Appendices
1 Dates of Shakespeare’s works
| 1589–92? |
The Taming of the Shrew |
| 1591 |
2 Henry VI |
| 1591 |
3 Henry VI |
| 1591–2 |
The Two Gentlemen of Verona |
| 1591–2 |
Titus Andronicus |
| 1592 |
1 Henry VI (with Thomas Nashe and others?) |
| 1592–4 |
Richard III |
| 1593 |
Narrative poem: Venus and Adonis |
| 1593–4 |
Narrative poem: The Rape of Lucrece |
| 1593–1608 |
Sonnets |
| 1594 |
The Comedy of Errors |
| 1595 |
Love’s Labour’s Lost |
| 1595–6 |
A Midsummer Night’s Dream |
| 1595–6 |
King Richard II |
| 1595–6 |
Romeo and Juliet |
| 1595–7 |
King John |
| 1596–8 |
The Merchant of Venice |
| 1596–7 |
1 Henry IV |
| 1597–8 |
2 Henry IV |
| 1597–1601 |
The Merry Wives of Windsor |
| 1598–9 |
Much Ado About Nothing |
| 1599 |
Henry V |
| 1599 |
Julius Caesar |
| 1599 |
Poem To the Queen |
| 1599–1600 |
As You Like It |
| 1600–1601 |
Hamlet |
| 1601 |
Poem Let the Bird of Loudest Lay (The Phoenix and Turtle) |
| 1601 |
Twelfth Night; or, What You Will |
| 1601–2 |
Troilus and Cressida |
| 1604 |
Othello |
| 1604 |
Measure for Measure |
| 1605 |
All’s Well that Ends Well |
| 1605 |
Timon of Athens (with Thomas Middleton?) |
| 1605–6 |
King Lear |
| 1606 |
Macbeth |
| 1606–7 |
Antony and Cleopatra |
| 1608 |
Coriolanus |
| 1608 |
Pericles (with George Wilkins) |
| 1609–10 |
Cymbeline |
| 1610–11 |
The Winter’s Tale |
| 1611 |
The Tempest |
| 1613 |
Henry VIII or All is True (with John Fletcher) |
| 1613–14 |
The Two Noble Kinsmen (with John Fletcher) |
| Lost plays: Love’s Labour’s Won 1595–7; Cardenio (with John Fletcher) 1612–13 |
2 Some key dates, 1485–1633
| 1485 |
Battle of Bosworth, death of Richard III, accession of Henry VII |
| 1509 |
Accession of Henry VIII |
| 1532 |
Divorce of Catherine of Aragon |
| 1533 |
Marriage of Anne Boleyn and birth of Elizabeth |
| 1534 |
Formal breach with the Church of Rome |
| 1535 |
Execution of Thomas More, Chancellor of England |
| 1536 |
Execution of Anne Boleyn |
| 1547 |
Death of Henry VIII, accession of Edward VI |
| 1553 |
Death of Edward VI, accession of Mary I |
| 1554 |
Marriage of Mary and Philip of Spain |
| 1556 |
Burning of Thomas Cranmer |
| 1558 |
Death of Mary I, accession of Elizabeth I |
| 1559 |
Elizabethan Church Settlement Acts of Uniformity and Supremacy |
| 1563 |
John Foxe’s Acts and Monuments (‘Book of Martyrs’) published |
| 1564 |
Death of Michelangelo, birth of Galileo, birth of Christopher Marlowe. Birth of William Shakespeare, 23 April (?); christened at Holy Trinity Church, Stratford-upon-Avon, 26 April |
| 1568 |
Mary Queen of Scots escapes to England |
| 1570 |
Excommunication of Elizabeth I by Pope Pius V |
| 1576 |
James Burbage opens The Theatre in Shoreditch, North London |
| 1577–80 |
Francis Drake circumnavigates the globe |
| 1582 |
William Shakespeare marries Anne Hathaway |
| 1583 |
Shakespeare’s daughter Susanna born |
| 1584 |
John Lyly: Sappho and Phao |
| 1583 |
Formation of the Queen’s Men |
| 1585 |
Shakespeare’s twins, Hamnet and Judith, born |
| 1587 |
Mary Queen of Scots executed |
| 1587 |
Christopher Marlowe: Tamburlaine the Great |
| 1588 |
Defeat of Spanish Armada |
| 1588–92 |
Christopher Marlowe: Doctor Faustus; Edward II; The Jew of Malta |
| 1589–92 |
Thomas Kyd: The Spanish Tragedy |
| 1592 |
Plague in London: playhouses close for two years |
| 1593 |
Christopher Marlowe killed in Deptford, 30 May |
| 1594 |
Thomas Nashe: The Unfortunate Traveller – precursor of the novel form |
| 1595 |
Shakespeare by now established as actor and writer; named as one of the players performing before Elizabeth I |
