Page numbers listed correspond to the print edition of this book. You can use your device’s search function to locate particular terms in the text.
Page numbers in italic refer to illustrations.
absentee ownership, 56
absenteeism, 129, 225
AC Spark Plug, 144
ACW (Amalgamated Clothing Workers), 178–79
Addis Ababa, Ethiopia, 318
Adidas, 292–95, 307, 309
Adler, Philip, 169–70
AFL (American Federation of Labor), 113–14, 129
African Americans, 5, 59, 104, 110, 114, 116, 157, 357n, 380n
Agnelli, Giovanni, 136
aircraft industry, 229–32, 230, 238, 328n, 381n
Akron, Ohio, 128, 161, 163–64, 235–36
Alabama, 110, 235–36
Alexander Smith carpets, 239
All Saints’ Church (Derby, England), 1
Allegheny County, Pennsylvania, 110
Allentown, Pennsylvania, 240
All-Russia Metal Workers’ Union, 177
Almy and Brown, 45–46
Alpert, Max, 212, 214
Althrop, Lord, 32
Amalgamated Association of Iron and Steel Workers, 99–103, 355n
Amalgamated Clothing Workers (ACW), 178–79
American Communist Party, 114, 145
American Federation of Labor (AFL), 113–14, 129
American Landscape (Sheeler), 152–53
American Legion, 238
American Machinist (trade journal), 144
American Notes (Dickens), 64
American Pastoral (Roth), xvi
American Steel Foundries Company, 228
American Woolen Company, 76
“Americanism and Fordism” (Gramsci), 132
Amertorp Corporation, 228–29
Amoskeag Manufacturing Company, 57–58, 76–77, 78, 79, 150, 153, 314, 345n, 349n
Amtorg, 187–90, 194, 221
Anshan Iron and Steel Company, 277–78
antitrust suits, 113, 357n
Apollinaire, Guillaume, 86–87
Apollo Iron and Steel Company, 104
Appelbaum, Richard P., 290, 300
Apple, xii, 270–71, 273, 289–90, 293–97, 308–9, 322
Appleton, Nathan, 49
Appleton Company, 53
Appliance Park (General Electric), 238, 243–44
Arab Spring, 269
architecture and design
boardinghouse model, 54, 55
building length and width, 51–52
in China, 310–11
collapse of factories, 76–77, 349n
early British textile mills, 14–17
in Eastern Europe, 251, 253–56
elevators, 16–17
fires and fire danger, 15, 17, 52, 76–77, 349n
iron, 15, 52
Kahn and modern industrial design, 133–37, 139–40
lighting, 15, 20–21, 52, 139–40
New England textile mills, 48–49
reinforced concrete, 133, 135, 139
roof monitors, 139–40
sawtooth roofs, 15, 134, 140
single-story factories, 139
steam power, 16
steel frames, 139
Arens, Egmont, 172, 369n
Arkwright, Richard, 7–9, 8, 13–15, 17, 35–36, 45, 314, 334n
armor and armaments industry, 93–95, 120, 123, 176, 223–24, 228–33, 369n
art and artists, xii
depictions of Chinese industry, 273, 288, 303, 310, 312
depictions of Cold War mass production, 233, 244, 256–57
depictions of Eiffel Tower, 86–87
depictions of Fordism and industry, 77, 102–3, 119, 136, 145, 148–61, 157, 366n
depictions of iron and steel industry, 96, 97
depictions of Soviet industry, 170, 170, 210–18
Arthur G. McKee & Company, 202
Asheboro, North Carolina, 240
assembly line, 118, 124–27, 125, 144–45, 182, 196–98
Atlanta, Georgia, 85–86, 164
Austin, James Trecothick, 84
Austin Company, 191–92, 221, 373n
automation and mechanization
cotton industry, 7, 9
downsizing and, 242–43, 317–18
Fordism, 118, 124–27, 125, 144–45, 182, 242–43, 297
textile industry, 50
automotive industry. See also names of specific automotive manufacturers
artistic depictions of, 155–58
in China, 298
conversion for military production, 229–31
in Germany, 265–67, 388n
increase in number of giant factories, 127–28, 143–44
innovative factory architecture, 133, 136–37, 140
number of workers, 143–44, 245
product standardization, 141–42
protests and strikes, 161–66
in Soviet Union, 171, 190–93, 199–200, 205
trade unions and labor organization, 129, 162–68
Autostadt (Volkswagen), 267
Avtograd, Soviet Union, 248, 385n
AvtoVaz, 248
Awful Battle at Homestead, Pa, An (illustration), 102
B Building (Ford), 139, 142
B-24 bombers, 229, 230, 231
B-26 bombers, 232
Babbage, Charles, 10–12
backward integration, 90, 105, 138, 353n, 388n
Bage, Charles, 15
Baines, Edward, 5–6, 11–12
Bangladesh, 274, 318
Bank Misr, 268
BASF, 267
Bell, Daniel, 244–45
Bellamy, Edward, 72
Belper, England, 8, 17, 45
Bendix, William, 244
Benjamin, Walter, 85
Bennett, Harry, 132, 142, 168
Bentham, Jeremy, 17
Bentham, Samuel, 17
Bentinck, William, 37
Berger, Victor, 77
Berkman, Alexander, 102
Berlin, Germany, 250, 256
Berman, Marshall, xvi
Bessemer, Henry, 92
Bethlehem Iron Company, 95
Bethlehem Steel Company, 107, 113, 116, 232, 245, 356n, 385n
BF Goodrich, 292
Biddeford, Maine, 55
Big Money, The (Dos Passos), 117, 147
Biggs, Lindy, 144
Birmingham, Alabama, 110
Blake, William, 28, 96
Bloomberg Businessweek, 310
Bloomfield, New Jersey, 238
Bloomington, Indiana, 237, 382n
Boeing, 232
Bologna, Italy, 329n
Bolton, England, 21, 29, 62
Bombay, India, 17
Bomber City proposal, 231
Boott, Kirk, 345n
Boott Mills, 53, 74–75, 104, 315–16
boredom, 30, 60, 64, 165, 258–59
Boston, Massachusetts, 47–48, 54, 84, 115
Boston Associates companies, 55–56, 65, 77, 79, 99
Boston Manufacturing Company, 47–51, 53–54, 341n, 343n
Boswell, James, 3–4
Boulware, Lemuel R., 240, 242
Bourke-White, Margaret, 119, 149–54, 170, 170, 197, 213–14, 216–18, 377n
Braddock, Pennsylvania, 97, 110
branding, 50, 290–93
Brave New World (Huxley), 147
Bridgeport, Connecticut, 240
Brockport, New York, 240
Bron, Saul, 221
Brontë, Charlotte, 31, 42
Brooklyn Navy Yard, 228
Brown, Moses, 45
Brownson, Orestes, 72–73
Buffalo, New York, 85, 116, 133
Buick, 137, 144
Bukharin, Nikolai, 183, 215, 220, 371n
Burlington Free Press (newspaper), 61
Burnham, James, 226, 380n
Burtynsky, Edward, 273, 288, 312
Cadillac, 290
Calder, John K., 188, 196
calico industry, 5, 11, 51–52, 60, 345n
California, 232–33, 235, 237, 368n
Calvert Investments, 322
Cambodia, 274, 281
Cambria Iron and Steel Works, 91, 91, 93, 314
Camden, New Jersey, 166, 236
Cameron, Ardis, 76
Canada, 76, 363n
Capital (Marx), 19, 33–34, 94
capitalism
as atavistic slogan, 227
convergence theory and, 227, 316
early British textile mills and criticism of, 33–35
emergence of industrial capitalism, 33–35
factories as essential to development of, 319
implantation of by outside merchant capital, 56
iron and steel industry “super-capitalism,” 103–5
socialism vs., 172–73, 175–76, 224–25, 278
carding, 6–7, 18, 24, 45, 341n
Carding, Drawing, and Roving (illustration), 24
Carlyle, Thomas, 31
Carnegie, Andrew, 93–94, 100–101, 105, 111–12
Carriage, Wagon, and Automobile Workers’ Union, 129
Castro, Fidel, 256
Cayenne, French Guiana, 46
Céline, Louis-Ferdinand, 147
Cement (Gladkov), 217, 373n
cement industry, 138, 217, 249
Cendrars, Blaise, 87
Centennial Exhibition (1876), 80–82, 81, 84, 88, 107, 350n
“Centennial Inauguration March” (Wagner), 80
Central Labor Institute, 177, 371n
Chadwick, Edwin, 333n
Chagall, Marc, 86
Chamberlin, William Henry, 215
Chandler, Alfred D., Jr., 290
Chaplin, Charlie, xii, 159–61, 209, 214
Charles River, 48–49
Chartists and Chartism, 38, 41, 88
Chase, Stuart, 215
Chelmsford, Massachusetts, 54
Chelyabinsk, Soviet Union, 196, 201, 203, 212, 221, 224, 374n, 379n
Chengdu, China, 272, 302, 304, 306
Chevalier, Michael, 43–44
