Abakumov, Viktor, 215
Adzhubei, Alexei, 186, 236, 237, 321
agriculture, 167, 180, 199, 228, 259, 317, 323; lack of Politburo representation of, 52. See also collectivization; peasants
Afinogenov, Alexander, 155
Agricultural Academy (Timiryazevka), 69, 186, 196
Akhmatova, Anna, 191
Alliluyev, Fedor (brother of Nadya), 198
Alliluyev, Joseph (son of Svetlana), 164, 194, 264, 317
Alliluyev, Pavel (brother of Nadya), 68, 79, 103, 138
Alliluyev, Sergei (father of Nadya), 29, 66, 327
Alliluyeva (Redens), Anna, 68, 79, 138, 198, 326
Alliluyeva, Nadezhda (Nadya), 7, 18, 28, 31, 64, 66, 67, 69, 112, 264, 317, 319, 321; death of, 7, 79–81, 110, 123, 175, 289 n. 14; friends of, 69, 133; health of, 79; and Stalin, 78–79, 327; as student, 63, 68, 79, 80
Alliluyeva, Svetlana, 7, 8, 9, 54, 66, 67, 69, 70, 71, 79, 80, 104, 108, 117, 138, 155, 163, 165, 175, 188, 184, 191, 221, 223, 261, 263–64, 318; affairs of, 163–64, 263; biography of, 317; defection of, 8, 263–64; education of, 71, 175, 187; friends of, 125, 179, 320; marriages and divorces of, 164, 186, 194–95, 198, 263, 328; as memoirist, 12; and Stalin, 112, 116, 199, 204, 225
Alliluyeva, Zhenya (sister-in-law of Nadya), 68, 138, 198
Andreasian, Napoleon, 137
Andreev, Andrei, 3, 5, 27, 28, 32, 34, 56, 60, 67, 71, 74, 89, 110, 141, 167, 184, 187, 202, 218, 262, 265, 299 n. 9; biography of, 8, 28, 317; in collectivization, 50, 52; contacts with intelligentsia of, 187; contacts with military of, 163; in faction fights of 1920s, 28, 122; family and social life of, 141, 238; friends of, 66, 163; in Great Purges, 28, 126–27, 129, 135; health of, 141, 161, 180, 190, 216; in post-Stalin period, 222, 238–39; in postwar period, 180, 209, 213; in Second World War, 154–55, 161. See also Khazan
Andreeva, Natalia (daughter of Andrei), 187, 262, 317, 322
Andropov, Yury, 265
anti-cosmopolitan campaign, 192–93
Anti-Party Group, 5, 6, 249–53, 254, 256–57, 311 n. 20, 318, 320, 323, 324, 331
Antipov, Nikolai, 130, 132, 135
anti-Semitism, 3, 144, 147, 180, 205, 226, 228, 253, 270, 331; and anti-cosmopolitan campaign, 192; popular, 94, 228; Stalin and, 203–4, 215–17, 275
archives and sources, 5, 7, 10–11, 12
Arendt, Hannah, 9
Armenia/Armenians, 110, 127, 249; in central leadership positions, 16, 17, 30, 65, 324
Arosev, Alexander, 103, 105, 135–36, 241, 260; biography of, 317
Aroseva, Olga, 241–42, 260, 317
atomic project, 157, 177, 182, 235, 318
aviation, 150–51, 157, 172, 177–78, 247
Baltic states, 147–48, 149, 168, 169; de-russification in, 228. See also Latvia/Latvians
Belorussia, 147; de-russification in, 228; political leadership of, 231
Benjamin, Walter, 105
Beria, Lavrenty, 3, 4, 5, 8, 10, 64, 70, 89, 98, 110, 140, 150–51, 152, 178, 184, 185, 189, 190, 196, 198, 203, 205, 208, 220, 242, 261, 262, 277, 299 n. 9; ambitions of, 14, 230; arrest and execution of, 4, 6, 233–36, 251, 277, 331; biography of, 8, 9, 61, 317–18; and bomb, 182; in collectivization, 61; contacts with intelligentsia of, 186–87; contacts with military of, 163; and de-russification, 230–31; family and social life of, 185–86, 188; and foreign policy, 143, 147, 183, 231–32; foreign travel of, 173; friends of, 163, 234; in Great Purges, 127, 128, 134, 135, 138; and Jewish question, 200–201, 204, 218, 231; and Leningrad affair, 206–7; lifestyle of, 190–91; and Mingrelian affair, 219–20; and NKVD, 140; in post-Stalin leadership, 225, 229, 230–33, 241; in postwar leadership, 177, 186, 209–11, 213, 215, 219–20; rumored to be Jewish, 220, 228–29, 235; as scapegoat, 6, 158, 235–36; in Second World War, 152–55, 158, 167–68; as sexual predator, 8, 234–35; and Stalin, 68, 194, 195, 197, 225, 243; at Stalin’s deathbed, 221–23
Beria, Nina (wife of Lavrenty, née Gegechkori), 68–69, 70, 186, 190, 195, 196, 205, 220–21, 235, 264, 318
Beria, Sergo (son of Lavrenty), 8, 10, 174, 184, 187–88, 194–95, 209–10, 220, 235, 262, 264, 318, 320
Berlin: Battle of, 161, 169; Berlin Wall, 232; blockade of, 206, 232; uprising in, 233
Berman, Jakub, 189
Bierut, Bolesław, 246
Birobidzhan, 200
Bohlen, Charles, 241
Bolshevik Party, ix, 15, 17, 23, 323; Central
Committee of, 16, 29, 325. See also Communist Party of the Soviet Union
Bolshoi Theatre, 106, 107, 109, 110, 163, 318
Bonner, Elena, 137
“bourgeois specialists,” 49–50. See also intelligentsia
Brecht, Bertholt, 105
Brezhnev, Leonid, 62, 254, 255, 258, 260, 265, 267, 277, 322
Britain, 35, 38, 97, 102, 135, 145–46, 149–50, 157, 173, 201; Embassy of, 175
Britanskii soiuznik (magazine), 175, 193
Bubnov, Andrei, 110; biography of, 318
Budenny, Marshal Semen, 93, 110, 155; biography of, 318
Bukharin, Nikolai, 15, 17, 32, 33, 34, 35, 40, 42, 70, 87, 110, 120, 130, 259–60, 274; biography of, 318; and Comintern, 96; on Ezhov, 116; family and social life of, 6; in Great Purges, 123–25, 133, 134; on Great Purges, 114; and “Letter of an Old Bolshevik,” 98; as Rightist, 53–58, 73, 79; at XVII Party Congress, 89–90; and Stalin, 32, 54–55, 57, 65, 66, 114, 123; trial and execution of, 118. See also Gurvich, Esfir; Gurvich, Svetlana; Larina, Anna
Bulganin, Nikolai, 184, 197, 199, 218, 220, 221, 256, 265; and “Anti-Party Group,” 249–50, 252; biography of, 318; family and social life of, 179, 187, 238; in post-Stalin leadership, 224, 229, 236, 237–38, 240, 247, 248, 254; in postwar leadership, 179, 205, 207, 208, 209–10, 213
Bureau of the Presidium of the Central Committee. See Presidium
bureaucracy, 21, 75–76; as target in Cultural Revolution, 49; conflicts within, 50–51
Byrnes, James F., 181
Caucasus, 16, 17, 19, 38, 54, 61, 94, 235, 321; Caucasian bureau, 29; Caucasians in central leadership positions, 65; de-russification in, 228; nationalists in, 220. See also Armenia; Azerbaijan; Georgia
Central Asia, 166, 251; de-russification in, 228
Central Committee (of Communist Party of the Soviet Union), ix, 24, 26, 27, 73, 112, 116, 145, 175, 202, 216, 231, 251, 252, 253, 272, 319; agitprop department of, 196; “Central Committee majority,” 32; impact of Great Purges on, 128, 245;; October plenum (1952) of, 212–13; in ouster of “Anti-Party Group,” 250–51; in ouster of Khrushchev, 257; personnel (cadres) department of, 22–23, 32, 142, 319, 322, 323; in postwar period, 175; science department of, 195–96, 331; secretaries of, 23, 24, 27, 28, 91, 142, 161, 177–78, 179, 180, 191, 209, 212, 224, 243, 247, 250, 321, 322, 323, 324, 325, 326, 327, 330–31. See also Communist Party of the Soviet Union
Chamberlain, Austen, 61
Cheka. See security organs
Cheptsov, General Alexander, 216; biography of, 319
Chernenko, Konstantin, 266, 267
