BIBLIOGRAPHY

General: Resistant Bacteria

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Boseley, Sarah. Are you ready for a world without antibiotics? The Guardian, August 11, 2010. http://www.guardian.co.uk/society/2010/aug/12/the-end-of-antibiotics-health-infections.

Caldwell, Emily. Pandemic flu, like seasonal H1N1, shows signs of resisting Tamiflu. Ohio State University Research Communications news release, March 1, 2010. http://researchnews.osu.edu/archive/tamiflu.htm.

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Das, S., et al. Trend of antibiotic resistance of Vibrio cholerae strains from east Delhi. Indian J Med Res 127, no. 5 (2008): 478–82.

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———. Five superbug defenses that can keep you from dying in the hospital. SmartPlanet Science Scope (blog), December 22, 2010. http://smartplanet.com/blog/science-scope/five-superbug-defenses-that-can-keep-you-from-dying-in-the-hospital/5888.

Duke Medicine News and Communications. New superbug surpasses MRSA infection rates in community hospitals. News release, March 22, 2010. http://www.dukehealth.org/health_library/news/new_superbug_surpasses_mrsa_infection_rates_in_community_hospitals.

Engel, Mary. Deadly bacteria defy drugs, alarming doctors. Los Angeles Times, February 17, 2009. http://articles.latimes.com/2009/feb/17/science/sci-badbugs17.

Farkosh, Mary S. Extended-spectrum beta-lactamase producing Gram negative bacilli. Johns Hopkins Medicine: Hospital Epidemiology/Infection Control. http://hopkinsmedicine.org/heic/ID/esbl/(accessed March 14, 2011).

Fernández-Delgado, M. Vibrio cholerae non-01, non-0139 associated with seawater and plankton from coastal marine areas of the Caribbean Sea. Int J Environ Helth Res 19, no. 4 (2009): 279–89.

Ferreira, C., et al. Candida albicans virulence and drug-resistance requires the O-acyltransferase Gup1p. BMC Microbiol 10 (2010): 238–53.

Garg, P., et al. Expanding multiple antibiotic resistance among clinical strains of Vibrio cholerae isolated from 1992–7 in Calcutta, India. Epidemiol Infect 124, no. 3 (2000): 393–99.

Glass, R. I., et al. Emergence of multiple antibiotic-resistant Vibrio cholerae in Bangladesh. J Infect Dis 142, no. 6 (1980): 939–42.

Goel, A. K., et al. Genetic determinants of virulence, antibiogram and altered biotype among the Vibrio cholerae 01 isolates from different cholera outbreaks in India. Infect Genet Evol 10, no. 6 (2010): 815–19.

Goel, A. K., et al. Molecular characterization of Vibrio cholerae outbreak strains with altered El Tor biotype from southern India. World J Microbiol Biotechnol 26, no. 2 (2010): 281–87.

Hagemann, M., et al. The plant-associated bacterium Stenotrophomonas rhizophila expresses a new enzyme for the synthesis of the compatible solute glucosylglycerol. J Bacteriol 190, no. 7 (2008): 5898–906.

Haller, Brad. New superbug genes resist all antibiotics. OzarksFirst.com, December 15, 2010. http://ozarksfirst.com/fulltext?nxd_id=372146.

Hennessy-Fiske, Molly. Drug-resistant ‘superbug’ mostly limited to Southern California nursing homes, health officials say. L.A. Now (blog of the Los Angeles Times), March 24, 2011. http://latimesblogs.latimes.com/lanow/2011/03/superbug-in-southern-california.html.

Herper, Matthew. The most dangerous bacteria. Forbes.com, March 1, 2006. http://forbes.com/2006/03/01/antibiotics-pfizer-cubist-cx_mh_0301badbugs.html.

Hicks, L. A., et al. Antimicrobial prescription data reveal wide geographic variability in antimicrobial use in the United States, 2009. U.S. Centers for Disease Control, National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, Division of Bacterial Diseases. http://www.imshealth.com/deployedfiles/imshealth/global/content/staticfile/Antimicrobial_Prescription_Data_2009.pdf (accessed March 26, 2011).

Hirche, T. O., et al. Myeloperoxidase plays critical roles in killing Klebsiella pneumoniae and inactivating neutrophil elastase: effects on host defense. J Immunol 174, no. 3 (2005): 1557–65.

Hooper, David C. Efflux pumps and nosocomial antibiotic resistance: a primer for hospital epidemiologists. Healthcare Epidem CID 40 (2005): 1811–17.

Huff, E. New drug-resistant bacteria emerging in hospitals. NaturalNews.com, March 6, 2010. http://naturalnews.com/028313_drug-resistant_bacteria_hospitals.html.

Hutheesing, Nikhil. Eight deadly superbugs lurking in hospitals. DailyFinance, October 17, 2010. http://www.dailyfinance.com/2010/10/17/eight-deadly-superbugs-lurking-in-hospitals/.

Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health News Center. Flies may spread drug-resistant bacteria from poultry operations. News release, March 16, 2009. http://www.jhsph.edu/publichealthnews/press_releases/2009/graham_flies.html.

Johnson, J. R., et al. Escherichia coli sequence type ST131 as the major cause of serious multidrug-resistant E. coli infections in the United States. Clin Infect Dis 51, no. 3 (2010): 286–94.

Keim, Brandon. Antibiotics breed superbugs faster than expected. Wired Science (blog), Februrary 11, 2010. http://wired.com/wiredscience/2010/02/mutagen-antibiotics/.

———. Obama, farm industry clash over antibiotics. Wired Science (blog), July 21, 2009. http://wired.com/wiredscience/2009/07/farmantibiotic/.

———. Swine flu ancestor born on U.S. factory farms. Wired Science (blog), May 1, 2009. http://wired.com/wiredscience/2009/05/swineflufarm/.

———. Swine flu genes from pigs only, not human or birds. Wired Science (blog), April 28, 2009. http://wired.com/wiredscience/2009/04/swinefluupdate/.

Kelland, Kate, and Ben Hirschler. Scientists find new superbug spreading from India. Reuters, August 11, 2010. http://reuters.com/article/2010/08/11/us-infections-superbug-id-USTRE67A0YU20100811.

Khuntia, H. K., et al. An Ogawa cholera outbreak 6 months after the Inaba cholera outbreaks in India, 2006. J Microbiol Immunol Infect 43, no. 2 (2010): 133–37.

Kim, H. B., et al. Transferable quinolone resistance in Vibrio cholerae. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 54, no. 2 (2010): 799–803.

Klepser, Michael E. Antifungal resistance among Candida species. Pharmacotherapy 21, no. 8, part 2 (2001): 124S–132S.

Klevens, R. M., et al. Invasive methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus infections in the United States. JAMA 298 (2007): 1763–71.

Knight, Danielle. US: Over-Use of Antibiotics Threatens Humans. TWN (Third World Network), October 11, 2009. http://twnside.org.sg/title/overuse-cn.htm.

Knorr, R., et al. Endocytosis of MHC molecules by distinct membrane rafts. J Cell Sci 122, part 10 (2009): 1584–94.

Koo, Ingrid. Superbugs on the rise. About. com, updated November 6, 2008. http://infectiousdiseases.about.com/od/rarediseases/a/rising_superbug.htm.

Kristof, Nicholas D. The spread of superbugs. Oped., New York Times, March 6, 2010. http://www.nytimes.com/2010/03/07/opinion/07kristof.html.

Kumar, P., et al. Characterization of an SXT variant Vibrio cholerae O1 Ogawa isolated from a patient in Trivandrum, India. FEMS Microbiol Lett 303, no. 2 (2010): 132–36.

Laurance, Jeremy. Doctors shocked by spread of swine flu—and its severity. The Independent, December 11, 2010. http://independent.co.uk/life-style/health-and-families/health-news/doctors-shocked-by-spread-of-swine-flu-ndash-and-its-severity-2157407.html.

Li, B. S., et al. Phenotypic and genotypic characterization Vibrio cholerae O139 of clinical and aquatic isolates in China. Curr Microbiol 62, no. 3 (2011): 950–955. E-pub (preprint) November 16, 2010.

Li-ting, Chen and Liu, Fanny. CDC to list new superbug NDM-1 as communicable disease. Focus Taiwan News Channel, September 7, 2010. http://focustaiwan.tw/ShowNews/WebNews_Detail.aspx?ID=201009070016&Type=aLIV.