Chevrolet, 144, 165, 237, 290, 314
Chiang Kai-shek, 283
Chicago, Illinois, 106, 128, 167, 228–29
post-WWII strikes, 238
world’s fairs, 85, 145, 158
WWI-era labor movement, 114–17
Chicago Century of Progress Exposition (1933–34), 145, 158
Chicago Federation of Labor, 114
Chicopee Falls, Massachusetts, 55, 62, 72
child labor, 19, 42, 348n
early British textile mills, 3, 21–25
efforts to regulate, 30–33, 41, 68
New England textile mills, 45–46, 59–60, 68, 71, 74, 77, 78, 347n, 349n
outsourcing, 294
China Labour Bulletin, 306
Chinese industry. See also names of specific locations
architecture and design, 310–11
changes leading to giantism, 274
company housing and villages, 278, 285–87, 300, 304–5
compensation and wages, 271, 286, 301
Cultural Revolution, 279–80, 391n
dagongmei or dagongzai, 286
debate over economic policies and industrial practices, 278–80, 391n
decline of giant factories, 317
decollectivization of agriculture, 284
discipline, 285, 301–3
excitement of, 301
export-oriented manufacturing, 281–86, 288, 392n
Five-Year Plans, 275, 277
foreign investment and manufacturing, 282–83
gender and rural/urban imbalances, 308, 397n
government support for giantism, 298–99
Great Leap Forward, 275–79
hukou system of residency permits, 284–85
interns, 308–9
involvement of Soviet Union, 275, 390n
iron and steel industry, 277–78
leftist approach to industrial management, 277–78
legacy of giantism, 320
Maoist era, 274–80
market-oriented policies, 280–83
mass production as passing stage, 311
migrant labor, 294–301, 305, 308
number of workers, 272–73, 287
percentage of workers in manufacturing, xiii
poverty and life expectancy, 305–6
protests and strikes, 302, 306–8
recruitment, 286–87, 308, 396n
safety issues, 304
secretiveness, 272, 289, 309–10
shutting down giant factories, 316
size and scale of, 272–74, 288–90, 296–98, 300
small-scale rural industry, 276
social status, 285–86, 392n
special economic zones, 281
Spring Festival holiday week, 287–88
symbolism of factories, 310–13
turnover, 285
women, 286–87, 308, 311
worker input over management, 276
worker suicides and company reaction, xii, 270–72, 389n
working conditions, 301–4
working day and hours, 302
Christian Community of Working People, 261
Christian Science Monitor (newspaper), 215
Christmas decorations and accessories, 295
Chrysler Corporation, 140, 143, 145, 163, 166, 243, 290
Chrysler Tank Arsenal, 228
Chukovskaya, Lydia, 211
Church Street El (Sheeler), 151
Chutex Garment Factory, 307
Cincinnati, Ohio, 229
Cisco, 292
Citroen, André, 363n
Ciudad Juárez, Mexico, 382n
Civil War, 75, 120
Clarks shoes, 290
class. See social status and class
Classic Landscape (Sheeler), 152–53
Cleveland, Ohio, 116, 149, 163–64, 238, 242
Coburn, Alvin Langdon, 149
Cold War mass production
in Eastern Europe
decentralization and downsizing, 264–65
factory construction, 253–54, 257
model industrial cities, 249–57
Nowa Huta steelworks, 249, 251–65, 253, 255, 387n
politicized working class, 257–64
shrinkage of workforce, 264–65
urbanism, 250–51, 254
valorization of industry and workers, 249–50
in Egypt, 268–69
in Germany, 265–67
legacy of giant factories, 320
in Soviet Union
automotive industry, 246–48
convergence theory, 226–27
post-WWII reconstruction, 245–46
scientific and atomic cities, 246
tractor industry, 246
Western assistance, 247
in United States
convergence theory, 226–27
decentralization and downsizing, 227–28, 235–44, 382n
loss of interest in industrial workers, 244–45
military giantism, 228–33
post-WWII sale of plants, 238
productivity increases, 243
shrinkage of workforce, 240–41, 243–45
trade unions and labor organization, 233–42
Colt, Samuel, 123
Columbian Exposition (1893), 85
Coming of Post-Industrial Society, The (Bell), 244–45
Committee for Industrial Organization (CIO), 163–68
Commons, John L., 112
Communist Manifesto, The (Marx and Engels), 42
company housing and villages
boardinghouse model, 54, 55, 61–62, 65–66, 74–75
in China, 278, 285–87, 300, 304–5
Eastern European model industrial cities, 249–51, 253–56
iron and steel industry, 103–6
in Soviet Union, 192–93, 208–10, 246, 248, 373n, 385n
company housing and villages (continued)
textile industry, 18, 20, 53–54, 61–62, 65–66, 74–75, 334n
WWII era, 230–32
company stores, 18, 46
compensation and wages, xv
in China, 271, 286, 301
company store credit, 46
currency shortages, 18, 46
downward pressure on wages and living standards, 37
Ford Motor Company, 129–30, 132, 145–46
piecework, 6, 65, 108, 176, 178–79, 371n
post-WWII, 234
productivity vs., 65–66
raising after bad publicity, 271, 389n
reductions in, 65–66, 99–100, 163
sliding scale, 90, 100
truck, 18, 36
Waltham-Lowell system, 60
withholding, 308, 335n
women and children, 23
Condition of the Working Class in England, The (Engels), 29–30, 41, 112, 337n
Connecticut, 46, 68, 240, 347n
Cook, Tim, 296
Cooper, Hugh L., 186
cooperatives, 10, 179, 224
Corliss engines, 80, 81, 350n
Corn Laws, 31–32, 41
Cotton Factories, Union Street, Manchester (engraving), 28
cotton gin, 5
cotton industry, 4–8
age of workers, 23
architecture and construction of mills, 14–17
early American, 45–46
in Egypt, 268
England compared to New England, 43–44
environmental damage from, 27–28
fire danger, 15, 17
first giant factories, 7–10
import substitution, 5
limit of plant size, 13
living conditions, 29–30
machine wrecking, 35
Marx’s Capital and, 34
mechanization of, 7, 9
radical change in, 6–7
renting space and power to multiple employers, 10
rising demand for goods, 4–5, 46
slavery and, 5
technical demands of, 5–6
theories behind adoption of factory model, 10–13
working conditions, 23–27, 30–32
Cotton States and International Exposition (1895), 85–86
Council for Mutual Economic Assistance, 252
Couzens, James, 359n
Cowie, Jefferson, 316–17
Coxe, Tench, 82
Criss-Crossed Conveyors—Ford Plant, 1927 (Sheeler), 152
Crockett, Davy, 68–69
Cromford, England, 7–8, 13–15, 17, 23, 36, 314, 333n–34n
Crompton, Samuel, 7
croppers, 36–37
Crystal Palace Exhibition (1851), 84–85, 88, 93, 134, 291
Cuba, 161
Curtis-Wright Corporation, 229
Czechoslovakia, 249, 385n
Daily Worker (newspaper), 161
Daimler AG, 248
Dalton, Massachusetts, 72
Daqing Oil Field, 277–78
Datang, China, 295
Davies, Stuart, 154
de Gaulle, Charles, 256
Dearborn, Michigan, 122, 137–38, 155, 242. See also River Rouge plant
Defense City proposal, 230–31
Defoe, Daniel, xii, 3
Delauney, Robert, 86–87
Dell, 270
Dell, Floyd, 103
democratic voice, xv
iron and steel industry, 101, 103
“labor question,” 111
late eighteenth- and early nineteenth-century Great Britain, 39–40
male suffrage, 41
workers shut out of direct participation, 38, 338n
Demuth, Charles, 154
Deng Xiaoping, 280–81
Derby Silk Mill (England), 1–4, 2, 7–8, 24, 314, 329n
Derbyshire, England, 36
Derwent Valley, 316
design. See architecture and design
Detroit, Michigan, 122. See also Ford Motor Company and Fordism
artwork by Kahlo, 159
artwork by Rivera, 155–58, 157
closure of factories, 245
involvement in Soviet
industrialization, 169, 188, 190, 194–95, 199
relocation from, 241