children of Stalin’s team, 6, 8–9, 70–71, 110, 155; adopted, 70–71; attitude to Stalin of, 225; infatuation with America of, 9, 175, 236; and intelligentsia, 187–88; “Kremlin children’s affair,” 324, 326; language knowledge of, 174–75; and loyalty to fathers, 8, 262–64; reform inclinations of, 237; wartime casualties among, 164–66; in wartime evacuation, 163–64
China, 38, 82, 100, 174, 249; Cultural Revolution in, 49
Chubar, Vlas, 3, 68, 72, 81, 289 n. 14; biography of, 319; and famine in Ukraine, 81; and Great Purges, 129, 131–32, 134, 135, 140, 245
Chuev, Felix, 31, 96, 125, 129, 134, 221, 234, 258, 259, 267, 319
Churchill, Winston, 46, 172, 175, 181–83, 192, 239–40
Civil War, ix, 16, 17, 21, 25, 26, 27, 31, 39, 45, 93, 111, 134, 141, 148, 149, 162; as bonding experience, 25, 45, 65–66; remembered and mythologized, 50, 51, 93, 139
Cold War, 12, 73, 181–83, 201–2, 227, 248, 271
collective leadership, 3, 4, 13, 156, 199, 209–10, 224, 227, 229–30, 239, 245, 247, 254, 255, 258, 273, 274; after Stalin’s death, 275–76, 277–78, 315 n. 7
collectivization, 4, 43, 45–46, 51–52, 61, 78, 83, 128, 270; as model for East Germany, 232; remembered by team, 139, 259
Cominform, 183
Comintern, ix, 32, 53, 57, 58, 96, 98, 103, 105, 137, 147, 183, 318. See also Popular Front
Communist Academy, 107
Communist Party of the Soviet Union, ix, 22; Central Control Commission of (TsKK), 30, 40–41, 53, 56, 71, 86, 320, 322, 325, 326; in Civil War, 45, 74; national composition of, 16; Party Control Commission of (KPK), 317, 319, 320, 326, 330; as “proletarian” party, 15, 24, 45; XIII Party Conference (1924), 22; veterans in, 169–70. See also Central Committee; Politburo; Presidium
congresses of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union, 33, 41, 290, n. 2; XIII (1924), 23; XV (1927), 48, 53, 54; XVII, 89–91; XVIII (1939), 141–43
conspiracy, 35, 39, 120, 121, 124, 220; and culture of party, 78; Lenin as practitioner of, 16–17; Stalin as practitioner of, 78–79
control commissions. See Communist Party of the Soviet Union: Central Control Commission of; Soviet Control Commission
Council of Ministers (earlier, Council of People’s Commissars), ix, xi, 75, 132, 159, 231, 272; chairmen and deputies of, 73–74, 153, 158, 177, 197, 209, 224, 230, 239–40, 256, 317, 318, 319, 320, 321, 322, 323, 326, 327, 330; in Great Purges, 128, 130, 132, 135
Council of People’s Commissars (Sovnarkom). See Council of Ministers
Crankshaw, Edward, 226
Crimea, 186, 238, 257; proposed autonomous Jewish region in, 200–201, 212; transfer to Ukraine of, 240
Cuban Missile Crisis, 257
cults: Beria’s, 220, 231; cult of personality, 245, 309 n. 5; Stalin’s, 91–96, 272
Cultural Revolution, 49, 62–63, 106, 117; Chinese, 49
dachas, 23, 66–67, 69, 107–8, 132, 152–53, 186, 190, 233, 237, 241, 257, 258; Stalin’s, 3, 54, 66, 77, 195, 205, 211, 214, 220–21, 249, 274, 275
Davies, Ambassador Joseph, 95–96
Davies (née Post), Marjorie (wife of ambassador), 95, 288 n. 6
death penalty, 40, 41, 118, 120. See also Great Purges: individual victims of
Dekanozov, Vladimir, 149
deportations, 42; from Leningrad, 112; of oppositionists, 41–42; of peasants, 46, 81, 84; rumors of impending Jewish, 219; wartime, 158, 168, 219
de-Stalinization, 6, 227, 243, 246, 250, 256–57, 259, 261, 263, 265, 321
dictatorship: class, 314 n. 2, party, 277; personal, 253, 271, 273, 277, 314 n. 2; proletarian, 40; Stalin’s and Hitler’s, 146
Djilas, Milovan, 189
diplomats/diplomacy, 1, 35, 38, 97, 101–2, 104–5, 146, 163, 165, 193, 206, 241
Doctors’ Plot, 215, 216–19, 227, 228, 230, 231, 235, 276, 307 n. 16, 324
dress of leaders, 30, 45, 64–65. 92, 93, 111, 162, 170, 236
Duranty, Walter, 95
Dzerzhinsky, Felix, 20, 47, 260; biography of, 319
Dzhugashvili, Colonel Evgeny (son of Yakov), 265
Dzhugashvili, Iosif Vissarionovich. See Stalin, Joseph
Dzhugashvili, Keto (mother of Stalin), 80
Dzhugashvili, Yakov (son of Stalin), 8, 164–66, 273, 327
Eastern Europe, 171, 181, 183, 190, 232, 246–50, 247. See also Hungary; Poland economy, 21, 43, 45, 142, 182, 257, 260
economic planning, 47, 48, 74, 157
education, 28, 71, 196, 318, 322; “class” policies in, 62; employment of wives in, 69; policy issues in, 51
Efremova, Maria (wife of Tomsky), 23, 55, 79, 328
Egorov, Marshal Alexander, 79, 110, 162; biography of, 319
Egorova, Galina, 79, 110, 318, 319
Ehrenburg, Ilya, 105
Eismont, Nikolai, 86
Eliseev’s (grocery), 111
enemies: class, 43–44, 45, 49, 112, 117, 124; “of the people,” 125, 259; Stalin on, 217
entrepreneurial spirit, 77
Enukidze, Avel, 66, 67, 78, 80, 84, 87–88, 122, 274, 289 n. 14; disgrace and execution of, 117–18
Eremenko, Marshal Andrei, 166
everyday approach, 12, 270, 276
Evtushenko, Evgeny, 226, 237, 265
Ezhov, Nikolai, 110, 111, 112–13, 119, 121, 124, 133, 135, 136, 139, 142, 236; biography of, 116–17, 319–20; fall of, 140
Ezhova, Evgenia, 110–11, 140, 320
factions, 16, 21, 33, 72, 271; avoiding appearance of, 57–58
famines: of 1933–34, 82–84, 108, 259; of 1946–47, 84, 167; in Ukraine (Holodomor), 81, 83–84
February Revolution. See Revolution of February 1917
Finland, 103, 144, 148–49, 178, 331
First Five-Year Plan, 43, 47–48, 50, 61, 73, 89, 111
First World War, 16, 28, 154, 329
folklore, 11, 93–94, 307 n. 17
Ford, Henry, 104
foreign intervention, 39, 50, 97, 172; fear of, 39
foreign languages: studied by Stalin and team, 96–97, 100–101, 143, 146; studied by team’s children, 173–74
foreign policy, 39–40, 95, 100–101, 105, 143, 145–48, 199, 227, 231–32, 240–41, 251. See also ministries of Soviet government: Foreign Affairs
foreign travel, 96–97, 109, 236, 240, 253, 256, 318
foreigners, contact with, 95–99, 148, 192–93, 322
Forster, E. M., 105
Fourth International, 98
French Revolution, 21, 40, 115, 140
friendship, 57, 65, 108, 274, 286 n. 12
Frunze, Mikhail, 70; biography of, 320
Frunze, Tanya (daughter of Frunze, adopted by Voroshilov), 70, 187, 237, 320, 329
Frunze, Timur (son of Frunze, adopted by Voroshilov), 70, 165, 320, 329
funerals, 264–65, 267–68; Kalinin’s, 179; Khrushchev’s, 265, 313 n. 7; Lenin’s, 20; Mikhoels’s, 204; Stalin’s, 221, 224–26; Zhdanov’s, 184
Gamarnik, Jan, 121, 137, 162; biography of, 320
Geneva Summit (1955), 236
Georgia/Georgians, 17, 19, 29, 89, 95, 110, 139, 187, 195, 220, 231, 246; in central leadership positions, 8, 16, 30, 65, 66, 317, 319, 325, 327; nationalism in, 38
