Aachen
“Aba,” common hunt
Abbeville.
Abyssinia, village community
Adalbert, St.
Adlerz, Prof. Gottfried, on ants
Africa, animal population of; village community; barbarian monarchies; compensation laws of various stems; customary law; village community
Agricultural co-operation in Netherlands; in Belgium. See also Syndicats, Artéls.
Agricultural implements, improved in village communities
Aids, in guilds
Aids: in Kabyle villages; in Georgia.; amongst French peasants seq.; in Caucasia.; in Germany
Aire, “friendship” of
Alans
Aleoutes seq.; in stone age still; peacefulness; periodical distributions of accumulated wealth; code of morality
Alfurus, the
Algeria
Allthing, law recited at
Alpine Clubs
Altum, Dr. B., on destruction of the pine-moth; of mice
Amalfi
America, animal population of
America, Northern
Amiens.,.; acting as arbiter.
Amitas
Amkari
Amt
Amu river.
Amur river
Anabaptism seq.
“Anaya” custom
Ancher, Kofod, on old Danish guilds
Anglo-Saxon law
Annam, village community
Antelopes
Anthropological Society of Paris, questions answered; on cannibalism
Anticosti Island
Ants, mutual support with; feeding each other; agriculture and horticulture of; federations of their nests; their play; book of Pierre Huber on; Mr. Sutherland’s appreciation; Prof. Adlerz on; nations of
Antwerp.
Apes, sociability of; family relations
Aquatic birds; family habits of.; on St. Lawrence river
Arabs, invasion of
Aral, lake.
Arani, the
Arbiter, city acting as
Architecture, mediæval seq.; communal inspiration; mechanical achievements
Arctic America Eskimos
Arctic archipelagoes
Ardennes, re-allotting of land
Ariège, village life in seq.; communal culture
Armadillo
Arnold, Dr. Wilhelm.; on German cities
Art, mediaeval and Greek, communal inspiration of
Artél and note; modern developments in Russia
Arthur, King, legends of
Aryans, early
Asara, on sociability in the Tree-creepers’ family of birds
Asia, Northern
Assemblée Constituante
Associations of animals: family, group, society; in villages
Athens, Acropolis
Audubon; on parrots; packs of Labrador wolves; Canada musk-rats; his “Journals,”; on aquatic birds on St. Lawrence river; on eagles
Augsburg
Augustin, St.
Aunt, maternal, sacrificing herself to follow dead child; her duties in the tribe
Australasia, Southern
Australia; droves of cattle
Australians; The Folklore, Manners, etc., of A. Aborigines.; code of morality.
Austria, destruction of village community
Autumn, societies of birds
Babeau, old village in France.; old towns; village community.
“Baby language,”
Bachofen, on late origin of family
Bacon, Francis
Bacon, Roger
Baden
Bain, Eb., on merchant and craft guilds.
Baker, S. W., hunting associations of lions; societies of elephants
Bakradze, Dm., on common culture; on common ownership of serfs
“Balai,” or “barla,”
Balkan peninsula, village community
Bancroft, on common culture
Baptists
Barbarians, mutual aid among the; migrations dissociating them; village-community institutions worked out by; justice rendered by village folkmote; fred and wergeld; amount of composition payment; settling of peace; mild punishments; tribes now living under the institutions of seq.; clearing forests, colonizing
Barbarossa
Barrow
Barthold, German mediæval cities.
Basel; cathedral
Bassano.
Bassoutos.
Bastian, Adolf, on blood-revenge and justice; obligation to aid travellers; Oceania islands.
Batavians.
Bates, W., on Darwinism; “campos” of termites; on Brazil vultures.; destruction of winged ants; on swarms of butterflies; scarcity of animal population in Brazil; bird-societies
Baudrillart, A., on rural populations of France
Baudrillart, H., on rural populations of France
Bavaria
Bears, sociable in Kamtchatka; in Tibet
Beaumont chart
Beavers, colonies of
Becker, A., on sudden disappearance of Sousliks
Bede
“Bee,” .
Bees, mutual aid with; anti-social instincts among them
Beetles, burying: mutual aid among
Behring, his crew and polar foxes
Belgium, forced sale of communal lands; farmer’s unions
Bentham
Berkshire
Bern
Besançon
Besseler, on formation of private land-ownership
Bink, G. L., on New Guinea Papuas
Bird-mountains
Birds; breeding associations; autumn societies of; migrations
Blanchard, on insect metamorphoses
Blavignac, J. D., on labour in Fribourg.
Bleck, W., on Bushmen.
Blood covenant
Blood revenge—a conception of justice; its survival amongst ourselves.; a tribal affair; Ad. Bastian on.; “head-hunting,”; with the barbariansseq.
Boars, societies of
Bock, Carl, on “head-hunting” among Dayaks; grossly exaggerated.
Bogisic, on joint family with the Serbs and the Croates
Bogos.
Bohemia, cities
Boileau, “Livre des métiers,”
Bolivia
Bologna
Bonnemère, village institutions in France.
Borneo
Botta and Leo: early accumulations of wealth; Lombardian code.
Bratskiye
Braunschweig.
Brazil, ants; falcons; natives; common culture
Brehm, A.; on fight of hamadryas against his caravan; on sociable life of monkeys.
Brehon laws
Bremen
Brentano, L., on trade-unions; struggle within cities.
Brescia
Breslau; bell-tower
Brighton Aquarium
Bristol miners
Brittany, common culture
Bruges
Buchenberger, A., on destruction of village community in Belgium; on agricultural co-operation in Germany
Bücher, K., addenda to Laveleye’s Primitive Property; agricultural co-operation in Germany
Büchner, Dr. Louis; on animal intelligence; “Love,”; on compassion among animals
Budding of new communities
Buffon on rabbits
Bulgares
Buphagus. See Sea-hen.