Lloyd, Robin. Infectious superbug invades beaches. LiveScience, February 13, 2009. http://livescience.com/health/090213-beach-superbugs-mrsa.html.

Long, F., et al. Functional cloning and characterization of the multidrug efflux pumps NorM from Neisseria gonorrhoeae and YdhE from Escherichia coli. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 52, no. 9 (2008): 3052–60.

Loyola University Health System. Is re-emerging superbug the next MRSA? News release, September 15, 2008. http://www.eurekalert.org/pub_releases/2008-09/luhs-irs091508.php.

Lutz, B. D., et al. Outbreak of invasive aspergillus infection in surgical patients, associated with a contaminated air-handling system. CID 37 (2003): 786–87.

Manga, N. M., et al. Cholera in Senegal from 2004 to 2006: lessons learned from successive outbreaks. Med Trop (Mars) 68, no. 6 (2008): 589–92.

Martin, Daniel. Superbugs on the increase in care homes. Mail Online (UK), July 16, 2007. http://www.dailymail.co.uk/news/article-468837/Superbugs-increase-care-homes.html.

Meng, J., et al. Antibiotic resistance of Escherichia coli O157:H7 and O157:NM isolated from animals, food and humans. J Food Prod 61, no. 11 (1998): 1511–14.

Mora, A., et al. Antimicrobial resistance of Shiga toxin (verotoxin)-producing Escherichia coli O157:H7 and non-O157 strains isolated from humans, cattle, sheep and food in Spain. Res Microbiol 156, no. 7 (2005): 793–806.

Morse, J. Staph infection—a newly discovered STD? Yahoo! Voices, October 18, 2007. http://voices.yahoo.com/staph-infection-newly-discovered-std-604179.html.

Neergaard, Lauran. “C-diff” superbug on the rise: last-method at fighting intestinal bug. Huffington Post (blog), December 13, 2010. http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2010/12/13/cdiff-superbug_n_796156.html.

Nikaido, Hiroshi. Multidrug efflux pumps of Gram-negative bacteria. J Bacteriol 178, no. 20 (1996): 5853–59.

Nygren, E., et al. Establishment of an adult mouse model for direct evaluation of the efficacy of vaccines against Vibrio cholerae. Infect Immun 77, no. 8 (2009): 3475–84.

Osamor, V. S. The etiology of malaria scourge: a comparative study of endemic nations of Africa and Asia. J Biol Sci 10, no. 5 (2010): 440–47.

Paddock, Catharine. Polar bear droppings might help us understand superbugs. Medical News Today, January 15, 2010. http://medicalnewstoday.com/articles/176110.php?nfid=60100.

Pal, B. B., et al. Epidemics of severe cholera caused by El Tor Vibrio cholerae O1 Ogawa possessing the ctxB gene of the classical biotype in Orissa, India. Int J Infect Dis 14, no. 5 (2010): e384–89.

Perrone, Matthew. Congressman pushes FDA on chemical safety review. From the Associated Press, on the ABC News website, December 22, 2010. http://abcnews.go.com/Business/wireStory?id=12458030.

Powell, W. J. Molecular mechanisms of antimicrobial resistance. Technical report #14. Food Safety Network, February 2000. http://foodsafety.k.state.edu/articles/280/molecular_mechanisms_antimic_resist.pdf.

Preidt, Robert. Hospital-acquired infections a serious threat to ICU patients: study. HealthDay News, on the Bloomberg Businessweek website, December 1, 2010. http://businessweek.com/lifestyle/content/healthday/646702.html.

Qiao, J., et al. Antifungal resistance mechanisms of Aspergillus. Jpn J Med Mycol 49 (2008): 157–63.

Qureshi, A., et al. Stenotrophomonas maltophelia in salad. Emerg Infect Dis 11, no. 7 (2005): 1157–58.

Rahim, N., et al. Antibacterial activity of Psidium guajava leaf and bark against multidrug-resistant Vibrio cholerae: implication for cholera control. Jpn J Infect Dis 63, no. 4 (2010): 271–74.

Raloff, Janet. Tamiflu in rivers could breed drug-resistant flu strains. Wired Science (blog), September 20, 2009. http://www.wired.com/wiredscience/2009/09/drug-resistant-influenza/.

Reig, S., et al. Resistance against antimicrobial peptides is independent of Escherichia coli AcrAB, Pseudomonas aeruginosa MexAB and Staphylococcus aureus NorA efflux pumps. Int J Antimicrob Agents 33, no. 2 (2009): 174–76.

Reuters. New superbug genes sure to spread in the U.S., expert says. FoxNews.com, December 16, 2010. http://foxnews.com/health/2010/12/16/new-superbug-genes-sure-spread-expert-says/.

Roberts, Michelle. Seagulls “may be spreading superbugs.” BBC News, September 20, 2010. http://bbc.co.uk/news/health-11374536.

Rodriguez, C., et al. Diversity and antimicrobial susceptibility of oxytetracycline-resistant isolates of Stenotrophomonas sp. and Serratia sp. associated with Costa Rican crops. J Appl Microbiol 103, no. 6 (2007): 2550–60.

Rosenberg, Martha. 15 dangerous drugs big pharma shoves down our throats. AlterNet, November 19, 2010. http://alternet.org/story/148907/15_dangerous_drugs_big_pharma_shoves_down_our_throats?page=entire.

Roy, S., et al. Gut colonization by multidrug-resistant and carbapenem-resistant Acinetobacter baumannii in neonates. Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis 29, no. 12 (2010): 1495–500.

Rubenstein, Adam. Colorado attacking IDSA superbug list. Life Science Deal Flow (blog), March 6, 2006. http://rnaventures.blogspot.com/2006/03/colorado-attacking-idsa-superbug-list.html.

Ryan, David B. List of drug-resistant bacteria. LiveStrong.com, March 28, 2011. http://livestrong.com/article/28797-list-drugresistant-bacteria.

Ryan, R. P., et al. Interspecies signaling via the Stenotrophomonas maltophilia diffusible signal factor influences biofilm formation and polymyxin tolerance in Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Mol Microbiol 68, no. 1 (2008): 75–86.

Sá, L. L., et al. Occurrence and composition of class 1 and class 2 integrons in clinical and environmental O1 and non-O1/non-O139 Vibrio cholerae strains from the Brazilian Amazon. Mem Inst Oswaldo Cruz 105, no. 2 (2010): 229–32.

Sakai, Jill. Virus hybridization could create pandemic bird flu. University of Wisconsin–Madison news release, February 22, 2010. http://www.news.wisc.edu/17698.

Savel’ev, V. N., et al. Antibacterial susceptibility/resistance of Vibrio cholerae eltor clinical strains isolated in the Caucasus during the seventh cholera pandemic. Antibiot Khimioter 55, no. 5–6 (2010): 8–13.

Saviola, B., et al. The genus Mycobacterium—medical. Prokaryotes 1, part B (2006): 919–33.

Schroeder, C. M., et al. Antimicrobial resistance of Escherichia coli O157 isolated from humans, cattle, swine, and food. Appl Environ Microbiol 68, no. 2 (2002): 576–81.

Shepherd, Tory. Hygiene hypothesis: let children eat dirt. The Punch (Australia), December 6, 2010. http://thepunch.com.au/articles/a-dirty-piece-on-cleanliness/.

Smith, Jennie. More seasonal flu strains show worrisome dual antiviral resistance. Internal Medicine News Digital Network, December 7, 2010. http://internalmedicinenews. com/specialty-focus/women-s-health/single-article-page/more-seasonal-flu-strains-show-worrisome-dual-antiviral-resistance/17f055c464.html.

Sohn, Emily. Superbug: neither super nor a bug. Discovery News, September 17, 2010. http://news.discovery.com/human/superbug-bacteria-gene-threat.html.

Stein, Rob. New “superbugs” raising concerns worldwide. Website of the Washington Post, October 11, 2010. http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2010/10/11/AR2010101104518.html.

Sternberg, Steve. Drug-resistant “superbugs” hit 35 states, spread worldwide. USA Today, September 16, 2010. http://www.usatoday.com/yourlife/health/medical/2010-09-17-1Asuperbug17_ST_N.htm.

