Subject Index

Aaron 58

Abel 21, 157

Abraham 13, 62–63

accommodation 114–19

Adam 8–10, 34–35, 40n11, 41–42, 57, 64–71, 73, 76, 77n35, 78–80, 83, 93–94, 124, 149, 151, 152–55, 160, 178, 189, 195, 196n24, 207–10, 212

first 76

second 76

sin of 70

temptation of 67, 72

Adeodatus 140

Aelius Aristides 198, 199

Aeschylus 1

Alexander of Alexandria 177n8

Alexandria 176

Alexandrians 181

allegory 229

al-Muʿtasim (Abbasid caliph) 17

Ambrose 21, 140, 144

Amorion (Byzantine city) 17

anarchy 91, 92

Anatolikon region 17

angels 8, 36, 52, 170

fallen 8–9, 53

fall of 5, 11, 50

animals 89–90, 92, 151, 154

Anselm of Canterbury 58

anthropology 94, 118

Cappadocian 96

Antioch 26, 96

Antiochene exegesis 99

Antiochenes 94–95, 181, 192

Antiochene tradition 185

Antiochus IV Epiphanes 9

apocalypse 6, 13–14

ancient 7, 10, 12

Jewish 12

postmodern 15

Apollinaris 196

apostasy 35, 37–38, 42–43

Apostolic Canons 130

Aquinas, Thomas. See Thomas Aquinas

Aramaic 60, 64

Christian 63

Jewish 63, 64n13

Arianism 50, 87, 177, 192n5

Arians 179

Aristotelian terminology 186

Aristotle 1, 82–83, 216, 220

Arius 176, 177n8, 188

Arkadios (monk) 19

asceticism 94–96, 102, 104

Asclepius 198

Asia Minor 17

Assyrians 162, 165–66

Asterius of Amasea 26n28

Athanasius of Alexandria 4n12, 4n13, 173, 176–77, 179, 180, 186, 188, 189n42

Athenagoras 219

atonement 57–58, 66, 76, 80

Augustine of Hippo 4n13, 4n15, 4n16, 5n20, 5n21, 5n22, 50, 131–37, 139–41, 143–45, 149–60, 180, 225

Aulén, Gustav 57, 58, 63, 80

authority 91–93

Azazel 7

Babylon 8, 10, 161, 165, 167

baptism 26–27, 32, 44, 96, 211–12

Bar Abba 75, 76

Barabbas 74

Barlaam 25, 27

Barnabas 47

Basilides 85

Basil of Caesarea 22–25, 27–29, 31, 94n33, 131, 136, 219

death of 105

Basil the Great. See Basil of Caesarea

Belial 7

Bernike 31

bishops 130

blindness 122, 124, 128, 129–30

body 92, 148–52, 154, 156, 158–60

bond of indebtedness 61–63, 65, 69, 71, 73–74, 76–79

Bonhoeffer, Dietrich 233

Bulgakov, Sergius 223, 227–229

Byzantine Empire 17

Caesarea 22, 24

Caiaphas 70

Cain 157

Calvary 180, 187, 214

Canaan 61

canon 34, 35

Cappadocia 131

Cappadocian Fathers 22, 83, 94, 106

Carthage 186, 187n41

Chalcedon 185n37, 194, 221

Council of 184, 188, 220, 227

cheirographon 65, 79

Christ 13, 18, 21, 29, 34, 35, 39, 40n11, 41–42, 44, 50–51, 57–58, 63, 65–69, 71–74, 76–80, 83, 96, 111, 113, 117, 119, 124, 125, 127, 157n42, 162, 167, 170, 174–75, 180–81, 184n34, 185, 187–88, 195, 196n24, 199, 200–201, 206, 208, 211–12, 220, 222, 224–26, 233. See also Jesus

