Page numbers in italics refer to illustrations.
Page numbers listed correspond to the print edition of this book. You can use your device’s search function to locate particular terms in the text.
Aaron, Yosef, 68
abolitionism, U.S., 188–89
Adler, Cyrus, 181
Africa:
East, 14, 177
South, 121, 122
agriculture, Bessarabia/Kishinev, 33, 34–35, 38
Ahad Ha’am (Asher Ginzberg), 110–14, 113, 167, 175–76
Bialik and, 110, 124, 133
daughter, 126
writings, 110–12, 117–18
Alexander II, Tsar, 45
Alexander III, Tsar, 79
Alexandrovskaia Street, Kishinev, xxii, 40–41, 43, 44, 48
Alien Act (1905), British, 92
Allen, Woody, 2
America, see United States
American Hebrew and Jewish Tribune, 147
American newspapers:
American Hebrew and Jewish Tribune, 147
black, 193–94
Broad Axe, 193
Cleveland Gazette, 194
Davitt pieces, 103, 105–6, 120, 189
Forverts (Yiddish daily), 11, 104, 158, 187, 189
Hearst, 13, 76, 103, 104, 123, 180–82, 189
Kishinev tragedy dominating, 103–4, 187
New York American, 103, 105, 120
New York Times, 5, 10, 29–30, 101, 104
Philadelphia Ledger, 186
anarchists, 19, 186, 189
Annie Hall (Woody Allen), 2
antisemitism, 145
Bernstein-Kogan and, 182
Bessarabets, 46, 62, 64, 97–98, 145, 153, 164–65
Davitt, 121–22
Kishineff play, 104–5
Krushevan, 145–65, 172–76, 198
Menshikov, 168
Moore, 8–9
Plehve, 92, 95
Pronin, 97
Protocols of the Elders of Zion, 148, 182
antisemitism (continued)
Russia, 4–5, 8–10, 15–16, 95–96, 186, 198, 205
Talmud i evrei (Talmud and Jews), 171
Znamia, 166–67
see also pogroms
Arab-Israeli War (1948), 20
Arabs of Lydda, 19–21
Arendt, Hannah, 2, 141
armies:
Israeli, xv, 86
Russian White Army, 4, 19, 90
see also war
Asch, Sholem, 103
Asia Street 13/Aziatskaia Street, Kishinev, 23–24, 48, 77–79, 81, 208
assimilation, 162, 204, 205
Association of Hebrew Writers, 118
Auden, W. H., 101
Averbach, Lazarus, 24
Averbach, Pesakh, 117, 123
Aziatskaia Street/Asia Street 13, Kishinev, 23–24, 48, 77–79, 81, 208
Babel, Isaac, 7
Baedeker guides, on Jews, 6
Baghdad, anti-Jewish riots (1941), 2
bank, Jewish colonial, 176, 177
Baran, Henryk, 149
Barnes (A. S.) publishing house, 107
Barrymore, Ethel and John, 191
Baruch, Bernard, 1
Beilis, Mendel, 7–8, 95
Bekman, V. A., Lieutenant General, 90
Ben-Gurion, David, 140, 141
Berenson, Bernard, 2
Berlin, Irving, 2
Bernstein, Herman, 146–47
Bernstein-Kogan, Jacob, 14, 89, 123, 155, 178–83, 181
Bern trial (1934–35), 147, 158, 169
besporiaki, 5
Bessarabets (Kishinev newspaper), 45–48, 57, 62–66, 157, 159, 164–67
antisemitism, 46, 62, 64, 97–98, 145, 153, 164–65
front page (May 12, 1903), 164, 184
Bessarabia, xvii, 30–37
economics, 33–35, 43
ethnic and religious groups, 32–33, 36–37
gravestones, 53–54
guide (Krushevan), xvi, 46, 150, 152, 165
Kishinev as agricultural depot of, 28
Kishinev as capital of, xv
Krushevan and, xvi, 46, 98, 150, 154
map, 31
medical conditions, 43
physical characteristics, 32
population, 34, 36, 37
Russian empire, 17, 30, 36, 39
see also Governor General of Bessarabia; Kishinev
Beyond the Melting Pot (Glazer and Moynihan), 205
Bezalel art studio, 126
Bialik, Hayyim Nahman, xi, 109–17, 119, 123, 128–42
“Al Ha-Shehitah” (“On the Slaughter”), 21, 116
autobiography, 124–25
interviews of pogrom victims, 73–76, 80, 85–86, 88, 115–16, 124–25, 128–29, 132, 137
Israeli school curriculum, 107, 128, 140–42
love affair, 126–28
love poetry, 128
Odessa, 110–14, 113, 140
passing (1934), 126, 139
wife Manya, 126
see also “In the City of Killing” (Bialik’s best-known pogrom poem)
Bikher-velt (Book World), 16
Black Hundreds (Union of Russian Peoples), 4, 37, 147, 172, 187
blacks, American:
civil rights, xv, xix, 14, 188, 194–95, 198, 200–203
mistreatment compared with pogroms, 187–88, 192–94, 202
newspapers of, 193–94
violence against, xix, 14, 186–88, 192–94, 200–201
blood libel, xiv
see also ritual murder accusations
B’nai B’rith, 193–94
Boer War for Freedom, The (Davitt), 120–21
Bolgarskaia Street, Kishinev, 88
Bolshevism, 4, 13, 21, 149, 167–68
Lenin, 13–14, 145
Borenstein, Efim/Efraim, 158
Boxer Rebellion, China (1900), 171
Brenner, Joseph Hayyim, 11
Breskhovskaya, Catherine, 190
British:
Davitt election to Parliament, 120
immigration restrictions, 92
Jewish settlement in East Africa supported by, 14, 177
on Kishinev pogrom, 67
Labour Party, 120
Mandate period, 2–3, 19
on Moldavians (1920), 36
Parliament’s Correspondence Regarding the Treatment of Jews in Russia, 5
and Russia’s barbarism, 185–86
see also England; Ireland
Broad Axe, Chicago, 193
Broadway theater, 12, 190–92, 205
Brody, descriptions of, 6, 8
Bruvarman, Hannah, 72
Buber, Martin, 19
Butmi, G., 171–72
Byk river, xv–xvi, xvi, 42, 208
calendar, Yiddish-language, 53
carpet makers, Bessarabia, 33