trade unions and labor organization, 129, 138, 167
workforce, 123, 129
Detroit Free Press (newspaper), 194
Detroit Industry (Rivera), 156–58, 157
Detroit Institute of Arts, 155, 158
Detroit News (newspaper), 169
Detroit Times (newspaper), 194–95
Devonshire, Duchess of, 14
Dickens, Charles, xii, 3, 16, 43, 64, 76, 272
Dimitrovgrad, Bulgaria, 249, 257, 259
discipline
in China, 285, 301–3
early British textile mills, 18–20, 23, 30
in Eastern Europe, 258–59
Ford Motor Company, 130–32
iron and steel industry, 105
New England textile mills, 61–62, 74
in Soviet Union, 197
Disney, 293
Disraeli, Benjamin, 26
division of labor, 11, 60, 74, 121–22, 124, 232
Dix, John, 43–44
Dnieporstroi hydroelectric dam, 171, 185–86, 203, 217
Dodge and Dodge Main plant, 137, 143, 166, 229, 237, 243, 314
Dom Pedro II, 80, 81
Dongguan, China, 273, 300, 318
Dos Passos, John, 117, 147
“double speeder” roving frames, 49
Douglass, Frederick, 5
Dover, Massachusetts, 66
Dover, New Hampshire, 54–55
Dover Manufacturing Company, 54
Dowlais iron works (Wales), 41
Dreiser, Theodore, 103
Dresden, Germany, 267
Driggs, Elsie, 154, 366n
Du Pont, 194
Dublin, Thomas, 63, 345n–46n
Dunapetele, Hungary. See Sztálinváros, Hungary
Dunaújváros, Hungary. See Sztálinváros, Hungary
Duranty, Walter, 215
Dynamo (play), 150
East Chelmsford, Massachusetts, 51
East Springfield, Massachusetts, 163
Edison, Thomas, 106
Edison Illuminating Company, 122
Egypt, 268–69
Eiffel, Gustave, 86
Eiffel Tower, 86–88
Eisenstein, Sergei, 216, 377n
Eisler, Hanns, 216
Electric Auto-Lite, 163
electronics industry, 270–73, 289–97, 306, 308
elevators, 16–17, 333n
Elizabethport, New Jersey, 121
Embargo Act, 46
Emerson, Ralph Waldo, 57, 70, 348n
Encyclopedia Britannica, 118
Engels, Friedrich, 19, 26, 29–30, 32–34, 41–42, 88, 112, 337n–38n
Engineering Magazine, 144
England. See cotton industry; Great Britain; names of specific locations; textile industry
Enlightenment, xvi
Entuziazm (Simfoniya Donbassa) (Enthusiasm: Symphony of the Donbas) (film), 214, 216
environment and ecology, xiv–xv
British mills and factories, 16, 27–28, 28
Eastern European industry, 261, 387n
iron and steel industry, 91
legacy of giant factories, 320–21
New England textile mills, 56–57, 76
Ericsson, 292
Essen, Germany, 93, 104, 266
Ethiopia, 318
EUPA, 288–90, 301
Evans, Walker, 244
Exhibition of the Industry of All Nations (1853), 85, 88, 351n
Exposition Universelle (1855), 85
Exposition Universelle (1889), 86–88, 100
Eyes on Russia (Bourke-White), 217
F-150 trucks, 314
factories and factory giantism
abandoned factories, xv–xvi
concepts of modernity and progress and, xiii–xvii, 5, 20–21, 31, 40–41, 171, 319
consolidation, 57–58
cycles of factory giantism, 315–17
defense of, 30–32
defining nature of, xii–xiii
efforts to regulate, 31–33
environmental damage, 27–28
expansion through replication, 53, 55–58
exploitation of labor, 22–27, 65–66, 301–4
first factories, 1–4
future of, 321
general definition of factory system, 22
legacy of, 318–22
longevity of, 314–15
loss of manufacturing jobs, xi
nostalgia for, xv–xvi
as objects of wonder, xii, xiv–xv, 20–22, 119
percentage of workers in manufacturing, xiii
“postindustrial society,” xiii
poverty, 29–31
revolutionary nature of, xii–xiv
size and scale of, xvii, 1, 9, 289–96, 328n
as source of fear, xv
support of the state, 39–40
sustainability vs. reemergence, xv, 316
theories behind adoption of factory system, 10–13
transformation from novel to ordinary, 40–42
transformation of social status and, 13–14
ubiquity of, xi–xii, xviii, 127–28
unknown to purchasers of goods, 317
Waltham-Lowell system, 47–61
Factory Acts, 32–33
factory cities. See company housing and villages
Factory Girls’ Association, 65–66
“Factory Girls of Lowell, The” (Whittier), 69–70
factory housing. See company housing and villages
factory tourism, xii, 4, 20–22, 43, 69–70, 85, 135–36, 144–45, 151–52, 156, 159, 217, 310
Fair Labor Association, 271
Fairfield shipyard (Baltimore, Maryland), 232
Fallows, James, 305
Female Labor Reform Associations, 67–68
FIAT, 136–37, 247, 314, 362n
Figes, Orlando, 184
Filene, Edward, 119, 146–47, 182
filmmaking, 86, 136, 148, 159–61, 214, 216–17
fires and fire danger, 15, 17, 52, 76–77, 349n
Firestone, 161, 164, 235–36
Fischer, Louis, 216
Fisher, Charles T., 155
Fisher Body, 137, 144, 155, 164–65
Fitch, John, 82, 95, 103, 109
Fitton, R. S., 15
Fitzpatrick, John, 114
Flagg, Edmund, 83
Flannery, Vaughn, 151–52
flax industry, 4–6, 15
Flextronics, 292
Flint, Michigan, 143–44, 164–66, 237, 314, 320
Flivver King, The (Sinclair), 147
flying shuttles, 6
Fontana, California, 232
footwear industry, 133, 273–74, 288–90, 289, 291–95, 298, 307, 309, 318
forced labor, 24–25, 203. See also slavery
Ford, Edsel, 137, 153, 155–57, 159, 366n
Ford, Henry, 118–19, 122, 124, 131, 138–41, 143, 147, 157, 159, 168, 174, 180, 186–87, 190–91, 319, 366n. See also Ford Motor Company and Fordism
Ford Motor Company and Fordism, 142, 317
architecture and design, 132–37, 136
assembly line, 118, 124–27, 125, 144–45
backward integration, 138
company paternalism, 130–32, 145
compensation and wages, 129–30, 132, 145–46
concentration of production, 143
continuous flow processing, 121–22, 124
conversion for military production, 229–31
conversion for Model A, 141–42
decentralization and downsizing, 242–43
depictions of, 77, 102–3, 119, 136, 145–61, 152, 157, 366n
discipline, 130–32
fascination with, 144–45
Five Dollar Day plan, 129–30, 132, 145–46
immigration and immigrants, 129–30
interchangeability of parts, 120–21, 123, 359n
labor problems, 127–29, 142, 155
manufacturer-dominated system, 290–91
mass production, 118–27
material-handling systems, 126
number of workers, 127–29, 144, 363n
outsourcing, 295
product standardization, 122, 141–42
progressive placement of machinery, 123–24
protests and strikes, 155, 167–68
publicity and factory tourism, 135–36, 144–45, 151–52, 363n
single-purpose machinery, 122–23
social status and class, 119
Sociological (Service) Department, 130–32, 145, 168
Soviet industrialization and, 186–87, 190–91, 196–98, 371n
stamped parts, 123
trade unions and labor organization, 129–30, 163, 167–68
turnover, 128–29
vertical integration, 138, 142
village factories, 143
women, 130
working day and hours, 129
“Forditis,” 127, 160
Fordson tractors, 138, 142, 180–81, 362n
Forge and Foundry (Rivera), 158
Fort Peck Dam, 150, 154
Fort Wayne, Indiana, 163
Fortune (magazine), 119, 150, 153–54, 213, 217, 244
Foster, William Z., 114, 116, 181, 371n
Foxconn, xiii
advantages for retailers, 296
architecture, 310
automation, 317–18
company housing, 304–5, 396n
decline of, 317
discipline and control, 301–4
interns, 308–9
investment in, 321–22
number of workers, 272–73
protests and strikes, 306
recruitment of men, 308
safety issues, 304
scaling up production, 296–98, 394n
secretiveness, 272, 289, 309–10
size and scale of, 289–90, 300–303, 389n
symbolism of, 312–13
worker suicides and reaction, 270–72, 300, 303, 389n
working conditions, 296–97, 301–3
Foxconn People (company newspaper), 303
France, 31, 79, 149, 330n
armor and armaments industry, 93