Adam’s heir 73

baptism of 210, 212

blood of 45

body of 45, 132, 226

cosuffering of 228, 229

cross of 63, 71

death of 41, 78

descent of 76, 80

disciples of 206

divine nature of 202, 228

divinity of 197

godhead of 222

goodness of 202

humanity of 181, 196, 197, 203, 206, 207, 208

human nature of 228

human weakness of 187

hypostasis of 228

immutability of 201

incarnation of 222, 230

manhood of 222

new Adam 207, 209, 210, 212

passion of 45, 46, 66, 67, 74, 193

personhood of 66

risen 182

second coming of 80

suffering of 177, 192n5, 193, 196–97, 199, 201–2, 205–7, 210, 221, 223, 226–28, 233

temptation of 66–67, 72, 205

two natures of 189, 202, 221–22, 227

two substances of 189

unity of 181

Christian faith 18

Christianity 4, 143

Christian prophecy 15

Christians 5, 49, 50, 51, 52, 55, 83, 96, 119

Christian theism 4

Christian theology 46

Christology 178n11, 192, 193–94, 197

Chalcedonian 185

Nestorian 191

patristic 173

Christus Victor 57, 63, 72, 80

Chrysostom, John. See John Chrysostom

church 11, 14, 30, 37–38

cinema, modern 11

clay 33–34

Clement of Alexandria 216, 219

community 93

concupiscence 153–55, 157

Constantine (film) 12–13

Constantine 21, 50, 53, 55–56

Constantinople I, creed of 184

Constantinople, Second Council of 172, 220, 221

corruption (of created things) 145

Council of Nicaea. See Nicaea: Council of

covenant 8, 10

created things 38

creation 3, 4–5, 15, 34, 39, 41, 87–88, 112, 149–50, 152, 154, 174n3, 177, 182, 215

Creator 3, 5, 46, 83, 85–87, 112, 145, 163–64, 174, 178

creditors 61, 66

crucifixion 200–201, 223, 232

Cyprian 63

Cyril of Alexandria 173, 180–85, 188, 191–211, 220–22, 227

Daniel (book) 8–10

darkness 4

David (biblical) 13, 92, 162

Dead Sea Scrolls 60–61

death 42–46, 57, 136, 150, 153–54, 158–59, 160, 204

fear of 202

subjection to 43–44

Death (personified) 71, 76, 78–79

Deaths of the Persecutors 49, 50, 53–55

debt 59–61

debtors 61, 66

Decius 54

democracy 91

demonology 53–54, 56

demons 51–54, 56

desire, sexual 151

devil 7, 10, 42, 52–56, 110n71, 147, 170

Didymus of Alexandria 86, 130

Didymus the Blind. See Didymus of Alexandria

Dieu, Léon 99

Diocletian 49, 53–55

Diodore of Tarsus 94n34, 181

Dionysius. See Pseudo–Dionysius

Diotima 133–34

disability 85–86, 121–22, 124, 126, 128–30

disobedience 43, 153

dispensationalist school 167

diversity 84–85, 92

divination 54

divinization 187, 207

Domina 31

Domitian 54

Drosis 27, 30

Easter 96, 224

eating 151n24

economy 34, 37–39, 41–43, 46

ecosystem 89n18

Ecumenical Council, Fifth 227

Eden 14, 66–67, 76, 78–79

Edom 62

Egypt 46, 62–63, 165–66, 217

Egyptians 62

elect 10

eleos 103

embodiment 144, 148, 149, 150, 153, 154, 156, 159, 160, 196, 200

Emmaus 171

Emmelia 104, 135, 138

emotions 105–7, 109, 132, 136n25, 139–41, 160, 196

emperors 52–54

empire, Roman 49, 51, 54

Christianization of 56

encomium 24

End of Days (film) 13

endurance 18, 21, 25–26

1 Enoch 8, 52

Ephesus, Council of 191, 220–21

Ephrem the Syrian 76, 80

episcopal succession 34

equality 82–83, 88, 91, 93–94

Er 215

Esau 61–62, 117

eschatology 88–89, 95–96, 161, 168

eschaton 5, 6

Esther 167

eternal life 29, 31

eternity 42

Ethiopians 85

Eucharist 45, 175, 181

Eudocia 191, 206, 211

Eunomians 87

Euodios 17–18

Eusebius 21, 23

Evagrius of Pontus 214, 215n5

evangelists 34

Eve 8, 40n11, 42, 57, 66–70, 83, 93–94, 136, 149, 151–55, 160, 178, 209

evil 2–5, 7–8, 10–12, 14–16, 19, 37, 44, 46, 51–53, 93, 95, 128, 143–45, 148, 154, 156n41, 158–59