Catholics, contempt for Russian Orthodoxy, 186
Chamberlain, William Houston, 148
Chew Mon Sing (Joseph Singleton), 101–2
Chicago:
Broad Axe, 193
The Lazarus Project, 24
China, Boxer Rebellion (1900), 171
Chinese Americans, 101–3, 186
Chinese Theater, New York City, 101, 104
Chirikov, Evgenii, 190–92
Chişinău (Kishinev’s current and pre-Russian name), xiii, 21, 38, 64, 207–8
Chomsky, Noam, 18–19
Choral Synagogue, Kishinev, 55
Chosen People, The (Chirikov), 190–92
Christianity:
contempt for Russian Orthodoxy, 186, 188
Jewish threat to, 174, 177, 183
see also blood libel
“Christian socialism,” 22, 148
Chto takoe Rossiia (What Is Russia?), Krushevan, 159
Ciuflea Church, Kishinev, 61, 63
Civil-Military Conflict in Imperial Russia, 1881–1914 (Fuller), 222n54
civil rights, black, 188, 194–95
NAACP, xv, xix, 14, 188, 194, 198, 200–203
Cleveland Gazette, 194
Cohn, Norman, 146–47
Collier’s, 200
Committee for the Advancement of the Negro, 202–3
see also National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP)
Communism, Transdniestria, 21
conservatism:
Russian, 12, 15, 22, 37, 95, 157
Zionist, 114, 175–76
see also antisemitism; Black Hundreds
conspiracy theory, 167
constitutional crisis (1905–6), Russia, 4, 17, 192–93
Correspondence Regarding the Treatment of Jews in Russia (British Parliament), 5
cowardice:
Jewish male, xviii, 83, 89, 109, 117–18, 130–38, 141, 142
“sheep to the slaughter,” 141
Crane, Stephen, 109
Crimean War (1856), 30
Crown Heights riots (1991), Brooklyn, 3
Darwin, Charles, 163
Davidic kingdom, Jewish restoration of, 169, 174
see also Zionists
Da Vinci Code, 167
Davitt, Michael, 106, 119–24
Bernstein-Kogan and, 181–82
The Boer War for Freedom, 120–21
Kishineff character modeled on, 105
on Kishinev pogrom, 68, 73, 76–77, 98, 103, 105, 133–38, 189
Kishinev stay, 44, 52, 109, 119–20, 123–24, 134, 164
newspaper writing, 103, 105–6, 120, 136, 138, 189
relief collections, 180
Within the Pale, xviii, 105–7
deaths:
Kishinev pogrom, xiv
yizkor (memorial for the dead), 103
see also ritual murder accusations
Delo Artabanova (Krushevan), 150
De Michelis, Cesare G., 149, 153, 170
Democratic Party platform (1892), U.S., 186
Dialogue aux enfers entre Machiavelli et Montesquieu (Joly), 168–69, 171
Diaspora, Bialik and, 108, 115, 125, 131, 140–42
Dinkins, David, 3
Dinur, Ben-Zion, xiii–xiv, 140–41
Dizengoff, Meir, 113, 122–23, 181
Dniester River, xvi, 32, 42, 43, 56, 154
Doiben, David, 67, 68
“Dom nomer 13” (“The House at Number 13”), Korolenko, 77–78, 81
Dostoevsky, Fyodor, 11
dress, Jewish, 82
Dreyfus Affair, 10
Dubnow, Simon, 107, 114–17, 137
Dubrossary killing, 56–58, 97
Dveste let vmeste (Two Hundred Years Together), Solzhenitsyn, 20–21
earthquake, Kishinev (1940), 208
East Africa, English-sponsored Jewish settlement, 14, 177
Eco, Umberto, 150
economics:
Bessarabia, 33–35, 43
fundraising for relief, 102, 104, 149
Jewish characteristic, 5, 6, 7, 15, 122, 162–63, 207
Kishinev, 34–35, 42–53, 149, 207
Eichmann, Adolf, 141
Eichmann in Jerusalem (Arendt), 2, 141
elder, Jewish, 168, 182
see also Protocols of the Elders of Zion
Enemies of the Human Race, The (Butmi), 171–72
England:
Ahad Ha’am model, 112
Irish vs., 119–20
synagogue ritual, 103
see also British; London
ethnic and religious groups:
Bessarabia, 32–33, 36–37
see also race; religion
European nationalism, 111
Evansville, Illinois, the American Kishineff, 193–94
feathers, in pogroms, 10, 131
Fein, Yisroel ben Yehudah, 103
Feldman, Herman, 65–66, 67
Fishman, Yudel, 66
forgery, 206
Plehve letter, 15, 96, 183
Protocols of the Elders of Zion, xvi–xvii, 99, 168–69
For Two Thousand Years (Sebastian), 145
Forverts (Yiddish daily), 11, 104, 158, 187, 189
Foundations of the Nineteenth Century, The (Chamberlain), 148
France, synagogue ritual, 103
Frankel, Jonathan, xx, 103–4
Frankfurter, Felix, 1
Frederic, Harold, 5
“Free Russia” movement (1890s), 186
Friends of Russian Freedom, American, 188–89, 196
Frug, Shimen, 103, 107
Fuller, William C., Jr, 222n54
fundraising, for relief, 102, 104, 149, 180
Gandhi, Mohandas, 120
Gaster, Moses, 181
Gaza war (2014), 21
gentiles, 73, 143, 171
Kishinev, 24, 45, 47–48, 66, 69, 71–75, 79, 84, 88, 97, 117–18, 128, 208
U.S., 122
Ghetto, The (Wirth), 185
Ginzberg, Asher, see Ahad Ha’am
Giuliani, Rudy, 3
Glazer, Nathan, 205
Gluzman, Michael, 125
Goldman, Emma, xix, 189–92
Golinkin, M., 113
Golovinskii, Matvei, 169, 170
Gomel:
Jewish self-defense, 18, 86, 89–90
pogrom, 198–99
Gorky, Maxim, 180, 191
government responsibility, belief in, 18
for Kishinev pogrom, xvi, 10–12, 15–16, 18, 90–97, 117–19, 137–38, 198
Governor General of Bessarabia:
Raaben, 44–45, 48, 68, 71, 87, 90–91
see also Urussov, Sergei S.