Burchell
Burgdorf.
Bürgernutzen
Burghers, struggle against feudalism
Burgundy
Burial, private property destroyed at
Burrichter
Buryates: joint families; common meals; confederations; brotherly habits; common hunts
Bushmen
Butterflies, swarms of
Buxbaum, L.
Buzzards attacked by lapwings
Byelaeff, Prof., Russian History.
Cæsar, Julius
Cæsarism, development of seq.
Calonne, A., de, on communal purchases.
Cambrai.
Canada, musk-rats
Cannibalism: discussion at Paris Anthropological Society; probably originated during Glacial period; religious character of, in Fiji and Mexico
Capponi, Gino, history of Florence.
Caprides, sociability of
Capuchins
Carnivores, sociability among
Carpes
Casalis, on common law of Bassoutos
Caspian Sea, previous extension.
Cassiques, mocking eagles
Cathedrals, mediæval
Caucasian Mountaineers, common culture; growth of feudalism; joint stock feudalism; criminal law; folk tribunals; “aids” in villages.
Celt-Iberians
Celts
Central America, common culture
Central Asia, herds of mammals; dessication of.
Centralization, growth of ideas of seq.
Centralization in France
Ceylon
Chakars, singing in concert
Chambers’ Encyclopædia.
Charitable associations
Charities
Charroi
Checks, natural, to over-multiplication seq.; mice; coypù
Chernigov, village community in
Cherusques
Children, mutual support amongst; purchase of, for factories in England
Chinese, common hunts
Chukchis
Church, Christian; and kings; and Emperor in Italy; favours Cæsarism; studies of Roman law; revolt against the Catholic Church
Cibrario, L., mediæval economics in Italy; on slavery and serfdom
Civets
Clan, its organization with primitive men; opposed to other clans; dissociated by migrations; Appendix VII
Clan-marriage; with Semites, Aryans, Australians, Red Indians, Eskimos, etc.; Appendix VII
“Classes,” marriage-, among savages; age-classes and guilds
Clements, Dmitri, on Lukchun antiquities
Cliff swallows
Clode, Ch. M., on Guild of Merchant Taylors.
“Clubs” of savages
Cockroaches, one species driving another
Code Napoléon
“Çof” of Kabyles
Collegia
Collins, Col..
Cologne.; neighbour guilds; guilds; cathedral, how it was built
Colonies Animales
Colonization, by village communities; by mediæval cities
Colonna
Colorado
Combination Laws repealed
Com-bourgeois
Communal culture, modern, in Ariège; in Westphalia; in Kursk
Communal hay-mowing
Communal lands in France; and note
Communal meals
Commune of Laonnais
Communes of France
Compayne
Compensation for murder; for stealing
Competition in Nature, theory of, analyzed; Darwin’s arguments to prove it; indirect argument in favour of it seq.; natural checks to it; is it an element of progressive evolution; adaptations to avoid it
Compiègne
Conclusion
Congresses, mediæval, of workingmen
Conrad
Constance
Constantinople
Consular Reports (British)
Convention, French, edicts to destroy village community; law against coalitions of workers
Convivii.
Co-operation, among peasants, in Switzerland; in France seq.; in Germany; in Russia; creameries in West Siberia; in Britain; on the continent; in Russia
Copernicus
Cornelissen, on mutual support in Dutch villages
Cornelius, on Münster insurrection.
Cornish, C. J., on animals at play
Corporations of France.
Couës, Dr. E., on Birds of Kerguelen Island; cliff-swallows and falcon; birds of Dakota
Coulanges, Fustel de
Country life in England.
Coures, village community of
Cranes, sociability of
Crema
Crofters’ Commission
Cross, market
Cunow, Heinrich, village community in Peru
Cyclists’ Alliance
“Cyvar,”
Daghestan, feudal relations in
Dahn, F., old Teutonic institutions.; early accumulation of wealth; old Teutonic law
Dakota
Dall, on Aleoutes
Dalloz, on communal lands in France
Dancing among birds
Danish co-operators in Siberia
Danish guild, old; Pappenheim on.
Dante
Dareste.
Dargun, L., on altruism in economics.
Darwin, Charles, on struggle for life; on same subject, in Descent of Man; Bates on his ideas; Malthusian influence; his followers; hunting associations of kites; fight of hamadryas; dancing among birds; features useful in struggle for life; compassion among pelicans; struggle for life and competition, analysis of this theory; arguments of Darwin in favour of; metaphoric sense of “extermination” more probable; Malthus’ “arithmetical argument,”; over-population and natural checks to; how animals avoid competition; misuse made of his terminology; Man originated from a sociable species; on Man’s sociable qualities as a factor of evolution
Darwin, Dr. Erasmus, on moulting crabs
Darwinism and Sociology; Bates on Darwinism
Darwinists; Russian
Dasent, George, Burnt Njal saga
Dayaks, their habits; their conception of justice; exaggerations of recent writers
Death-sentence amongst moderns.
Decay of mediæval cities, causes of seq.
Deer. See Fallow deer.
Defensor of the city
“Degenerated” tribes
Dellys
Démidoff.
Dendrocolaptidæ
Denmark shell-heaps
Denton, Rev., on mediæval Scotland.
Desiccation, a cause of migrations; of post-pliocene lakes.
Desmichels
Dessa
Destruction of animal life by natural agencies
De Stuers, on Malayan village community
Dhole dogs, packs of
Diodorus
Dixon, Ch., flights of birds for pleasure; bird-mountains; gatherings before migrating; destruction of bird-life by cold; on aquatic birds’ associations; on lapwings
Djemmâa
Dock-labourers’ strike
Doniol, on village institutions in France.