| 1596 |
Shakespeare’s son Hamnet dies |
| 1597 |
Shakespeare buys New Place, Stratford-upon-Avon |
| 1599 |
Essex’s expedition to quell Ireland ends with truce made with Earl of Tyrone |
| 1599 |
John Marston: Antonio and Mellida |
| 1600–1601 |
John Marston: Antonio’s Revenge; Shakespeare: Hamlet |
| 1601 |
Shakespeare’s father John Shakespeare dies. Earl of Essex rebellion and execution |
| 1603 |
Death of Elizabeth. Accession of James I, son of Mary Queen of Scots |
| 1603–4 |
John Marston: The Malcontent; The Dutch Courtesan |
| 1605 |
Ben Jonson, George Chapman, John Marston: Eastward Ho! |
| 1605 |
The Gunpowder Plot |
| 1605–6 |
Ben Jonson: Volpone; Shakespeare: King Lear |
| 1606 |
Shakespeare: Macbeth |
| 1608 |
Shakespeare’s granddaughter Elizabeth Hall born; his mother Mary Arden dies |
| 1609 |
Ben Jonson and Inigo Jones: Masque of Queens |
| 1610 |
Ben Jonson: The Alchemist |
| 1611 |
Authorized version of the Bible |
| 1611 |
Thomas Middleton: A Chaste Maid in Cheapside |
| 1611 |
Shakespeare’s The Winter’s Tale and The Tempest performed at Court |
| 1612 |
Death of James I’s eldest son, Prince Henry |
| 1612 |
John Webster: The White Devil |
| 1613 |
Globe Theatre burns down; Shakespeare retires from theatre? |
| 1613 |
John Webster: The Duchess of Malfi |
| 1614 |
New Globe theatre opens |
| 1616 |
Shakespeare dies (23 April?); Ben Jonson publishes his own Works in folio |
| 1620 |
The Mayflower sails to New England, where the Pilgrim Fathers establish a colony |
| 1621 |
The poet John Donne becomes Dean of St Paul’s |
| 1622 |
Thomas Middleton and William Rowley: The Changeling |
| 1623 |
First Folio of Shakespeare’s Complete Works published by John Heminges and Henry Condell |
| 1625 |
James I dies; accession of Charles I (executed 1649) |
| 1629–33 |
John Ford: ’Tis Pity She’s a Whore; Love’s Sacrifice |
3 The English monarchs, 1154–1649
THE HOUSE OF PLANTAGENET
| Henry II |
(1133–89) |
reigned 1154–89 |
| Richard, Coeur de Lion |
(1157–99) |
reigned 1189–99 |
| John |
(1166–1216) |
reigned 1199–1216 |
| Henry III |
(1207–72) |
reigned 1216–72 |
| Edward I |
(1239–1307) |
reigned 1272–1307 |
| Edward II |
(1284–1327) |
reigned 1307–27 |
| Edward III |
(1312–77) |
reigned 1327–77 |
| Richard II |
(1367–1400) |
reigned 1377–99 |
The sons of Edward III were:
1 Edward, Prince of Wales, The Black Prince (1330–76)
2 Lionel, Duke of Clarence (1338–68)
3 John of Gaunt, Duke of Lancaster (1340–99)
4 Edmund of Langley, Duke of York (1341–1402)
5 Thomas of Woodstock, Duke of Gloucester (1354–97).
Richard II was the son of Edward the Black Prince, eldest son of Edward III, who predeceased his father, the throne thereby going to Richard. He was deposed by Bolingbroke, son of John of Gaunt, Duke of Lancaster, who became Henry IV.
THE HOUSE OF LANCASTER (EMBLEM THE RED ROSE)
| Henry IV |
(1366–1413) |
reigned 1399–1413 |
| Henry V |
(1386–1422) |
reigned 1413–22 |
| Henry VI |
(1421–71) |
reigned 1422–61; 1470–71 |
THE HOUSE OF YORK (EMBLEM THE WHITE ROSE)
| Edward IV |
(1422–83) |
reigned 1461–70; 1471–83 |
| Edward V |
(1470–?83) |
reigned 1483 |
| Richard III |
(1452–85) |
reigned 1483–85 |
1 King Edward IV, the son of Richard, Duke of York (1411–60), was killed by Queen Margaret (1429–82, wife of Henry VI) and the Lancastrians at the Battle of Wakefield. Edward IV’s brothers were Clarence and Richard of Gloucester. Edward IV’s claim to the throne came from the fourth son of Edward III, Edmund of Langley, first Duke of York.
