The Métis Experience
For your reference, the terms that appear in the indexes of volumes of the report published online at http://nctr.ca/reports.php are listed below. Please use the search function on your eReading device to locate terms of interest in the text.
Aboriginal cultural identity: made to feel ashamed, schools as way to strengthen
admissions. See enrolment
Aklavik, NWT, residential school, All Saints (Anglican)
Alberta: Department of Neglected and Dependent Children, Northlands School Division. See also individual residential schools
Alberta Bureau of Relief
Alex (cousin of James Gladstone)
Amato, George (student)
Anglican Church and missionaries. See also individual Anglican residential schools
Anglican Forward Movement
Arcand, Térèse (student)
arson. See also fires
assault by student against priest
assimilation of Métis
Assiniboine reserve
attitudes: discrimination in public schools, by Inuit of Métis students
Baie St. Paul
Beauval, Sask., residential school, Lac la Plonge, Île-à-la-Crosse (Catholic), closing, discipline, enrolment policy, fires, graduates, health problems and food shortages, Métis as day students, Métis discharged, sibling separation, student experiences, teachers
bedwetting
Benson, Martin (Indian Affairs)
Bird, Madeline (student)
Birtle, Man., residential school (Presbyterian)
Blackfoot language
Blood Reserve residential school. See Cardston, Alta., residential school, St. Paul’s, Blood (Kainai) (Anglican)
boarding schools. See residential schools
Bompas, Bishop William (Anglican missionary)
Bowes, James (father of James Gladstone)
Brady, James (Métis Brotherhood of Alberta)
Brandon, Man., residential school (Methodist/United/Catholic)
Brandt, E. J. (Saskatchewan Superintendent of Schools)
Breynat, Bishop Gabriel
British North America Act
Brocket, Alta., residential school, Sacred Heart (Catholic)
Budd, Henry (Sakacheweskam - graduate and teacher)
bullying (victimization of fellow students): Cree bullying Métis, Métis called a ‘Monias,’ by older students
Burnett, Arthur (lawyer)
Calais, BC, residential school, Sturgeon Lake, St. Francis Xavier (Catholic)
Calgary, Alta., residential school, St. Dunstan (Anglican)
Callihoo, Felix (Métis Brotherhood of Alberta)
Calls to Action (Truth and Reconciliation Commission of Canada)
Canoe Lake Band
Carcross, YT, residential school, Chooulta (Anglican)
Cardinal, Douglas (school architect)
Cardinal, Elmer (student)
Cardston, Alta., residential school, St. Paul’s, Blood (Kainai) (Anglican)
Catholic Church and missionaries. See Roman Catholic Church and missionaries
Chartier, Clement (student)
Cheechum (great-grandmother of Maria Campbell)
Chilliwack/Sardis, BC, residential school, Coqualeetza Institute (Methodist/United)
Chipewyan language
Chooutla residential school. See Carcross, YT, residential school, Chooulta (Anglican)
chores. See manual labour
church-government partnerships
Church Missionary Society
church-run schools: admission of Métis students, conversion goals, funding of. See also Anglican Church and missionaries; Roman Catholic Church and missionaries; individual residential schools
Clear Lake Band
Clearwater Lake residential school. See The Pas/Clearwater Lake, Man., residential school, Guy Hill (Catholic)
colony (Métis colony)
Co-operative Commonwealth Federation (CCF)
Coqualeetza Institute. See Chilliwack/Sardis, BC, residential school, Coqualeetza Institute (Methodist/United)
corporal punishment
Courtoreille, Colin (student)
Le Couvent Saint-Bruno. See Joussard, Alta., residential school, St. Bruno’s (Catholic)
Covenant of Reconciliation (Truth and Reconciliation Commission of Canada)
Cowessess Band
Cranberry Portage
Cree language
Cree students
Crerar, Angie (student)
Crerar, T. A. (Indian Affairs)
Crescent Lake
Crowstand residential school. See Kamsack, Sask., residential school, Crowstand (Presbyterian)
curriculum
Dagg, James (principal)
Davin, Nicholas Flood (Indian Affairs)
Davis, R. S. (Indian Affairs)
Dawson City, YT, residential school, St. Paul’s Hostel (Anglican)
Day, J. P. G. (Indian agent)
day schools
deaths: lack of medical care, pneumonia
Delorme, Francis (godfather of Mary Vitaline Flammand)
Department of Mines and Resources
Department of Neglected and Dependent Children (Alberta)