Germany, 101, 136, 143, 149–50, 152, 173, 232, 299 n. 8, 328, 331; attack on Soviet Union of June 1941, 151–52; Embassy of, 39; German Democratic Republic (GDR, East Germany), 174, 232, 233; Federal Republic of, 232; intelligence service of, 121–22; invasion of Poland by, 147; policy toward, 143–44, 147–48, 172; refugees from, 98; reparations from, 183; Soviet Military Administration (SVAG) in, 180
German-Soviet Nonaggression Pact, 147–48, 324
Gide, André, 105
GKO. See State Defense Committee
Glinka, Mikhail, 194
Goldshtein, Boris (Busya), 99–100
Golubtsova, Valeria (wife of Malenkov), 68, 239, 323–24
Gorbachev, Mikhail, 260, 265, 267–68
Gorbman, Golda. See Voroshilova
Gorky, Maxim, 89, 107–8, 195, 327, 330; biography of, 320; health of, 107
Gosplan. See State Planning Commission
Great Fatherland War. See Second World War
Great Purges, 3, 4, 7, 108, 110, 113–42, 198, 206, 207, 212, 236, 261, 270, 272, 273, 274; after-effects of, 192; arrests and executions in, 128, 140, 243, 245, 259, 297 n. 21; impact on team, 65, 160; individual victims of, 124, 131, 133, 140, 212, 318, 319, 320, 322, 325, 326, 327, 328, 329, 330, 331; responsibility for, 243–44, 260
Gulag, x, 46–47, 125, 134, 158, 192, 199, 226, 228, 235; releases from, 241–42, 263
Gurvich, Esfir (2nd wife of Bukharin), 54–55, 66, 68, 125, 318
Gurvich, Svetlana (daughter of Bukharin), 54, 125, 318
health of leaders, 18–19, 41, 97, 107, 116, 131, 133, 141, 155, 161, 169, 175–76, 178, 179, 180, 189–90, 197, 219, 222
Hemingway, Ernest, 236
Higher Party School, 69
Hindus, Maurice, 143
Hitler, Adolf, 2, 145, 147, 149, 152, 167, 183
Hoover, Herbert, 61
Hull, Cornell, 104
Huxley, Aldous, 105
Ignatiev, Semyon, 217
Industrial Academy, 62–63, 68, 79, 80, 317, 327
industrialization, 4, 8, 35, 43, 47–48, 52–53, 63, 103, 259, 274
Institute of Red Professors, 49–50, 62, 68, 107, 157, 327, 329
Institute of World Economy, 99
intellectuals, Communist, 107; European, 105–6; Jewish, 200; in party leadership, 24, 27, 51, 62; hostility toward, 49
intelligentsia, Russian/Soviet, 106–10, 217, 228, 248, 265; postwar disciplining of, 178, 191–94; team contacts with, 186–87, 191; team’s children and, 187–88, 195, 263
interests, representation of, 74–77, 274
Ivan the Terrible (Tsar), 152
Izvestiia (newspaper), 100, 237, 266, 318
Jewish Anti-Fascist Committee (JAC), x, 200–202, 204, 205, 207, 212, 218, 324; trial of, 215–16, 319, 323
Jews, 200–205, 212, 216–17, 219, 222, 242; American, 200–202; as “bourgeois nationalists,” 207, 217–18; in central leadership positions, 16, 17, 24, 94, 102, 144, 151, 215, 320, 321, 323, 326, 327, 330, 331; emigration of, 201; Jewish question, 276–77; Jewish wives of leaders, 68; rumors of deportation of, 219; survivors of German occupation, 168. See also anti-Semitism; Doctors’ Plot; Israel
journalists, 101, 163; foreign, 95, 98–99, 176, 193
Kaganovich, Lazar, 3, 16, 17, 32, 36, 41, 51, 62, 63, 64, 73, 80, 87, 89, 96, 98, 111, 112, 116, 120, 140–41, 147, 150–51, 186, 190, 199, 249, 257, 265, 277, 299 n. 9, 319; and “Anti-Party Group,” 249–53; biography of, 8, 26–27, 320; bullying style of, 65; in collectivization, 51; contacts with intelligentsia of, 107–8, 110; contacts with military of, 162; and culture, 105, 107–8, 110; death of, 267, 268; and de-Stalinization, 244; fall of, 5, 7; family and social life of, 26, 238, 258, 267; and famine of 1932–33, 83; and foreign policy, 152, 232; friends of, 66, 121, 138, 162–63, 330; in Great Purges, 126, 127–28, 132, 133; on Great Purges, 115, 129; as Jew, 94, 218, 242, 253, 257; and Jewish question, 199, 202, 203, 218; memoirs of, 258–59; as Moscow leader, 75; post-1957 fate of, 255–56, 258; in post-Stalin leadership, 222, 224, 229, 231, 233, 239, 242, 248; in postwar leadership, 209, 213; and railways, 76, 160; in Second World War, 153, 154–55, 158, 159–60; as secretary of Central Committee, 90, 91; on Spanish Civil War, 104–5; and Stalin, 64, 67, 71, 73, 91, 92, 99, 100, 101, 119, 129, 138, 261; on Stalin, 32, 75, 76, 104–5; as Stalinist, 243, 251; and Stalin’s legacy, 259; and trade unions, 58, 59; and Ukraine, 179–80
Kaganovich, Maria (wife of Lazar), 68, 81, 320
Kaganovich, Maya (daughter of Lazar), 70, 187, 237, 267, 320
Kaganovich, Mikhail (brother of Lazar), 26, 150–51, 261; biography of, 320–21
Kaganovich, Yury (adopted son of Lazar), 70, 104, 320
Kalinin, Mikhail, 3, 5, 11, 15, 17, 28–29, 32, 34, 56, 60, 71, 72, 89, 91, 92, 96, 110, 141, 170, 260, 299 n. 9; biography of, 29, 321; in collectivization, 51–52; death of, 179; friends of, 66; in Great Purges, 129, 133–34; health of, 133, 141, 179; as party “proletarian,” 24; as “peasants’ friend,” 84–85; places named for, 13, 94; political troubles of, 36, 61; popular image of, 29, 54, 94; in Second World War, 154–55, 161; and Stalin, 65, 94; and Supreme Soviet, 75, 117; and wife’s arrest, 133. See also Lorberg, Ekaterina
Kamenev, Lev, 16, 18, 20, 27, 34, 35, 112–13, 124; biography of, 321; expulsion from party of, 41; in faction fights of 1920s, 41; marriages of, 70; meeting with Bukharin of, 56–57, 59–60; readmission to party of, 89; rehabilitation of, 260; relatives of, 118; and Stalin, 33, 65; trials and execution of, 117–18, 123
Kameneva, Olga, 69, 103, 118, 321, 329
Kapler, Alexei, 164
Karpovskaya, Polina. See Zhemchuzhina, Polina
Kavtaradze, Sergo, 139
Kazakhstan/Kazakhs, 125, 182, 240; famine in, 82; Trotsky’s exile to, 41
Kennedy, John (US President), 112
KGB. See security organs
Khachaturian, Aram, 193
Khazan, Dora (wife of Andreev), 28, 63, 68, 69, 80–81, 129, 133, 203, 317
Khlevniuk, Oleg V., 5–6, 272–73, 280
Khrulev, General Andrei, 163
Khrushchev, Leonid (son of Nikita), 165
Khrushchev, Nikita Sergeevich, 1, 3, 5, 6, 11, 64, 70, 71, 110, 111, 121, 124, 127, 141, 147, 149, 178, 184, 186, 208, 219, 221, 262, 263–64, 268, 299 n. 9, 311 n. 20, 312 n. 3; ambitions of, 14, 236, 249, 277; and “Anti-Party Group,” 250–52, 256–57, 267, 277, 324; biography of, 8, 62–63, 321; contacts with military of, 162–63; death of, 265; and de-Stalinization, 242, 243–46, 310 n. 15, 312 n. 3; fall of, 255, 275–78; family and social life of, 165, 237–38; on famine, 84; and foreign policy, 240–41, 251; foreign travel of, 174, 236, 240, 253, 256; friends of, 121, 179, 221, 328, 330; in Great Purges, 122, 128, 129, 132, 141–42; health of, 180, 190; and Hungarian Revolution, 247–48; and Jewish question, 205, 218;; on Leningrad affair, 206–7; and Malenkov, 238, 251; memoirs of, 11, 258, 264; and Molotov, 232–33, 234, 248, 249, 251; as Moscow leader, 75, 89, 128, 155; and Poland in 1956, 246–47; popular opinion of, 252–53, 276; in post-Stalin leadership, 224, 228–29, 231, 237–41, 242, 254; in postwar leadership, 209–10, 212, 213, 215, 220; in power (1957–64), 254, 256, 257, 275, 277, 315 n. 7, 323; and removal of Beria, 233–36; and Right, 63, 259–60; in Second World War, 159, 166–67; and socialism, 233, 236; and Stalin, 159, 129, 197–98, 225, 259; on Stalin, 33, 129, 132, 134, 135, 199, 214, 217, 312 n. 4; and Ukraine, 148, 168, 179–80. See also Kucharchuk-Khrushcheva, Nina; Secret Speech