D’Orbigny; on kites
Dordogne, palæolithic relics in
Doren, A., on merchant guild.
Dousse-alin
Dragon-flies, migrations
Drought, effects of
Drummond, H.
Druzhestva
Dunlins
Durkheim, Prof., on human marriage
Ebrard, on ants
Eckermann, Gespräche
Eckert.
Edward III.
Edward VI., confiscates estates of guilds
Efimenko, Mme., on village community in Russia.
Eghiazarov, S., on Georgian guilds.
Egypt
Eichhorn.
Elephants, societies of
Elizabeth, Queen, statute of, for regulating wages
Elphinstone, village community of the Afghans
Emperor and Church in Italy
Emprount
Enclosure Acts
England, village community in; mediæval; destruction of village community seq.; present survivals of village community seq.
Ennen, Dr. Leonard, Cologne Cathedral; Cologne
Ennett, J. T., mediæval art in small parishes
Equality, institutions for maintaining it
Equus Przewalski
Erskine, on self-sacrifice of old relatives
Eskimos, their institutions; their nearest congeners, their habits seq.
Esnafs or esnaifs
Espinas, on animal societies
Europe, Northern
Evolution, progressive: mutual aid its main factor; is it fostered by competition
Exchange artél
Fabre, J. B., on insects
Fagniez, on mediæval industry at Paris.
Falcon, prairie
Falcon, red-throated, in bands; in South Russian Steppes
Falke, Joh., on mediæval conditions of labour; on Hansa
Falkenau, strikes
Fallow deer, migrations
Falsifications in agriculture.
“Families, The,”
Family, paternal, amidst the clan
Family, tribal origin of; Appendix VII
Farne Islands
Federalism, principles of
Federations of barbarian stems; of cities seq. Also see Leagues.
Fée
Ferdinand I.
Ferrari, on Italian cities.; on wars between them
Feudalism, growing in Caucasia; joint stock; with Malayans
Feuds amongst savages
Fiji, religious cannibalism in
Filial love with savages.
Finns, village community of
Finsch, O., on New Guinea.; on Hyperboreans.
Fishing by pelicans; co-operative in Russia
Fison, L., and A. W. Howitt, on tribal origin of family
Flanders
Flemish cities
Florence, revolution of minor arts and n. ; fights against landlords.; head of a league of cities; league of villages in its contado; flourishing state of country dependent upon it.; words of its Council; its schools and hospitals.; its fifteenth-century revolution
Folkmote, its attributions in villages; judicial functions of; extent of jurisdiction; supreme in mediæval cities; jurisdiction retained in feudal times; electing the defensor; in London.; its abolition; Gomme on its functions.
Food shared in common by savages; by Hottentots.
Forbes, James, on feeling of sympathy in monkeys
Forel, Prof., on ants; on federations of ants’ nests
Forts
Four-fields’ system in village communities
Foxes, hunting packs of; polar; gregarious
France. See Village Community, Guilds, Mediæval Cities.
Franche-Comté
Franconian period
Franks.; common culture
Fred, paid to village community; origin; in later periods
Freemasonry
Fribourg.
Fritsch, on Bushmen.
Froebel Unions
Fruitières
Fuegians, part of savage belt; in recent descriptions
Fuego, Terra di, shell-heaps
Fustel de Coulanges, on village community
Galicia, towns
Galileo
Gau.
Gazelle
Geburschaften
Geddes, Prof. P., on Malthus argument
Geelwink Bay, Papuas
Geneva
Genoa
Gens, gentile organization. See Clan, Savages.
Georgians
German Expedition on Eskimos
Germans of Tacitus
Gerona
Geselle
Geszow, I. E., on joint family in Bulgaria
Ghent.
Gibelins
Giddings, Prof. F. A.
Gill, on New Hebrides savages
Giraud Teulon, on tribal origin of family
Gironnais, St., syndicate of.
Giry, on Rouen commune
Glaber, Raoul
Glacial period; time of probable origin of cannibalism
Glarus, Alpine meadows
Gleditsch
“God’s Peace,”
Goethe, on Mutual Aid
Gomme, G. L., on folkmote in London.; modern survivals of village community.
Gorilla, a decaying species
Gothic architecture seq.
Gramich, W., on mediæval Würzburg
Grasshoppers, gregarious
Great Inquest
Greece.; antique cities of; guilds of ancient Greece
Greek art
Greeks of Homer
Green, J. R., early accumulation of wealth; on frith guilds. ; early London.; cities and country
Green, Mrs., on mediæval cities in England; on guilds.; on communal purchases.; labour and craft guilds.
Greenland, ice age in
Greve
Grey, Adm., on Australians; savage conception of justice.
Groot, J. M. de, on religious systems in China
Gross, Carl, Play of Animals
Gross, Ch., on guild merchant; on communal purchases; struggles between guilds.
Guelfs
Guilbert de Nogent
Guilds, their universality; their character on board ship; for building; Danish skraa; obligations of guild brothers; of serfs, beggars, teachers, etc.; common meal; merchant.; frith guilds, id.; federation of, in the city; its sovereignty; sale of products and buying of necessaries; merchant guilds; organization of work; hours of labour; their own militia; union of, symbolized in cathedrals; donations; spoliated by State; estates confiscated by Henry . and Edward VI. and n.; State legislation instead of self-jurisdiction; wages; guilds and trade unions seq.; origin of, Appendix X seq.; in old Rome; with the Normans and the Slavonians; in old Greece; in the East; modelled upon the clan; in old France; relation to “age classes” and secret societies of early barbarians.
Guizot, on early accumulation of wealth
Gurney, G. H., on house-sparrow
Gutteridge, Joseph, on artisan life
Gymnasts’ societies
Hamburg.