Derocher, Mike (student)
Derocher, Robert (student)
Desjarlais, Rosine (student)
Desjarlais, Thomas (father of Rosine Desjarlais)
Desmarais-Wabasca, Alta., residential school, Wabisca Lake, Alta., St. Martins (Catholic)
Devlin, Frank (Indian agent)
Dewdney, Edgar (Indian Affairs)
Dion, Joseph (Métis Brotherhood of Alberta)
discipline: manual labour, for not speaking English, by nuns, out of school behaviour, rules, runaways, for speaking Cree. See also punishment
discrimination of Métis students
diseases, epidemics, and illnesses: measles, medical care, pneumonia, trachoma, tuberculosis
Doctrine of Discovery (Truth and Reconciliation Commission of Canada)
Doyen, Father (principal)
Dubuque (grandmother of Maria Campbell)
Ducharme, Marguerite (student)
Dumont, Gabriel (Métis leader)
Dunbow industrial school. See High River, Alta., residential school, St. Joseph’s, Dunbow industrial school (Catholic)
Edmonton, Alta., residential school. See St. Albert (Edmonton), Alta., residential school, Youville (Catholic)
education: curriculum, religious instruction, skills learned
English language, teaching and learning of: language of instruction, punishment for not speaking English, refusal to learn English, not French. See also French language, teaching and learning of; languages and language learning
English River Band
enrolment: barriers to Métis, compulsory attendance, decline, eligibility and grants, female students, government policy, orphans, student attitudes and resistance
Evans, Rita (student)
extracurricular activities
families: love for children, poverty. See also parental and community resistance
family separation. See separation of families
farming (Métis colony)
federal government (Indian Affairs): church-government partnerships, enrolment policy, goals of residential schools. See also funding
federal government funding. See funding
Finnie, O. S. (Indian Affairs)
fires
Flammand, Alexander (father of Mary Vitaline Flammand)
Flammand, Mary Vitaline (student)
Fleming, Bishop A. L. (Anglican)
food shortages
Forget, Rodolphe (businessman)
Fort Chipewyan, Alta., residential school, Holy Angels, École des Saints-Anges (Catholic): admission and funding of Métis students, arranged marriage, bedwetting, diseases, epidemics, and illnesses, language of instruction, manual labour, punishment, runaways, speaking Cree, student experiences, teachers
Fort Providence, NWT, residential school, Fort Providence Boarding Home, Sacred Heart (Catholic)
Fort Resolution, NWT, residential school, St. Joseph’s (Catholic), admission and funding of Métis students, separation of families, student experiences, teachers
Fort Vermilion, Alta., residential school, St. Henry’s (Catholic)
Forty Mile Mission
French language, teaching and learning of: language of instruction, refusal to learn English, not French. See also English language, teaching and learning of; languages and language learning
Frontier School Division (Manitoba)
funding: of church-run schools, federal versus provincial government, federal versus territorial government, grants and eligibility, hostels, industrial schools, Métis colony, private donations. See also federal government (Indian Affairs)
Gibson, R. A. (assistant deputy minister of the interior)
Gladstone, Harriet (grandmother of James Gladstone)
Gladstone, James (student and brother of Steven Gladstone)
Gladstone, Steven (student and brother of James Gladstone)
Gladstone, William (grandfather of James Gladstone)
Glasgow, Joe (student)
Godsal, F. W. (rancher and school benefactor)
Gooderham, G. H. (school supervisor)
Good Samaritan Hospital
government. See federal government (Indian Affairs)
government funding. See funding
Graham, W.A. (Indian Affairs)
grants and eligibility
Grey Nuns. See Sisters of Charity (Grey Nuns)
Grouard, Alta., residential school, St. Bernard’s, Lesser Slave Lake (Catholic), discipline, funding of Métis students, manual labour, religious instruction, sexual abuse by priest
Guillaume, Louis (Oblate)
Guy Hill residential school. See The Pas/Clearwater Lake, Man., residential school, Guy Hill (Catholic)
hair cut short: as cultural identity suppression, as punishment
half-breed. See Métis Nation
Hamman, Dr. H. A.