Khrushchev, Sergei (son of Nikita), 11, 69, 174, 186, 217, 237, 238, 239, 262, 265–66, 321
Khrushcheva, Rada (daughter of Nikita), 179, 186, 187, 236, 321
Kirov, Sergei, 3, 5, 11, 29, 32, 36, 54, 56, 57, 60, 61, 64, 65, 67, 71, 89, 96, 110, 184, 289 n. 14, 322; biography of, 8, 31, 321; as Central Committee secretary, 90–91; in faction fights of 1920s, 34; friends of, 31, 57, 66, 87, 321; as Leningrad leader, 34, 53, 75, 77; murder of, 31, 65, 111–13, 116, 203, 243, 245; places named for, 13, 94, 157; popular image of, 94, and Stalin, 31, 178. See also Markus, Maria
Klyueva, Nina, 192
Klyueva-Roskin affair, 192
Kogan-Kuibysheva, Evgenia (2nd wife of Kuibyshev), 68, 322
Koestler, Arthur, 125
Komsomol, x, 24, 44, 178; congresses of, 63
Konev, Marshal Ivan, 163, 169, 247
Korean War, 227
Korneichuk, Alexander, 148, 162, 251
Kosior, Kazimir, 131
Kosior, Stanislav, 3, 53, 71, 75, 82, 289 n. 14; biography of, 321–22; and famine in Ukraine, 81–82, as Great Purges victim, 131–32, 134, 140, 245
Kosior, Vladislav, 131
Kosygin, Alexei, 62, 15, 178, 255, 260; biography of, 322 “Kremlin children.” See children of Stalin’s team
Kriukova, Maria (folk bard), 93
Krupskaya, Nadezhda, 20, 23, 54, 96, 323; biography of, 322; and education, 51, 69; and Lenin, 20, 323, and Stalin, 20
Krzhizhanovsky, Gleb, 62
Kucharchuk-Khrushcheva, Nina (wife of Khrushchev), 69, 70, 179, 238, 265, 321
Kuibyshev as wartime seat of government, 154–55, 159, 161, 163, 165, 175, 188 Kuibyshev, Valerian, 3, 27, 30, 32, 35, 42, 51, 59, 64, 71, 72, 73, 86, 89, 91, 96, 100, 220, 262, 289 n. 14; biography of, 27–28, 322; friends of, 30, 65, 66, 87, 110; marriages of, 70; places named for, 94; and Supreme Economic Council, 47–48, 50, 53, 74
Kuibysheva, Galina (daughter of Valerian), 187, 322
Kuibysheva, Galina (sister of Valerian), 262
Kurchatov, Igor, 182
Kutuzov, Mikhail, 155
Kuusinen, Otto, 103
Kuznetsov, Admiral Nikolai, 142, 160, 163, 167, 179, 185, 318; biography of, 322
Kuznetsov, Alexei, 155, 169, 184, 208, 210, 322; biography of, 178, 322; in Leningrad affair, 206–7
Kuznetsova, Alla (daughter of Alexei), 207, 225, 322
Larin, Yuri (son of Bukharin), 125, 318
Larina, Anna (wife of Bukharin), 123, 125, 318
Latvia/Latvians, 29, 149, 193; in central leadership positions, 16, 28, 131, 144, 326; de-russification in, 230; political leadership of, 230–31
Left Opposition, x, 32, 45, 46, 28, 57, 116, 131, 259, 321, 326, 328, 331; defeat of, 41–42, 48; outlawed, 56; repentance of, 63, 92
Lenin, Vladimir, 2, 7, 15, 17, 41, 42, 43, 51, 54, 92, 96, 107, 152, 245, 260, 273, 278, 322, 325; biography of, 323; colleagues’ relations with, 65; death of, 20; and factions, 16, 30, 271; as head of government, 73–74; last illness of, 18–19; “Leninist norms,” 236, 258; as modernizer, 33; on NEP, 44; and Stalin, 18–20; “Testament” of, 19, 54, 325–26; on Transcaucasus Federation, 19, 29, 31; and Trotsky, 17, 18
Leningrad, x, 75, 77, 90–91, 158, 191; in Great Purges, 128; leaders from, 178; Leningrad Affair, 3, 206–7, 209, 227, 245, 251, 259, 322, 330; political leadership of, 19, 31, 32, 34, 35, 90–91, 141, 206, 322, 327, 329, 330, 331; in Second World War, 155, 160, 168, 330
Lewin, Moshe, 272
Lezhava, Olga (4th wife of Kuibyshev), 68, 322
Lilina, Zlata (wife of Zinoviev), 69, 331
Litvinov, Maxim, 102–3, 128, 143–44; biography of, 323
Litvinova, Ivy (wife of Maxim, née Low), 102, 322
Lorberg, Ekaterina (wife of Kalinin), 29, 68, 134, 179, 321
Lozovsky, Solomon, 200, 204, 205, 212, 215–16; biography of, 323
Ludwig, Emil, 96
Lysenko, Trofim, 196, 237; biography of, 323
Maisky, Ivan Mikhailovich, 102
Malenkov, Andrei (son of Georgy), 8, 10, 174, 184, 187–88, 262, 265, 323
Malenkov, Egor (son of Georgy), 174, 187, 323
Malenkov, Georgy, 3, 5, 10, 140, 178, 185–86, 189, 196, 205, 221, 222, 254, 262, 267, 277; and “Anti-Party Group,” 249–53; and Beria, 186, 231, 233–34; biography of, 8, 62, 323–24; contacts with military of, 163; death of, 265; fall of, 5, 7; family and social life of, 186, 188, 238, 257, 258; and foreign policy, 183–84, 227; foreign travel of, 236; friends of, 163, 323; in Great Purges, 127, 133–36, 244; and Jewish question, 205, 216, 218; and Khrushchev, 239, 251; and Leningrad affair, 206–7, 251; lifestyle of, 191; post-1957 fate of, 256–57; in post-Stalin leadership, 222, 224–25, 228–29, 230, 233–34, 236, 239–40, 248; in postwar leadership, 176, 177–78, 197, 209, 213, 219, 220, 237–38; in Second World War, 152–59, 163, 166–67; and Stalin, 199, 213, 225, 230; as Stalinist, 243. See also Golubtsova, Valeria
Malenkova, Valentina (daughter of Georgy), 179, 188, 205, 323
Maly theater, 106
Mandelstam, Nadezhda, 116
Mannerheim, Baron Carl Gustaf, 148
Mao Tse-tung, 174
Markus, Maria (wife of Kirov), 31, 68, 321
marriage: with foreigners, 193, 227, 263; nonregistration of, 70, 263; of team’s children, 194, 207
Marx, grave of, 173
marxism, 17, 21, 25, 56, 182–83, 198, 235
memoirs, 6, 7, 10, 258–59, 262, 264, 265, 317
Mensheviks, x, 15, 39, 97, 123, 328, 330
Menzhinsky, Vyacheslav, 38, 39, 41–42; biography of, 47, 324
Merkulov, Vsevolod, 167
Meyerhold, Vsevolod, 110
Mezhlauk, Valery, 135
Mikhailova, Olga (wife of Budenny), 110, 318
Mikhoels, Solomon, 164, 200–203, 218, 230; biography of, 324
Mikoyan, Anastas, 3, 5, 17, 30, 32, 34, 54, 58, 61, 65, 67, 68, 70, 73, 89, 100, 102, 111, 141, 172, 184, 189, 190, 194, 236, 259, 263–64, 265, 274, 277, 301 n. 2, 307 n. 17, 313 n. 5, 331; and “Anti-Party Group,” 250–51; biography of, 9, 30–31, 324; in collectivization, 51, 52; conciliatory impulses of, 36, 59, 233, 258, 313 n. 7; contacts with military of, 162–63; death of, 265–66; and de-Stalinization, 243–46; in faction fights of 1920s, 35; family and social life of, 31, 70, 129, 166, 188, 207, 237, 258; and foreign policy, 147, 152, 183; foreign travel of, 96, 97, 103–4, 174; friends of, 30, 31, 66–67, 121, 320, 329; in Great Purges, 126, 127, 128, 129, 135, 136–37; and Hungarian Revolution, 247–48; and Khrushchev, 249, 250, 258; language studies of, 174; memoirs of, 11, 12, 259, 307 n. 17; in 1957 crisis, 7; on Ordzhonikidze’s suicide, 120–21; as patron and protector, 110, 136–37, 263, 313 n. 5; and Poland in 1956, 247; political troubles of, 3–4, 13, 211, 274–75; post-1957 jobs of, 255; in post-Stalin leadership, 222, 224, 227, 233, 235, 237; postwar expectations of, 171; in postwar leadership, 176, 205–6, 209, 210–11, 212–15, 221, 245; and rehabilitations, 241–42; retirement of, 255; and Right, 259–60; in Second World War, 152–58; and Stalin, 91–92, 177, 181, 185, 199, 211–13, 219, 259; on Stalin, 138, 153; as survivor, 255; and trade and supply ministries, 74–76, 86