Hanoteau, on Kabyles
Hansa, ship guild.; labour congresses in Hanseatic towns and n.; league; Flemish, North German
Hares; sociable
Harvest supper
Hawk chased by sparrows
Haygarth, on cattle in Australia
Hearne, on musk-ox
Heath, Richard, on Anabaptism.
Hedin, Sven, on Lob-nor.
Hegel, Carl, history of German mediæval cities; their origin
Heimschaften
Heinrich V.
Henry VII.
Henry VIII., enclosures; ruins the guilds
Heribert, St.
Hetairiai
Himalaya natives
Hippopotamus, societies of
Hirdmen
Historical documents, chiefly relating struggles
History, begins several times anew with the tribe
Hobbes; war of each against all; his followers; his main error
Hodder, Edwin, Life of Seventh Earl of Shaftesbury
Hohenzollern
Holm, Capt., on Greenland Eskimos
Horses; half wild in Asia; effects of droughts upon; wild in Tibet; origin of; after a drought
Hottentots
Houzeau, on animal sociability; prairie-wolves; sociability diminishes in decaying species
Howitt, A. W., Australians
Huber, Pierre, on ants; their play; Mr. Sutherland’s appreciation of
Hudson, W. H., on viscachas; on pigs; on music and dancing in Nature; want of animal population in South America; adaptation to avoid competition
Hugues, Archbishop
Humber district, birds in
Humboldt, Alexander, on tee-tees
Huns
Hunting associations: of male and female; among eagles; of kites; of pelicans; lions; in dogs’ tribe; of wolves; prairie-wolves; foxes; hyenas
Hunting in common
Hussite wars
Hutchinson, H. N., on marriage customs
Hüter, E., on foxes
Huxley, on struggle for life; origin of society; on Hobbesian war
Ice age, extension of ice cap
Iceland, Allthing
Ihering, Dr., on importance of free mutual support.
Ile de France
Inama-Sternegg, on formation of private property in land.
India; village community in; guilds in ancient India
Indians of Vancouver.
Individualism preached in modern society
Infanticide with the savages
Innes, Cosmo, on mediæval Scotland.
Innocent III.
Insectivores, associations, Appendix IV
Intellectual development due to sociability
International law
Inter-tribal relations
Inventions, mediæval seq.
Ipswich merchant guild
Ireland, village community in
Iron, cost of, in early mediæval times
Irrigation, co-operative, in France
Isolation of species
Italian art
Italian cities; struggles against nobles; slavery maintained
Italian language
Ivanisheff, Prof., on village community in Russia.
Izvestia of Russian Geographica Society
Jackals, hunting associations of
Jackdaws chasing kites
Jacobsen on Bering Strait Eskimos.
Jacqueries
Jagdschutzverein
Janssen, history of Germany.
Jerdon, Dr., on ants.; jackdaws and kites
Jobbé-Duval, village community in Annam.
Joint family as a phasis of civilization; with the Ossetes; with the South Slavonians
Joint household. See Joint Family.
“Joint team” in Wales; in Caucasia.
Judge in mediæval times.
Justice, sense of, developed by sociability
Kabardia.
Kabyles, village community with; their institutions; return to tribal law; djemmâa; work in common; rich and poor; aid in travels; feeding destitutes; anaya custom; the çof
Kada, common hunt
Kafir laws.
Kaimani Bay, Papuas.
Kallsen, Dr. Otto, on German mediæval cities.; on mortmain; cities the makers of national unity.
Kalmucks, customary law
Kamilaroi-speaking Australians
Kamchatka bears
Karl the Great
Kaufmann, early significance of “King,”
Kautsky, K., on sixteenth-century communism
Kavelin.
Kegelbrüder
Keller, on Anabaptism
Kerguelen Island
Kessler, Prof.; lecture on the law of Mutual Aid; our imperfect knowledge of mammals; Societies of youngsters
Kharouba
Khevsoures, return to tribal law; women stopping quarrels
Khingan, Great, Little
Khoudadoff, N., on common culture; on Khevsoure common law
Kihlakunta
Kilkenny ordinance
King, double origin of authority of the; duke equal to; early meaning of the kong; Canute; compensation for a slain king
Kingsley, Mary, on the Fans.
Kinship systems
Kirk, T. W., on house-sparrows
Kites, sociability; attacking eagles; chasing the hawk
Klaus, on village community in Russia.
Kluckohn, on God’s Peace
Knights of Labour
Knowles, James
Knyaz
Kohl, horses against wolves
Kolben, P., on Hottentots
Koloshes
Königswarter, on primitive justice; on compensation, on fred
Konung, kong
Koskinen, early institutions of Fins.
Kostomaroff, Prof. N., early Russian history; origin of autocracy; twelfth-century Rationalism; free cities.
Kota
Kovalevsky, Prof. Maxim, on tribal origin of family; on primitive law.; on origin of family; on village community in Britain.; in Russia.; evolution of family and property.; Ossetes’ hay-stacks; compensation laws; origins of feudalism; on cities of Bohemia; on Russian feudalism.; tribal marriage
Kozloff, P., fight with monkeys in Tibet
Kudinsk Steppe. See Buryates.
Kulischer, on primitive trade.
Kursk, communal culture
Kuttenberg ordinance
La Borne
Labour, conditions of, in free cities; mediæval congresses of
Labourers, obstacles to their combinations; wages settled by State; Combination Laws repealed in 1825; Robert Owen’s Trades’ Union; prosecutions; modern unions; strikes; part taken in political agitation; in socialist work; co-operation seq.
Lake-dwellings
Lakes, bird-nesting on their shores
Lamarckians
Lambert, Rev. J. M., on guild life.