actualization of 4

experience of 39

external 4

human 8

inscrutability of 10

knowledge of 39

moral 144

nature of 7, 12

origin of 6, 7, 10, 50, 144n1

presence of 10

as privation of good 146

problem of 1, 5, 144–45, 148

purpose of 7

theistic account of 6

exorcism 53

4 Ezra 9–10

fall, Adam’s 5, 9, 11, 73n29, 152–53

family 95

fasting 73

Father 190

Felicitas 225

final judgment 6

flesh 155

Florinus 3n10

forgiveness 60–61

Forty Martyrs of Sebaste 24, 26, 28, 31

Forty-Two Martyrs of Amorion 17

free choice 5

freedom 36, 38

free rational agent 5

free will 5, 10, 215

friendship 92

fruit, forbidden 73

Gabael 79

Gaul 173

gender 96

gentiles 8–9

Gethsemane 180, 186, 202, 207

gnosticism 173, 188

gnostics 3, 174

Christian 173, 176

God 2–3, 5–6, 8–16, 18, 33–38, 40–41, 43–44, 46, 52, 54, 74, 76, 79, 83–87, 89–90, 101–102, 108–10, 112–13, 117–18, 126, 129, 143, 145, 150, 160–61, 163–66, 169–70, 172, 178–79, 182–84, 190, 198, 208, 216–17, 232

anger of 218

communion with 36

cosuffering of 232

creative activity of 39

Creator and Savior 174

economy of 45

Eucharist of 45

existence of 13

the Father 176–77, 181, 189, 223

glory of 35

goodness of 13

Hebrew view of 217

image of 35, 38–39, 82, 88–89, 90

immortality of 36, 179

impassability of 215, 219–20

likeness of 38–39

love of 218

nature of 7, 192n5

patience of 37

peace of 50

philanthropy of 110n71

power of 46

righteousness of 8

the Son 172, 177, 181

the Spirit 177

suffering of 213–15, 220, 232

transcendent Logos of 177

Unmoved Mover 216

wisdom of 41, 46

the Word 177, 191

God-Man 6

gods 3

Olympian 15

Roman 51, 56

Gog 165–67

Golgotha 223

good 12, 16, 37, 39, 46, 51

corruption of 4

destruction of 4

experience of 39

finite 5

infinite 5

knowledge of 39

perversion of 4

power of 12

privation of 3, 146

goodness 7, 11, 37

of created things 145–46

Gordios 22–23, 27, 29–31

gospel 98, 111, 119

Gospels 173

grace 143–44, 158

original 179n15

Great Persecutions, the 49

Greek (language) 63

Greeks 15, 85

Greek tragedy 1

Gregory of Nazianzus 31, 94n33, 95n39, 106–7, 216, 220

Gregory of Nyssa 30, 43n17, 82–84, 87–90, 92–93, 94n33, 95–96, 103–108, 131–41, 144n5, 145n5, 220, 220n22