French Revolution, 39
life expectancy, xiv
world’s fairs, 85–88
Frank D. Chase Company, 169
Fraser, Steve, 179
free trade, 31
Freyn, H. J., 225, 379n
Freyn Engineering Company, 201, 252
Frick, Henry Clay, 101–2, 355n
Fridlyand, Semyon, 212
Fujian, China, 281
Fulton, Robert, 82–83
fustian industry, 5–6, 330n
Gadsden, Alabama, 235–36
Galleria Vittorio Emanuele II, 135
Gantt charts, 178
Garland, Hamlin, 103
Gary, Elbert H., 106, 116
Gary, Indiana, 106, 116, 163, 188, 201, 245, 385n
Gastev, Alexei, 177–78, 220–21, 301, 319, 371n
Gatrell, V. A. C., 13
GAZ (Gorkovsky Avtomobilny Zavod [Gorky Automobile Factory]), 190–94, 199–200, 204, 207–8, 208, 210, 212, 221
Gdañsk, Poland, 262–64
General Electric (GE), 128, 163, 166, 186, 238–44, 290
General Motors (GM), 137, 142–44, 190–91, 237–38, 291
decentralization, 237, 382n
protests and strikes, 164–65, 234
trade unions and labor organization, 163–66
world’s fair exhibits, 145, 158
George N. Pierce Company, 133
Georgia, 85–86, 164
Germany, 79, 149, 174, 186, 293. See also names of specific locations
armor and armaments industry, 93
automotive industry, 265–67, 388n
Eastern German industry, 249
trade unions and labor organization, 267
giantism. See factories and factory gigantism
gig mills, 36
Gilbreth, Frank, 174, 370n
gingham industry, 49
Gladkov, Fyodo Vasilievich, 217
Glasgow, Scotland, 29
Gleason, Jackie, 244
GM. See General Motors
Goddard, Paulette, 160
Godley, John Robert, 71
Goldblatt, Louis, 161
Gomułka, Władysław, 260
Goodman, Susan Tumarkin, 214
Goodrich, 235
Goodyear Tire and Rubber, 128, 164, 167, 235–36
Gorkovsky Avtomobilny Zavod. See GAZ
Gorky, Maxim, xii, 211–12, 214
Gou, Terry, 271, 283, 303
GPU (later known as NKVD), 203–4
Graham, Charles, 97
Gramsci, Antonio, 131–32, 319
Grant, Ulysses S., 80, 81
Gray, John, 32–33
Great Britain, xiv, 39–40, 186, 321. See also cotton industry; names of specific locations
architecture and construction of factories, 14–15
average mill size in nineteenth century, 9
compared to New England, 43–44
life expectancy, xiv
textile industry, 1–7, 9–10, 15, 17, 30, 35–36, 38
worker protests, 35
Great Depression, 155–56, 159, 162, 168, 188, 194, 211, 219
Great Falls, New Hampshire, 54
Greenfield Village (Ford), 141, 143
Gropius, Walter, 140, 230
Gross Pointe, Michigan, 137
Grumman Aircraft, 232, 381n
Guangdong, China, 281–82, 306
Guangxi, China, 299
Guangzhou, China, 300
Guanlan, China, 308
Guardivaglio, John, 329n
Guess, 318
Gunther, John, 98
Gursky, Andreas, 312
H&M, 318
Habermas, Jürgen, xvii
Hamilton, Alexander, xii, 82
Hamilton Manufacturing Company, 53, 61, 63, 74
Hamtramck, Michigan, 143
Hard Times (Dickens), 16, 21
Hargreaves, James, 7, 35–36
Harney, G. Julian, 88
Harrison, New Jersey, 106
Hawthorne, Nathaniel, 95–96
Hayek, Friedrich von, 226–27
Heathcott, Joseph, 316–17
hemp industry, 4
Henry Ford Hospital (Kahlo), 159
Herman, Victor, 375n
Hewlett-Packard, 270, 295
Highland Park factory (Ford), 125, 127–28, 133–38, 136, 141, 143, 145, 159, 167–68, 363n
Hillman, Sidney, 114, 178–79
Hindus, Maurice, 186–87
Hine, Lewis, 77, 78, 150–51, 153
History of the Cotton Manufacture in Great Britain (Baines), 5–6
Hitler, Adolf, 266
Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam, 289, 307
Hobsbawm, Eric, 38
Hollingsworth, Edward, 36
Hollywood, California, 237
Holyoke, Massachusetts, 55
Home Depot, 293
Homestead, Pennsylvania, 93–94, 100–103, 102, 105, 110, 245, 314, 357n
Hon Hai Precision Industry Co., 270, 321. See also Foxconn
Honey, Frank, 197–98
Hong Kong, 282–83, 295
Hopper, Edward, 154
hours. See working day and hours
housing. See company housing and villages
Huafang Group, 273
Huajian Shoes, 318
Hudson Motor Company, 137
Hudson River, 83
Hunan, China, 300–301
Hungary, 249, 257–60, 387n
Huxley, Aldous, 147
“I Fall Asleep, Just Standing Like That” (Xu), 303
IBM, 290, 292
IG Farben, 267
Ignatovich, Boris, 212
Illinois. See Chicago, Illinois
immigration and immigrants
Ford Motor Company, 129–30
involvement in protests, 110–11, 117
iron and steel industry, 110, 115, 357n
New England textile mills, 74, 76–78, 343n
Imperialism (Lenin), 174–75
India, 4–6, 17, 37, 48, 329n, 331n
Indiana. See names of specific locations
Indianapolis, Indiana, 237
Indonesia, 274
Industrial Revolution, xiv, xvi, 4, 13, 16, 20, 24, 27, 40, 96, 111, 148, 318–19, 321
Industrial Valley (McKenney), 162
Industrial Workers of the World (IWW), 77–78, 129
Inkeles, Alex, 227
insurance, 113, 131, 234–35
interchangeability. See standardization and interchangeability
International Exhibition (1873), 85
international exhibitions. See world’s fairs and international exhibitions
International Harvester, 128, 167, 372n
International Labor Organization, xiii
interns, 308–9
Ireland, 29, 74, 111
Iron Age (trade journal), 144, 212
iron and steel industry, 41, 88–95
Bessemer process, 91–92, 94, 96
blast furnaces, 89–90, 92, 94, 96, 353n
cast iron, 90
in China, 277–78
company paternalism, 104–5
compared to textile industry, 93–94, 96, 98
criticism of, 96–97, 103–4
democratic voice, 101, 103
depictions of, 96, 97
early nonfactory production, 89
in Eastern Europe, 249, 251–65
factory housing and villages, 103–6
fascination with, 95–96, 97, 117
growth of, 92–93
immigration and immigrants, 110, 115, 357n
iron shafts, 49
number of workers, 91, 93, 245
pollution, 91
production system, 93–95
protests and strikes, 98–103, 102, 167, 358n
puddling, 90–92, 94, 96, 103
railroads and, 89–94, 99
reformers’ focus on, 111–13
repression by, 103–4
safety issues, 109–10
scientific management, 107–9
shift work, 109
social status and class, 99–100
in Soviet Union, 171, 185, 201–5, 207, 209–10, 214, 246
“super-capitalism,” 103–5
as symbol of modernity, 97–98
technological innovations in, 89–92
trade unions and labor organization, 99–103, 166–67
undercover reporting on, 112
unionization efforts, 166–67
use of iron in early mill construction, 15, 52
working day and hours, 109
wrought iron, 90
WWI-era labor movement, 114–17
WWII and post-WWII, 234, 246
Istanbul, Turkey, 17
Italy, 3, 111, 149, 247. See also names of specific locations
Ivanov, Vassily, 185, 188, 197–98, 219, 221
Ivens, Joris, 216
IWW (Industrial Workers of the World), 77–78, 129
Jackson, Andrew, 69
Jagiellonian University, 261
James, C. L. R., 380n
Japan, 283, 302, 307, 310
Jefferson, Thomas, 69
jennies, 7, 9, 20
Jobs, Steve, 271, 296
Johnstown, Pennsylvania, 91, 91, 235, 245, 314
joint stockholder corporations, 47–48, 50–52
Jones and Laughlin, 92–93
Journey to the End of the Night (Céline), 147
Joy, Henry B., 133, 137
Judt, Tony, 40
Kaganovich, Lazar, 200, 215
Kahlo, Frida, 155, 156, 158–59, 366n–67n
Kahn, Albert, 133–34, 137–40, 143–45, 156, 158, 169, 187–91, 194–95, 219, 228–29, 232, 363n, 380n
Kahn, Julius, 133
Kahn, Louis I., 230–31
Kahn, Moritz, 194–95
Kaiser, Henry J., 232
Kaiser Permanente, 232
Kaiser-Frazer Corporation, 232
KamAZ, 248
Kansas City, Kansas, 164, 238
Kazakhstan, 171
Kazin, Alfred, 147
Kelly, Florence, 112
Kennan, George Frost, 215
Khaldei, Yevgeny, 212
Kharkov, Soviet Union, 195–96, 200, 221, 224
Khrushchev, Nikita, 247, 256