Hay River, NWT, residential school, St. Peter’s (Anglican)
Healy, Janie (wife of James Gladstone)
High River, Alta., residential school, St. Joseph’s, Dunbow industrial school (Catholic): admission of Métis students, deficit, parent complaints on care, student experiences
Hill, James J. (executive and school benefactor)
Hoey, R. A. (Indian Affairs)
Holy Angels residential school. See Fort Chipewyan, Alta., residential school, Holy Angels, École des Saints-Anges (Catholic)
homesickness: abandonment, runaways
homesteading (Métis colony)
Hope, James (graduate and teacher)
hostels. See residential schools
housekeeping
Hudson’s Bay Company (HBC)
Hugonnard, Father Joseph (principal)
Huguerre, J. (principal)
hunger
Île-à-la-Crosse residential school. See Beauval, Sask., residential school, Lac la Plonge, Île-à-la-Crosse (Catholic)
Indian Act. See also Treaty rights and status
Indian Affairs. See federal government
Indian Residential Schools Settlement Agreement (Truth and Reconciliation Commission of Canada)
Industrial School for Half-breed children
industrial schools. See also residential schools
Inuit students
Ironstand, Raphael (student)
Jacobson, Mary (student)
Janvier, Alphonse (students)
Jeckell, George (public servant)
Johnson, C. F. (school director)
Joussard, Alta., residential school, St. Bruno’s (Catholic), admission of Métis students, student friendships
Kamsack, Sask., residential school, Crowstand (Presbyterian)
Kenora, Ont., residential school, St. Mary’s (Catholic)
Lac La Biche, Alta., residential school, Notre Dame des Victoires (Catholic)
Lac la Plonge residential school. See Beauval, Sask., residential school, Lac la Plonge, Île-à-la-Crosse (Catholic)
Lacombe, Father Albert (Oblate missionary and principal)
Lafleche, Louis-François (Oblate)
Laird, David (Indian Affairs)
Lajeunesse, (principal)
languages and language learning: Chipewyan, church worship, Cree, discipline for not speaking English, English instruction, French, sign language. See also English language, teaching and learning of; French language, teaching and learning of
Lariviere, Yvonne (student)
Larocque, Archie (student)
l’Association des Métis d’Alberta et les Territoires du Nord-Ouest
Laviolette, Julienne (mother of Madeline Bird)
Leblanc, Harriet (wife of William Gladstone)
Lebret/Qu’Appelle, Sask., residential school, St. Paul’s, Whitecalf (Catholic), about, admission policy, closing, enrolment, Métis student withdrawal, student experiences
Lestock residential school. See Muscowequan, Sask., residential school, Lestock, Muskowekwan, Touchwood (Catholic)
L’Heureux, N. P. (Indian agent)
living conditions. See residential schools
loneliness: separation of families, student experiences
Lower Post, BC, residential school (Catholic)
MacInnes, T. R. L. (Indian Affairs)
Macleod, James (judge)
Manitoba: Frontier School Division, Métis Nation, role in schools
manual labour by students: boys compared to girls, complaints, housekeeping
marriage: arranged, loss of status, status or non-status
Martin, J. R. (school superintendent)
Matheson, John (principal)
McKenna, J. A. J. (Indian Affairs)
McLain, Mrs. (school director)
McLean, J. D. (Indian Affairs)
McQuillan, Sister (teacher)
Meltenberger, Theresa (student)
menstruation
Mercredi, Joseph (father of Madeline Bird)
Mercredi, Madeline. See Bird, Madeline
Mercredi, Martha (student)
Methodist Missionary Society
Métis Brotherhood of Alberta
Métis colony
Métis Memories of Residential Schools: A Testament to the Strength of the Métis
Métis Nation: church worship, colony (Saint-Paul-des-Métis) (accent), description as half-breed/mixed descent, homesteading, poverty, role in operating schools. See also Métis students; Treaty rights and status
Métis Population Betterment Act (1938)
Métis students, assimilation, barriers to enrolment, bullying by Cree students, called ‘Monias,’ cultural identity suppression, discrimination of, eligibility and grants, enrolment policy and exclusion, expulsion, northern residential schooling, withdrawal from school. See also Métis Nation; student experiences (Survivors of residential schools)