Stoler, Steve. Woman who lost 428 lbs. faces new health battle. WFAA TV, on the website azfamily. com, December 1, 2010. http://www.azfamily.com/news/Woman-who-lost-428-lbsfaces-new-health-battle-111159229.html.

Trafton, Anne. Mutation identified that might allow H1N1 to spread more easily. PhysOrg.com, March 9, 2011. http://physorg.com/news/2011-03-mutation-h1n1-easily.html.

Tristram, S., et al. Antimicrobial resistance in Hamophilus influenzae. Clin Microbiol Rev 20, no. 2 (2007): 368–89.

United Press International (UPI). Report: superbugs killed record number. UPI.com, May 23, 2008. http://www.upi.com/Science_News/2008/05/23/Report-Superbugs-killed-record-number/UPI-57821211586105/.

University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center. “Superbug” breast infections controllable in nursing mothers, UT Southwestern researchers find. News release, September 3, 2008. http://www.utsouthwestern.edu/newsroom/news-releases/year-2008/superbug-breast-infections-controllable-in-nursing-mothers-researchers-find.html.

Vanderbilt University Medical Center. Staph bacteria: blood-sucking superbug prefers taste of humans. News release, December 15, 2010. http://www.eurekalert.org/pub_releases/2010-12/vumc-bsp121310.php.

Veselova, M., et al. Production of N-acylhomoserine lactone singal molecules by Gram-negative soil-borne and plant-associated bacteria. Folia Microbiol 48, no. 6 (2003): 794–98.

Wagner, H. Multitarget therapy—the future of treatment for more than just functional dyspepsia. Phytomedicine 13, suppl. 5 (2006): 122–29.

White, Sarah V. The empowered patient. Medill Reports, from the Medill School at Northwestern University, December 8, 2010. http://news.medill.northwestern.edu/chicago/news.aspx?id=175221.

Xu, X. J., et al. Molecular cloning and characterization of the HmrM multidrug efflux pump from Haemophilus influenzae Rd. Microbiol Immunol 47, no. 12 (2003): 937–43.

Yang, J. S., et al. A duplex vibriocidal assay to simultaneously measure bactericidal antibody titers against Vibrio cholerae O1 Inaba and Ogawa serotypes. J Microbiol Methods 79, no. 3 (2009): 289–94.

Yee, D. Gonorrhoea joins “superbugs” list. IOL (Independent Online, South Africa) SciTech, April 13, 2010. http://www.iol.co.za/scitech/technology/gonorrhoea-joins-superbugs-list-1.322949.

Zhang, C., et al. Redox signaling via lipid raft clustering in homocysteine-induced injury of podocytes. Biochim Biophys Acta 1803, no. 4 (2010): 482–91.

General: Medicinal Plants (Herbal Antibiotics)

Abeysinghe, P. D. Antibacterial activity of some medicinal mangroves against antibiotic resistant pathogenic bacteria. Indian J Pharm Sci 72, no. 2 (2010): 167–72.

Abo-Khatwa, A. N., et al. Lichen acids as uncouplers of oxidative phosphorylation of mouse-liver mitochondria. Nat Toxins 4, no. 2 (1996): 96–102.

Addy, Marian E. Western Africa Network of Natural Products Research Scientists (WANNPRES), First Scientific Meeting August 15–20, 2004. Accra, Ghana: A Report. Conference report published in Afr J Tradit Complement Altern Med 2, no. 2 (2005): 177–205.

Anonymous. Africa: turning to traditional medicines in fight against malaria. IRIN (news service of the U.N. Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs), November 4, 2009. http://irinnews.org/report.aspx?ReportId=86866.

Anonymous. Report of the International Conference on Traditional Medicine in HIV/AIDS and Malaria (December 5–7, 2000, Nicon Hilton Hotel, Abuja, Nigeria). International Centre for Ethnomedicine and Drug Development and the Bioresources Development and Conservation Programme, 2000. http://intercedd.com/downloads/bdcp-interceddconf.pdf.

Arias, M. E., et al. Antibacterial activity of ethanolic and aqueous extracts of Acacia aroma Gill. ex Hook et Arn. Life Sci 75, no. 2 (2004): 191–202.

Bačkorová M., et al. Variable responses of different human cancer cells to the lichen compounds parietin, atranorin, usnic acid and gyrophoric acid. Toxicol In Vitro 25, no. 1 (2011): 37–44. E-pub (preprint) September 17, 2010.

Batista, R., et al. Plant-derived antimalarial agents: new leads and efficient phytomedicines. Part II. Non-alkaloidal natural products. Molecules 14 (2009): 3037–72.

Bayir, Y., et al. The inhibition of gastric mucosal lesion, oxidative stress and neutrophil-infiltration in rats by the lichen constituent diffractaic acid. Phytomedicine 13, no. 8 (2006): 584–90.

Bazin, M. A., et al. Synthesis and cytotoxic activities of usnic acid derivatives. Bioorg Med Chem 16, no. 14 (2008): 6860–66.

Behera, B. C., et al. Antioxidant and antibacterial activities of lichen Usnea ghattensis in vitro. Biotechnol Lett 27, no. 14 (2005): 991–95.

Behera, B. C., et al. Antioxidant and antibacterial properties of some cultured lichens. Bioresour Technol 99, no. 4 (2008): 776–84.

Behera, B. C., et al. Evaluation of antioxidant potential of the cultured mycobiont of a lichen Usnea ghattensis. Phytother Res 19, no. 1 (2005): 58–64.

Behera, B. C., et al. Tissue culture of some lichens and screening of their antioxidant, antityrosinase and antibacterial properties. Phytother Res 21, no. 12 (2007): 1159–70.

Belofsky, G., et al. Metabolites of the “smoke tree,” Dalea spinosa, potentiate antibiotic activity against multi-drug-resistant Staphylococcus aureus. J Nat Prod 69, no. 2 (2006): 261–64.

Belofsky, G., et al. Phenolic metabolites of Dalea versicolor that enhance antibiotic activity against model pathogenic bacteria. J Nat Prod 67, no. 3 (2004): 481–84.

Bian, X., et al. Study on the scavenging action of polysaccharide of Usnea longissima to oxygen radical and its anti-lipi peroxidation effects. Zhong Yao Cai 25, no. 3 (2002): 188–89.

Boehm, F. Lichens—photophysical studies of potential new sunscreens. J Photochem Photobiol B 95, no. 1 (2009): 40–45.

Brijesh, S., et al. Studies on Pongamia pinnata (L.) Pierre leaves: understanding the mechanism(s) of action in infectious diarrhea. J Zhejiang Univ Sci B 7, no. 8 (2006): 665–74.

Brijesh, S., et al. Studies on the antidiarrhoeal activity of Aegle marmelos unripe fruit: validating its traditional usage. BMC Complement Altern Med 9 (2009): 47.

Burlando, B., et al. Antiproliferative effects on tumour cells and promotion of keratinocyte wound healing by different lichen compounds. Planta Med 75, no. 6 (2009): 607–13.

Burt, S. Essential oils: their antibacterial properties and potential applications in food—a review. Int J Food Microbiol 94, no. 3 (2004): 223–53.

Campanella, L., et al. Molecular characterization and action of usnic acid: a drug that inhibits proliferation of mouse polyomavirus in vitro and whose main target is RNA transcription. Biochimie 84, no. 4 (2002): 329–34.

Cansaran, D., et al. Identification and quantitation of usnic acid from the lichen Usnea species of Anatolia and antimicrobial activity. Z Naturforsch C 61, no. 11–12 (2006): 773–76.

Cermelli, C., et al. Effect of eucalyptus essential oil on respiratory bacteria and viruses. Curr Microbiol 56, no. 1 (2008): 89–92.

Cheng, Y. B., et al. Oral acute toxicity of (+)-usnic acid in mice and its cytotoxicity in rat cardiac fibroblasts. Nan Fang Yi Ke Da Xue Xue Bao 29, no. 8 (2009): 1749–51.

Chérigo, L., et al. Bacterial resistance modifying tetrasaccharide agents from Ipomoea murucoides. Phytochemistry 70, no. 2 (2009): 222–27.

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Artemisia

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Ashwagandha

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Khan, B., et al. Augmentation and proliferation of T lymphocytes and Th-1 cytokines by Withania somnifera in stressed mice. Int Immunopharmacol 6, no. 9 (2006): 1394–403.