Lamprecht, on Franconian law and economics; on mediæval economics in Germany.
Lanessan, J. L., lecture on Mutual Aid
Langobard institutions.
Laon, commune of; cathedral
Laonnais, federation of villages
La Plata
Lapwings, attack of a buzzard; their dances; adaptations to varied food
Laudes, on village community in Annam
Laveleye, Primitive Property.
Law, customary, kept in certain families; recited at Allthings
Law, Sir Hugh, on Dayaks.
Lawyers, their influence; of Bologna.
Leagues, of towns; of villages
Lebret, on mediæval Venice
Lendenfeld, R., on cacadoos
Leo and Botta.
Lesholztag
Letourneau, on common culture
Letourneaux, on Kabyles
Le Vaillant
Lezghines, having joint feudal rights
Lichtenstein, journeys in South Africa
Lifeboat Association
Limulus
Lincecum, Dr., on harvesting ants.
Linden, Herman van den, on merchant guilds in Netherlands
Linlithgow.
Linnæus, on aphides and ants
Lipari Islands
Little Russians, village community with the
Lives, village community of
Loans in mediæval cities
Lombardian law
Lombardian League
Lombardy, struggle against nobles; canals
London, communal purchases in
Long houses (balai); of Eskimos
Lorris, commune
Louis le Gros.
Louis XIV.
Love and sociability
Lövsögmathr
Lozère
Lubbock, Sir John, on ants, bees, and wasps; palæolithic men; Denmark shell-heaps; neolithic men—not degenerated specimens of mankind; on tribal origin of family; on Hottentots; tribal marriage
Lübeck.
Lucca
Luchaire, A., on French mediæval cities and guilds ; on village leagues
Lukchun depression, antiquities of
Lumholtz, on North Queensland natives
Luro, village community in Annam
Lutchitzky, Prof., on village community.; on slavery in Florence.
Luxembourg, Jardin du, sparrows
Lyons, unsuccessful revolution of minor crafts.; duration of struggles for emancipation.
MacCook, on ants.; nations of ants
Maclean, on common law of Kafirs
MacLennan, J. F., on tribal origin of family; Studies in Ancient History
Madrid
Maeterlinck, on bees
Maine, Sir Henry, on primitive institutions; on village community in Britain; in India.; on common law; origin of international law; village community; on communal lands
Mainz.
Malayans, common culture
Mammals, prevalence of sociable species
Manchuria
Manitoba
Marin, on mediæval Venice
Market in mediæval city, Appendix XI; its protectionseq.
Markoff, E., on Shakhseven common law.
Marmots
Marriage-institutions of savages seq.; institutions of Eskimos; exchange of wives; “communal,”; compound; restrictions abolished during festivals; solemnities
Marshall, on communal lands
Martial, L. F., on Cape Horn aborigines
Master and Servant Act
Maurer, on village community.; common culture; communal jurisdiction; supremacy of folkmote; on evolution of village community into city.; mediæval cities.
Maures, invasion
Maynoff, on Mordovian common law
Mediæval cities: uprise in the tenth to twelfth centuries; its unanimity; co-jurations; double origin; folkmote and defensor; “God’s Peace,”; foundations of commercial and international law; fine monuments; the guilds; their origin; their functions; their diversity; secondary importance of yearly festival; federation of parishes and guilds in the city; extension of the revolt all over Europe; self-jurisdiction; sovereignty; labour, position of; communal-buying of necessaries of life; for the guilds; variety in; the market; growth of the merchant oligarchy; conceptions about honesty in work; master and companion; wages of the latter; hours of labour; eight hours’ day; guild and town militia; “minor arts,”; battles fought; wars against feudal barons; the surrounding peasants; leagues of cities; unions of villages; commercial treaties; results achieved in; prosperity; French, German, Italian, Russian (literature).; as arbiters; architecture; city buildings; growth of arts and industries; progress in science; causes of decay; ideas of sanctity of kings spread by Church and lawyers; city oligarchy; city and village; principles of centralization; influence of Church and Roman law; example of Florence
Mediterranean
Medley, Mr.
Meitzen, on Swiss communes.
Mennonites, village community
Mercati personati
Merchant guild.; H. van den Linden on
Merghen
Merovingian France
Mexico, religious cannibalism in
Miaskowski, on struggle within communes.
Mice, destruction by changes of weather
Michel Angelo
Michelet
Middendorff, A. Th..
Middle Russia, village-community movement
Migrations: fallow deer on the Amur; of birds; of nations, causes of
Miklukho-Maclay, on Papuas; savages sharing food; savage “classes,”; clubs
Milan
Miler, Ernest, on South Slavonian joint family
Milgaard shell-heaps
Miller, Prof. Orest, on common law of Caucasian mountaineers
Miners, mediæval; Radstock; Bristol, Yorkshire; Rhonda Valley; support of orphans
Minne
Mir
Missouri
Moeller, Alfred, on ants’ gardens.
Moffat; on self-sacrifice of old relatives with the savages
Moggridge, J. T., on harvesting ants and trapdoor spiders.
Molucca crab, endeavours to lift a comrade
Mongolia
Mongols, village community; aid to traveller obligatory; invasion
Monkeys, sociability of; fight of hamadryas against Brehm; against the Kozloff expedition in Tibet; family habits of
Montana
Montaugé, Théron de
Montbéliard
Montrozier, on common culture
Moodie
Moors, English
Moral feeling developed in animals by sociability
Morality, Aleoute code of
Moravia, communities
Morbihan
Mordovians, common law; aids
Morgan, Lewis H., on tribal origin of family; Ancient Society; on “Hawaiian” group-system..; tribal marriage
Morocco
Mortmain
Moscou, Bulletin des Naturalistes de
Moscow
Motacilla alba. See Wagtails.