2 Edward V, son of Edward IV, was one of the two princes, the other being his brother, Richard, reputedly murdered in the Tower of London by Richard III.
3 Richard III, Richard, Duke of Gloucester, was brother of Edward IV and George, Duke of Clarence. He was killed at the Battle of Bosworth, 1485, by Henry Tudor, son of Margaret Beaufort (1441–1509), who was descended from John of Gaunt, third son of Edward III. She had married Edmund Tudor, Earl of Richmond, son of Katherine of France by Katherine’s second husband, Owen Tudor. Katherine’s first husband was Henry V. For some, the Tudor’s claim to the throne was thereby somewhat doubtful.
THE HOUSE OF TUDOR (EMBLEM THE TUDOR ROSE, COMBINING WHITE AND RED)
| Henry VII |
(1457–1509) |
reigned 1485–1509 |
| Henry VIII |
(1491–1547) |
reigned 1509–47 |
| Edward VI |
(1537–53) |
reigned 1547–53 |
| Mary I |
(1516–58) |
reigned 1553–8 |
| Elizabeth I |
(1533–1603) |
reigned 1558–1603 |
1 Henry VII attempted to strengthen his newly created dynasty, combining the red rose of Lancaster with the white rose of York, by marrying on 18 January 1486 Elizabeth of York (1466–1503). She was the eldest child of Edward IV, niece of Richard III and sister of Edward V and Richard, the princes ‘murdered’ in the Tower.
2 Henry VIII had six wives, the first being Catherine of Aragon (1485–1536), whom he married in 1509, following the death in 1502 of Catherine’s first husband, Henry’s elder brother Arthur Tudor, Prince of Wales (1486–1502).
3 Edward VI’s mother was Jane Seymour (1508?–37), Henry’s third wife, who died 12 days after the birth of Edward in 1537.
4 On the death of Edward VI in 1553, Lady Jane Grey (1536/7?–54), the great grand-daughter of Henry VII through his younger daughter Mary, was proclaimed queen in accordance with the Protestant Edward VI’s instructions. She ‘reigned’ for only nine days (10–19 July) before being deposed. She was subsequently executed in February 1554.
5 The Catholic Queen Mary I’s mother was Catherine of Aragon, Henry VIII’s first wife.
6 Queen Mary I in 1554 married Philip of Spain (1527–98), who became co-regent with Mary (1554–8).
7 Queen Elizabeth I’s mother was Anne Boleyn (c.1501/7–36). She was executed for adultery, incest and high treason on 19 May 1536.
THE HOUSE OF STUART
| James |
(1566–1625) |
reigned as James VI, King of Scotland 1567–1625 and as James I, King of England 1603–25 |
| Charles I |
(1600–1649) |
reigned 1625–49 |
1 King James I was the son of Mary, Queen of Scots (1542–87), who was descended from Margaret Tudor (1489–1541), elder daughter of Henry VII and Elizabeth of York. Mary, Queen of Scots, having fled to England in 1568, was executed by Elizabeth I in 1587. The two queens never met.
2 Charles I was executed in 1649 at the end of the English Civil War, after which Oliver Cromwell (1599–1658) ruled the country as the Commonwealth. The monarchy was restored in 1660 with the son of Charles I becoming Charles II (1630–85), who reigned 1660–85.