Khan, S., et al. Molecular insight into the immune up-regulatory properties of the leaf extract of ashawagandha and identification of Th1 immunostimulatory chemical entity. Vaccine 27, no. 43 (2009): 6080–87.

Kour, K., et al. Restoration of stress-induced altered T cell function and corresponding cytokines patterns by withanolide A. Int Immunopharmacol 9, no. 10 (2009): 1137–44.

Kumar, A., et al. Protective effect of Withania somnifera Dunal on the behavioral and biochemical alterations in sleep-disturbed mice (grid over water suspended method). Indian J Exp Biol 45, no. 6 (2007): 524–28.

Kumar, P., and A. Kumar. Effects of root extract of Withania somnifera in 3-nitropropionic acid-induced cognitive dysfunction and oxidative damage in rats. Intrl J Health Res 1, no. 3 (2008): 139–49.

Kumar, P., et al. Possible neuroprotective effect of Withania somnifera root extract against 3-nitropropionic acid-induced behavioral, biochemical, and mitochondrial dysfunction in an animal model of Huntington’s disease. J Med Food 12, no. 3 (2009): 591–600.

Malik, F., et al. Immune modulation and apoptosis induction: Two sides of antitumoural activity of a standardised herbal formulation of Withania somnifera. Eur J Cancer 45, no. 8 (2009): 1494–509.

Malik, F., et al. A standardized root extract of Withania somnifera and its major constituent withanolide-A elicit humoral and cell-mediated immune responses by up regulation of Th1-dominant polarization in BALB/c mice. Life Sci 80, no. 16 (2007): 1525–38.

Mikolai, J., et al. In vivo effects of ashwagandha (Withania somnifera) extract on the activation of lymphocytes. J Altern Complement Med 15, no. 4 (2009): 423–30.

Mirjalili, M. H., et al. Steroidal lactones from Withania somnifera, an ancient plant for novel medicine. Molecules 14 (2009): 2373–93.

Mishra, L.-C., et al. Scientific basis for the therapeutic use of Withania somnifera (ashwagandha): a review. Altern Med Rev 5, no. 4 (2000): 334–46.

Muralikrishnan, G., et al. Immunomodulatory effects of Withania somnifera on azoxymethane induced experimental colon cancer in mice. Immunol Invest 39, no. 7 (2010): 688–98.

Naidu, P. S., et al. Effect of Withania somnifera root extract on reserpine-induced orofacial dyskinesia and cognitive dysfunction. Phytother Res 20, no. 2 (2006): 140–46.

Niaz, A., et al. Calcium channel blocking activities of Withania coagulans. Afr J Pharm Pharmacol 3, no. 9 (2009): 439–42.

Padmavathi, B., et al. Roots of Withania somnifera inhibit forestomach and skin carcinogenesis in mice. Evid Based Complement Alternat Med 2, no. 1 (2005): 99–105.

Pretorius, E., et al. Comparing the cytotoxic potential of Withania somnifera water and methanol extracts. Afr J Tradit Complement Altern Med 6, no. 3 (2009): 275–80.

Rajasankar, S., et al. Ashwagandha leaf extract: a potential agent in treating oxidative damage and physiological abnormalities seen in a mouse model of Parkinson’s disease. Neurosci Lett 454, no. 1 (2009): 11–15.

Rajasankar, S., et al. Withania somnifera root extract improves catecholamines and physiological abnormalities seen in a Parkinson’s disease model mouse. J Ethnopharmacol 125, no. 3 (2009): 369–73.

Rasool, M., et al. Immunomodulatory role of Withania somnifera root powder on experimental induced inflammation: an in vivo and in vitro study. Vascul Pharmacol 44, no. 6 (2006): 406–10.

Rege, N. N., et al. Adaptogenic properties of six rasayana herbs in Ayurvedic medicine. Phytother Res 13, no. 4 (1999): 275–91.

Sabina, E. P. Evaluation of analgesic, antipyretic and ulcerogenic effort of withaferin A. Intl J Integr Biol 6, no. 2 (2009): 52–56.

Senthilnathan, P., et al. Enhancement of antitumor effect of paclitaxel in combination with immunomodulatory Withania somnifera on benzo(a)pyrene induced experimental lung cancer. Chem Biol Interact 159, no. 3 (2006): 180–85.

Shukla, S. D., et al. Stress induced neuron degeneration and protective effects of Semecarpus anacardium Linn. and Withania somnifera Dunn. in hippocampus of albino rats: an ultrastructural study. Indian J Exp Biol 38, no. 10 (2000): 1007–13.

Singh, A., et al. Effect of natural and synthetic antioxidants in a mouse model of chronic fatigue syndrome. J Med Food 5, no. 4 (2002): 211–20.

Singh, B., et al. Adaptogenic activity of a novel, withanolide-free aqueous fraction from the roots of Withania somnifera Dun. Phytother Res 15, no. 4 (2001): 311–18.

Singh, B., et al. Adaptogenic activity of a novel withanolide-free aqueous fraction from the roots of Withania somnifera Dun. (Part II). Phytother Res 17, no. 5 (2003): 531–36.

Sumantran, V. N., et al. Chondroprotective potential of root extracts of Withania somnifera in osteoarthritis. J Biosci 32, no. 2 (2007): 299–307.

Sundaram, S., et al. In vitro evaluation of antibacterial activities of crude extracts of Withania somnifera (ashwagandha) to bacterial pathogens. Asian J Biotech 3, no. 2 (2011): 194–99.

Teixeira, S. T., et al. Prophylactic administration of Withania somnifera extract increases host resistence in Listeria monocytogenes infected mice. Int Immunopharmacol 6, no. 10 (2006): 1535–42.

Ven Murthy, M. R., et al. Scientific basis for the use of Indian ayurvedic medicinal plants in the treatment of neurodegenerative disorders: ashwagandha. Cent Nerv Syst Agents Med Chem 10, no. 3 (2010): 238–46.

Widodo, N., et al. Deceleration of senescence in normal human fibroblasts by withanone extracted from ashwagandha leaves. J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci 64, no. 10 (2009): 1031–38.

Winters, M. Ancient medicine, modern use: Withania somnifera and its potential role in integrative oncology. Altern Med Rev 11, no. 4 (2006): 269–77.

Winters, Marie. Ancient medicine, modern use: Withania somnifera and its potential role in integrative oncology. Altern Med Rev 11, no. 4 (2006): 269–77.

Yadav, C. S., et al. Propoxur-induced acetylcholine esterase inhibition and impairment of cognitive function: attenuation by Withania somnifera. Indian J Biochem Biophys 47, no. 2 (2010): 117–20.

Ziauddin, M., et al. Studies on the immunomodulatory effects of ashwagandha. J Ethnopharmacol 50, no. 2 (1996): 69–76.

Astragalus

Ai, P., et al. Aqueous extract of astragali radix induces human natriuresis through enhancement of renal response to arterial natriuretic peptide. J Ethnopharmacol 116, no. 3 (2008): 413–21.

Anonymous. Astragalous. Herbs at a Glance NCCAM (updated 2008).

Anonymous. Astragalus membranaceus. Monograph. Altern Med Rev 8, no. 1 (2003): 72–77.

Brush, J., et al. The effect of Echinacea purpurea, Astragalus membranaceus and Glycyrrhiza glabra on CD69 expression and immune cell activation in humans. Phytother Res 20, no. 8 (2006): 687–95.

Cho, J. H., et al. Myelophil, an extract mix of astragali radix and salviae radix, ameliorates chronic fatigue: a randomized, double-blind, controlled pilot study. Complement Ther Med 17, no. 3 (2009): 141–46.

Dobrowolski, C., and K. Jackson. In vitro rate of phagocytosis in macrophages stimulated by Astragalus membranaceus. Journal of Research Across the Disciplines (Jackson University, Jacksonville, Fla.) 2009, no. 1. https://my.ju.edu/departments/AcademicAffairs/WritingAtJU/JRAD/Documents/Dobrowolski-AM_Research_Paper.pdf.

Duan, P., et al. Clinical study on effect of astragalus in efficacy enhancing and toxicity reducing of chemotherapy in patients of malignant tumor. Zhongguo Zhong Xi Yi Jie He Za Zhi 22, no. 7 (2002): 515–17.