gravestones, Bessarabia, 53–54, 54
Greenschopin, Mordecai Mottel, 81
Gringmut, V., 144
Haganah, xv, xx, 13, 86
Hagemeister, Michael, 149, 153, 170
Har ha-keramim (The Mountain of Vineyards), Hillels, 35, 154
Harshav, Benjamin, 6
Ha-Shiloach journal, 124
Hasidism, 53, 57, 128
Ha-Tsofeh, 140
“Have Pity” (Frug), 103, 107
Ha-Zeman (St. Petersburg Hebrew daily), 117
Hearst, William Randolph/Hearst press, 13, 76, 103, 104, 120, 123, 180–82, 189
Hebrew language, 55, 108, 111, 113, 115, 125
Hebrew literature, 118
Ahad Ha’am, 111
Bialik, 108, 115, 125
school role, 55
Hebrew opera, 113
Hebrew press, 117, 147
Hebron riot, 2
Hemon, Aleksandar, 24
Herald Square Theater, New York City, 190
Herzl, Theodor, 14, 92, 111, 167, 175–78, 180–81
Hilfsverein der deutschen Juden, Berlin, 180
Hillels, Shlomo, 35, 154
history:
Jews in, 175
Kishinev (1700s and 1800s), 38–40
made and remade, 23
memory preferred over, 132–33
truth and fiction, 24–25
History of a Lie, The (Bernstein), 146–47
History of the Jews of Russia and Poland (Dubnow), 107
Hitler, A., xiii, 148
Holocaust:
Kishinev anticipating, xiii–xiv
pogrom term compared, 3
Homage to Catalonia (Orwell), 61
Homeland (TV Show), 3
Horowitz, M., 105
Hyndman, Henry, 121–22
Illinois State Journal, 200–201
immigration:
Jewish, 92, 103–4, 122, 123
restrictions on, 92, 102–3
Independent, The, 200
Independent Order, The, 106–7
industry:
Bessarabia, 33–34
Kishinev, 52, 84
riots rising from disputes in, 91
insularity, 149
intelligentsia, Jewish:
Odessa, 110–17, 113
responsibility of, 163
“In the City of Killing” (Bialik’s best-known pogrom poem), xviii, 13, 107–9, 116, 124, 128–43, 206
Dubnow’s admiration for, 116, 137
in Israeli schools, 107, 128, 140–43
Jabotinsky translation into Russian, 7, 86, 140
on Jewish male cowardice, xviii, 85–86, 89, 109, 130–38, 141, 142
nationalism, 114–15, 132–33
Netanyahu referencing, 21
weather, 61, 70, 129
Ireland:
Davitt, 119–20, 121, 122, 136
vs. England, 119–20
Limerick riot and boycott (1904), 122
nationalists, 121, 135
Iskra (Spark), 45
isolation, 112, 163, 164
Israel:
ambassador to the U.S., 3
armed forces, xv, 86
Bialik in school curriculum, 107, 128, 140–43
Bialik veneration, 140
birth of State of, 20
land of, 111–12
Prime Minister Ben-Gurion, 140, 141
and Sabra-Shatilla massacre, 3, 19
Supreme Court, 3
university qualifying exams (bagrut), 142
Zionist goal, 111
Jabotinsky, Vladimir, 7, 86, 114, 140
Jan, Ira (Esfir Yeselevich), 126–28, 127
Jassy, 179, 180
Jerusalem:
Eichmann trial (1961), 141
temple destruction, 112, 114, 175
Jesenská, Milena, 2
“The Jewbird” (Malamud), 1–2, 3
Jewish aggression, Kishinev pogrom (1903), 89, 132, 149, 182
Jewish characteristics, 5–7, 15, 22, 123, 149
economic, 5, 6, 7, 15, 122, 162–63, 207
Jewish Chronicle, 205
Jewish Masonic Lodge of the Free Sons of Israel, 106
Jewish passivity, 89, 118, 141–42
see also cowardice
Jewish press:
Bikher-velt (Book World), 16
Crane, 109
Davitt’s Within the Pale, 107
Forverts (Yiddish daily), 11, 104, 158, 187, 189
Ha-Shiloach journal, 124
Ha-Tsofeh, 140
Ha-Zeman (St. Petersburg Hebrew daily), 117
The Independent Order, 106–7
Jewish Chronicle, 205
on Kishinev pogrom, 11, 106–7, 189
on Krushevan family, 158
postpogrom, 90
Jewish Publication Society of America, 106–7
Jewish responsibility:
for Russian anti-Jewish violence, 5, 117–19
Jewish separatism, 162–63, 205
Jewish Socialist Labor Bund, xx, 13–14, 18, 83, 104, 131, 199
Jewish Territorial Organization, 205
Jewish water carrier, 49
Joly, Maurice, 168–69, 171
Journey from London to Odessa, A (Moore), 8–9
“Journey to Iceland” (Auden), 101
Joyce, James, 120
Judaism:
first-century, 114
Odessa intelligentsia and, 110–15
“Judaism in Music” (Wagner), 204
Jungle, The (Sinclair), 120
Kafka, Franz, 2
Kahal, 175n
Kahan Commission, 3, 19
Kariv, Avraham, 139
Kaufman, Melekh, 85
Kazioshner, Chaim, 88
Kempton-Wace Letters, The (London and Strunsky), 196
Kennan, George, 186
Khazin, Mikhail, 151–52
Kiev, 28, 30, 43, 163
Kigel, Moshe, 82–83, 103
Kiserman, Yehiel, 86
Kishineff plays, 104–5
Kishinev, 27–60
agriculture, 34–35, 38
Alexandrov neighborhood, 40–41
Alexandrovskaia Street, xxii, 40–41, 43, 44, 48
Bernstein-Kogan, 178–82
Bolgarskaia Street, 88
burned down by invading Russians (1748), 38