grief 104, 106–7, 109, 135–37, 139–41

Christian 132

morality of 137

Hades 57, 76

Haman 167

Hebrew 60, 224

Hebrews 85

Hebrew Scriptures 99, 218

hell 169

Heraclius 185

hermeneutic, scriptural 114

Hesychius 22

Hezekiah 165–66

hierarchy 82–84, 91–95

Hobbes, Thomas 92n28

Hollywood 12

Holy Spirit. See Spirit, Holy

human beings 10, 33, 34, 35, 36, 37, 38, 40, 42, 43, 44, 45, 46, 82, 90, 150

disobedience of 5, 42n15

fall of 5, 11

fallen 8

perfection of 38

humanity 9–10, 37, 43n17, 100–101, 106, 111n77, 178, 208–9, 212

humankind 41

hypostasis 182, 184, 186, 189, 194, 227–28

hypostatic union 193–94, 196–97, 200, 202–4, 206, 208–9, 211–12

iconoclasm 18–20

icons 57n2

idolatry 11

Ignatius 25, 44–45, 219, 220

image

Christ’s 37–38, 180, 207

divine 94

God’s 6, 47, 82, 88–90, 105, 134, 136, 195

Lucifer’s 54

immortality 31, 39, 42, 104

immutability 193

impassibility 193

incarnation 6, 98, 115, 160, 182, 191–94, 196–97, 199–201, 206, 209, 210, 212, 231

incorruptibility 39–40, 42

incorruption 104

inequality 83, 85–86, 90, 92, 93, 95

inheritance, divine 50

injustice, social 81–82, 89, 91, 95–96

instability, political 94

Irenaeus of Lyons, 3, 34–47, 173–74, 179, 187

Irene (patrician) 19–20

Isaac (son of Abraham) 64n13

Isaac the Syrian 28

Isaiah (book) 60

Islam 18

Israel 8, 9, 11, 58, 60, 62–63, 117, 156, 162–68, 216

Israelites 164

Jacob 13, 61–63, 117

Jacob of Serug 65–66, 72–76, 80

jealousy 51

Jerome 215

Jerusalem 22, 161–62, 165, 167

Jesse 195, 208

Jesus 10, 12, 16, 26, 46, 67, 73, 78, 111, 113, 121, 124–25, 127–28, 160, 171–73, 175–78, 180, 183–90, 194–95, 202, 204–6, 208, 210, 218, 220. See also Christ

death of 179

disciples of 121–22, 127, 204

divine nature of 204

divine Word and human being 174

humanity of 172, 202

human nature of 183, 186

human weakness of 171, 190

passion of 179, 203

Savior 181

Son of God 172, 176

Son of Mary 186, 189

suffering of 172, 180, 218

unity of 181

Word-made-flesh 174

Jews 10, 102, 116–17, 119

Job 97–105, 107–114, 117–118

friends of 111, 113, 119

wife of 113

John (apostle) 123, 128, 130

John (bishop of Sardis) 19

John Chrysostom 21, 25–31, 47, 83–84, 91–93, 95, 96n40, 96n42, 97–102, 103n24, 103n25, 104n35, 106–25, 127–28, 130, 233