Gao, X. P., et al. Effect of huangqi zengmian powder on interstitial response in patients with esophageal cancer at peri-operational period. Zhongguo Zhong Xi Yi Jie He Za Zhi 21, no. 3 (2001): 171–73.

Haixue, K., et al. Secocycloartane triterpenoidal saponins from the leaves of Astragalus membranaceus Bunge. Helv Chim Acta 92, no. 5 (2009): 950–58.

Huang, Z. Q., et al. Effect of Astragalus membranaceus on T-lymphocyte subsets in patients with viral myocarditis. Zhongguo Zhong Xi Yi Jie He Za Zhi 15, no. 6 (1995): 328–30.

Hyun-Jung, P., et al. The effects of Astralagus Membranaceus on repeated restraint stress-induced biochemical and behavioral responses. Korean J Physiol Pharmacol 13, no. 4 (2009): 315–19.

Ka-Shun Ko, J., et al. Amelioration of experimental colitis by Astragalus membranaceus through anti-oxidation and inhibition of adhesion molecule synthesis. World J Gastroenterol 11, no. 37 (2005): 5787–94.

Kemper, K. J., and R. Small. Astragalus (Astragalus membranaceus). Longwood Herbal Task Force, September 3, 1999. http://longwoodherbal.org/astragalus/astragalus.PDF.

Kong, X. F., et al. Chinese herbal ingredients are effective immune stimulators for chickens infected with the Newcastle disease virus. Poult Sci 85, no. 12 (2006): 2169–75.

Li, S. P., et al. Synergy of astragalus polysaccharides and probiotics (Lactobacillus and Bacillus cerus) on immunity and intestinal microbiota in chicks. Poult Sci 88, no. 3 (2009): 519–25.

Li, Z. P., et al. Effect of mikvetch injection on immune function of children with tetralogy of Fallot after radical operation. Zhongguo Zhong Xi Yi Jie He Za Zhi 24, no. 7 (2004): 596–600.

Liu, K. Z., et al. Effects of astragalus and saponins of Panax notoginseng on MMP-9 in patients with type 2 diabetic macroangiopathyl. Zhongguo Zhong Yao Za Zhi 29, no. 3 (2004): 264–66.

Liu, Z. G., et al. Effect of astragalus injection on immune function in patients with congestive heart failure. Zhongguo Zhong Xi Yi Jie He Za Zhi 23, no. 5 (2003): 351–53.

Lu, M.-C., et al. Effect of Astragalus membranaceus in rats on peripheral nerve regeneration: in vitro and in vivo studies. J Trauma 68, no. 2 (2010): 434–40.

Mao, S. P., et al. Modulatory effect of Astragalus membranaceus on Th1/Th2 cytokine in patients with herpes simplex keratitis. Zhongguo Zhong Xi Yi Jie He Za Zhi 24, no. 2 (2004): 121–23.

Mao, X. F., et al. Effects of ß-glucan obtained from the Chinese herb Astragalus membranaceus and lipopolysaccharide challenge on performance, immunological, adrenal, and somatotropic responses of weaning pigs. J Anim Sci 83 (2005): 2775–82.

Matkowski, A., et al. Flavonoids and phenol carboxylic acids in Oriental medicinal plant Astragalus membranaceus acclimated in Poland. Z Naturforsch C 58, no. 7–8 (2003): 602–4.

Peng, A., et al. Herbal treatment for renal diseases. Ann Acad Med Singapore 34 (2005): 44–51.

Schafer, P. Astragalus membranaceus. On the website of Chinese Medicinal Herb Farm. 2009. http://www.chinesemedicinalherbfarm.com/Astragalus%20membran3.pdf.

Shabbir, M. Z., et al. Immunomodulatory effect of polyimmune (Astragalus membranaceus) extract on humoral response of layer birds vaccinated against Newcastle disease virus. Int J Agri Biol 10 (2008): 585–87.

Shen, P., et al. Differential effects of isoflavones, from Astragalus membranaceus and Pueraria thomsonii, on the activation of PPARalpha, PPARgamma, and adipocyte differentiation in vitro. J Nutr 136 (2006): 899–905.

Sheng, B.-W., et al. Astragalus membranaceus reduces free radical-mediated injury to renal tubules in rabbits receiving high-energy shock waves. Chin Med J (English) 118, no. 1 (2005): 43–49.

Shi, F. S., et al. Effect of astragalus saponin on vascular endothelial cell and its function in burn patients. Zhongguo Zhong Xi Yi Jie He Za Zhi 21, no. 10 (2001): 750–51.

Su, L., et al. Effect of intravenous drip infusion of cyclophosphamide with high-dose astragalus injection in treating lupus nephritis. Zhong Xi Yi Jie He Xue Bao 5, no. 3 (2007): 272–75.

Sun, H., et al. Effect on exercise endurance capacity and antioxidant properties of Astragalus membranaceus polysaccharides (APS). J Med Plant Res 4, no. 10 (2010): 982–86.

Taixiang, W., et al. Chinese medical herbs for chemotherapy side effects in colorectal cancer patients. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 25, no. 1 (2005): CD0004540.

Tin, M. Y. Study of the anticarcinogenic mechanisms of Astragalus Membranaceus in colon cancer cells and tumor xenograft. Master’s thesis, Hong Kong Baptist University, 2006. http://www.hkbu.edu.hk/~libimage/theses/abstracts/b20195643a.pdf.

Wang, F., et al. Effect of astragalus on cytokines in patients undergoing heart valve replacement. Zhongguo Zhong Xi Yi Jie He Za Zhi 28, no. 6 (2008): 495–98.

Wang, H. F., et al. Effects of Astragalus membranaceus on growth performance, carcass characteristics, and antioxidant status of broiler chickens. Acta Agric Scand 60, no. 3 (2010): 151–58.

Wang, M. S., et al. Clinical study on effect of astragalus injection and its immunoregulation action in treating chronic aplastic anemia. Chin J Integr Med 13, no. 2 (2007): 98–102.

Wojcikowski, K., et al. Effect of Astragalus membranaceus and Angelica sinensis combined with enalapril in rats with obstructive uropathy. Phytotherapy Research 24, no. 6 (2010): 875–84.

Wu, J., et al. Effect of astragalus injection on serious abdominal traumatic patients’ cellular immunity. Chin J Integr Med 12, no. 1 (2006): 29–31.

Wu, Y., et al. Inhibition of Astragalus membranaceus polysaccharides against liver cancer cell HepG2. African Journal of Microbiology Research 4, no. 20 (2010): 2181–83.

Xian-qing, M., et al. Hypoglycemic effect of polysaccharide enriched extract of Astragalus membranaceus in diet induced insulin resistant C57BL/6J mice and its potential mechanism. Phytomedicine 16, no. 5 (2009): 416–25.

Xiaoyan, Z., et al. Effect of superfine pulverization on properties of Astragalus membranaceus powder. Adv Powder Technol 203, no. 3 (2010): 620–25.

Yang, W. J., et al. Synergistic antioxidant activities of eight traditional Chinese herb pairs. Biol Pharm Bull 32, no. 6 (2009): 1021–26.

Yao-Haur, K., et al. Astragalus membranaceus flavonoids (AMF) ameliorate chronic fatigue syndrome induced by food intake restriction plus forced swimming. J Ethnopharmacol 122, no. 1 (2009): 28–34.

Yu, D. H., et al. Studies of chemical constituents and their antioxidant activities from Astragalus mongholicus Bunge. Biomedical and Environmental Sciences 18 (2005): 297–301.

Zhang, J. G., et al. Clinical study on effect of astragalus injection on left ventricular remodeling and left ventricular function in patients with acute myocardial infarction. Zhongguo Zhong Xi Yi Jie He Za Zhi 22, no. 5 (2002): 346–48.

Zhang, J. G., et al. Effect of astragalus injection plasma levels of apoptosis-related factors in aged patients with chronic heart failure. Chin J Integr Med 11, no. 3 (2005): 187–90.

Zou, Y. H., et al. Effect of astragalus injection combined with chemotherapy on quality of life in patients with advanced non-small cell lung cancer. Zhongguo Zhong Xi Yi Jie He Za Zhi 23, no. 10 (2003): 733–35.