Kingsford charcoal, 138
“knockers-up,” 20
Kotkin, Stephan, 171
Krupp, 93, 104, 265–66
Kunshan, China, 318
Küppers, Sophie, 212–13
Kuznetsk, Soviet Union, 171, 201
labor organization. See trade unions and labor organization
“The Laboring Classes” (Brownson), 72
Lackawanna, New York, 245
LaFarge, Laura, 88
LaFarge, Paul, 88
Lake Michigan, 105
Lake Winnipesaukee, 57
Lancashire, England, 9, 20, 29, 37, 40, 336n
Lancaster, England, 20
Lancaster, Pennsylvania, 237
Landes, David, 12, 20, 40
Lange, Dorothea, 232
Lawrence, Abbott, 68
Lawrence, David L., 239
Lawrence, Massachusetts, 55, 57, 75–77, 79, 349n
Lawrence Manufacturing, 53
layoffs, 141, 163, 166, 234, 264, 268
Le Corbusier, 140, 230
Le Creusot, France, 93, 104
Lebow, Katherine, 258
Leeds Mercury (newspaper), 26
Leica, 214
Leicestershire, England, 36
Lenin, Vladimir, 158, 170–71, 174–76, 184, 205, 370n
Lenin Shipyard (Gdañsk, Poland), 262–64
Letters from America (Godley), 71
Levi Strauss, 290, 293
Lewis, John L., 165–66
Liberty ships, 232
Lichtenstein, Nelson, 300
Life (magazine), 119, 150, 154, 211
Life and Adventures of Michael Armstrong the Factory Boy, The (Trollope), 13–14, 21, 25
Life of Riley, The (television program), 244
Lincoln, 167–68, 242
Lingotto, Italy, 136, 314, 362n
Lissitzky, El, 212–13
Liverpool, England, 40, 95
Locks and Canals company, 52–53
Lombe, John, 1–4, 7–9, 15, 45
Lombe, Thomas, 1–4, 7–9, 15, 45
London, England, 84–85, 87–88, 93
Long Island, New York, 232
Longhua Science and Technology Park. See Foxconn
Looking Backward (Bellamy), 72
looms, 7, 15, 36–37, 47–48, 59, 65, 333n
Lord’s Ark church (Nowa Huta, Poland), 261–62
Los Angeles, California, 235, 368n
Louisville, Kentucky, 238, 243
Lowell, Frances Cabot, 47–49, 54, 57, 59, 79
Lowell, Massachusetts, xiii
architecture of mills, 51–52
boardinghouse model, 54, 55, 61–62, 65–66, 74–75, 304
company paternalism, 61–62, 71, 74–75, 131
corporate structure, 52–53
criticism of, 70–73
economic downturn, 75
effects on American manufacturing, 79
engraving of, 53
expansion beyond, 55–58
founding and composition of town, 53–54, 62
infrastructure for mills, 51
longevity of, 314
manufacturer-dominated system, 290
“milking” of old property, 315–16
number of workers, 54, 56–57, 75
population of, 54
protests and strikes, 66–68, 77, 347n
sale of patent rights, 54
shutting of mills, 79
visitors’ impressions of, 43–44, 54, 58–59, 68–69
women laborers, 48, 54, 58–70
working day and hours, 67–68
Lowell Bleachery, 57
Lowell Machine Shop, 57, 61, 344n
Lowell Manufacturing, 53
Lowell Offering, The (magazine), 61, 63–64
Lozowick, Louis, 154, 161
Lu Zhang, 298
Luce, Henry, 150
Ludd, Ned, 35–37
Luddites, 161
Ludowy Theater (Nowa Huta, Poland), 256
Ludwigsafen, Germany, 267
Lumière, Louis, 86
Lunacharsky, Anatoly, 213
Luther, Seth, 70–73
Lynn, Massachusetts, 128, 163
Ma Wen-jui, 278–79
Macao, 282–83
Mack Avenue plant (Ford), 133
Magnavox-Capehart, 163
magnetos, 124, 125
Magnitogorsk, Soviet Union, xiii, 171, 185, 201–5, 207, 209–10, 212, 214–17, 224, 246, 314
Magnitogorsk Metallurgical Complex. See Magnitogorsk, Soviet Union
Magnitogorsk Mining and Metallurgical Institute, 207
Mahalla el-Kubra, Egypt, 268–69
Maiak plutonium plant (Ozersk, Soviet Union), 246
Maine, 55, 81
Makarewicz, Henryk, 253, 255
Making Bessemer Steel at Pittsburgh (illustration), 97
Malaysia, 295, 307
Man of Marble (film), 257
Managerial Revolution, The (Burnham), 226
Manchester, England, 3, 8, 10
compared to Lowell, 43–44, 62
Engels and, 34, 88, 337n–38n
entertainment, 22
pollution, 16, 27, 28
population increases and poverty, 29–30
protests, 39
railroad, 40
renting space and power to multiple employers, 10
scale of mills, 21
working conditions, 26, 31
Manchester, New Hampshire, 55, 58, 62, 68, 76
Manchester Operative (newspaper), 70
Manufactured Landscapes (film), 273, 288
Mao Zedong, xii, 277–79, 284
Marcuse, Herbert, 227, 244
Marion, Indiana, 237
market proximity, 236, 241
Marquis, S. S., 131
Marshall, Alfred, 11–12, 290
Martin, Glenn L., 231–32
Martin, Samuel, 27
Marx, Karl, 5, 21, 30, 33–34, 37, 88, 123, 303, 337n–38n
Marx, Leo, 153
Maryland, 231–32. See also Sparrows Point, Maryland
Massachusetts, 46, 133, 347n. See also names of specific locations
Massachusetts Charitable Mechanic Association, 84
Masses, The (journal), 145
Maupassant, Guy de, 87
May, Ernst, 210
McClintic-Marshall Products Company, 169
McClure’s Magazine, 103
McCormick, Cyrus, 106
McCormick Harvesting Machine Company, 106, 290
McKees Rocks, Pennsylvania, 110–11, 113
McKenney, Ruth, 162
meatpacking industry, 114, 121, 127, 234
mechanization. See automation and mechanization
Méliès, George, 86
Melnikova-Raich, Sonia, 194–95
Melville, Herman, xii, 72
Memphis, Tennessee, 236, 382n
Men and Steel (Vorse), 98
Mercury, 242
Merrimack Manufacturing Company, 51, 56, 65, 314, 343n, 345n
Merrimack mills. See Lowell, Massachusetts
Merrimack Mills and Boarding Houses (engraving), 55
Merrimack River, 51, 55, 57–58
Metzgar, Jack, 235
Mexico, 274, 294, 382n
Michigan. See Ford Motor Company and Fordism; names of specific locations
Middle River, Maryland, 231–32
Middlesex Company, 61
Midvale Steel Works, 107
Milan, Italy, 135
Miller, Hugh, 27
Mills, C. Wright, 227, 244
Milton (Blake), 28
mining, 16, 28, 32, 39, 41–42, 115, 194, 201, 333n
Misr Spinning and Weaving Company, 268–69
Mississippi River, 83
Missouri, 85, 229
Model A, 141–42, 144–45, 151, 191
Model T, 118, 122–27, 138, 141–42, 144–45, 147, 174, 181, 317
Modern Times (film), 159–61, 209
modernity and progress
American view of mechanical progress as integral to, 82–85
Chinese vision of, 281, 311, 313
Eastern European model industrial cities, 251
Eiffel Tower as symbol of, 86–87
factories as producers of, 319, 321
factories as symbols of, xiii–xvii, 5, 20–21, 31, 40–41
iron and steel industry as symbol of, 97–98
life cycle of factories, 315
railroads as symbols of, 40, 83–84
slavery and, 5
Soviet vision of, 171, 184, 205–6, 210, 213
steam power as symbol of, 82–84
Monchique, Portugal, 21
Monongahela River, 101
Monroe, James, 69
Montour Iron Works, 91
Morgan, J. P., 105, 112
Moscow, Soviet Union, 190–91, 194–95
Mubarak, Hosni, 269
Muncie, Indiana, 237
Murphy, Frank, 165
Murphy, Gerald, 154
Murray, Philip, 234
Muscle Shoals, Tennessee, 186
Museum of Modern Art, 152
My Life and Work (Ford), 174, 180
Myanmar, 274
N. W. Ayer & Son, 151
Naberezhnye Chelny, Soviet Union, 248
Napier, Charles James, 27
Napoleon III, 85
Napoleonic Wars, 46
Nashua, New Hampshire, 55, 62
Nasser, Gamal Abdel, 268
Nation, The (magazine), 216
National Child Labor Committee, 77
National Committee for Organizing Iron and Steel Workers, 114–17
National Guard, 78, 101–2, 165
National Labor Relations Act, 167
National Rip-Saw, The (journal), 145
Nebraska, 85
New Deal, 146, 163, 233, 240
New Economic Policy (NEP), 178–80
New England Offering, The (magazine), 63
New England textile mills. See also Lowell, Massachusetts; names of specific locations; Waltham, Massachusetts
architecture of mills, 51–52, 343n
criticism of, 70–73
expansion beyond Lowell, 55–58