Mother’s clan, child belonging to
Mothers, mutual support amongst
Mount Tendre
Mugan Steppe.
Müller and Temminch, on Dayaks.
Münster
Münzinger, on common law of Bogos
Musk-ox
Musk-rats
Mutual Aid: Kessler on; law of; Goethe on; works on; M. A. and love; as a law of Nature;—institutions; struggle against; M. A. and individualism; “M. A.,” articles on; lecture by Kessler; lecture by Lanessan; Büchner on; among animals; among savages; among barbarians; in the mediæval city; amongst ourselves; tendency in history; tendency developed in the mediæval city; destruction of institutions by State
“Mysteries” and guilds
“Mystery,”
Napoleon III.
Nassau
Nasse, on the village community in Britain.; on communal lands
Nature, quoted.
Nautæ, guild of
Naviglio Grande.
Navy in free cities
Nazaroff, on common hunts
Neath.
Necrophorus
Negaria
Negroes, common culture with
Neolithic man’s relics
Nesting associations of birds
Netherlands, anabaptism in; agrarian inquest; on mutual support in villages; merchant guilds
Nets’-king
New Caledonia, common culture in
New England
New Guinea
New Hebrides savages
Newton, Prof. A., on thrushes.
New Zealand; multiplication of pigs and rabbits
Nitzsch.
Nobles and cities in Italy
Nordenskjöld, A. E., on bird-mountains
Nordmann, on falcons
Normans, invasions of
Northamptonshire
Notre Dame de Paris
Novgorod, communal dépôts; “Sovereign N.” carries on commerce; povolniki; leagues
Numa
Nuremberg.; learning and technical skill
Nys, Prof. E., on military executions.; on Old Irish law; on origin of international law
O’Brien, on Swiss villages.
Ochenkowski, on mediæval England; communal lands.
Old relatives, self-sacrifice of; Moffat and Erskine on it
“Old Transformist.” See Tchernyshevsky.
Orang-utan, a decaying species
Orkhon, inscriptions
Ornithological Society
Orsini, The
Ory, village community in Annam.
Ossetes, hay-stacks free in spring; compensation laws of; common law of
Ostyaks; mild character.
Oucagas, The
Oulous of Buryates
Outlaws
Over-population, animal, not proved; natural checks to, Appendix V. Also see Checks.
Overstolzes, The
Ovides family, sociability of
Owen, Robert, Trades’ Union
Oxfordshire.
Pacific Islands
Padua.
Palfrey, on village communities in New England
Painters, guilds of
Pappenheim on Danish guilds.
Papuas; description by G. Bink; by M. Maclay
Parental love with savages.
Parentship relations among savages
Paris.; mediæval conditions of labour.; guilds; Notre Dame; a royal city; early guilds; mediæval guilds
Paris Exhibition, bees at
“Parricide,” supposed, among savages
Parrots, sociability of; with jays and crows; vigilance; high intelligence; mutual attachment
Patagonia
Pavloff (Pawlow), Marie, on origin of modern horse
Peasant War; massacres to stop it.
Pelicans, fishing associations
People, constructive genius of the
Periodical distributions of wealth; of land; remittance of debts
Perrens, history of Florence
Perrier, Ed., on animal colonies
Perty, Maximilian.; on compassion among animals
Peru; village community
Pfeiffer, Ida, on Dayaks
Phear, Sir John, village in India.
Philippe le Bel
Phillip, Count of Flanders
Phillips-Wolley, Clive, on big game shooting.
Phylloxera
Piacenza
Piepers, M. C., on mass-flights of butterflies
Pine-moth
Pisa.
Pistoia
Pittäyä
Plata, La, W. H. Hudson on
Play of animals
Plimsoll, Samuel, on life of poor; on altruism with poor and rich
Plovers, ringed
Plutarch on guilds
Polyakoff, Ivan, on struggle for life; on gulls
Polynesian Reminiscences
Polynesians
Poor, The, mutual support among seq.
Poor and rich
Population, animal, want of
Porter, list of Enclosure Acts
Posnikoff, Prof. A..
Post, A., on tribal origin of family; on clan-marriage.; on exchange of wives.; common culture; compensation laws of Africa; common law of African stems; development of family rights; on Sumatra; origin of family
Post-glacial period
Post-pliocene lakes.
Powell, on the village community in Sumatra
Prague
Prairie-dogs, societies of; keep sentries in Zoological Gardens
Primitive men, supposed war between seq.; their tribes
Prisoner, escaped, self-sacrifice of.
Pritchard, W. T., on Polynesian cannibalism
Private property destroyed on grave in China
Private property in land.
Prjevalsky on sociable bears in Tibet
Prussia, destruction of village community
Pskov, city walls; commune of; communal dépôts; “Sovereign P.” carries on commerce; leagues
Purchases by the guild. See Guilds.
Purra
Pyrenees
Quades
Quagga.
Rabbits
Radstock miners
Rails, their dances
Rambaud, history of Russia.; on early relations between Normans and Slavonians
Ranke, Leopold, on Roman law.
Rationalism, twelfth century’s
Ratisbon
Rats, mutual support; brown and black
Ravenna
Reclus, Elie, on savages’ reluctance towards infanticide
Reclus, Elisée, on Hottentots; on Dayaks.
Redemption of land.
Red Indians; common hunts
Reform, character of its beginnings
Rein, on village community with Finns.
Renaissance, twelfth century’s
Republic, Third, in France
Rheims
Rhine, league of cities on
Rhinoceros, societies of
Rhonda Valley miners
Rietschel, on market in mediæval city
Rink, Dr. H., on Eskimos
Riparian law.