Zwickey, H., et al. The effect of Echinacea purpurea, Astragalus membranaceus and Glycyrrhiza glabra on CD25 expression in humans: a pilot study. Phytother Res 21, no. 11 (2007): 1109–12.

Berberine Plants

Abidi, P., et al. The medicinal plant goldenseal is a natural LDL-lowering agent with multiple bioactive components and new action mechanisms. J Lipid Res 47, no. 10 (2006): 2134–47.

Anonymous. Berberine monograph. Altern Med Rev 5, no. 2 (2000): 175–77.

Anonymous. Mahonia bealei (Fortune) Carrière. Entry in the U.S. Department of Agriculture Natural Resources Conservation Service PLANTS Database. http://plants.usda.gov/java/profile?symbol=MABE2 (accessed January 25, 2011).

Anonymous. Phellodendron. Wikipedia. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phellodendron (accessed January 25, 2010).

Anonymous. Phellodendron amurense. Wikipedia. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phellodendron_amurense (accessed January 25, 2010).

Anonymous. Tinospora cordifolia. Wikipedia. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tinospora_cordifolia (accessed January 25, 2011).

Anonymous. Weed of the week: Amur corktree. U.S. Department of Agriculture Forest Service, Forest Health Staff, Newtown Square, Penn., February 19, 2005. http://na.fs.fed.us/fhp/invasive_plants/weeds/amur-corktree.pdf.

Anonymous. Weed of the week: Japanese barberry. U.S. Department of Agriculture Forest Service, Forest Health Staff, Newtown Square, Penn., June 13, 2005. http://na.fs.fed.us/fhp/invasive_plants/weeds/japanese-barberry.pdf.

Arayne, M. S., et al. The berberis story: Berberis vulgaris in therapeutics, Pak J Pharm Sci 20, no. 1 (2007): 83–92.

Askri, H., et al. Effects of chloropromazine, berberine and verapamil on Escherichia coli heat-labile enterotoxin-induced intestinal hypersecretion in rabbit ileal loops. J Med Microbiol 27 (1988): 99–103.

Ball, A. R., et al. Conjugated berberine to a multidrug resistance pump inhibitor creates an effective antimicrobial. ACS Chem Biol 1, no. 9 (2006): 594–600.

Borysiewicz, J., et al. Determining the invasive capabilities of the exotic tree Phellodendron amurense Rupr. in northeastern North America. Presentation at the Botany 2010 conference, July 31 through August 4, 2010, Providence, Rhode Island. http://2010.botanyconference.org/engine/search/index.php?func=detail&aid=236; http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=C20tvFpBwUE.

Budzinski, J. W., et al. Modulation of human cytochrome P450 3A4 (CYP3A4) and P-glycoprotein (P-gp) in caco-2 cell monolayers by selected commercial-source milk thistle and goldenseal products. Can J Physiol Pharmacol 85, no. 9 (2007): 966–78.

Buhlmann, C., and G. Ross. Quantitation of the alkaloids berberine, palmatine and jatrorrhizine in Mahonia stem by capillary electrophoresis. Pub. no. 5990-3396EN. (Waldbronn, Germany: Agilent Technologies, March 1, 2009). http://chem.agilent.com/Library/applications/5990-3396EN.pdf.

Cao, X., et al. Why is it challenging to predict intestinal drug absorption and oral bioavailability in human using rat model. Pharm Res 23, no. 8 (2006): 1675–86.

Cernáková, M., et al. Antimicrobial activity of berberine—a constituent of Mahonia aquifolium. Folia Microbiol (Prague) 47, no. 4 (2002): 375–78.

Chen, C. M., et al. Determination of berberine in plasma, urine and bile by high-performance liquid chromatography. J Chromatogr B Biomed Appl 665, no. 1 (1995): 117–23.

Chen, F., et al. Optimization of a novel mucoadhesive drug deliver system with ion-exchange resin core loaded with berberine hydrochloride using central composite design methodology. Yao Xue Xue Bao 43, no. 9 (2008): 963–68.

Chen, M. L., et al. Chemical and biological differentiation of cortex phellodendri chinensis and cortex phellodendri amurensis. Planta Med 76, no. 14 (2010): 1530–35.

Chen, Y., et al. Characterization of the transportation of berberine in coptidis rhizoma extract through rat primary cultured cortical neurons. Biomed Chromatogr 22, no. 1 (2008): 28–33.

Chin, L. W., et al. Anti-herpes simplex virus effects of berberine from coptidis rhizoma, a major component of a Chinese herbal medicine, ching-wei-san. Arch Virol 155, no. 12 (2010): 1933–41.

Chiu, H. F., et al. The pharmacological and pathological studies on several hepatic protective crude drugs from Taiwan (I). Am J Chin Med 16, no. 3–4 (1988): 127–37.

Clement-Kruzel, S., et al. Immune modulation of macrophage pro-inflammatory response by goldenseal and astragalus extracts. J Med Food 11, no. 3 (2008): 493–98.

Cuéllar, M. J., et al. Topical anti-inflammatory activity of some Asian medicinal plants used in dermatological disorders. Fitoterapia 72, no. 3 (2001): 221–29.

Cui, W. S., et al. A new isocoumarin from bark of Pellodendron chinense. Nat Prod Res 17, no. 6 (2003): 427–29.

Deng, Y., et al. Simultaneous determination of berberine, palmatine and jatrorrhizine by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry in rat plasma and its application in a pharmacokinetic study after oral administration of coptis-evodia herb couple. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 863, no. 2 (2008): 195–205.

Domadia, P. N., et al. Berberine targets assembly of Escherichia coli cell division protein FtsZ. Biochemistry 47, no. 10 (2008): 3225–34.

Dong, Y., et al. Absorption of extractive rhizoma coptidis in rat everted gut scas. Zhongguo Zhong Yao Za Zhi 33, no. 9 (2008): 1056–60.

Douglas, J. A., et al. Seasonal variation of biomass and bioactive alkaloid content of goldenseal, Hydrastis canadensis. Fitoterapia 81, no. 7 (2010): 925–28.

Draco Natural Products. Corydalis: when life is just a pain. Extrax Fax 2, no. 8 (1999): 1. http://www.dracoherbs.com/assets/Exfax%209908%20final%20-%20new%20addr.PDF.

Freile, M. L., et al. Antifungal activity of aqueous extracts and of berberine isolated from Berberis heterophylla. Acta Farm Bonaerense 25, no. 1 (2006): 83–88.

Freile, M. L., et al. Antimicrobial activity of aqueous extracts and of berberine isolated from Berberis heterophylla. Fitoterapia 74, no. 7–8 (2003): 702–5.

Garcia, G. E., et al. Akt- and CREB-mediated prostate cancer cell proliferation inhibition by nexrutine, a Phellodendron amurense extract. Neoplasia 8, no. 6 (2006): 523–33.

Garrison, R., et al. Effect of a proprietary Magnolia and Phellodendron extract on weight management: a pilot, double-blind, placebo-controlled clinical trial. Altern Ther Health Med 12, no. 1 (2006): 50–54.

Ghosh, R., et al. Phellodendron amurense bark extract prevents progression of prostate tumors in transgenic adenocarcinoma of mouse prostate: potential for prostate cancer management. Anticancer Res 30, no. 3 (2010): 857–66.

Ghosh, R., et al. Regulation of cox-2 by cyclic AMP response element binding protein in prostate cancer: potential role for nexrutine. Neoplasia 9, no. 11 (2007): 893–99.

Gilman, E. F., and D. Watson. Phellodendron amurense: Amur corktree. Florida Cooperative Extension Service, Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences, University of Florida, May 2011. http://edis.ifas.ufl.edu/st437.

Giri, P., et al. Binding of protoberberine alkaloid coralyne with double stranded poly(A): a biophysical study. Mol Biosyst 4, no. 4 (2008): 341–48.

Grippa, E., et al. Inhibition of Candida rugosa lipase by berberine and structurally related alkaloids, evaluated by high-performance liquid chromatography. Biosci Biotechnol Biochem 63, no. 9 (1999): 1557–62.

Gui, S., et al. Study on preparation of berberine microemulsion and its absorption in intestine. Zhongguo Zhong Yao Za Zhi 34, no. 4 (2009): 398–401.

Gui, S. Y., et al. Preparation and evaluation of a microemulsion for oral delivery of berberine. Pharmazie 63, no. 7 (2008): 516–19.