as Chişinău (current and pre-Russian name), xiii, 21, 38, 64, 207–8
Chuflinskii Square, 63, 64, 67
city duma, 155, 156
Ciuflea Church, 61, 63
correspondence bureau, 179–80
Davitt stay, 44, 52, 109, 119–20, 123–24, 134, 164
earthquake (1940), 208
economics, 34–35, 42–53, 149, 207
extremes of wealth and poverty, 42
gentiles, 24, 45, 47–48, 66, 69, 71–75, 79, 84, 88, 97, 117–18, 128, 208
history (1700s and 1800s), 38–40
Jewish religious and cultural institutions, 54–55
Krushevan, 155–56, 159, 182–83
Manchester Way/Muncheshtskii Street, 76, 83–85, 90
maps, 25, 29, 39
moral laxity, 44–45
Museum of Ethnography and National History, 51, 207
neighbor relations before pogrom, 79–80, 82, 83
New Market, 50, 65–71, 87–89
Nikolaevskii Street, 69, 73, 75
photos, 26, 40, 41, 42, 55
physical characteristics, 29–30, 207
population, 37, 40, 43, 50
powder keg, 46
Pushkin on, 28
rabbis, 53
refugees from, 117, 187
residences, 41–42, 50–51, 65–66
Schmidt (Karl), 29, 42, 45, 46, 49–50, 65, 98, 123
seminary, 39
urban qualities, 28
Yiddish-language commercial guide (1901), 52–53
see also Bessarabets (Kishinev newspaper); Governor General of Bessarabia; Lower Kishinev
Kishinev pogrom (1903), 45–46, 61–100, 185–208
American black mistreatment compared with, 187–88, 192–94
Bernstein-Kogan spreading word of, 178–83
Bialik interviews of victims, 73–76, 80, 85–86, 88, 115–16, 124–25, 128–29, 132, 137
buildings targeted, 65–67, 70–71
Christian framework, 188
Davitt on, 68, 73, 76–77, 98, 103, 105, 133–38, 189
extent of devastation, 72–73, 81–82, 100
first day, 44, 61–71, 77, 89, 129
government responsibility for (belief in), xvi, 10–12, 15–16, 18, 90–97, 117–19, 137–38, 198
impact, 10–26, 82, 206–8
Jewish aggression, 89, 132, 149, 182
Jewish male cowardice, xviii, 83, 89, 109, 117–18, 130–38, 141, 142
Jewish self-defense and, 13, 85–90, 132, 179–80
justifications, 22, 58, 64–65, 119
Kigel’s martyrdom, 82–83, 103
Krushevan role, 64, 66, 90, 97–99, 135, 137, 145–46, 153
number of rioters, 65, 68, 134, 137
plays inspired by, 104–5, 189–92, 203–5
rapes, xiv, 68, 73–79, 85, 125, 132, 134, 135
relief campaigns for victims of, xix, 12, 101–4, 117, 149, 180, 189
seminarian rioters, 64–65, 69, 80, 84, 90, 96, 137
sources on, xvii–xviii
synagogue liturgies highlighting, 5–6, 83, 103
trials of the accused, 132, 137
victims, 85, 134
weather, 17, 61, 63, 70, 129
world’s press on, 17–18, 91, 149, 183
see also “In the City of Killing” (Bialik’s best-known pogrom poem); press
Klausner, Joseph, 108, 124, 140
Koestler, Arthur, 2–3
Kogen pharmacy, 50–51
Korolenko, Vladimir, 77–78, 81
Kresilchik, Mitya, 74
Kristallnacht, 2, 10
Kropotkin, Prince Peter, 186, 190
Krushevan, Anastasia (Pavel’s sister, Jewish name Sarah Borenstein), 155, 156, 158–59
Krushevan, Pavel, 144, 149–79, 157, 166, 207
antisemitism, 145–65, 172–76, 198
assassination attempt on (June 1903), 147
Bernstein-Kogan known to, 182–83
Bessarabia guide, xvi, 46, 150, 152, 165
Chto takoe Rossiia (What Is Russia?), 159
Davitt seeking out, 123
death (1909), 147
debts, 165–66
Delo Artabanova, 150
favored themes, 155
Jewish stepmother, 155–56
Kishinev pogrom role, 64, 66, 90, 97–99, 135, 137, 145–46, 153
personal papers, 150–61
Protocols of the Elders of Zion version, xvi–xvii, xviii–xix, 16, 22, 99, 146–50, 153, 159, 167–71, 183
sexuality, 154
Shornikov study, 22–23
Znamia (St. Petersburg newspaper), 146–47, 165–67, 171, 172–74
see also Bessarabets (Kishinev newspaper)
Krushevan, Pavel Epiminovdovich (Pavel’s nephew), 151, 155–56, 175
Krushevans, 145
Landauer, Gustav, 19
Language at a Time of Revolution (Harshav), 6
languages:
Hebrew, 55, 108, 111, 113, 115, 125
Moldavian, 33, 39
Protocols of the Elders of Zion, 167
Romanian, 33
Russian, 36, 195
Ukrainian, 171
Yiddish, 52–53, 123, 125, 156, 195
The Lazarus Project (Hemon), 24
Lebanon, Sabra-Shatilla massacre, 3, 19
Left:
and Black Hundreds, 37
Jews, xix, xx, 10
London, 186
U.S., xix, xx, 185–97
see also Marxists; socialism
Lenin, Vladimir, 13–14, 145
Leonard, Oscar, 187
Levandal, Baron L. M., 104
liberalism:
American, 185–86, 190
“Christian socialism” and, 148
Israeli, 20
Krushevan and, 23, 155, 156
Liber, Mark, 199
libraries, set up by Jews, 7
Lilien, Ephraim Moses, 83
Limmerick riot and boycott (1904), 122
Lindbergh nomination, 1
liquor’s allure:
Jews able to resist, 6–7
liquor stores:
Kishinev pogrom targeting, 64–65, 84, 135
Soroki, 156
Lis, Mordecai Zvi, 86
literacy rates, Bessarabia, 37
literature:
of lamentation, 133
see also Hebrew literature; plays; poetics
Litvak, Mordecai ben Aaron, 86
Living My Life (Goldman), 191
London, England:
Left, 186
Times, 9, 10, 94, 168
London, Jack, 195–96
Lopukhin, Aleksei A., 95, 177–78
Lower East Side, New York City, xx, 1–2, 3, 103–4, 187–92, 195–96
Lower Kishinev (Old Town), xv, 40–42, 77–83, 208
Asia Street 13/Aziatskaia Street, 23–24, 48, 77–79, 81, 208
Davitt tour, 134
photos (1880s), 26, 40, 41, 42
pogrom, 68, 77–83, 88, 130
Pushkin, 40–41
residences, 41–42
synagogues, 78, 82–83
Urussov visit, 48–50, 101
Lydda, Arabs of, 19–21
lynchings, of blacks, xix, 186, 187–88, 192–94
Malamud, Bernard, 1–2, 3
male cowardice:
Jewish, xviii, 83, 89, 109, 117–18, 130–38, 141, 142
Manchester Way/Muncheshtskii Street, Kishinev, 76, 83–85, 90
Mandate period, British, 2–3, 19
martyrdom:
Kigel’s, 82–83, 103
Marx, Karl, 121, 122
Marxists:
Hyndman, 121, 122
Russian, 14
Socialist Labor Bund, xx, 14
Zionist, 18
see also Bolshevism
McCarthy, Mary, 2
McKinley, William, 171, 189
medical conditions, Bessarabia, 43
Mein Kampf (Hitler), 148
The Melting Pot (Zangwill), 12, 203–5
memory, preferred over history, 132–33
Mendelsohn, Ezra, 206
Menshikov, Mikhail Osipovich, 168, 175
militarization:
Russia, 91
see also armies; self-defense; war
Miller, Henry, 191
Minsk, 156
Minsk conference (1902):
Zionist, 176–77
Miron, Dan, 108, 109, 115, 130
modernity, 17–18, 112
Moldavian language, 33, 39
Moldavians:
Lower Kishinev, 77
Manchester Way, 76, 84
rioters, 68, 122
Moldova:
independent, xviii, 207
Krushevan’s vision embraced in, 148
Transdniestria at edge of, 21–23
Mon Lay Won (Pell Street eatery), New York City, 102–3, 102
Moore, John, 8–9
Morgenthau, Henry, 1
Moskowitz, Henry, 198
Mother Earth magazine, 192
Moynihan, Daniel Patrick, 205
Muncheshtskii Street/Manchester Way, Kishinev, 76, 83–85, 90
murder:
of three Israeli teenagers on West Bank, 21
see also ritual murder accusations
Museum of Ethnography and National History, Kishinev, 51, 207
My Promised Land (Shavitt), 19–21
mythology, 18, 29
National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP), xv, xix, 14, 188, 194, 198, 200–203
nationalism:
European, 111
Irish, 121, 136
Jewish, 114–15, 132–33, 199, 204
Romanian, 37
Russian, 21, 37, 144
see also Zionists
National Negro Conference, 202, 203
National Public Radio, 19
Native Americans, 186
Nazis, xiii, 140
Netanyahu, Benjamin, xiv, 21, 24
New Exodus, The (Frederic), 5
New Market, Kishinev, 50, 65–71, 87–89
newspapers:
Iskra (Spark), 45
London Times, 9, 10, 94, 168
Odesskie Novosti, 71
Znamia (St. Petersburg newspaper), 146–47, 165–67, 171, 172–74
see also American newspapers; Bessarabets (Kishinev newspaper)
New Star Theater, New York City, 104
New York American, 103, 105, 120
New York City:
Broadway theater, 12, 190–92, 205
Chinese Theater, 101, 104
Crown Heights riots (Brooklyn), 3
Herald Square Theater, 190
Lower East Side, xx, 1–2, 3, 103–4, 187–92, 195–96
Mon Lay Won (Pell Street eatery), 102–3, 102
newspapers, 5, 10, 29–30, 101, 103–5, 120
New York Times, 5, 10, 29–30, 101, 104
Nicholas II, Tsar, 46, 92
Night (Wiesel), 108
Nikolaevskii Street, Kishinev, 69, 73, 75
Non-Existent Manuscript, The (De Michelis), 170
Odessa, 34, 112–14
anti-Jewish violence, 96, 198
Bernstein-Kogan, 181–82
Bialik, 110–14, 113, 140
British consul general, 67
Davitt, 122–23, 181–82
Jewish intelligentsia, 110–17, 113
Kishinev comparisons, 28–29, 42, 51–52, 55, 82, 156
Klausner, 108
Krushevan, 153, 155
map, 29
Pushkin and, 28
refugees from Kishinev in, 117
Odesskie Novosti (newspaper), 71
Okhrana (Russia’s secret police), 22, 104–5, 147, 169, 170
Old Town, see Lower Kishinev (Old Town)
O’Neill, Eugene, 192
Orlenev, Pavel, 190, 192
Orthodoxy, Russian, 186, 188
Orwell, George, 61
Ottoman Empire:
Bessarabia acquired from, 30
Palestine, 128
Out of Kishineff (Stilles), 188
Ovington, Mary White, 198, 202
Pale of Settlement, 6
Jewish occupations, 7
Kishinev pogrom defining, 30
Krushevan, 156, 161–64
map, 160
Minsk, 156
Vilna, 2, 110, 142, 156, 177
see also Kishinev; Odessa
Palestine:
Bernstein-Kogan, 178
Bialik, 113, 126–28