faded vision of as “commercial Utopia,” 73–79
number of workers, 54, 56–57, 75–76
pollution, 76
protests and strikes, 66–68
shutting of, 79
women, 48, 54, 58–70, 75
working day and hours, 67–68, 347n
New Hampshire, 54–55, 58, 62, 68, 76, 347n
New Jersey. See names of specific locations
New Lanark, Scotland, 8, 13, 21, 24, 26
New Masses (journal), 172
New Orleans (steamboat), 82–83
New York City
Edison factory, 106
strikes, 115
world’s fairs, 85, 88, 215, 351n, 363n
New York Herald (newspaper), 101
New York (state). See names of specific locations
New York Times (newspaper), 194, 200
New York Times Sunday Magazine, 217
New York World’s Fair (1939), 215, 363n
Newcastle, England, 96
Newhouse, Edward, 161
Newport News Shipbuilding and Drydock Company, 186
New-York Daily Tribune (newspaper), 58–59, 66
Niagara Falls Power Company, 150
Nike, 273, 292–94, 296, 304, 307, 396n
Nishimura, Koichi, 293
Nissan, 248
Nizhny Novgorod, Soviet Union, 171, 190–93, 199
Nizhny Tagil, Soviet Union, 201, 212, 374n, 379n
Nkrumah, Kwame, xii, 256
NKVD (formerly GPU), 203–4
nonfactory production, 4–6, 9, 32
North American Aviation, 238
North River (steamboat), 82–83
Nottingham, England, 7–8, 328n
Nottinghamshire, England, 36
Nová Ostrava, Czechoslovakia, 249
Nowa Huta, Poland, 249, 251–65, 253, 255, 314, 387n
Oastler, Richard, 26
O’Hare, Kate Richards, 145–46
Ohio. See names of specific locations
oil industry, 277–78, 290
Olds Motor Works, 123
Olmsted, Frederick Law, 104–5
Omaha, Nebraska, 85
On the Economy of Machinery and Manufacturers (Babbage), 10–11
O’Neill, Eugene, 150
organzine industry, 2–3
Orjonikidje, Sergo, 198, 200, 220
Otis Elevator, 239
Otis Steel, 149–50
Ottoman Empire, 5, 329n
outsourcing, 291–96
Overman, Frederick, 89
Owen, Robert, 24, 26
Ozersk, Soviet Union, 246
Packard Motor Company, 133, 137, 362n
painting, 86, 148, 151–59, 157, 366n
Palace of the Soviets (Moscow, Soviet Union), 230
Panama-Pacific International Exposition (1915), 144–45
panopticon, 17
paper industry, 72
“Paradise of Bachelors and the Tartarus of Maids, The” (Melville), 72
Paris, France, 85–88, 100
Parsons, Talcott, 227
Partisan Review (magazine), 161
patents and patent royalties, 3, 7, 9, 54, 190, 343n, 346n
Pawtucket, Rhode Island, 45, 66
Pawtucket Falls, 51
PBM Mariner flying boats, 232
Pearl River Delta, China, 282–83
Pegatron Corporation, 273, 296, 310, 322
Pellerin, Cora, 76
Pelton, O., 55
Pemberton Mill, 76–77, 79, 349n
Pennsylvania, 46. See also names of specific locations
Pennsylvania Railroad, 58
Pennsylvania Steel Company, 104
pensions and retirement, 113, 131, 234–35, 285, 306, 321–22
Perkins, Frances, 103
Petrograd, Russia, 180
Petrusov, Georgy, 214
Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, 80–82, 81, 84, 88, 107, 163
Philco Radio, 163
photography
depictions of Cold War mass production, 233, 244
depictions of Fordism and industry, 77, 102–3, 119, 136, 145, 148–54
depictions of Soviet industry, 211–14, 216–18
Piano, Renzo, 362n
piecework, 6, 65, 108, 176, 178–79, 371n
Pierce, George N., 361n
Pierce-Arrow, 361n
Pinkerton National Detective Agency, 100–101
Piquette Avenue plant (Ford), 133, 361n
Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, 90–93, 95–97, 97, 103, 110, 115, 163, 234, 238, 239
Pittsburgh Survey, 96, 112–13, 357n
Plug Riots, 39
Plymouth, 154
“Poem for Adults” (Ważyk), 256–57
poetry, 86–87, 256–57, 303
Pogodi, Nikolai, 188
Poland, 250, 252, 261–64. See also Nowa Huta, Poland
Polish Military Organization, 204
politics and government
democratic voice, xv, 39–41, 101, 103, 111, 338n
in Eastern Europe, 259–62
incentives to relocate, 241
post-WWII support for union labor, 238
reaction to protests and strikes, 38–39, 78, 100–102, 110–11, 116, 165, 167, 236, 307
regulation, 5, 30–33, 41, 68, 114
Senate investigation of steel industry, 113
state support of factory system, 39–40
Waltham-Lowell system, 69
pollution. See environment and ecology
Pontiac, 191
Pou Chen Corporation, 273–74
power sources, 2, 16
charcoal, 89–91
coal, 91, 253
coke, 89–90, 353n
electric, 139
hand power, 4, 9–10
horse, 7, 45
iron shafts, 49
leather belts, 49
pace of labor and, 31
steam, 8, 10, 13, 16–17, 20, 56, 75, 80, 81, 82–84, 333n, 344n
water, 2–3, 7, 9–10, 13, 16, 51–52, 56–57, 143, 333n, 344n
Preis, Art, 234
Press Shop (Ford), 141
Pressed Steel Car Company, 110–11
production and productivity. See also automation and mechanization
adoption of factory model and scale of production, 10–11
compensation and wages vs., 65–66
concentration and centralization of production, xv, 11–12
effects on environment, xiv
effects on life expectancy, xiv
just-in-time production, 296–97
mass production, 118–19, 124
New England textile mills, 56–57
post-WWII automation and mechanization, 243
scaling up production, 296–98, 394n
scientific management, 107–9
union vs. nonunion workers, 383n
progress. See modernity and progress
Progressive Era, 112
proletariat, 30, 41
Prometheus, 96
Proprietors of Locks and Canals on the Merrimack, 51
protests and strikes
automotive industry, 155, 161–66
in China, 302, 306–8
early labor organization, 38–39
in Eastern Europe, 259–63
in Egypt, 268–69
electronics industry, 306
first substantial walkouts, 39
government and military reaction to, 38–39, 78, 100–102, 110–11, 116, 165, 167, 236, 307
immigrant participation in, 110–11, 117
iron and steel industry, 98–103, 102, 167, 358n
“labor question,” 111
Luddites, 35–39
machine wrecking, 35–39
New England textile mills, 66–67, 77–78
transformation from novel to ordinary, 42
in Vietnam, 274, 307, 397n
women’s participation in, 66–67, 77, 347n
WWI era, 115–17, 234, 358n
WWII and post-WWII, 233–35, 238, 239
“protoindustrialization,” 13
publicity. See art and artists; factory tourism
Pudong New Area of Shanghai, China, 281
Pueblo, Colorado, 96
Pulaski, Virginia, 237
Pullman, 128
Puma, 292
Pun Ngai, 281
punctuality, 20
punishment, 19, 24–25, 31, 303
Putilov metalworking complex (Petrograd, Soviet Union), 180
Quincy Market (Boston, Massachusetts), 84
R. Smith, Incorporated, 169
Radio Corporation of America (RCA), 166, 236–37, 242, 290, 382n
RAIC (Russian-American Industrial Corporation), 178–79
railroads
iron industry and, 89–94, 99
opportunities for women, 74
in Soviet Union, 176
as symbols of modernity, 40–41, 83–84
Ramizov, G., 210
Rawfolds, England, 37
RCA. See Radio Corporation of America
Reagan, Ronald, 240, 254, 281
recruitment (labor)
in China, 286–87, 308, 396n
difficulties during WWII, 229–30
early British textile mills, 23–24
early US, 45–46
in Eastern Europe, 257–58
New England textile mills, 59–61
in Soviet Union, 186, 188, 199
Reebok, 289, 292
Reed, John, 146
regulation
child labor, 68
textile industry in England, 5, 31–33
working day and hours, 68
WWI era, 114
Renault, 248
Republic Aircraft Corporation, 232, 381n
Republic Steel, 167
retirement. See pensions and retirement
Reuther, Victor, 199–200, 207–8, 223
Reuther, Walter, 199–200, 208, 223, 229
Rhode Island, 45–46, 66, 71, 348n
Richmond, California, 232–33
River Derwent, 1, 7, 16–17
River Irwell, 21, 27