Mikoyan sons, 8, 67, 71, 165–66, 177, 263, 313 n. 7, 324
Mikoyan, Ashkhen (wife of Anastas), 30, 69, 81, 104, 137, 191, 324
Mikoyan, Ivan (Vano, son of Anastas), 166, 324, 326
Mikoyan, Sergo (son of Anastas), 166, 187, 207, 225, 236, 237, 259, 266, 307 n. 17, 322, 324, 326
Mikoyan, Stepan (son of Anastas), 174–75, 187, 194, 225, 237, 324
Mikoyan, Vladimir (son of Anastas), 165
“military plot.” See Tukhachevsky affair
military, 74, 162; Voroshilov as advocate for, 35, 48, 75. See also Red Army
ministries of Soviet government: Defense, 153, 162, 179, 209, 224, 319, 326, 328, 329, 331; Foreign Affairs, 128, 143–44, 151, 162, 173, 205–6, 224, 241, 267, 322, 324, 330; Internal Affairs (MVD), 167, 177, 224, 233, 234, 242; Internal and Foreign Trade, 157, 177, 205–6, 224; State Security (MGB), 167, 177, 207–8, 215, 216, 217, 242
Mogilnaya, Lora, 136
Mogilny,A.M., 135
Molotov, Vyacheslav, 3, 5, 7, 13, 15, 17, 20, 21, 24, 27, 28, 30, 32, 35, 36, 42, 51, 62, 64, 67, 71, 73, 87, 89, 91, 99, 111, 115, 120, 121, 123, 134, 140, 142, 151, 170, 172, 178, 184, 190, 206, 236, 262, 265, 277, 319, 330; and “Anti-Party Group,” 249–53; biography of, 7–8, 9, 25–26, 324–25; and Bukharin, 56, 57, 58, 59, 123–24; in Civil War, 25, 162; in collectivization, 46, 51–52; and Comintern, 96; conflict with Trotsky of, 37; and Council of Ministers, 74–75, 77, 82, 85, 209; death of, 266–67; fall of, 5, 7; as deputy leader of team, 5, 72, 153; and de-Stalinization, 243, 246; as diplomat, 96, 146, 150; on Ezhov, 116; in faction fights of 1920s, 33; family and social life of, 66, 187–88, 198, 238, 258, 261, 331; on famine in Ukraine, 83–84; friends of, 66, 103, 135–36, 260, 317; and foreign policy, 95, 101–2, 105, 143–44, 146, 149–50, 151, 173, 205–6, 231–32, 240–41, 251, 322; foreign travel of, 157, 172–73; and Great Break, 46; in Great Purges, 126, 128, 130, 132, 135–36; on Great Purges, 114–15, 122, 125, 129, 130, 134; and Jewish question, 144, 200–201; and Khrushchev, 232–33, 240–41, 248, 249, 258; and Kirov’s death, 112; marriage and divorce of, 70, 205, 225–26; meeting with Hitler of, 150; as patron, 109; places named for, 13, 94, 255; political troubles of, 3–4, 15, 211, 274–75; popularity and status of, 94, 209, 227, 266–67, 276; post-1957 fate of, 255–57; in post-Stalin leadership, 222, 224–25, 227, 228, 229–30, 233–34, 237, 239, 241, 247, 254; in postwar leadership, 176, 199–200, 210–11, 212–13, 215, 218, 221, 245; re-admission to party of, 266–67; and rehabilitations, 241; and Right, 54, 58–59, 130, 259; in Second World War, 152–58; and security services, 208; and Stalin, 5, 46, 53, 61, 65, 66, 67, 78, 79, 92, 100, 101–2, 118–19, 145, 150, 157, 161, 173, 176–77, 181, 185, 186, 211, 219, 225; on Stalin, 31, 80, 115, 132, 135, 197, 260–61; as Stalinist, 243, 248, 251, 261; as Stalin’s heir, 176–77, 210, 229, 246; and Stalin’s legacy, 259; Trotsky on, 26; and Zhem-chuzhina, 144–45, 204, 208, 211, 225–26, 241
Molotova, Polina. See Zhemchuzhina, Polina
Molotova, Svetlana, 8, 71, 173, 173–74, 179, 187, 188, 190, 198, 261, 288 n. 6, 324
Molotov-Ribbentrop Pact. See German-Soviet Nonaggression Pact
Montefiore, Simon Sebag, 5, 271
Morozov, Grigory, 164, 175, 204, 317
Moscow: in Great Purges, 128; Moscow Metro, 111; Moscow Soviet, 19, 318, 321; perspective from, 34–35; political leadership of, 63, 75, 155, 236, 320, 321, 327; in Second World War, 154–55, 157
Moscow Jewish Theater, 164, 200, 324
MoscowState University, 9, 175, 184, 188, 195
Moscow trials. See show trials
Mukhitdinov, Nuriddin, 251
music, 173, 329; Andreev as lover of, 8, 127; as team recreation, 68, 188; Zhdanov’s attack on (1948), 193–94
Mussolini, Benito, 2
name changes, 13, 94–95, 262, 267–68, 317, 263, 317
nationalities policy, 19, 29, 199, 226, 227–28, 230–31, 325
Neizvestny, Ernst, 265
Nevsky, Alexander, 155
New Economic Policy (NEP), x, 22, 44, 260
Nicholas II (Tsar), 272
Nicolaevsky, Boris, 97–98, 123, 327
NKVD. See security organs
Novikov, Nikolai, 198
Novodevichy Cemetery, 80, 265, 267, 268
October. See Revolution of October 1917
OGPU. See security organs
Oistrakh, David, 100
Old Bolsheviks, x, 17, 21, 64–65, 97, 102, 110, 131, 229, 242, 253, 328
Oppositions/Oppositionists, 22–23, 33–34, 35, 37, 41–42, 45, 53, 103, 106, 108, 125, 259–60, 321, 322; defeat of, 39–42; exile of, 46. See also Left Opposition; Rightism
Ordzhonikidze, Eteri, 70, 187, 325
Ordzhonikidze, Grigory (Sergo), 3, 5, 17, 31, 34, 51, 54, 56, 57, 60, 61, 65, 68, 71, 74, 89, 90–91, 92, 93, 102, 104, 129–30, 184, 262; biography of, 8, 9, 29–30, 325; and Bukharin, 59–60; conciliatory impulses of, 36, 59; death of, 65, 120–21; defense of subordinates by, 78, 120, 121, 128; dislike of faction-fighting of, 34, 40–41; family loyalty of, 78, 120; foreign travel of, 96-97; friends of, 30, 34, 57, 59, 66, 86, 87, 118, 121; health of, 41; image of, 93; and industrial ministries, 47, 74–75, 77; Lenin’s criticism of, 19; and party Control Commission, 41, 53; as patron, 110; places named for, 94–95; Politburo disagreements of, 73, 77; and Stalin, 65, 67, 77–78, 79, 120, 211–12; volatility of, 6, 77
Ordzhonikidze, Zinaida (Zina), 69, 81, 140, 262, 325
parades, 6; May Day, 13; Victory (1945), 170, 180–81
Paris Exhibition of 1935, 99
Pasternak, Boris, 105, 107, 108–9
patronage, 108–10, 270, 281 n. 6, 293 n. 18, 329
Paulus, General Friedrich, 166–67, 326
peasants, 10, 22, 81; departure from village of, 45, 48, 78, 108; “peasant voice” in leadership, 29; policies toward, 32, 43, 44, 45, 199, 214, 228; and Stalin, 81, 83, 84–85
People’s Commissariats. See ministries of Soviet government
Peredelkino, 107
Persimfans, 106
Pervukhin, Mikhail, 252
Peshkov, Maxim, 108, 320. See also Vvedenskaya, Nadezhda
Peshkova, Marfa, 108, 195, 318, 320
Petrovsky, Grigory, 72, 131, 132, 289 n. 14; biography of, 325
Picasso, Pablo, 237
Piłsudski, Józef, 82
Poland/Poles, 38, 82, 99, 135, 145, 148, 174, 189, 326; in central leadership positions, 16, 319, 321, 324, 326, 330; in 1956 crisis, 246–47; occupation of eastern territories of, 147–48; refugees from, 150; spying by, 81–82, 97, 132; war with, 26
political émigrés in Soviet Union, 98–99