4 Selected bibliography and further reading
Alexander, N., Poison, Play and Duel: A Study in Hamlet (London: Routledge and Kegan Paul, 1971)
Auden, W. H., Introduction to The Sonnets and Narrative Poems (New York: Knopf, 1992)
Barber, C. L., Shakespeare’s Festive Comedy (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1959)
Bate, J., The Genius of Shakespeare (London: Picador, 2008)
Bate, J., Soul of the Age: The Life, Mind and World of William Shakespeare (London: Penguin, 2009)
Belsey, C., Shakespeare and the Loss of Eden: The Construction of Family Values in Early Modern Culture (Basingstoke: Macmillan, 1985)
Bennett, S., Performing Nostalgia: Shifting Shakespeare and the Contemporary Past (London and New York: Routledge, 1996)
Berry, R., Shakespeare and the Awareness of the Audience (Basingstoke: Macmillan, 1985)
Berry, R., The Shakespeare Metaphor: Studies in Language and Form (London and Basingstoke: Macmillan, 1978)
Bethell, S. L., Shakespeare and the Popular Dramatic Tradition (London: P. S. King and Staples, 1944)
Bulman, J. C., (ed.), Shakespeare, Theory and Performance (London and New York: Routledge, 1996)
Briggs, J., This Stage-Play World: Texts and Contexts, 1580–1625 (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1997)
Brown, J. R., Shakespeare and his Comedies (London: Methuen, 1968)
Brown, J. R., Shakespeare in Performance (Harmondsworth: Penguin Shakespeare Library, 1969)
Brown, R. D. and Johnson, D. (eds.), A Shakespeare Reader: Sources and Criticism (Basingstoke: Macmillan in association with the Open University, 2000)
Bryson, B., Shakespeare (London: Harper Press, 2007)
Cartmell, D., Interpreting Shakespeare on Screen (Basingstoke: Macmillan, 2000)
Cartmell, D. and Scott, M. (eds.), Talking Shakespeare: Shakespeare into the Millennium (Basingstoke: Palgrave, 2001)
Crawforth, H., Dustager, S., and Young, J., Shakespeare in London (London: Bloomsbury, 2015)
Crystal, D., ‘Think on My Words’: Exploring Shakespeare’s Language (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2008)
Dollimore, J. and Sinfield, A. (eds.), Political Shakespeare: New Essays in Cultural Materialism (Manchester: Manchester University Press, 1985)
Dollimore, J., Radical Tragedy: Religion, Ideology and Power in the Drama of Shakespeare and his Contemporaries (London: Palgrave Macmillan, 3rd edition, 2010)
Drakakis, J. (ed.), Alternative Shakespeares (London: Methuen, 1985)
Drakakis, J. (ed.), Shakespearean Tragedy (London: Longman, 1992)
Duffy, E., The Stripping of the Altars: Traditional Religion in England 1400–1580 (New Haven and London: Yale University Press, 2005)
Duncan-Jones, K., Shakespeare: An Ungentle Life (London: Arden Shakespeare, Methuen Drama, 2010)
Dusinberre, J., Shakespeare and the Nature of Women (London: Macmillan, 1975)
Evans, B., Shakespeare’s Comedies (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1960)
Evans, M., Signifying Nothing: Truth’s True Contents in Shakespeare’s Text (Brighton: Harvester Press, 1986)
French, M., Shakespeare’s Division of Experience (London: Jonathan Cape, 1982)
Frye, H. Northrop, A Natural Perspective: The Development of Shakespearean Comedy and Romance (New York: Columbia University Press, 1965)
Greenblatt, S., Will in the World: How Shakespeare Became Shakespeare (London: Jonathan Cape, 2004)
Greenblatt, S., Renaissance Self-Fashioning: From More to Shakespeare (Chicago: The University of Chicago Press, 1980)
Greenblatt, S., Shakespeare’s Freedom (Chicago: The University of Chicago Press, 2010)
Greenblatt, S., Shakespearean Negotiations: The Circulation of Social Energy in Renaissance England (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1992)
Gurr, A., Playgoing in Shakespeare’s London (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 3rd edition, 2004)
Hawkes, T., Meaning by Shakespeare (London and New York: Routledge, 1992)
Hawthorn, J., A Concise Glossary of Contemporary Literary Theory (London: Edward Arnold, 1992)
Holden, A., William Shakespeare: His Life and Work (London: Little, Brown, 1999)
Holderness, G., Shakespeare: The Histories (London: Palgrave Macmillan, 2000)
Holderness, G., Visual Shakespeare: Essays in Film and Television (Hatfield: University of Hertfordshire Press, 2002)
Honigmann, E. A. J., Shakespeare: Seven Tragedies: The Dramatist’s Manipulation of Response (Basingstoke: Macmillan, 1976)
Jardine, L., Reading Shakespeare Historically (London and New York: Routledge, 1996)
