocaust; pogroms and massacres
Voevod, Vaida, 111–12
Volksgemeinschaft, 113
Voltaire, 71–72, 75
Von Rin, Anderl, 57
Wagner, Richard, 22, 93
Wales, 77
Wall Street banks, 177
Warburg, Max, 94
Warsaw ghetto, 119, 120
wealth of Jews, 62, 157, 171, 194, 202
Weber, Max, 25
Weininger, Otto, 159, 166
Weishaupt, Adam, 95
wells, poisoning of, 60–61
West Bank, 181, 183
Western Europe. See also specific countries
antisemitic activity, 131
attitudes toward Jews, 150
and Holocaust, 123
Jewish population, 107
Muslim population, 149–50
propaganda, 203
regional variations in antisemitism, 66, 69
and socialism, 78
White Russia, 81, 99, 104–5
Wiener Library in London, x
Wilhelm II, 93, 99
Williams, Lukyn, 31
Witte, Sergei, 87
women, 49
work of Jews. See professions of Jews
World Trade Center attacks, 200
World War I, 103–4, 110, 114
World War II. See Hitler, Adolf; Holocaust; Nazis
Worms, Germany, 52
xenophobia, 2, 41, 126, 127
Yavetz, Zvi, 42
Yemen, 193
Yiddish language, 109, 168
youth groups, antisemitic, 130–31
Yugoslavia, 122
Zambrowski, Roman, 176
Zealots, 43
“ZioNazis,” 184
Zionism. See also anti-Zionism
and assimilation of Jews, 169
and Bolshevism, 180
and colonization, 195
and Communism, 180
criticisms, 9
influence, 210
and Israel (state), 210
and Lazare, 29
left wing on, 17, 150, 182
and Marxist-Leninist doctrine, 180
motivations, 166–68
and Nazi-collaboration theory, 137, 141, 200
opponents, 168
and Pinsker’s views, 27
in Protocols of the Elders of Zion, 97
and revisionism, 137
and Soviet purges, 175
term, 6, 179
Zionist Occupation Government (ZOG), 17, 144
Zola, Emile, 102
Zuendel, Ernst, 136
Zunz, Leopold, 164