Gupta, P. K., et al. Validation of a liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometric assay for the quantitative determination of hydrastine and berberine in human serum. J Pharm Biomed Anal 49, no. 4 (2009): 1021–26.

Gurley, B. J., et al. Effect of goldenseal (Hydrastis canadensis) and kava kava (Piper methysticum) supplementation on digoxin pharmacokinetics in humans. Drug Metab Dispos 35, no. 2 (2007): 240–5.

Gurley, B. J., et al. Supplementation with goldenseal (Hydrastis canadensis), but not kava kava (Piper methysticum), inhibits human CYP3A activity in vivo, Clin Pharmacol Ther 83, no. 1 (2008): 61–9.

Hajnická, V., et al. Effect of Mahonia aquifolium active compounds on interleukin-8 production in the human monocytic cell line THP-1. Planta Med 68, no. 3 (2002): 266–68.

Harikumar, K. B., et al. Inhibition of progression of erythroleukemia induced by Friend virus in BALB/c mice by natural products—berberine, curcumin and picroliv. J Exp Ther Oncol 7, no. 4 (2008): 275–84.

Hayashi, K., et al. Antiviral activity of berberine and related compounds against human cytomegalovirus. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 17, no. 6 (2007): 1562–64.

Head, Kathleen A. Natural approaches to prevention and treatment of infections of the lower urinary tract. Altern Med Rev 13, no. 3 (2008): 227–44.

Hua, W., et al. Determination of berberine in human plasma by liquid chromatography-electrospray ionization-mass spectrometry. J Pharm Biomed Anal 44, no. 4 (2007): 931–37.

Hwang, B. Y., et al. Antimicrobial constituents from goldenseal (the rhizomes of Hydrastis canadensis) against selected oral pathogens. Planta Med 69, no. 7 (2003): 623–27.

Imanshahidi, M., et al. Pharmacological and therapeutic effects of Berberis vulgaris and its active constituent, berberine. Phytother Res 22, no. 8 (2008): 999–1012.

Inbaraj, J. J., et al. Photochemistry and photocytoxicity of alkaloids from goldenseal (Hydrastis canadensis L.). 2. Palmatine, hydrastine, canadine, and hydrastinine. Chem Res Toxicol 19, no. 6 (2006): 739–44.

Jahnke, G. D., et al. Developmental toxicity evaluation of berberine in rats and mice. Birth Defects Res B Dev Reprod Toxicol 77, no. 3 (2006): 195–206.

James, M. A., et al. Dietary administration of berberine or Phellodendron amurense extract inhibits cell cycle progression and lung tumorigenesis. Mol Carcinog 50, no. 1 (2011): 1–7.

Jia, F., et al. Identification of palmatine as an inhibitor of West Nile virus. Arch Virol 155, no. 8 (2010): 1325–29.

Kai-sum, M., et al. Coptis accumulation of active ingredients. Free Papers Download Center, May 17, 2008. http://eng.hi138.com/?i135909.

Kalman, D. S., et al. Effect of a proprietary Magnolia and Phellodendron extract on stress levels in healthy women: a pilot, double-blind, placebo-controlled clinical trial. Nutr J 21, no. 7 (2008):11.

Karmakar, S. R., et al. Anti-carcinogenic potentials of a plant extract (Hydrastis canadensis): I. Evidence from in vivo studies in mice (Mus musculus). Asian Pac J Cancer Prev 11, no. 2 (2010): 545–51.

Kheir, M. M., et al. Acute toxicity of berberine and its correlation with the blood concentration in mice. Food Chem Toxicol 48, no. 4 (2010): 1105–10.

Khin-Maung-U, et al. Clinical trial of berberine in acute watery diarrhoea. Br Med J (Clin Res Ed) 291, no. 6509 (1985): 1061–65.

Khin-Maung-U, et al. Clinical trial of high-dose berberine and tetracycline in cholera. J Diarrhoeal Dis Res 5, no. 3 (1987): 184–87.

Kim, J. B., et al. The alkaloid berberine inhibits the growth of anoikis-resistant MCF-7 and MD-AMB-231 breast cancer cell lines by inducing cell cycle arrest. Phytomedicine 17, no. 6 (2009): 436–40.

Kim, J. H., et al. Effect of Phellodendron amurense in protecting human osteoarthritic cartilage and chondrocytes. J Ethnopharmacol 134, no. 2 (2011): 234–42. E-pub (preprint) December 21, 2010.

Kim, J. S., et al. Immunoquantitative analysis for berberine and its related compounds using monoclonal antibodies in herbal medicines. Analyst 129, no. 1 (2004): 87–91.

Kulkami, S. K., et al. Berberine: a plant alkaloid with therapeutic potential for central nervous system disorders. Phytother Res 24, no. 3 (2010): 317–24.

Kumar, A. P., et al. Akt/camp-responsive element binding protein/cyclin D1 network: a novel target for prostate cancer inhibition in transgenic adenocarcinoma of mouse prostate model mediated by nexrutine, a Phellodendron amurense bark extract. Clin Cancer Res 13, no. 9 (2007): 2784–94.

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Waterhouse, D. F. Bidens pilosa. In Biological Control of Weeds: Southeast Asian Prospects, 26–33. Canberra: Australian Centre for International Agricultural Research, 1994. http://aciar.gov.au/files/node/2160/MN26%20Part%203.pdf.

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Black Pepper/Piperine

Al-Fatimi, M., et al. Antimicrobial, cytotoxic and antioxidant activity of selected basidiomycetes from Yemen. Pharmazie 60, no. 10 (2005): 776–80.

Allameh, A., et al. Piperine, a plant alkaloid of the piper species, enhances the bioavailability of afloxin B1 in rat tissues. Cancer Lett 61, no. 3 (1992): 195–99.

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Atal, C. K. Biochemical basis of enhanced drug availability by piperine: evidence that piperine is a potent inhibitor of drug metabolism. J Pharmacol Exp 232, no. 1 (1985): 258–62.

Badmaev, V., et al. Piperine derived from black pepper increases the plasma levels of coenzyme Q10 following oral supplementation. J Nutr Biochem 11, no. 2 (2000): 109–13.

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Dama, M. S., et al. Effect of trikatu pretreatment on the pharmacokinetics of pefloxacin administered orally in mountain Gaddi goats. J Vet Sci 9, no. 1 (2008): 25–29.

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Mujumdar, A. M., et al. Effect of piperine on pentobarbitone induced hypnosis in rats. Indian J Exp Biol 28, no. 5 (1990): 486–87.

Najar, I. A., et al. Involvement of P-glycoprotein and CYP 3A4 in the enhancement of eteposide bioavailability by a piperine analogue. Chem Biol Interact 190, no. 2–3 (2011). E-pub (preprint) February 17, 2011.

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Rho, M. C., et al. ACAT inhibition of alkamides identified in the fruits of Piper nigrum. Phytochemistry 68, no. 6 (2007): 899–903.

Sabina, E. P., et al. A role of piperine on monosodium urate crystal-induced inflammation—an experimental model of gouty arthritis. Inflammation 34, no. 3 (2011). E-pub (preprint) 2010.

Sasidharan, I. Comparative chemical composition and antimicrobial activity of berry and leaf essential oils of Piper nigrum L. IJBMR 1, no. 4 (2010): 215–18.

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Shoba, G., et al. Influence of piperine on the pharmacokinetics of curcumin in animals and human volunteers. Planta Med 64, no. 4 (1998): 353–56.

Suresh, D. V, et al. Binding of bioactive phytochemical piperine with human serum albumin: a spectrofluorometric study. Biopolymers 86, no. 4 (2007): 265–75.

Thummel, K. Gut instincts: CYP3A4 and intestinal drug metabolism. J Clin Invest 117, no. 11 (2007): 3173–76.

Volak, L. P., et al. Curcuminoids inhibit multiple human cytochromes P450, UDP-glucuronosyltransferase, and sulfotransferaseenzymes, whereas piperine is a relatively selective CYP3A4 inhibitor. Drug Metab Dispos 36, no. 8 (2008): 1594–605.

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Boneset

Anonymous. Chemicals in: Eupatorium perfoliatum L. (Asteraceae). Entry in Dr. Duke’s Phytochemical and Ethnobotanical Databases. http://ars-grin.gov/duke (accessed December 9, 2010).

