1. See, for example, Plato, Apology of Socrates, 35e-38b. The word translated ‘arrogance’ should ideally not carry too many negative connotations: the Greek word can simply imply ‘talking from a high standpoint’.

2. There are verbal echoes of what follows in Memoirs,4.8 (pp. 215–16). On the issue of which was written first, see pp. 31–2. See also pp. 197 and 330 for further echoes of this passage.