Politburo (of Central Committee of Communist Party of the Soviet Union), 19, 20–21, 86, 126, 153, 199, 202, 204, 272; attendance by nonmembers in, 72, 102, 330; chairing of, 73; conflicts in, 37, 77, 212; Great Purges victims from, 129, 131–34, 140, 245; last public disagreement in, 51; leaks from, 39; membership of, 17, 23, 25, 26, 27, 28, 30, 32, 35, 58, 71–72, 117, 128, 140–41, 153, 155, 158, 159, 160, 177, 178, 179, 208, 209, 318, 319, 320, 321, 322, 323, 324, 325, 326, 327, 328, 330, 331; ranking in, 178, 210; replacement by Presidium of, 213; representation of interests in, 74–76; wives of members of, ix, 1, 2, 5, 11, 12, 20, 80–81, 97, 289 n. 14 (see also wives)
Popular Front, 105, 145–46, 147
Poskrebyshev, Alexander, 78, 211, 216, 222, 297 n. 20; biography of, 325
Poskrebysheva (née Metallikova), Bronislava (Bronya), 325
Post, Marjorie Merriweather. See Davies, Marjorie
Postolovskaya, Tatyana (wife of Postyshev), 67, 81, 133, 325
Postyshev, Pavel, 3, 67, 72, 81, 82, 86, 111, 131–34, 140, 245; biography of, 325. See also Postolovskaya, Tatyana
Potsdam Conference, 173–74, 181, 182
Pravda (newspaper), 80, 100, 121, 164, 227, 229–30, 243, 253, 266; Bukharin’s editorship of, 53, 58, 318
Presidium (of Central Committee of Communist Party of the Soviet Union, equivalent of Politburo), x, 213–14, 224, 230, 252, 257–58; Bureau of, 213–14, 222, 224, 315 n. 17; membership of, 241, 248, 254, 255, 256, 331
Prokofieva, Lina, 193
Provisional Government, 16
public opinion, 11, 246, 253, 276
Pyatakov, Yury, 63, 78, 120, 121, 130, 295 n. 6; biography of, 325–26; wives of, 120, 295 n. 6
Radek, Karl, 92, 95, 120, 130; biography of, 326
railways, 28, 74, 75, 127, 158, 317, 320; purges in, 128; wartime problems of, 160
RAPP (Russian Association of Proletarian Writers), xi, 106–7, 330
Red Army, 17, 21, 25, 162, 169–70, 180, 318, 319, 320, 326, 328, 329, 330, 331; in Finnish War, 148; team bonding in, 45
Redens, Stanislav, 68, 82, 138, 139; biography of, 326
rehabilitations, 241, 259–60, 324
revolution, 21: degeneration of, 35, 44–45, 116; “from above,” 43; of 1905, 17, 328; of February 1917, ix, 16; of October 1917, x, 16, 17, 39, 321, 328, 331; Revolution Day, 93, 155. See also Hungarian Revolution
Ribbentrop, Joachim von, 146, 147, 150
Right Opposition/Rightism, xi, 32, 47, 49, 86, 219, 318, 327, 328, 330; break with, 53–61; defeat of, 58–61; in Industrial Academy, 79; in Moscow show trials, 120; question of rehabilitation of, 259–60
Rokossovsky, Marshal Konstantin, 163, 166, 247; biography of, 326
Rolland, Romain, 117
Roosevelt, Franklin Delano (US President), 172
Roskin, Grigory, 192
Rostropovich, Mstislav, 187
Rudenko, Roman, 243
Rudzutak, Jan, 15, 27, 32, 38, 41, 60, 72, 74, 86, 89, 109, 289 n. 14; arrest and execution of, 122; biography of, 28, 326; and foreign languages, 97; friends of, 65–66; in Great Purges, 115–16, 122, 130–31; as party “proletarian,” 25; social life of, 28; and Stalin, 28; on Stalin, 87; and Trotsky, 37
Russian Association of Proletarian Writers. See RAPP
Russian Social-Democratic Labor Party (RSDLP, Russian initials RSDRP), xi, 29
Russia/Russians: in central leadership positions, 16, 24, 27, 31, 53, 62, 74, 157, 179, 206–7, 228, 317, 318, 321, 322, 323, 324, 325, 326, 327, 328, 329, 330; émigrés, 200; purge of in republican leaderships, 230–31; Stalin on history of, 48; thanked by Stalin, 170
Rykov, Alexei Ivanovich, 19, 33, 34, 41, 42, 50, 51, 53–54, 56, 58, 59, 66, 87, 95, 98, 120, 260; biography of, 326–27; as head of government, 73; as Rightist, 53–54, 56, 58, 73; and Stalin, 54
Rykova, Natalia (daughter of Alexei), 241, 327
Ryumin, Mikhail, 215
Ryutin, Martemyan, 86
Saburov, Maxim, 252
Salisbury, Harrison, 168–69, 226
Schapiro, Leonard, 280
Second World War, 4, 12, 46, 114, 147, 150, 154–55, 166–70, 331; battle of Berlin, 161, 169; battle of Stalingrad, 166–67; German attack of June 1941, 2, 151–52, 181, 274, 299 n. 9; histories of, 181; Kharkov counter-assault, 159; Leningrad, blockade of, 155, 160; Moscow, advance on, 154–55; Second Front in, 167
Secret Speech (XX Party Congress, 1956), 245–46, 259, 310 n. 15, 312 n. 4
security organs (known successively as Cheka, GPU, OGPU, NKVD, MVD/ MGB, KGB), ix, 20, 38, 39, 78, 82, 85, 94, 98, 107, 140, 143, 145, 150, 179, 207, 235–36, 266, 267, 270, 319, 324, 330; and Beria, 177, 184, 317–18; in collectivization, 46; and defeat of Anti-Party Group, 251; expanding powers of, 46–47; in Great Purges, 126, 127, 128, 134, 135–36, 137; and investigation of Kirov’s death, 112–13; and Mikhoels’s murder, 202–4; and Moscow show trials, 119–10; oversight over, 178; preparation of cases against team members by, 208, 219; purges and arrests in, 140, 216, 227; and Right, 56, 60; and Shakhty affair, 49–50; in Spain, 98; and Stalin, 47, 168, 184, 208, 215–16; surveillance of foreigners by, 99; surveillance of intelligentsia by, 108–9, 191; surveillance of Opposition by, 41–42, 46, 56; surveillance of team by, 134, 164, 166, 184–85, 256; and Trotsky, 41, 126
Sedov, Lev (son of Trotsky), 98, 126, 329
Sedova, Natalia (2nd wife of Trotsky), 126, 329
Sergeev, Artem (Tomik), 67, 70, 164–65, 328
sexual allegations, 8, 70; against Beria, 234–35; against Zhemchuzhina, 207, 234
Shaposhnikov, Marshal Boris, 162
Shaumyan, Sergei, 70
Shcherbakov, Alexander, 155, 158, 189, 216, 331; biography of, 327
Sheinin, Lev A., 242
Sheinin, Lev R., 119, 124, 242
Shepilov, Dmitry, 196, 225, 229–20, 232, 236, 250, 252, 253, 311 n. 20
Sholokhov, Mikhail, 83
Shostakovich, Dmitry, 109, 193, 329
show trials, 11, 49, 100, 105, 119–20, 121, 124–25, 134, 149, 243, 260, 318, 326, 327, 331. See also Zinoviev-Kamenev trials
Shtange, Valentina, 93
Shteinberg, Ilya, 207
Shuisky, Vasily, 59
Shvernik, Lyusya (daughter of Mikhail), 225, 237, 327
Shvernik, Mikhail, 166, 179; biography of, 327
Slezkine, Yuri, 276
socialism, 22, 33, 44, 92, 232, 233, 239; building of, 43, 232, 236
Society for Cultural Ties Abroad. See VOKS
Sokolnikov, Grigory, 55; biography of, 327
Solzhenitsyn, Alexander, 168
Sotsialisticheskii vestnik (émigré journal), 98
Soviet Control Commission (KSK), 53
Sovietologists/Sovietology, 11, 271, 276, 278
Soviet Information Bureau (Sovinformburo), 214–15, 323
Sovnarkom (Council of People’s Commissars of Soviet Union). See Council of Ministers
spies/spying, 35, 97, 98–99, 101, 124, 137, 138, 141, 180, 192, 193, 235, 276, 329; American, 193, 208, 219; British, 38, 97, 164, 208, 211, 235; German, 121, 150; Polish, 97, 132, 326