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Gassinger, C. A. A controlled clinical trial for testing of efficacy of the homeopathic drug Eupatorium perfoliatum D2 in the treatment of common cold (author’s transl). Arzneimittelforschung 31, no. 4 (1981): 732–36.

Habtemariam, S., et al. Cytotoxicity and antibacterial activity of ethanol extract from leaves of a herbal drug, boneset (Eupatorium perfoliatum). Phytother Res 14, no. 7 (2000): 575–77.

Herz, W., et al. Sesquiterpene lactones of Eupatorium perfoliatum. J Org Chem 42, no. 13 (1977): 2264–71.

Lang, G., et al. Antiplasmodial activities of sesquiterpene lactones from Eupatorium semialatum, Z Naturforsch C 57, no. 3–4 (2002): 282–86.

Lira-Salazar, G., et al. Effects of homeopathic medications Eupatorium perfoliatum and Arsenicum album on parasitemia of Plasmodium berghei-infected mice. Homeopathy 95, no. 4 (2006): 223–28.

Maas, M., et al. Caffeic acid derivatives from Eupatorium perfoliatum L. Molecules 14, no. 1 (2008): 36–45.

Robinson, G., et al. Medical attributes of Eupatorium perfoliatum—boneset. Paper developed for a course in medical botany at Wilkes University, Wilkes-Barre, Penn., July 2007. http://klemow.wilkes.edu/Eupatorium.html.

Wagner, H., et al. Immunological studies of plant combination preparations. In-vitro and in-vivo studies on the stimulation of phagocytosis. Arzneimittelforschung 41, no. 10 (1991): 1072–76.

Woerdenbag, H. J. Enhanced cytostatic of the sesquiterpene lactone eupatoriopicrin by glutathione depletion. Br J Cancer 59, no. 1 (1989): 68–75.

Cryptolepis

Ameyaw, Y., et al. Quality and harvesting specifications of some herbalists in the eastern region of Ghana. Ethnobotanical Leaflets (2005). http://ethnoleaflets.com/leaflets/eghana.htm.

Ameyaw, Y., et al. The impact of pH and soil nutrients on the total alkaloid content of Cryptolepis sanguinolenta (Lindl.) Schtr. Biosci Biotech Res Asia 4, no. 2 (2007): 1.

Amponsah, K., et al. Manual for the propagation and cultivation of medicinal plants of Ghana. Accra, Ghana: Aburi Botanic Garden (University of Ghana), 2002. Available from CabDirect at http://cabdirect.org/abstracts/20073006217.html.

Anasah, C., et al. In vitro genotoxicity of the West African anti-malarial herbal Cryptolepis sanguinolenta and its major alkaloid cryptolepine. Toxicology 208, no. 1 (2005): 141–47.

Anonymous. Antimicrobial properties of some West African medicinal plants II. Antimicrobial activity of aqueous extracts of Cryptolepis sanguinolenta (Lindl.) Schlechter. Quart. J. Crude Du Res 17, no. 2 (1979): 78–80.

Anonymous. Cryptolepis: An African traditional medicine that provides hope for malaria victims. Herbal Gram 60 (2003): 54–59, 67.

Anonymous. Cryptolepis buchanani. Brief profile on the website of Ayurvedic Community at http://ayurvediccommunity.com/Botany.asp?Botname=Cryptolepis%20buchanani (accessed December 28, 2010).

Anonymous. Review of cryptoline. On the website of EurekaMag.com at http://eurekamag.com/review/c/427/cryptolepine.php (accessed November 20, 2010).

Anonymous. Selected African botanical remedies. http://academic.cengage.com/resource_uploads/downloads/049511541X_122179.pdf.

Anonymous. Shyamlata. On the website of AyurvedaConsultants.com at http://ayurvedaconsultants.com/images/doctor/ayurveda/ayurvedic-herb-shyamlata.aspx (accessed December 28, 2010).

Ansah, C., et al. Anxiogenic effects of an aqueous crude extract of Cryptolepis sanguinolenta (Periploceae) in mice. Int J Pharmacol 4, no. 1 (2008): 20–26.

Ansah, C., et al. Cryptolepine provokes changes in the expression of cell cycle proteins in growing cells. Am J Pharmacol Tox 4, no. 4 (2009): 177–85.

Ansah, C., et al. The popular herbal antimalarial, extract of Cryptolepis sanguinolenta, is potently cytotoxic. Oxford J Life Sci Med Tox Sci 70, no. 2 (2002): 245–51.

Ansah, C., et al. Reproductive and developmental toxicity of Cryptolepis sanguinolenta in mice. Res J Pharmacol 4, no. 1 (2010): 9–14.

Ansah, C., et al. Toxicological evaluation of the anti-malarial herb Cryptolepis sanguinolenta in rodents. J Pharmacol Toxicol 3 (2008): 335–43.

Appiah, Alfred A. The golden roots of Cryptolepis sanguinolenta. In African natural plant products: new discoveries and challenges in chemistry and quality, ed. H. R. Juliani, J. E. Simon, and C.-T. Ho, 231–39. ACS Symposium Series 1021. American Chemical Society, 2009.

Asase, A., et al. Medicinal plants used for the treatment of malaria in Wechiau Community Hippopotamus Sanctuary in Ghana. Abstract of an oral presentation made at the Society for Economic Botany’s 48th annual meeting, June 4–7, 2007, at Lake Forest College, Chicago, Ill. http://econbot.org/_organization_/07_annual_meetings/meetings_by_year/2007/pdfs/abstracts/asase.pdf.

Bakhlet, A. O., et al. Therapeutic utility, constituents and toxicity of some medicinal plants: a review. Vet Human Toxicol 37, no. 3 (1995): 255–58.

Banerji, J., et al. A novel route to anticonvulsant imesatins and an approach to cryptolepine, the alkaloid from Cryptolepis sp. Indian J Chem 44B (2005): 426–29.

Bérangére, G., et al. Synthesis and evaluation of analogues of 10H-indol[3-2-b]-quinoline as G-quadruplex stabilizing ligands and potential inhibitors of the enzyme telomerase. Org Biomol Chem 2 (2004): 981–88.

Bierer, D. E., et al. Antihyperglycemic activities of crytolepine analogues: an ethnobotanical lead structure isolated from Cryptolepis sanguinolenta. J Med Chem 41, no. 15 (1998): 2754–64.

Bierer, D. E., et al. Ethnobotanical-directed discovery of the antihyperglycemic properties of cryptolepine: its isolation from Cryptolepis sanguinolenta, synthesis, and in vitro and in vivo activities. J Med Chem 41, no. 6 (1998): 894–901.

Bierer, D. E. Hypoglycemic agent from cryptolepis. U.S. Patent 5,917,052, filed September 28, 1994, and issued June 29, 1999.

Boakye-Yiadom, K., et al. Cryptolepine hydrochloride effect on Staphylococcus aureus. J Pharm Sci 68, no. 12 (1979): 1510–14.

Bugyei, K. A., et al. Clinical efficacy of a tea-bag formulation of Cryptolepis sanguinolenta root in the treatment of acute uncomplicated falciparum malaria. Ghana Med J 44, no. 1 (2010): 3–9.

Cimanga, K., et al. In vitro and in vivo antiplasmodial activity of cryptolepine and related alkaloids from Cryptolepis sanguinolenta. J Nat Prod 60, no. 7 (1997): 688–91.

Cimanga, K., et al. In vitro biological activities of alkaloids from Cryptolepis sanguinolenta. Planta Med 62, no. 1 (1996): 22–27.

Dankwa, Kwabena. Evaluation of antimalarial activity of four (4) Cryptolepis sanguinolenta based herbal preparations on Plasmodium berghei in mice. Thesis, Kwame Nkruma University of Science and Technology (Ghana), 2006. http://dspace.knust.edu.gh/dspace/handle/123456789/1590.

Dassonneville, L., et al. Cytotoxicity and cell cycle effects of the plant alkaloids cryptolepine and neocryptolepine: relation to drug-induced apoptosis. Eur J Pharmacol 409, no. 1 (2000): 9–18.

Gibbons, S., et al. Cryptolepine hydrochloride: a potent antimycobacterial alkaloid derived from Cryptolepis sanguinolenta. Phytother Res 17, no. 4 (2003): 434–36.