Roads built by village communities
Robert, King
Rocquain, F., on twelfth century Renaissance
Rogers, Thorold, mediæval conditions of labour
Romanes, Georges; agriculture of ants.; sociable jackals; sympathy in monkeys
Roman law, its growth; changes the sense attached to the King; renewal of study of; Christian Church accepting its principles
Roman “municipia,”.
Rome, Imperial.; mediæval; struggles against nobles
Roncaglia, congress of.
Ross, Denman
Rossus, Historia
Rostock.
Rothari, code of
Rouen
Rousseau, J. J., Huxley’s appreciation of; on origin of society; idealizes savages
Royal cities.
Rudeck, Wilhelm, on marriage customs in Germany.
Rumohr, on proletariat in colonies of Toscana.
Russia: eleventh century; annals about calling Norman princes.; independent cities; feudal period.; history of.; criminal law; making of, by artéls; village cooperation in seq.
Russian Geological Survey
Russian peasants, saying of old people
Sacrifices made by workers
Sagas: on blood revenge; Story of Burnt Njal
Saint-Léon, Dr. E. Martin, history of trade unions in France.; on Roman guilds; on Paris guilds
St. Ouen
Sakhsevens.
Sales by the guild. See Guilds.
Salève mountain
Salic law.
Samara
Samoyedes, kindness of; mild character.
Sanderlings
Sarmates
“Savage-belt,”
Savages; described as the gentlest people; idealized by Rousseau; identify themselves with the clan
Savannahs
Savonarola, Gieronimo
Saxon barbarian codes
Scabini
Scandinavians; village community of
Schaar
Schmoller, on Strassburg crafts.
Schöffen
Scholæ of warriors
Schönberg, mediæval conditions of labour; craft guilds
Schrenck, Leopold.
Schultz, Dr. Alwin, mediæval conditions of labour.
Schurtz, H., on age classes and secret societies of savages
Science in free cities
Scot, Michael
Scotland, sociable weasels in; village community in; common culture; roads
Sea-hen (Buphagus) chasing gulls
Secret societies among savages seq.
“Sections” in mediæval city
Seebohm, F., on village community in Britain; on common culture; on Enclosure Acts
Seebohm, H., on migrations.; bird-mountains; gatherings of birds before nest-building
Self-jurisdiction
Self-sacrifice, traditions among fishermen, miners; of an escaped prisoner.
Sémichon, L., on God’s Peace
Semites, primitive
Senlis
Serfs, their guilds; revolts of
Sergievitch, Prof., on folkmote and prince in Russia.
Servius Tullius
Seyfferlitz
Shaftesbury, seventh Earl of, on flower-girls.; on purchase and slaughter of children
Sheffield
Shell-heaps
Shooting amongst moderns.
Siberia, animal life in; birds of; animal population of; lakes.
Sicambers
Sienna.
Signoria
Silesia, village community
Singing in concert, of birds
Sioux
Sismondi, on Italian republics.; wars between cities; agriculture in Tuscany; Lombardy canals, their subsequent decay; growth of royal authority.
Skraa of Danish guild
Slavery in Italian cities
Slavonians, primitive; village community of.; cities
Smith, Adam, on State intervention in corporations.
Smith, Miss Toulmin, on woman in guilds.; on guilds.
Smith, Mr. Toulmin, English guilds.; Cambridge guilds.; confiscation of guilds’ property.
Sociability, greater in regions uninhabited by man; with all animals before the appearance of man; cultivated for love of society; “joy of life,” distinctive feature of animal world; expressed in dancing and singing; best weapon in struggle for life; develops moral instincts; also sense of justice; and sympathy
Socialism, sacrifices for
Societies, opposed by State; growing now for all possible purposes
Society, pre-human origin of
Sodalitia
Sohm, on Teutonic village community.
Soissons
Sokolovsky.
Soudan, village community
Souslik of South Russia; sudden disappearance of
Spain
Sparrows warning each other; Mr. Gurney on; chasing a hawk
Speier
Spencer, Herbert, on struggle for life; on animal colonies; influence of surroundings
Sproat, Gilbert, on Vancouver Indians.
Squirrels
Stansbury, Capt., on compassion among pelicans
Starcke, Prof. C. N., on primitive family
Starkenberg, province
State, interference in corporations seq.; growth of, in sixteenth century; aided by Church; its ideals within the cities; its victory over the cities; spoliation of guilds; absorption of all their functions; destruction of mutual-aid institutions; interference in guilds seq.; its ideals favoured
Steffen, Gustaf, on mediæval conditions of labour in England.
Steller on polar foxes; on Kamchatka bears
Steppes, Russian and Siberian, lakes of
Stieda, W., on Hansa towns.
Stobbe, on “movable” property
Stoltze, on Dayaks
Strassburg
Strikes prosecuted; right to, slightly won in England
Struggle for life, its proper sense; checks to multiplication; “a law of Nature,”; Kessler on; its philosophical importance; metaphorical sense; Darwin on; Darwinists on; Huxley on; in Nature; Kessler on; who are the fittest in it?; and competition, theory of, analyzed seq.
Struggles, the part they play in history; subject of historical documents
Suabian League
Sueves
Suka
Sumatra
Sungari river
Surrey
Sutherland, A., on moral instinct; appreciation of Huber’s work
Swallows, one species displacing another
Swiss Confederation
Switzerland, sociable weasels; lake-dwellings; roads; village communities selling lands
Syevertsoff, N., on Mutual Aid; on hunting associations of white-tailed eagles; nesting associations of birds
Sykes, Col..
Sylvestre, village community in Annam.
Sympathies, “stratified” with the rich
Sympathy
Syndicats agricoles
Tachart
Taine.