Metlakatla/Metlakahtla, BC, residential school (Anglican)
Middlechurch, Man., residential school, St. Paul’s, Rupert’s Land (Anglican)
Middleton, S. H. (principal)
Mission, BC, residential school, St. Mary’s (Catholic)
mixed descent. See Métis Nation
Moine, Louise (student)
‘Monias,’
Moose Mountain reserve
Morice, Adrien-Gabriel (Oblate)
Morin, Allen (student)
Muscowequan, Sask., residential school, Lestock, Muskowekwan, Touchwood (Catholic)
Muscowequan Reserve
Naftel, Miss E. J. (school superintendent)
negative memories. See student experiences
Nellie (cousin of James Gladstone)
Nolin, Angélique (graduate and teacher)
Nolin, Marguerite (graduate and teacher)
non-status versus status Aboriginal people. See Treaty rights and status
Norris, Malcolm (Métis leader)
Northlands School Division (Alberta)
North West Company (NWC)
North-West Rebellion
Northwest Territories (NWT): federal government funding, Métis students, residential school education
Notre Dame des Victoires residential school. See Lac La Biche, Alta., residential school, Notre Dame des Victoires (Catholic)
Oak Lake reserve
Oblates: colony establishment, mission school establishment, residential school establishment
Old Crow, YT, public school
Onion Lake, Sask., residential school, St. Anthony’s, Sacred Heart (Catholic)
Onion Lake, Sask., residential school, St. Barnabas (Anglican), funding
Métis student enrolment
orphans
overcrowding
parental and community resistance: complaints of abuse and harsh discipline, enrolment, parental agreements and school withdrawals, separation of families
Pedley, Frank (Indian Affairs)
Peguis Band
Phelan, Philip (Indian Affairs)
Pine Creek, Man., residential school
Camperville (Catholic)
Pipestone reserve
Portage la Loche Band
positive memories. See student experiences
poverty
Pratt, Charles (graduate and teacher)
Provencher, Bishop (Catholic missionary)
provincial government: versus federal funding, funding lobbying, funding responsibility (1940-1960)
public schools: discrimination of Métis students, Old Crow school
punishment: bedwetting, corporal, hair cut, hit for not speaking English, solitary confinement. See also discipline
Qu’Appelle, Sask., residential school. See Lebret/Qu’Appelle, Sask., residential school, St. Paul’s, Whitecalf (Catholic)
racism. See attitudes; discrimination of Métis students
Red Deer, Alta., residential school (Methodist)
Red River Academy/St. John’s residential school (Anglican)
regimentation
religious instruction
Report on Industrial Schools for Indians and Half-Breeds
residential schools: closings, compulsory attendance, deaths, discipline, enrolment decline, expulsion, female students, fires, food shortages, goals, health and medical care, history, hunger, industrial schools, living conditions, manual labour, northern residential schooling, overcrowding, reasons to attend, religious instruction, runaways. See also student experiences; individual residential schools
Richardson, Hugh (magistrate)
Riel, Louis
Riel, Sara
Roberts, Donna (student)
Robinson, D. (parent)
Roman Catholic Church and missionaries, colony establishment, historical background, industrial schools, mission school establishment, residential school establishment
Ross, H.C. (Indian Affairs)
Routhier, Bishop Henry
Royal Commission report (1936)
runaways: arson, homesickness, running from harsh discipline, student protest
Rupert’s Land residential school. See Middlechurch, Man., residential school, St. Paul’s, Rupert’s Land (Anglican)
Ruttan, A.A. (Dominion Lands official)
Sacred Heart residential school, Onion Lake, St. Anthony’s, Sacred Heart (Catholic), Sask., residential school
St. Agnes Hostel. See Whitehorse, YT, St. Agnes Hostel (Anglican)
St. Albert (Edmonton), Alta., residential school, Youville (Catholic)
St. Anthony’s/Sacred Heart residential school. See Onion Lake, Sask., residential school, St. Anthony’s, Sacred Heart (Catholic)