Bialik veneration, 140
Dizengoff, 113, 123
first female Jewish artist, 126
Haganah, xv, xx, 13, 86
Herzl’s Zionism focused on, 111
Jewish migration to, 122
Mandate period, 2–3, 19
Raskin sketches, 113
riots (1937), 18
Palestinophile movement, 7
Parnell, Charles Stewart, 120
passivity, Jewish, 89, 118, 141–42
see also cowardice
Peniel, Noah, 141–43
Perlman, Shmuel, 109
Pesker, Yehiel, 87
petition, Americans calling on Russia to investigate pogrom, 189, 193–94
Philadelphia Ledger, 186
Pinsker, Leon, 7
plays:
Broadway theater, 12, 190–92, 205
inspired by Kishinev pogrom, 104–5, 189–92, 203–5
Plehve, Vyacheslav Konstantinovich, 92–96, 93
assassinated, 93
Herzl and, 175, 177, 180–81
Kishineff play, 104
letter, 15, 92–96, 117, 146, 182–83, 188–89
minister of the interior, 15, 92–94
Plot Against America, The (Roth), 1
poetics:
Bialik’s, 107–9, 133, 140–41
of violence, 82–83, 133
pogroms, 145
black mistreatment compared with, 187–88, 192–94, 202
Gomel, 198–99
permanent, 62
Russia’s pogrom wave (1905–6), 4–5, 185, 187
wave (1881–82), 45
see also Kishinev pogrom (1903)
Poland, 6, 160
police:
Lopukhin, 95, 177–78
during pogrom, 63, 66, 88–89
Russian secret police (Okhrana), 22, 104–5, 147, 169, 170
politics:
activists stirring up riots, 96–97
anarchists, 19, 186, 189
Bolshevism, 4, 13–14, 21, 145, 149, 167–68
Kishinev pogrom impact, 6, 20, 21
see also civil rights; conservatism; Left; liberalism; radicalism; Right; Social Democratic Party; socialism; Zionists
Popov (local activist), 97
population/numbers:
Bessarabia, 34, 36, 37
Jewish immigrants from Russian empire to U.S., 103
Kishinev, 37, 40, 43, 50
Kishinev rioters, 65, 68, 134, 137
pogrom rapes, 73, 135
Portrait of the Artist as a Young Man, The (Joyce), 120
Prague Cemetery, The (Eco), 150
prayer:
dried up value, 141
Moldavian outlawed (1870s), 36
press:
Berkeley Russian Review, 196
Kishinev pogrom, 11, 17–18, 91, 149, 178–83
Mother Earth magazine, 192
Odessa, 114
responsibility for violence, 201
see also Jewish press; Krushevan, Pavel; newspapers; Protocols of the Elders of Zion
Pridnestrovian Moldavan Republic (Transdniestria), 21–23
Principles of Sociology (Spencer), 91
“Program of World Conquest by Jews, The” (World Union of Freemasons and Sages of Zion), 167, 172–74
Pronin, Georgi A., 62, 97, 98, 182
Prophecy and Politics (Frankel), xx, 103–4
“Prophet, The” (Pushkin), 109–10
Protestants, contempt for Russian Orthodoxy, 186, 188
protest meetings, U.S., 12, 189
Protocols of the Elders of Zion, The, xv, 147, 167–72
Bernstein-Kogan and, 182
Bern trial and, 147, 169
Butmi version, 171–72
De Michelis annotated translation, 170
Die Protokolle der Weisen von Zion (Segel), 170
Egyptian television series, 148
forgery, xvi–xvii, 99, 168–69
Krushevan version, xvi–xvii, xviii–xix, 16, 22, 99, 146–50, 153, 159, 167–71, 183
Die Protokolle der Weisen von Zion (Segel), 170
Purishkevich, V., 144
Pushkin, Alexander, xi, 28, 40–41, 109–10
Raaben, R. S. von (Governor General of Bessarabia), 44–45, 48, 68, 71, 87, 90–91
rabbis, Kishinev, 53
race:
Davitt and, 120–22
U.S. and, xix, 14, 186–88, 192–94, 200
see also antisemitism; blacks; ethnic and religious groups
Rachkovsky, Piotr, 169, 170
radicalism:
American, 189, 194–95
Russian, 6, 157, 176–78, 186, 189, 190, 194–95, 197–98
Radziwill, Catherine, 170
rapacity of Jews, 15, 22, 123
rapes:
anti-Jewish violence in Russia (1918–1920), 4
divorce requests after, 73, 135
Kishinev pogrom, xiv, 68, 73–79, 85, 125, 132, 134, 135
Lower Kishinev, 73–79, 83
numbers of, 73, 135
Schiff, 73–76, 125, 132
Raskin, Saul, 113
Rasputin, 7
Reed, John, xix, 27, 194–95
relief campaigns, for Kishinev victims, xix, 12, 101–4, 117, 149, 180, 189
religion:
Bessarabia ethnic and religious groups, 32–33, 36–37
Jewish characteristic, 6
Kishinev, 39
see also Christianity; Judaism
Republican Party platform (1892), U.S., 186
residences:
Kishinev, 41–42, 50–51, 65–66
pogrom targeting, 65–66
Pronin’s, 98
restrictions against Jews, 50
responsibility:
of Jewish intelligentsia, 163
responsibility for violence:
blacks, 200–201
Jewish, 5, 117–19
press, 201
see also government responsibility, belief in
revolution (1905), Russia, 190, 191, 195
revolution (1917), Russia, 4, 95, 194–95, 199
Revolutionary Lives (Strunsky), 197–98, 199, 203