River Rouge plant (Ford), 137–45, 150–54, 152, 156–57, 157, 159, 167–68, 188, 242–44, 310, 314, 362n–63n
Rivera, Diego, xii, 86, 154–59, 156–57, 161, 366n
Rizzi, Bruno, 380n
Robert, Owen, 8
Robinson, Harriet, 63
Rochdale, England, 29
Rockefeller, Abby Aldrich, 153
Rockefeller, John D., Jr., 153, 158
Rockefeller Center (New York City), 158
Rodchenko, Alexander, 212
Romania, 385n
Roosevelt, Franklin, 164–65
Ross, Andrew, 300
Rostow, Walt, 227
Roth, Philip, xvi
Round Mill (Belper, England), 17, 333n
Rousseau, Henri, 86
“ruin porn,” xvi
rural-based manufacturing, 6, 13, 17–18, 69
Russell Sage Foundation, 112
Russian Clothing Workers syndicate, 178
Russian Revolution, 114, 116
Russian-American Industrial Corporation (RAIC), 178–79
Saco, Maine, 55, 81
safety issues
in China, 304
in Eastern Europe, 258
fires and fire danger, 15, 17, 52, 76–77, 349n
iron and steel industry, 109–10
in Vietnam, 304, 396n
Saigon, Vietnam, 282
“Saint Monday,” 18–19
Salford, England, 29
sawtooth roofs, 15, 134, 140
Scale and Scope (Chandler), 290
Schenectady, New York, 128, 163, 166, 240, 244
Schneider, 93, 104
Scientific American (magazine), 212
scientific management (Taylorism), 107–9, 127, 174–79, 181, 297, 356n, 371n
Scotland, 8, 13, 21, 23–24, 26, 29, 60, 121
Scott, John, 202–4, 207, 224
Scott, Sam, 21, 27
Seabrook, C. F., 194
Seattle, Washington, 115, 232
Second All-Union Conference on Scientific Management, 177
Seiberling Rubber Company, 194
Selassie, Haile, 256
Sendzimir, Tadeusz, 264
Seurat, George, 86
sewing machine industry, 82, 121, 290, 317
Shaikhet, Arkady, 212
Shanghai, China, 273
Shatov, Bill, 372n, 378n
Sheeler, Charles, xii, 150–54, 152, 158, 214, 235
Shengzhou, China, 295
Shenzhen, China, 271–72, 283–84, 287, 300, 304, 308, 311
shift work, 24, 100, 109, 129, 198, 268, 287, 302, 304
shipbuilding industry, 232
Shirley (Brontë), 31, 37, 42
Shlakman, Vera, 55
Shop Management (Taylor), 174
Shumyatsky, Boris, 161
Siberia, 171
Siemens, 290
silk industry, 1–6, 10, 35
Sinclair, Upton, 147
Singer Manufacturing Company, 82, 121, 290, 317
Sirotina, A. M., 206
Sisi, Abdel Fattah el-, 269
skilled labor and workers, 45, 60, 90
differences in treatment of, 46, 100, 106
mechanization and reduction in number of, 36–37, 50, 99
protests and strikes, 77, 100, 116–17
scientific management and, 108
in Soviet Union, 181
specialized machinery and, 123, 229
standardization of parts and, 120, 229
trade unions and labor organization, 99–100, 110
Skyscrapers (Sheeler), 151
Slater, Samuel, 45, 50, 65, 74, 341n
slavery
cotton industry, 5, 330n, 345n
metaphor of slavery for factory labor, 25–27, 70–71, 336n, 349n
modernity and, 5
Southern textile mills, 59
Sloan, Alfred P., Jr., 142
slubbing machines, 30–31
Smith, Adam, 122
Smith, Hinchman, & Grylls, 143
Smith, Terry, 153
“smokestack nostalgia,” xvi
social status and class
attendance at world’s fairs, 87–88
concentration of large numbers of workers, 30
critical mass for political discussion and labor organization, 38
of factory owners, 13–14
growing class division in US, 72–73
iron and steel industry, 99–100
Marx’s Capital and, 34–35
migrant labor in China, 285–86
politicized working class, 257–64
promise of Fordism, 119
socialism and, 278–79
sock industry, 36, 38, 295
Sofia Petrovna (Chukovskaya), 211
soldiering, 126
Solectron, 292–93
Solidarity trade union, 262–64
Song of Heroes (film), 216
Sons of Vulcan, 96, 355n
Sony, 290
Sorenson, Charles, 142
Soule, George, 215
South Bend, Indiana, 163
South Bethlehem, Pennsylvania, 113
South Korea, 283, 304, 307, 310
Southey, Robert, 20–21, 26
Soviet Automobile Trust, 198, 373n
Soviet industrialization
American involvement in, 169, 171, 178–79, 185–94, 197–200
automotive industry, 190–93, 199–200, 205
call for unprecedented rapid industrialization, 183–84
capitalist industrialization vs., 172–73, 224–25
conveyor method (assembly line), 182
culturalization efforts, 205–10
documentary and artistic depictions of, 210–18
factory design and construction, 187–88, 191–92, 194–95, 201–2
factory start-up difficulties, 196–205
Five-Year Plans, 183–86, 198, 201, 205–6, 210, 213, 215, 217, 220, 222–23, 225, 372n
forced labor, 203–4
Fordism, 180–82, 187, 196–99
Great Terror, 220–21
interest and adoption of Americanism, 173–78, 184–85
iron and steel industry, 171, 185, 201–5, 207, 209–10, 214, 246
judging success of, 221–25
Kahn partnership, 194–95, 219
legacy of giant factories for workforce, 320
paying for, 218–19, 378n
productivity increases, 205
rejection of foreign involvement, 219–21
resistance to Americanism, 176
scientific management, 174–79, 181, 371n
security police, 203–4
tractor industry, 180–82, 186–89, 189, 194–98, 200, 224, 372n, 374n, 379n
Soviet Union, 149, 161. See also Cold War mass production; names of specific locations; Soviet industrialization
convergence theory, 226–27
involvement in Chinese industrialization, 275
involvement in Eastern European industrialization, 251–52, 258
Spanish Earth, The (film), 216
Sparrows Point, Maryland, 95, 104–5, 232, 356n, 385n
spinning. See cotton industry
spinning mules, 7, 9, 14–15, 20, 77
Springfield, Massachusetts, 55
St. Louis, Missouri, 85, 229
Stalin, Joseph, 170–71, 184–85, 190, 198, 201, 205, 215, 219, 251
Stalingrad, Soviet Union, 169–70, 170, 185–89, 189, 194, 196–97, 206, 208, 210, 217, 224, 246, 314, 379n
Stalingrad Tractor Factory (Bourke-White), 170
Stalinstadt, East Germany, 249
Standard Oil, 58, 104, 290
standardization and interchangeability
armor and armaments industry, 120
automotive industry, 120–23, 141–42, 359n
shipbuilding industry, 232
skilled labor and, 120, 229
in Soviet Union, 197
tire industry, 236
steamboats, 82–83
steel industry. See iron and steel industry
Steel Workers Organizing Committee (SWOC), 166–67
Steffens, Lincoln, 97
Stella, Joseph, 96–97
Stepanova, Varvara, 212
Stieglitz, Alfred, 149
Stockport, England, 10, 17
Stonorov, Oscar, 230–31
Strand, Paul, 149
strikes. See protests and strikes
Strutt, Jedidiah, 8–9, 14–17, 45
Strutt, William, 15
Studebaker, 137, 163
Suffolk Manufacturing, 53
Sultan of Turkey, 17
Sun, 292
supervision of labor, 11–12, 17, 23–24, 60, 169, 203, 301, 303
Surinam, 46
Sutton, New Hampshire, 62
Swift, 127
Switzerland, 186
SWOC (Steel Workers Organizing Committee), 166–67
Sybil, or the Two Nations (Disraeli), 26
Syracuse, New York, 240
Syria, 76
Sztálinváros, Hungary, 249, 257–60, 387n
Taiwan, 273–74, 283, 288, 301, 304, 307, 310
Target, 293
Tariff Act, 48
Taunton, Massachusetts, 55
Taylor, Frederick Winslow, 107–8, 126, 174–78, 356n. See also scientific management
Taylor, Myron, 166
Taylor, W. Cooke, 20, 22, 27, 29, 31–32, 147, 335n
Taylor Society, 225
technology. See also names of specific inventions and devices; power sources
adoption of factory model, 12
architecture and construction of factories, 15–17
assembly line, 118, 124–27, 125, 144–45, 182, 196–98
automation and mechanization, 7, 9, 50, 118, 124–27, 125, 144–45, 182, 242–43, 297, 317–18
British embargo, 45, 47
iron and steel industry, 89–92
textile industry, 7, 9–10, 56
theft of, 3, 45
wonder and novelty of, 21
television, 244
Tempo (play), 188