St. Barnabas residential school. See Onion Lake, Sask., residential school, St. Barnabas (Anglican)
St. Bernard’s, Alta. residential school, Grouard (Catholic)
St. Bruno’s residential school. See Joussard, Alta., residential school, St. Bruno’s (Catholic)
St. Dunstan residential school. See Calgary, Alta., residential school, St. Dunstan (Anglican)
St. Francis Xavier residential school. See Calais, BC, residential school, Sturgeon Lake, St. Francis Xavier (Catholic)
Saint-Jean-Baptiste mission
St. John’s residential school. See Red River Academy/St. John’s residential school (Anglican)
St. Joseph’s/Dunbow industrial school. See High River, Alta., residential school, St. Joseph’s, Dunbow industrial school (Catholic)
St. Martin’s boarding school. See Desmarais-Wabasca, Alta., residential school, Wabisca Lake, Alta., St. Martins (Catholic)
St. Mary’s residential school. See Kenora, Ont., residential school, St. Mary’s (Catholic)
Saint-Paul-des-Métis, Alta., colony and residential school (Catholic)
St. Paul’s Hostel. See Dawson City, YT, residential school, St. Paul’s Hostel (Anglican)
St. Paul’s residential schools. See Cardston, Alta., residential school, St. Paul’s, Blood (Kainai) (Anglican); Lebret/Qu’Appelle, Sask., residential school, St. Paul’s, Whitecalf (Catholic) ; Middlechurch, Man., residential school, St. Paul’s, Rupert’s Land (Anglican)
St. Peters Band
St. Peter’s residential school. See Hay River, NWT, residential school, St. Peter’s (Anglican)
Sakacheweskam (Budd, Henry)
Sandy Bay, Man., residential school (Catholic)
Sardis BC Coqualeetza Institute. See Chilliwack/Sardis, BC, residential school, Coqualeetza Institute (Methodist/United)
Saskatchewan: education report, elections
School of the Holy Family
Scott, Duncan Campbell (Indian Affairs)
Scott, J.R. (principal)
scrip compared to Treaty rights and status
Semmens, John (Indian agent)
separation of families
Settee, James (graduate and teacher)
sexual abuse: by older students, by priest
sexual activity
Shaw, Magee (student)
Shingle Point, YT, residential school (Anglican)
Sifton, Clifford (Indian Affairs)
Sisters of Charity (Grey Nuns)
Sisters of Providence
Smart, James (Indian Affairs)
Spring River
status and non-status Aboriginal people. See Treaty rights and status
Stevenson, John B. (adopted father of D. Robinson)
strappings
Stringer, Bishop Isaac
student experiences (Survivors of residential schools), abandonment, abuse, assault against priest, bedwetting, extracurricular activities, first days at school, friendships, homesickness, loneliness, negative memories, positive memories, regimentation. See also Métis students; residential schools
Sturgeon Lake, Alta. residential school. See Calais, BC, residential school, Sturgeon Lake, St. Francis Xavier (Catholic)
Summary Report (Truth and Reconciliation Commission of Canada)
Taché, Alexandre-Antonin (Oblate)
Taylor, Mr. (Indian agent)
teachers: abusive, positive student experience, quality, racism, turnover, work conditions
territorial or federal government funding
Territorial Schools Ordinance
The Pas/Clearwater Lake, Man., residential school, Guy Hill (Catholic)
Thérien, Father Adéodat (Oblate)
Thomas, James (student)
Tizya, Clara (school matron)
Tomkins, Peter C. (Métis Brotherhood of Alberta)
Treaty rights and status: enrolment policy, Indian Act, marriage, relationships, versus scrip, Treaty, Treaty
Truth and Reconciliation Commission of Canada
United Nations Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous People
Wabasca Roman Catholic School. See Desmarais-Wabasca, Alta., residential school, Wabisca Lake, Alta., St. Martins (Catholic)
Whitecalf residential school. See Lebret/Qu’Appelle, Sask., residential school, St. Paul’s, Whitecalf (Catholic)
Whitehorse, YT, St. Agnes Hostel (Anglican)
Williams, W. W. (Anglican church official)
Woods’ Home (Calgary)
Youville residential school. See St. Albert (Edmonton), Alta., residential school, Youville (Catholic)
Yukon: federal versus territorial funding, hostels