Rhodes, Cecil, 121
Right:
Bessarabia, 37
Russian, 15–16, 22, 95, 97, 147, 155, 169, 170, 175–79, 182
Zionist, 7, 140
see also Black Hundreds; conservatism
rights, see civil rights
riots:
antiblack, 14, 186, 187, 193, 200–201
anti-Jewish, 2, 4–5
Crown Heights, Brooklyn (1991), 3
industrial disputes, 91
Limerick riot and boycott (1904), 122
Palestinian (1937), 18
Springfield, Illinois (1908), xix, 200–202
see also pogroms
ritual murder accusations, xiv, 10, 47–48, 56–58, 84, 97
Beilis, 7–8, 95
in Bessarabets, 47–48, 62, 145
Dubrossary, 56–58, 97
Rogger, Hans, xx
Romania:
Bernstein-Kogan, 178
and Bessarabia, xvii, 30, 32, 36, 37
border at Jassy, 179
Romanian language, 33
Romanov Russia, 95, 149, 195, 206
tsars, 45, 46, 79, 92
see also Russian empire
Roosevelt, Franklin, 1
Roosevelt, Theodore, 12, 189, 203–4
Roskies, David G., 132–33
Rossman, Yisrael, 69–71, 72, 87
Roth, Philip, 1
Russian empire, xix, 49, 52, 148–49
antisemitism, 4–5, 8–10, 15–16, 95–96, 186, 198, 205
belief in government responsibility for Kishinev pogrom, xvi, 10–12, 15–16, 18, 90–97, 117–19, 137–38, 198
besporiaki/”southern storms,” 5
Bessarabia, 17, 30, 36, 39
Bolshevism, 4, 13–14, 21, 145, 149, 167–68
censorship restrictions, 191
constitutional crisis (1905–6), 4, 17, 192–93
Jewish immigration from, 103–4, 123
Jewish integration, 7–8, 157, 206
Kigel’s martyrdom, 82–83
Kishinev pogrom impact, 21–22
nationalism, 21, 37, 144
Okhrana (secret police), 22, 104–5, 147, 169, 170
pogrom wave (1905–6), 4–5, 185, 187
revolution (1905), 190, 191, 195
revolution (1917), 4, 95, 194–95, 199
Right, 15–16, 22, 95, 97, 147, 155, 169, 170, 175–79, 182
Russo-Turkish War (1878), 32–33
theatrical troupe touring U.S., 189–92
tsars, 45, 46, 79, 92
unification, 164
Western Provinces map, 160
White Army, 4, 19, 90
Zionist preoccupation with domestic reform in, 176–77
Russian Orthodoxy, 186, 188
Russian Review, Berkeley, 196
Russia’s Message (Walling), xix, 195, 198, 199–200, 202
Russo-Turkish War (1878), 32–33
Sabra-Shatilla massacre, Lebanon, 3, 19
Schiff, Rivka, 73–76, 125, 132
Schmidt, Karl, 29, 42, 45, 46, 49–50, 65, 98, 123
schools:
Bialik in Israeli curriculum, 107, 128, 140–43
Kishinev Jewish, 54–55
for Kishinev pogrom orphans, 180
Krushevan, 155
Tarbut (Hebrew school system), 142
Toulouse school massacre (2012), 21
Sebastian, Mihail, 145
secret police, Russian (Okhrana), 22, 104–5, 147, 169, 170
Segel, Benjamin, 170
self-defense:
anti-Jewish, 22, 58, 97
Jewish, 13, 18, 85–90, 132, 179–80
seminarian rioters, Kishinev pogrom, 64–65, 69, 80, 84, 90, 96, 137
separatism:
Jewish, 162–63, 205
Transdniestria, 21
Serebrenick, Naftoli, 81
Shapira, Anita, 10
Shapiro, Lamed, 4
Shavitt, Ari, 19–21
Shevchenko Transnistria State University, 22
Sholem Aleichem, 153
Shornikov, Igor Petrovich, 22–23
Siberia and the Exile System (Kennan), 186
Sinclair, Upton, 120
Singleton, Joseph (Chew Mon Sing), 101–2
Sirota, Yeshaya, 80
smuggling:
Bessarabia, 33
Kishinev, 45, 180
Sobelman (pogrom victim), 71–72
Social Democratic Party:
Iskra (Spark), 45
Second Party Congress (July 1903), 13
socialism:
“Christian socialism,” 22, 148
Jewish Socialist Labor Bund, xx, 13–14, 18, 83, 104, 131, 199
and male cowardice, 131
New York City Jews, 104
Strunsky, 196, 198, 203
Socialist Revolutionary Party:
Bernstein-Kogan brother, 178
Plehve assassination, 93
Walling, 196n
Social Revolutionary Party, 126
Soiuz Russkogo Naroda (Black Hundreds), 4, 37, 147, 172, 187
Solzhenitsyn, Alexander, 20–21
“The Song of the Suffering Jews,” 104
Soroka, Bessarabia, 154, 156
South Africa, 121, 122
“southern storms,” 5
Spencer, Herbert, 91
Springfield, Illinois, race riot (1908), xix, 200–202
Stansell, Christine, 187, 192
Steinberg, Yisroel Hayyim, 73
Steinfels, Peter, 10
Stilles, W. C., 188
St. Louis, race riot (1917), 187
Story of Kishineff, The (Horowitz), 105
St. Petersburg:
assassination attempt on Krushevan (June 1903), 147
Bernstein-Kogan, 180–81
Ha-Zeman (Hebrew daily), 117
Herzl meeting Plehve, 175, 177, 180–81
Kishinev pogrom report, 123
Krushevan apartment, 147
Orlenev’s St. Petersburg Dramatic Company, 190
Znamia, 146–47, 165–67, 171, 172–74
Strunsky, Anna, 194–203, 197
The Kempton-Wace Letters, 196
NAACP, xix, 14, 194, 198, 200–203
“Pogrom” book, 14–15
Revolutionary Lives, 197–98, 199, 203