Stalin, Joseph, 1, 15, 17, 19, 27, 29, 47, 51, 54, 107, 110, 122, 141, 184–85, 262, 269, 320; absences from Moscow of, 11, 126, 157, 176, 197, 209, 215, 272, 275; and anti-Semitism, 217, 275; appraisals of, 197, 260–61; archives of, 5, 11; biography of, 9–10, 17–18, 327–28; and Bukharin, 32, 56, 57, 123–24; and Cold War, 181–83; Collected Works of, 227; in collectivization, 46, 52, 83, 84–85, 270; as commander in chief of armed forces, 153, 331; as comrade, 64, 65; and Council of Ministers, 73–74; criticism of, 85–86, 94; cult of, 91–96, 245, 272; and Cultural Revolution, 61; and culture, 106, 107–9, 192; death of, 4, 220–22, 228, 276; and Doctors’ Plot, 218–19; dosage, principle of, 35–36, 140, 274, 275; as editor, 11–12, 218; in faction fights of 1920s, 22, 33, 34, 42, 61; family and social life of, 6–7, 8, 13, 65, 67, 70, 80, 94, 138, 161, 166, 188–89, 198–99, 214–15; as father, 164, 194–95, 198, 264; and foreigners, 1, 95, 105–6, 172; foreign languages and travel of, 17, 96, 100, 172; and foreign policy, 95–96, 100–105, 144, 146–47, 149–50, 151; friends of, 30, 31, 32, 54–55, 57, 65, 66; 70, 108, 117, 121, 139, 148, 286 n. 10; funeral of, 224–25; as Generalissimus, 170; as General Secretary and party secretary, 19, 23–24, 25, 28, 75, 91, 212–13; and German attack of June 1941, 152–53; and “Great Break,” 43–44, 49; in Great Purges, 4, 7, 116–17, 122, 126, 130, 131–35, 137–39, 141–42, 243; as head of government, 153; health of, 175–76, 178, 197, 220; and industrialization, 48, 53; on intelligentsia, 195; and Jewish question, 200–201, 204, 215–17; and Kirov’s death, 111–13, 203, 243; inlastyears, 197–200, 215; late-night habits of, 189–90; and law of 7 August 1932, 84–85; as leader of team, 2, 3, 25, 31–32, 139; legacy and reputation of, 241–46, 251, 267–68; and Lenin, 17–18, 19–20, 43, 96, 325; and Leningrad affair, 206–7; and Lysenko, 196; and military affairs, 149, 162; and Mikhoels’s murder, 230, 324; as minister of defense, 153; and Molotov, 5, 53, 61, 157, 176–77, 205, 211–13; at October 1952 plenum of Central Committee, 212–13, 220; on Opposition, 39–40; at party congresses (XIII [1924],XVII [1934], and XIX [1952]), 24, 89–91, 220; paranoid suspicions of, 78, 113, 199, 211, 216; as patron, 4; places named for, 13, 94, 267–68; as poet, 11, 49; political style of, 33–34, 76, 78, 82–83, 278; political tactics of, 35–37, 85, 212; popularity of, 54, 226; in postwar period, 208–9, 213–15, 315 n. 5; power of, 2, 33; protégés of, 61, 151, 157, 195–96, 330; as reader, 106; relatives of, 67, 137–39, 198, 273; removal from Mausoleum of, 256; and Right, 56–59, 86–87; as Robespierre, 45; on Russians, 170; scholarly portrayal of, 2, 5, 6, 9; Second World War, 152–53, 161–62, 167–69; secretaries of, 2, 297 n. 20, 325; and security services, 47, 207, 208, 215–16; as seen by team, 10, 31–32, 46, 129, 210; in and show trials, 11, 49, 119; Siberian trip of, 45, 46, 52; and team, 2, 24, 32, 60–61, 72–73, 92, 139, 185, 211–12, 273–74, 278, 299 n. 9; and Trotsky, 37–38, 98; Trotsky on, 18, 45; on Ukraine, 81–82; as “Uncle Joe,” 172; visitors to office of, 72, 117, 119, 128, 140–41, 157, 177, 178, 179, 180, 209; as vozhd’, 6, 88, 185; and wife’s death, 79–80, 273; and Zhemchuzhina, 68, 146, 208. See also Alliluyeva, Nadezhda; de-Stalinization
Stalin, Vasily (Vasya, son of Stalin), 8, 66, 67, 71, 80, 164, 170, 179, 198, 221, 225, 261, 262–63, 264, 318, 327, 328
Stalina, Svetlana. See Alliluyeva, Svetlana
State Defense Committee (GKO), ix, 151, 152–56, 158, 160–61, 274, 318, 324, 330
State Planning Commission (Gosplan), 47, 53, 158, 322, 327
Strang, William, 146
Suchkov, Boris, 193
suicides: of Nadya Alliluyeva, 7, 79–80, 175; of Mikhail Kaganovich, 151, 320; of Ordzhonikidze, 120–21; of Tomsky, 122–23, 328
Sukhanov, Nikolai, 18
Supreme Economic Council (Vesenkha), 47, 75, 319, 322, 325
Supreme Soviet of USSR, 75, 84, 117–18, 179, 224, 255, 317, 319, 321, 325, 327, 329
Suslov, Mikhail, 247
Suvorov, Marshal Alesander, 155
Svanidze, Alexander (Alyosha), 66, 67, 68, 103, 137–39; biography of, 328 Svanidze, Ekaterina (1st wife of Stalin), 67, 327
Svanidze, John-Reed (Johnny, Ivan, Vano), 67, 68, 138, 198, 241, 263, 317, 328
Svanidze, Maria (née Korona), 67, 68, 69, 138, 328; as diarist, 67
Svanidze, Mariko, 137 Syrtsov, Sergei, 72, 86; biography of, 328
team, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 13, 14, 24, 27, 32, 268, 314 n. 3; attitudes to West of, 96–98, 100–101, 103–4, 175; in Civil War, 45, 115; as collective leadership, 277; in collectivization, 51–52, 115, 128, 259; conciliatory tendencies in, 36, 58–59, 86–87; division of responsibilities in, 157, 274; end of, 5, 7, 254; in faction fights of 1920s, 1, 38–42, 115, 259; family loyalties of, 31, 78; and famine, 83–84; and foreign policy, 95, 101–2, 152; friction within, 50, 51, 231; functioning after Great Purges of, 3, 4, 140–41; and German-Soviet Nonaggression Pact, 146–47; and Great Break, 48, 50; in Great Purges, 12, 13, 65, 115, 126–28, 133, 135–37, 139–40, 156, 273, 274; in industrialization drive, 259; informal rules of, 31, 185–86, 212, 270; and Jewish question, 202–3, 217–18; marginal members of, 52; in 1956 crisis in Eastern Europe, 247–49; and Opposition, 41; personal relations in, 6, 25, 65; in post-Stalin period, 4–5, 13, 222, 226–27, 229, 278; in postwar period, 199, 205, 209–11, 275–76, 315 n. 5; and Right, 32, 60, 86–87; scholarly discussion of, 272–73; in Second World War, 3, 12, 152–53, 156–57, 171, 259, 274; and Shakhty trial, 50–51; social life of, 7, 45, 64, 179, 185–87, 188–89, 214–15, 238; solidarity of, 209–11, 229, 275; and Stalin, 2, 6, 14, 46, 72–73, 103, 115, 139, 156, 177, 185, 214–15, 261, 275, 279, 299 n. 9, 315 n. 5; at Stalin’s deathbed, 221–3; and Stalin’s legacy, 242–43, 243–44, 251, 258–61; strategies of, 185; as “team of rivals,” 184. See also collective leadership
Tehran Conference, 157, 172, 173–74
terror, 4, 38, 133, 140, 142; in French Revolution, 140; mechanism of, 129–30. See also Great Purges
Thaw, the, 237
theater, 31, 147. See also Maly Theater; Bolshoi Theater; Moscow Jewish Theater
Thermidor, xi; Trotsky on, 40, 44–45, 111, 115
Timoshenko, (Marshal) Semyon, 162–63, 326, 327; biography of, 328
Tomsky, Mikhail, 19, 20, 42, 50, 51, 58, 59, 66, 70, 120; biography of, 328; death of, 122–23; as party “proletarian,” 24; as Rightist, 53–55, 56, 87; and Stalin, 55. See also Efremova, Maria
Tomsky, Yury (son of Mikhail), 70, 263, 328
totalitarian model, 271
trade unions, 16, 19, 50, 53, 58, 68, 179, 327, 328
Tripartite Pact (Germany, Japan, Italy), 38, 149