Jardine, L., Still Harping on Daughters: Women and Drama in the Age of Shakespeare (New York and London: Harvester Wheatsheaf, 1983)
Jones, E., Scenic Form in Shakespeare (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1971)
Kantorowicz, E. H., The King’s Two Bodies: A Study in Mediaeval Political Theology (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1998)
Karim-Cooper, F. and Stern, T. (eds.), Shakespeare’s Theatres and the Effects of Performance (London and New York: Bloomsbury Arden Shakespeare, 2014)
Kastan, D. S., A Will to Believe: Shakespeare and Religion (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2014)
Klein, H. and Wymer, R. (eds.), Shakespeare and History – Shakespeare Yearbook, Vol. 6 (Lewiston: Edwin Mellen Press, 1996)
Knight, G. Wilson, The Wheel of Fire (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1930; London and New York: Routledge, 2001)
Kott, J. (trans. Taborski, B.), Shakespeare Our Contemporary (London: Methuen, revised edition, 1967)
Leggatt, A., Shakespeare’s Comedy of Love (London: Methuen, 1974)
Leggatt, A., Shakespeare’s Political Drama: The History Plays and the Roman Plays (London: Routledge, 1989)
MacGregor, N., Shakespeare’s Restless World (London: Penguin, 2012)
Maguire, L. and Smith, E., 30 Great Myths about Shakespeare (Chichester: Wiley-Blackwell, 2013)
McAlindon, T., Shakespeare and Decorum (London and Basingstoke: Macmillan, 1973)
Milling, J. and Ley, G., Modern Theories of Performance (Basingstoke: Palgrave, 2001)
Nevo, R., Comic Transformations in Shakespeare (London: Routledge, reprint edition, 2004)
Nicholl, C., The Lodger: Shakespeare on Silver Street (London: Allen Lane, 2007)
Peck, M. and Coyle, J., Literary Terms and Criticism (Basingstoke: Macmillan, 1993)
Ryan, K., Shakespeare (Basingstoke: Palgrave, 3rd edition, 2002)
Ryan, K. (ed.), Shakespeare: Texts and Contexts (Basingstoke: Macmillan in association with The Open University, 2000)
Salinger, L. Shakespeare and the Traditions of Comedy (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1974)
Scott, M., Renaissance Drama and a Modern Audience (London: Macmillan, 1982)
Scott, M., Shakespeare and the Modern Dramatist (Basingstoke: Macmillan, 1989)
Scott, M. (gen. ed.), The Critics Debate (Basingstoke: Macmillan):
Daniell, D., The Tempest (1989); Davison, P., Othello (1988); Hattaway, M., Hamlet (1987); King, B., Coriolanus (1989); Knowles, R., Henry IV Parts I & II (1992); Overton, B., The Winter’s Tale (1989); Thompson, A., King Lear (1988); Wharton, T. F., Measure for Measure (1989)
Scott, M. (gen. ed.), Text and Performance (Basingstoke: Macmillan):
Davison, P., Hamlet (1983); Draper, R. P., The Winter’s Tale (1985); Hirst, D. L., The Tempest (1984); Holding, P., Romeo and Juliet (1992); Mason, P., Much Ado About Nothing (1992); Nicholls, G., Measure for Measure (1986); Overton, B., The Merchant of Venice (1987); Page, M., Richard II (1987); Potter, L., Twelfth Night (1985); Salgādo, G., King Lear (1984); Scott, M., Antony and Cleopatra (1983); Warren, R., A Midsummer Night’s Dream (1983); Wharton, T. F., Henry the Fourth Parts 1 & 2 (1983); Williams, G., Macbeth (1985); Wine, M., Othello (1984)
Scott, M., Shakespeare’s Comedies (London: Hodder & Stoughton, 2014)
Scott, M., Shakespeare’s Tragedies (London: Hodder & Stoughton, 2015)
Selden R., A Reader’s Guide to Contemporary Literary Theory (Brighton: The Harvester Press, 1985)
Shell, A., Shakespeare and Religion (London: Bloomsbury, 2010)
Shapiro, J., Contested Will: Who Wrote Shakespeare? (London: Faber and Faber, 2010)
Shapiro, J., 1599: A Year in the Life of William Shakespeare (London: Faber and Faber, 2005)
Shapiro, J., 1606: William Shakespeare and the Year of Lear (London: Faber and Faber, 2016)
Tennenhouse, L., Power on Display: The Politics of Shakespeare’s Genres (London and New York: Methuen, 1986)
Traversi, D. A., An Approach to Shakespeare, Vol. 1 (New York: Doubleday, 1969)
Vickers, B., Appropriating Shakespeare. Contemporary Critical Quarrels (New Haven and London: Yale University Press, 1993)
Wells, S., Shakespeare, Sex & Love (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2010)
Wells, S., Shakespeare For All Time (London: Macmillan, 2002)
Wilson, R. N., Julius Caesar (Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan, 2001)
Wood, M., In Search of Shakespeare (London: BBC Books, 2005)