theological anthropology of 100

John Climacus 30n42, 220

John of Damascus 47

Jonah (and whale) 39–43

Jonathan (and David) 92

Joseph (patriarch) 19, 46, 60

Josephite controversy 18

Josephus 167

Judah 165–66

Judaism 121, 122, 128, 130

ancient 60

rabbinic 61, 80

Second Temple 58, 80

Judas Iscariot 67n19, 78

Julian (emperor) 23

Julian (martyr) 29

Julian of Eclanum 154, 162n1

Julian of Norwich 226

justice 82, 86, 96

Justinian 215

Justin Martyr 219

Kadesh 62

karma 86

kingdom

earthly 37

God’s 8

heavenly 37

knowledge 37

Lactantius 5n24, 49–56

Lamb 11

law, 8, 10, 98, 163

Old Testament 116–19

Lazarus 172, 183

Leo the Great 222

Leo V 19

Licinius 22

light 4

Logos 50, 81, 178, 221–22, 224, 230–31

Lord’s Prayer 59, 61

Lost Souls (film) 13

Lucian 26

Lucifer 54

Maccabean martyrs 29

Maccabean revolt 165–67

Maccabees 168

Macrina 103–108, 131–41

Magog 167

man born blind 121–123, 125–127, 130

Mani 3

Manichaeism 143, 145, 160

Marcion 3

Marinus 186

marriage 93

martyrdom 18–23, 25–32, 44, 194, 196n24, 207n55, 211

of conscience 25

martyrs 18–32, 45–46

Mary 157n42, 186, 199, 221

Theotokos 181, 191, 199, 221

masochism 29

Mastema 7

matter 2

Maximus the Confessor 173, 180, 184, 186–88

Melito of Sardis 224

Messiah 12, 14, 16

metaphor 61

Michael 9

midrash 61

Minor Prophets 166–67

Moechian controversy 18

monastic life 102

Monica 131–37, 139–41

monotheism 3

moral corruption 6

mortality 39, 43, 70

Moses 8, 13, 62–63, 102n22, 104n35, 116, 118, 162

Moule, C. F. D. 65

movies 11, 12

narrative framework, biblical 5

Narsai 66–68, 72, 74, 76, 77n35, 78n37, 80

natural disasters 5

natural suffering 5

nature 39

divine 198

human 39, 98, 105, 109, 187, 191, 193–97, 200, 203, 205

Naucratius 104, 135, 137–38

Nebuchadnezzar 223

necessity 1

neighbor 83

Neoplatonism 3, 4, 146, 149, 160

Nero 54

Nestorius 181, 182n29, 183, 191–92, 195, 196n25, 199, 200, 204

New Testament 57, 61, 102, 116, 188, 216, 218

Semitic background of 63

Nicaea 176n7, 188

Council of 130, 176

Nicene Creed 176, 184

Ninevites 164

nonbeing 4

obedience 153

Old Testament 34, 57, 59, 61, 98, 102, 114–17, 119, 161–62, 166–67, 216–17, 224

The Omen (film) 13–14

ontological dualism 2, 3

ontology, human 90

Origen 3, 5, 20–21, 28–29, 83–86, 88, 95, 169–70, 189n42, 215, 220, 225, 229–31

paganism, Roman 52, 55

pagans 102

pain 10

Palestine 23

paradise 11, 43, 193

parrēsia 18, 20–22, 30–32

Pascal, Blaise 224

Pascha. See Easter

passions 1, 104, 134, 141, 194, 207–9

pathos 1, 105, 107, 215–16, 219–20, 229–32

patriarchs, Old Testament 162

Patripassian heresy 214, 228n54

patristic theologians 4

Paul (apostle) 16, 28–29, 34–35, 39, 41, 63–66, 111, 116, 128, 144, 168, 220, 226

Pelagius 143

perfection 38–39

perichoresis 227

persecution 49, 55–56

personhood 189

Peter (apostle) 13, 46, 127

Pharaoh’s army 162

Pharisees 121, 124–28

phenomenology 35

philanthropy 95, 98, 112–13, 115

philanthrōpia 103

Philaret, Metropolitan of Moscow 229

philosophein 103

philosophers 25, 81

philosophia 101, 109, 115

Christian 102, 105

external 102

internal 102

pagan Greek 101

philosophy 98, 101–107, 110, 111n77, 112–19, 133

Hellenic 220

Pilate 42, 74–75

plagues of Egypt 165

Plato 2, 103, 104n29, 215n7, 220

Platonic forms 2

Platonic thought 176

Platonism 143, 145, 149, 158

Plotinus 2, 3, 4n12, 5n23

politics 150

polytheism 15

Pompey 167n12

Porphyry 149

predestination 143

pride 146–49, 152, 155–56

priesthood, Christian 130

prince of Israel 9

prince of Persia 9

Proclus 4

procreation 149, 154, 157

prophecy 12, 15

prophets 7

Prosdoke 31

Protoctetus 21

protology 88–89, 95–96

Providence, divine 161–62, 164

Pseudo–Dionysius 4, 185

psychosis 29

Pulcheria 191, 206, 211

purification 27

Rabshakeh 165

Ranke-Heinemann, Ute 150–52

Raphael 8, 80

reason 101, 104–6, 109

redemption 12, 15, 29, 174–75

regeneration 27

reincarnation 86

religion, Roman 52

Remus 157

resurrection 42, 57, 96, 104, 132, 172

of the dead 6, 159

revelation, natural 10

righteous 11

Rome 25, 44, 51

Romulus 157

Rosemary’s Baby (film) 12

Sabbath 41

salvation 9, 18, 20, 39–41, 43, 51, 53, 73, 83, 153, 156, 160, 174, 182, 204, 223–24

economy of 76

history 5, 6

human 12, 187

universal 9, 168

sanctification 205, 208–9

Sarah (biblical) 102n22, 157n42

Satan 7, 9, 12–14, 57, 64, 66–70, 72–74, 76–79, 100, 108, 117, 205, 210–11

Saul. See Paul (apostle)

