37. ENDING TWO WARS
4. The U.S. Army/Marine Corps Counterinsurgency Field Manual (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2007).
5. “Remarks by the President on a New Strategy for Afghanistan and Pakistan.”
6. Stanley A. McChrystal, Commander’s Initial Assessment, 30 August 2009 (Kabul, Afghanistan: NATO/ISAF [Unclassified], 2009).
7. The numbers of troops requested by General McChrystal are from Rajiv Chandrasekaran, Little America: The War Within the War for Afghanistan (New York: Knopf, 2012) 76–77. Enterprising think tank researchers and journalists were able to extract similar numbers from Pentagon informants, even while they were still supposed to be classified. At the time, a number of newspaper stories indicated that they were 80,000 (high), 10,000 (low), and 40,000 (presumably what McChrystal would settle for). See Peter Baker, “How Obama Came to Plan for ‘Surge’ in Afghanistan,” New York Times, December 5, 2009.
9. David E. Sanger, Confront and Conceal: Obama’s Secret Wars and Surprising Use of American Power (New York: Crown, 2012), 34.
10. President Obama, Remarks at West Point, December 1, 2009.
11. An authoritative report on the deliberations on the strategy and troops levels presided over by the president from August 2009 to the end of November based on a number of interviews with participants is provided by Peter Baker, “Inside the Situation Room: How a War Plan Evolved,” New York Times, December 6, 2009. Baker’s report on divisions within the administration is supported by Sanger, Confront and Conceal, 28–34; and James Mann, The Obamians: The Struggle Inside the White House to Redefine American Power (New York: Viking, 2012), 134–40, as well as Bob Woodward, Obama’s Wars (New York: Simon & Schuster, 2010). See also Marvin Kalb, Haunting Legacy: Vietnam and the American Presidency from Ford to Obama (Washington, D.C.: Brookings Institution, 2013), 241–305.
12. President Obama, Remarks at West Point, December 1, 2009.
13. Woodward, Obama’s Wars, 301–09.
18. A New York Times/CBS poll of U.S. citizens conducted March 21–25, 2012, showed 68 percent opposed to the United States continuing to fight in Afghanistan and only 23% saying it was the right thing to be fighting there. Elisabeth Bumiller and Allison Kopicki, “New Poll Finds Drop in Support for Afghan War, “New York Times, March 2012. Similarly, a Washington Post /ABC poll during the third week of March 2012 registered declining support for continued U.S. participation in the war with 60 percent saying the war was no longer worth fighting. “Behind the Numbers,” Washington Post, March 22, 2012.
19. The existence of the “Afghan Good Enough” group was revealed in David Sanger’s Confront and Conceal, 49–51.
23. Eric Schmitt, “Book on Bin Laden Killing Contradicts U.S. Account,” New York Times, August 29, 2012.
38. COUNTERTERRORISM AND HUMAN RIGHTS
1. Exec. Order No. 13492, 74 C.F.R. 4893 (2009).
3. Exec. Order No. 13491, 74 C.F.R. 4893 (2009).
4. U.S. Department of Justice, Office of Professional Responsibility, Investigation into the Office of Legal Counsel’s Memoranda Concerning Issues Related to the Central Intelligence Agency’s Use of “Enhanced Interrogation Techniques” on Suspected Terrorists (Department of Justice, July 29, 2009).
5. Associate Deputy Attorney General David Margolis, Memorandum for the Attorney General and the Deputy Attorney General U.S. Department of Justice on Objections to the Findings of Professional Misconduct in the Office of Professional Responsibility’s Report of Investigation into the Office of Legal Counsel’s Memoranda Concerning Issues Relating to the Central Intelligence Agency’s Use of “Enhanced Interrogation Techniques” on Suspected Terrorists (Department of Justice, January 5, 2010).
10. Department of Justice, Lawfulness of a Lethal Operation Directed Against a U.S. Citizen Who Is a Senior Operational Leader of Al-Qa’ida or an Associated Force, Department of Justice white paper obtained and released by NBC News, February 4, 2013.
11. Barton Gellman and Laura Poitras, “U.S., British Intelligence Mining Data from U.S. Internet Companies in Broad Secret Program,” Washington Post, June 6, 2013.
39. AMBIVALENCE IN DEALING WITH UPHEAVALS IN THE ARAB WORLD
1. Secretary of State Hillary Rodham Clinton, remarks at Forum for the Future, Doha, Qatar, January 13, 2021, bbc.co. ak/news/world-us-canada-12200851
2. Peter Nicholas, “Obama’s strategy was to pressure Mubarak without intruding,” Los Angeles Times, February 13, 2011.
7. “Protests as Clinton Holds Meetings in Egypt,” CNN report, July 15, 2012.
10. Michael R. Gordon and Mark Landler, “In Crackdown Response, U.S. Temporarily Freezes Some Military Aid to Egypt,” New York Times, October 9, 2013.
11. President Obama, address at the United Nations General Assembly, September 24, 2013, text in Washington Post, September 24, 2013.
22. Ibid., chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff, Admiral Michael G. Mullen, testimony before the Senate Armed Services Committee, March 31, 2011.
23. White House press secretary Jay Carney, press briefing, June 16, 2011, www.whitehouse.gov/the-press-office/2011/06/16/press-briefing-press-secretary-jay-carney-6162011. For an analysis of the legal basis of the administration’s position, see Robert M. Chesney, “A Primer on the Libya/War Powers Resolution Compliance Debate” (Washington, D.C.: Brookings Institution, August 18, 2011), www.brookings.edy/oopinions/2011/0617_war-powers-chesney
26. Michael R. Gordon and Mark Landler, “Deeper Divide on Syria Policy Comes to Light,” New York Times, February 8, 2013.
27. Obama quoted by James Ball, “Obama Issues Syria a ‘Red Line’ Warning on Chemical Weapons, Washington Post, August 20, 2012.
34. Barack Obama, The Audacity of Hope: Thoughts on Reclaiming the American Dream (New York: Three Rivers, 2006), 93.