Ten Hours Movement, 26, 68, 73–79
Tennessee, 186, 236, 382n
Terkel, Studs, 215
Tesco, 293
Texas Instruments, 292
textile industry. See also names of specific textile industries
in China, 273
compared to iron and steel industry, 93–94, 96, 98
efforts to regulate, 32–33
in Egypt, 268
elimination of hand work, 37
England compared to New England, 43–44
growing international markets, 41
Indian exports, 4
Marx’s Capital and, 34
pollution, 16
post-WWII strikes, 238
preindustrial and nonfactory production, 4–6, 9, 30
relocation and outsourcing, 294–95
size of early mills, 9
in Soviet Union, 178–79
Thatcher, Margaret, 281
Thompson, E. P., 30, 37–38, 338n
Thomson, Edgar, 97, 100
Those Who Built Stalingrad, As Told by Themselves (book), 215
Three Gorges Dam (China), 311
Thurston, George, 97
Time (magazine), 150, 194
tire industry, 128, 161, 163–64, 235–36
“To a Locomotive in Winter” (Whitman), 83
Tocqueville, Alexis de, xii, 21, 73
Togliatti, Soviet Union, 247–48
Toledo, Ohio, 163, 237
“tommy shops,” 18
tourism. See factory tourism
“Tower” (Cendrars), 87
tractor industry, 169–70, 170, 180–82, 185–89, 189, 194–98, 200, 206, 208, 210, 217, 224, 246, 314, 372n, 374n, 379n
Tractorstroi. See Stalingrad, Soviet Union
trade unions and labor organization
automotive industry, 129, 162–68
Cold War mass production in US, 233–42
early British textile mills, 38–39
in Eastern Europe, 262–64
in Egypt, 268–69
Ford Motor Company, 129–30, 163, 167–68
in Germany, 267
immigrants and, 110
iron and steel industry, 90, 96, 99–103, 166–67
membership in, 99, 103, 115
New England textile mills, 66, 77–78
outsourcing, 294
post–Civil War economic and political climate, 98–99
productivity, 383n
in Soviet Union, 176, 178–79, 224–25
WWI era, 114–15
WWII era, 168, 233–35
tram (silk) industry, 3, 329n
Tremont Mills, 53
Tretyakov, Sergei, 216
Tristan, Flora, 21
Trollope, Anthony, 43, 71
Trollope, Frances, xii, 14, 21, 43
Troshin, Nikolai, 212
Trotsky, Leon, 176–77, 182–84, 220, 226, 370n–71n, 380n
Trotskyite-Zinovievite Center, 204
truck, 18, 36
Truck Act, 41
Truman, Harry S., 238
Trump, Ivanka, 318
Turkey, 17
Turksib railway, 171, 372n, 378n
turnkey facilities, 53
turnover, 128–29, 258, 285, 297, 306
Twain, Mark, 99
Unbound Prometheus, The (Landes), 12
United Automobile Workers (UAW), 164–68, 230, 237, 242
United Electrical Workers, 166
United Rubber Workers, 236
United States. See also Cold War mass production; Ford Motor Company and Fordism; names of specific locations; New England textile mills
cotton industry, 5, 27–28, 45, 50, 85–86, 330n
growth of manufacturing before WWI, 79
involvement in Soviet industrialization, 169, 171, 178–79, 185–94, 197–200
percentage of workers in manufacturing, xiii
size of manufacturing in 1850, 1
steam power, 82–83
view of mechanical progress as integral to modernity, 82–85
world’s fairs, 80–81, 84–88, 144–45
United States Rubber Company, 292
urban-based manufacturing, 13, 16, 28–31, 38
Ure, Andrew, 18–19, 23, 30–32
U.S. Department of Commerce, 145
U.S. Steel (United States Steel Corporation), 58, 105–6, 110–13, 116, 163, 201, 245, 356n–57n, 385n
U.S.A. (Dos Passos), 147
USSR in Construction (magazine), 211–13, 217, 376n
USSR stroit Sotzsialism (USSR Builds Socialism) (book), 212
Valentiner, William, 155–57
Vandergrift, Pennsylvania, 104–6
Vanguard Group, Inc., 321–22
Vanport, Oregon, 232
Veblen, Thorstein, 215
vertical integration, 138, 142, 247, 289
Vertov, Dziga, xii, 214, 216, 377n
Vienna, Austria, 85
Vietnamese industry
changes leading to giantism in, 274
discipline, 303
market-oriented policies, 281–82
migrant labor, 392n
poverty, 396n
protests and strikes, 274, 307, 397n
safety issues, 304, 396n
size and scale of, 288, 289
Vietnamese industry (continued)
symbolism of factories, 310–13
Vladimir Lenin Steelworks. See Nowa Huta, Poland
Voice of Industry, The (newspaper), 63
Volga-Don canal, 171
Volkswagen, 265–67, 290, 388n
Von Mises, Ludwig, 339n
Vorse, Mary Heaton, 98, 117
Vulcan, 96
wages. See compensation and wages
Wagner, Richard, 80
Wajda, Andrzej, 257
Wales, 41
Walesa, Lech, 263
walk-outs. See protests and strikes
Wall Street Journal, 270
Wal-Mart, 292–95, 318
Waltham, Massachusetts, 48–51, 54, 56–57, 66, 69, 341n–42n
War of 1812, 46–47, 69
Ward, Rollo, 207
Warren, Michigan, 228
“water frames,” 9
Ważyk, Adam, 256–57
Wealth of Nations, The (Smith), 122
weaving. See cotton industry
West Indies, 5, 25–26, 336n
West Riding, Yorkshire, England, 36–37
Westinghouse, 163, 167
What’s On the Workers Mind, By One Who Put on Overalls to Find Out (Williams), 112
Whirlpool, 290
White Motors, 163
White Sea–Baltic Canal, 203
Whitman, Walt, 83, 350n
Whitney, Eli, 5
Whittier, John G., 69–70
Wigan, England, 62
Willersley castle (England), 13
Williams, Whiting, 112
Willow Run factory (Ford), 229–31, 230, 232, 380n
Wilson, Charles, 239
Wilson, Edmund, 142, 146
Wilson, Guy, 152
Wilson, Woodrow, 113–14, 116–17
Wojtyła, Karol (Pope John Paul II), 260–61
Wolfsburg, Germany, 265–67, 388n
women
in China, 286–87, 308, 311
company paternalism, 61–62
early British textile mills, 23, 32, 41
in Eastern Europe, 254
Ford Motor Company, 130
motivations of, 59–60
New England textile mills, 43–44, 48, 54, 58–68, 73–75, 345n
in Soviet Union, 189, 191, 199, 206–7
working conditions, 64–65
WWII era, 232, 380n
Wood, Rufus, 104
Wood Mill (Lawrence, Massachusetts), 76
Woodward, C. Vann, 86
wool industry, 4–7, 9–10, 17, 30, 36, 38, 60, 76
workhouses, 24
working conditions
assembly-line production, 127
automotive industry, 127, 142
in China, 296–97, 301–4
cotton industry, 23–27, 30–32
early British textile mills, 23–27, 30–32
in Eastern Europe, 258
New England textile mills, 64–65, 76
outsourcing, 294
WWII era, 109–10, 113
working day and hours
in China, 302
Ford Motor Company, 129, 361n
iron and steel industry, 109
New England textile mills, 67–68, 73, 347n
outsourcing, 294
regulation of, 41
in Soviet Union, 379n
Ten Hours Movement, 26, 68, 73–79
“Workshop, My Youth Was Stranded Here” (Xu), 303
World Bank, 305–6
World Trade Organization (WTO), 282–83
World War I era
Ford and Navy Eagle Boats, 139
labor relations, 113–14
protests and strikes, 115–17, 234, 358n
trade unions and labor organization, 113–15
World War II era
factory housing and villages during, 230–32
protests and strikes, 233–35, 238, 239
recruitment of labor, 229–30
Soviet industrialization and, 223–24
trade unions and labor organization during, 168, 233–35
unionization efforts, 167–68
women, 232, 380n
working conditions, 109–10, 113
world’s fairs and international exhibitions, 80–81, 84–88, 117, 144–45, 352n
Worthen, Augusta, 62
Wright, James Duncan, 21
Wright Aeronautical, 229
WTO (World Trade Organization), 282–83
Wuhan, China, 306
Xiamen City, China, 273
Xu Lizhi, 303
Yiwu, China, 295
Yonkers, New York, 239
Yorkshire, England, 24
Youngstown, Ohio, 92, 116
Ypsilanti, Michigan, 229
Yue Yuen Industrial (Holdings) Limited, 273, 296, 298, 302, 306, 310, 312, 322
YYSports, 273
Zelenko, Alexander, 373n
Zelma, Georgy, 212
Zhengzhou, China, 273
“Zone” (Apollinaire), 86–87
Zukin, Sharon, 98