Savior 43, 156, 178

science fiction 15

Scripture 34–36, 41, 115–16, 122, 128, 179, 182

Scythians 85

Semi-Pelagians 143

Sennacherib 165

sensuality 148

Septuagint 94, 224

translators of 218

Sergius of Constantinople, Patriach 185, 186

serpent 44

sex 150–51, 154

sexual desire 154–55

sexuality 152

Sheol 78–80

Siloam 122–24

Simplician 132, 144

Simplicianus. See Simplician

sin 9–12, 14, 15, 27, 43–44, 61, 93, 111, 113, 121–22, 128, 148–55, 157–60, 178

angelic origin of 8

human 8

human origin of 8

metaphor for 58, 61

original 154

origin of 11

powers of 58

sinfulness 6

sinner 59

slavery 89

Smyrna 198

social class 89

social justice 86

Socrates 133–34

Son 179

image of 37–38

Sophia 3

Sorlin, Henri 99

sorrow 10

soteriology 194, 205, 212

soul 148–150, 152, 154, 156, 158–59, 203

pride of 149

Spirit, Holy 26, 45–46, 176, 211, 223, 225

Stagirius 106

Stoicism 97, 110, 160n53

Stoic moral theory 2

Stoics 1, 81–83, 98n2, 139

substance 186

suffering 1, 10, 11, 12, 14–15, 18–22, 25–26, 28–29, 33, 47, 97–98, 107, 111–12, 114, 117, 119, 148, 161, 163, 193–94, 197–99, 212, 231–32

human 182

pedagogical 161, 163

redemptive 26, 28, 32

Symeon the New Theologian 25n24

sympatheia 103

sympathy 109, 11, 113, 119

synalgein 103

Syriac fathers 64

Syriac (language) 63

Talmud 122, 128–29

Targum Onqelos 60

Taurians 85

temple, Jerusalem 121

Temple, William 224–25

Tertullian 3, 5n20, 63

Tetrarchy, Roman 55

Thalassius 187n41

theodicy 3, 5, 6, 12

early Christian 3

Theodore (friend of Augustine) 132

Theodore of Mopsuestia 94n34, 161–70, 181–82

Theodore the Recruit 30

Theodore the Studite 18–20

Theodoret of Cyrrhus 94n34, 181

Theodoret of Cyrus. See Theodoret of Cyrrhus

Theodoret of Tarsus 182

Theodorus of Mopsuestia. See Theodore of Mopsuestia

Theodosius II 191

Theophilus of Antioch 43

Theotokos. See Mary: Theotokos

Theotokos controversy 191

Thomas (apostle) 127

Thomas Aquinas 216

Tigris (river) 18

Tobit 79

tradition 34

tragic poets 1

transcendence, divine 220

tree of life 43

Trinity 3, 83, 185, 189, 221–22, 228. See also God

Valentinians 173

Valentinus 85

followers of 86

Vatican Council, Second 189

virtue 24–26, 30–31, 82–83, 94–95, 100–101, 104–5, 109, 111, 113–14, 117–18

weight, metaphor of 61

will 146

human 69, 186

wisdom 109, 199

women 52

human 8

submission of 91

subordination of 91

Word 45, 50, 179, 194–95, 197–98, 200, 202, 205–6, 208–9, 211

divine 180, 183, 193, 196

divine nature of 194, 200

of God 45, 46, 175, 194

incarnate 175, 178, 180, 197

incarnation of 177–78, 182

humanity of 197

made flesh 177, 183–85, 189

passion of 193

Yahweh 216

Yom Kippur 61

Zoroastrianism 13