Violette of Pere Lachaise, 198
Supreme Court:
Israeli, 3
U.S., 1
synagogues:
American, 5–6, 83, 103
liturgies highlighting Kishinev pogrom, 5–6, 83, 103
Lower Kishinev (Old Town), 78, 82–83
Talmud i evrei (Talmud and Jews), 171
Tarbut (Hebrew school system), 142
Taylor, A. J. P., 27, 176
Tchernowitz, Chaim, 110
Tel Aviv:
Ahad Ha’am, 113
Bialik home, 76, 140
Mayor Dizengoff, 113, 123
temples:
destruction, 112, 114, 175
second, 112, 175
Ten Days that Shook the World (Reed), xix, 27, 194–95
Territorialist movement, xx, 205
theodicy, 140
Thieves in the Night (Koestler), 2–3
Times of London, 9, 10, 94, 168
tobacco workplaces, Kishinev, 52, 56, 65
Tolstoy, Leo, 92, 124, 154–55
Torah scrolls, shredded, xx, 60, 82–83, 131
“To the Martyrs of Kishinev” (Lilien), 83
Toulouse school massacre (2012), 21
Transdniestria (Pridnestrovian Moldavan Republic), 21–23
transport:
Bessarabia, 30, 31, 32, 34
Kishinev, 35, 43, 44, 67–68
Trevor-Roper, Hugh, 2
Trial and Error (Weizmann), 18–19
trials:
Bern (1934–35), 147, 158, 169
Eichmann (1961), 141
of pogromists, 132, 137
“True Americanism,” 204
Trump, Donald, 148
tsars, 45, 46, 79, 92
“Two Anti-Semites” (Sholem Aleichem), 153
Ukrainian language, 171
unification:
Jewish, 165, 173
Russia, 164
Union of Russian Peoples (Black Hundreds), 4, 37, 147, 172, 187
United States, xix
Berkeley Russian Review, 196
immigration restrictions, 102–3
Jewish immigration to, 92, 103–4, 123
Left, xix, xx, 185–97
McKinley assassination (1901), 171, 189
obligation to free Russia from barbarism, 185–89
protest meetings, 12, 189
race riots, xix, 187, 200–202
racism, 186–88
relief campaigns and demonstrations for Kishinev victims, xix, 12, 101–4, 189
Theodore Roosevelt, 12, 189, 203–4
Franklin Roosevelt, 1
Supreme Court, 1
synagogues, 5–6, 83, 103
“True Americanism,” 204
Trump, 148
see also American newspapers; blacks, American; New York City
Urussov, Sergei S. (Governor General of Bessarabia), xv, 81–82
and Krushevan, 150, 165
Lower Kishinev visit, 48–50, 101
Pronin expelled by, 97
and rivers, xv–xvii
on Soroki, 154
Villard, Oswald Garrison, 198
Vilna, 2, 110, 142, 156, 177
violence:
antiblack, xix, 14, 186–88, 192–94, 200–201
poetics of, 82–83, 133
see also pogroms; rapes; riots; war
Violette of Pere Lachaise (Strunsky), 198
Wagner, Richard, 204
Walling, William English, 194–203
death, 197
NAACP, xix, 14, 194, 198, 200–203
Russia’s Message, xix, 195, 198, 199–200, 202
war:
Arab-Israeli War (1948), 20
Crimean War (1856), 30
Gaza war (2014), 21
Russo-Turkish War (1878), 32–33
World War I, 95, 128
World War II/Nazis/Holocaust, xiii–xiv, 3, 140, 208
see also armies
Warburg, Aby, xiii
Warrant for Genocide (Cohn), 146–47
Washington, Booker T., 193
water carrier, Jewish, 49
weather, Kishinev pogrom, 17, 61, 63, 70, 129
Weissman, Meyer, 73
Weizmann, Chaim, 18–19
West Bank, murder of three Israeli teenagers, 21
Western Provinces map, Russia, 160
White Army, 4, 19, 90
Wiesel, Elie, 108
Windsor Theater, Bowery, 105
Wirth, Louis, 185
Within the Pale (Davitt), xviii, 105–7
Witte, Sergei, 7, 177
world domination, Jewish program of, 174–79
World Union of Freemasons and Elders of Zion, 172
World Union of Freemasons and Sages of Zion, Znamia, 167, 172–74
World War I, 95, 128
World War II/Nazis/Holocaust, xiii–xiv, 3, 140, 208
Yeselevich, Esfir (Ira Jan), 126–28, 127
Yiddish language, 52–53, 123, 125, 156, 195
Yiddish press, 11, 104, 158, 187, 189
yizkor (memorial for the dead), 103
Yom Kippur services, Frug’s “Have Pity,” 103
Zangwill, Israel, 12, 203–5
Zionist Congress:
First (1897), 169
Fifth (December 1901), 175
Sixth (summer 1903), 14
Zionists:
Ahad Ha’am, 111, 113, 175–76
Bernstein-Kogan, 89, 178–82
Bialik, 138
Chomsky vs., 18–19
Davitt, 107
Ha-Tsofeh, 140
Herzl, 111, 175–78, 180–81
Holy Land purchase plans, 174, 176, 177
Jabotinsky, 140
Jewish goals, 174, 175
Kishinev, xix
Kishinev pogrom impact, 13, 19–20
Krushevan and, 173–79
Lydda as dark secret of, 20–21
and male cowardice, 131
Marxist, 18
Minsk conference (1902), 176–77
protocols, 168
right-wing, 7, 140
Russian Right and, 175–79
Strunsky and, 199
Territorialist movement and, xx
unification, 165, 173
Weizmann, 18
Zangwill, 204–5
Znamia (St. Petersburg newspaper), 146–47, 165–67, 171, 172–74
Zychick, Sima, 73–75