Taisha
Tartar villages
Taurida, province, village community in
Taylors, guild of the Merchant.
Tchany, Lake, desiccation of.
Tchernyshevsky, N. G., essay on Darwinism
Tchuktchis; infanticide prevented
Tennant, Sir E., on Ceylon
Territorial union, grows up instead of bonds of common descentseq.; gods
Terssac, M..
Tessino.
Teutons, The, village community; common culture.
Thaddart
Thierry, Augustin, early sense of word “king,”; free cities.
Thlinkets
Threshing machines kept in common
Thrushes, one species displacing another
Thun.
Thurso, commune of; communal purchases
Tibet
Tofa
Tolstoi, Lev Nikolaevich, hay-making in a Russian village
Tortona
Toucans, mocking eagles
Toussenel
Town halls, mediæval
Trade unions. See Labourers, Strikes.
Transbaikalia
Transcaspian kites
Tree-creepers’ family
Treviso
Tribal marriage seq.
Tribal organization of primitive men, Appendix
Tribal stage, proved by an immense array of facts seq.
Tschudi, animal life in the Alps
Tuetey, on municipalities
Tungus, hunter; on European morality
Tunguses
Tupi, The
Turgot, measures against folkmotes
Turkestan, East
Turks, invasion
Tuscany.; league of; agriculture.
Tver
Tylor, Edward H., on tribal origin of family; on degeneration theory
Udyelnyi period in Russia.
Ugrians, invasion of
Ulm
Ulrik, St.
Uncle, maternal
Uncle Toby’s Society
Under-population, Appendix VII
Universitas
Universities, Italian
Unterwalden
Ural Altayans
Ural Cossacks
Uri
Urmans of West Siberia
Urubú vultures
Usuri river
Utah
Uthelred, St.
Vandals, federations
Vanellus. See Lapwing.
Variety of adaptations in one bird’s family
Vaud, canton
Veniaminoff, missionary, later Metropolitan of Moscow, on the Aleoutes, seq.; their code of morality; infanticide among Tchukchis prevented by
Venice, St. Marc of; art; distribution of provisions; league
Verein für Verbrestung gemeinnützlicher Kenntnisse
Verona
Versailles
Vicenza
Vicunas
Village and town
Village community, worked out to resist disintegration; its universal extension; explorers of.; its different names; not a servile growth but anterior to; bibliography of.; relation to joint family phasis; common possession of land; clearing of woods; work in common; common cultivation; roads built; forts; budding of new villages; judicial functions of folkmote; of feudal lord; the fred; extent of jurisdiction; “composition,”; its amount; moral principles; confederations of; military protection; with the Buryates; Kabyles; mountaineers of Caucasia; in Africa; with the Brazil Tupis; the Arani; the Oucagas; the Malayans; the Alfurus; the Wyandots; in Sumatra; universality of; achievements; independence retained in early mediæval times; federation of village communities in the city; efforts of rich and State to get rid of; destruction of, in France; in England; in Germany, Austria, Prussia, Belgium; persevering till now; laws and institutions derived from, in Britain; in Switzerland; in France; in Germany; village community in Russia; in Turkey, Caucasia; in Asia and Africa; recent spontaneous growth in Russia seq.
Village life in France seq.
Villages, leagues of
Vinogradov, Prof., on village community in England; on pillage of communal lands
Viollet, P., on old institutions
Viscacha
Vitalis.
Vogt, reception of the; functions
Votkinsk iron-works
Vultures, sociable
V. V., on peasant community seq.
Vyeche, Weich (folkmote)
Wages, State regulation by, in England
Wagner, A..
Wagner, Moritz, on isolation
Wagtails chasing sparrow-hawk; also fishing-hawk
Waitz; common culture; Oucagas; Malayans
Wales, village community in
Wallace, A. R., on struggle for life; on orang-utans; features useful in struggle for life; struggle for life and competition, theory of, analyzed; arguments of Wallace in favour of; metaphoric sense of “extermination” more probable; migration factor; over-population and natural checks to; how animals avoid competition; on thrushes.
Walt, Johan van der
Walter, on village community in Wales; common culture
Warriors, bands of
Warwickshire
Waterford
Wauters, A., Belgian mediæval cities.
Weasels
Weather, effect on insects, on birds
Webb, Sidney and Beatrice, History of Trade-Unionism
Weddell, H. A., mutual protection among vicunas
Weichbild
Welsh, The, common culture; “triads,”
Wergeld
Westermarck, Prof. Edward; on history of human marriage seq.
Westminster
Westphalia.; communal culture
Westphalian League
Whewell, on mediæval inventions
White, Natural History of Selborne.
Whitechapel, mutual support in slums
Wied, Prince, on eagles mocked by toucans
Wilman, R., on Westphalian federations
Wilmot Street
Wiltshire
Winchester
Winckell, Dietrich de, on hares; Handbook.
Wises, The
Wives, exchange of, among Eskimos; in Australia.
Wolfgang, St.
Woman, inferior position in clan
Women, mockeries in case of small faults, with the Eskimos; in the tribe; educational institutions for, in Russia.
Wood, J. C., on compassion among animals
Woodhewers’ family
Workers. See Labourers.
Worms.
Wormser Zorn
Wunderer, J. D., guild on board ship
Württemberg, co-operation in.
Würzburg
Xanten, labourers of.
Yadrintseff, desiccation of Siberian lakes.
Yenisei
Yorkshire.; miners, strike of
Young, Arthur, on French agriculture.
Yukon river, Aleoutes
Zadruga
Zakataly district
Zarudnyi, N., on sociability of kites; of hares
Zebras
Zemstvos, house-to-house inquiry
Zoologische Garten, Der
Zöpfl, on Weichbild.
Zürich.
Zwickau