Trotsky, Lev, 1, 16, 17, 19, 20, 22, 23, 24, 30, 32, 33, 35, 39, 63, 135, 260, 325, 326; biography of, 17, 328–29; as cosmopolitan, 144; deportation of, 7, 41–42; expulsion from USSR of, 42, 98; on guillotine, 40; heckled in Politburo, 37–38, 40; and Lenin, 17, 18, 19; on Molotov, 25–26, 37; and Moscow show trials, 119, 124, 125, 126; murder of, 98, 125, 203; as potential Bonaparte, 21; and Stalin, 37–38, 98; on Stalin, 7, 18, 106
Trotskyists/Trotskyists, 98, 122, 212. See also Left Opposition
Troyanovskaya, Galina, 70, 322
Troyanovsky, Alexander, 70, 96, 104, 322
Truman, Harry S. (US President), 181, 182
Tukhachevsky, Marshal Mikhail, 121–22; biography of, 329; Tukhachevsky affair, 121–22, 245, 320, 320, 329, 330
ty (familiar form of address), 2, 27, 30, 31, 33, 64–65, 87, 232–33, 283 n. 11
Uborevich, Marshal Ieronim, 121, 162; biography of, 329
Ukraine/Ukrainians, 46, 50, 75, 97, 148, 167, 240; in central leadership positions, 16, 33, 68, 71–72, 319, 328; in collectivization, 51–52; de-russification in, 228; and education, 51; and famine (see famine); and Great Purges, 127, 131, 142; lobbying by, 53; nationalists in, 38, 180; new territories of, 159; political leadership of, 50, 53, 62, 81–82, 141, 148, 159, 163, 179–80, 186, 228, 231, 236, 319, 320, 322, 325, 326, 330; in postwar period, 168; in Second World War, 159, 168; Stalin on, 81–82
Ulbricht, Walter, 232
Ulrich, Vasily, 119
Union of Soviet Writers, 108
United Nations, 330
United States, 9, 103, 157, 177, 181–83, 201, 208, 212, 248, 249, 264; Embassy of, 193, 240–41; and Jews, 217, 324; Mikoyan’s trip to, 103–4; Molotov’s trip to, 173; team children’s interest in, 175, 236
US Information Agency, 175
USSR (Union of Soviet Socialist Republics), xi; as great power, 172, 176, 260; interests of, 101; postwar status of, 171–72, 176
Ustinov, Dmitry, 267
Utesov, Leonid, 110
Vasilevsky, Marshal Alexander, 159, 162–63, 166, 224; biography of, 329
Vatutin, General Nikolai, 163
Vavilov, Nikolai, 196
Vesenkha. See Supreme Economic Council
Vinogradov, Dr. Vladimir, 217, 220–21
Vishnevskaya, Galina, 187
VOKS (Society for Cultural Ties Abroad), xi, 69, 103, 105, 317
Volkogonov, Dmitry, 9
Voroshilov, Klim, 3, 5, 13, 14, 18, 28, 30, 32, 34, 36, 37, 56, 60, 67, 72, 80, 89, 93, 102, 184, 190, 205, 220, 262–63, 277, 291 n. 4, 311 n. 18, 313 n. 5; and “Anti-Party Group,” 249, 251–52, 311 n. 18; biography of, 26, 329; and Bukharin, 60, 124; in Civil War, 65; and culture, 108, 180; death of, 265; and de-Stalinization, 243–44; family and social life of, 238; on famine, 81, 84; as father, 70, 165; in Finnish War, 149; foreign travel of, 26, 57, 173–74; friends of, 30, 31, 66–67, 87, 110, 174, 248, 318; in Great Purges, 126, 128, 132, 136; health of, 189–90; image of, 93; and Jewish question, 202–3; and military, 39, 48, 75, 149, 153, 329; and “military plot” arrests, 121–22; in 1957 crisis, 7; as party “proletarian,” 24; as patron, 99, 106, 109, 174, 180, 186; and Right, 56, 60, 259; places named for, 13–14; popularity of, 11, 54, 93, 228, 256; in post-Stalin leadership, 224, 229, 233, 234, 237, 241, 247–48, 254; in postwar leadership, 209, 213; in Second World War, 152, 153, 155, 160–61; and Stalin, 149, 161, 180, 225, 261; on Stalin, 87–88, 91, 149; at Stalin’s deathbed, 220–21; would-be relatives of, 93
Voroshilov, Petr (son of Klim), 70, 136, 166, 237, 329
Voroshilova, Ekaterina (wife of Klim, née Gorbman), 26, 64, 66, 69, 70, 81, 190, 202–3, 220, 237, 238, 262, 265, 329
vozhd’/vozhdi, xi, 6, 33, 91–94, 278
Voznesensky, Nikolai, 3, 5, 91, 161, 178, 183, 184, 210, 322; biography of, 157–58, 329–30; in Leningrad affair, 206–7; in postwar leadership, 197, 208; in Second World War, 152, 153, 154
Vvedenskaya (Peshkova), Nadezhda (Timosha), 108, 320
Vyshinsky, Andrei, 119, 120, 125, 149, 205; biography of, 330
wars. See Civil War; Cold War; First World War; Finnish War; Korean War; Second World War
Webb, Sidney and Beatrice, 105
Wells, H. G., 95
Wheatcroft, Stephen G., 6, 273, 275
Wilson, Harold, 174
Winter War. See Finnish War
wives: of Enemies of the People, 125; of POWs, 165–66; of senior managers, 92–93; of team members, 68–70, 92–93, 144–45, 155. See also Politburo: wives
workers: affirmative action for, 62; party of, 57; in party leadership, 24, 26, 27, 28–29, 159, 178; unrest of, 248
Writers’ Union, 327
Yagoda, Genrikh, 47, 106, 108, 117, 118, 119, 124, 134, 260, 320, 324; biography of, 330
Yakir, Marshal Iona, 121–22, 126, 162; biography of, 330
Yakovlev, Alexander, 151
Yakovlev, Yakov, 52, 72; biography of, 330
Yakovleva, Varvara, 69
Yalta, conference, 172, 173–74
youth, 48–49, 63, 175. See also Komsomol
Zhdanov, Andrei, 3, 8, 50, 67, 89, 105, 110, 141–42, 158, 174, 196, 299 n. 8, 317; biography of, 61, 330–31; death of, 184, 216; family and social life of, 188, 191, 194; and foreign policy, 143, 152, 158, 183–84, 189; in Great Purges, 126, 127, 128, 133; as head of Central Control Commission in Finland, 178, 331; health of, 155, 169, 190; as Leningrad leader, 155, 322; lifestyle of, 191, 194; places named for, 13; as plenipotentiary in Estonia, 149; and postwar disciplining of intelligentsia, 191–94; in postwar leadership, 178, 183–84, 190, 191–94, 206; in Second World War, 155, 159, 168–69; as secretary of Central Committee, 91; and Stalin, 159, 178, 194
Zhdanov, Yury (son of Andrei), 8, 13, 174, 184, 187–88, 194–96, 264, 323, 331; in Central Committee Science Department, 196; marriage to Svetlana Stalina of, 198, 317, 331
Zhdanova, Ekaterina (Katya, daughter of Yuri and Svetlana Stalina), 198, 264, 317, 331
Zhdanova, Zinaida (wife of Andrei), 69, 70, 190, 327, 331
Zhemchuzhina, Polina (wife of Molotov), 25, 68, 79, 81, 133, 164, 173, 188, 190, 219, 234, 241, 242, 261, 265, 267; arrest and investigation of, 204–5, 207–8, 215; biography of, 8, 331; contacts with intelligentsia of, 187; contacts with Jewish community of, 202–4; and cosmetics industry, 111; family and social life of, 71, 288 n. 6; and foreign diplomats, 95, 240–41; in Great Purges, 136; marriage of, 70, 325; and Golda Meir, 201; political troubles of, 145; release and rehabilitation of, 225–26; and Stalin, 145, 211, 225, 261; and team wives, 66, 69–70
Zhukov, Marshal, 145, 152, 155, 161, 162–63, 167, 169, 170, 182, 238, 319; and arrest of Beria, 234, 331; biography of, 331; and defeat of “Anti-Party Group,” 251, 252, 331; in post-Stalin leadership, 224, 238, 247; postwar demotions of, 180–81
Zinoviev, Grigory, 1, 15, 17, 18, 19, 20, 24, 27, 33, 34, 35, 37, 56, 112–13; biography of, 32–33, 331; and Comintern, 96; expulsion from party of, 41; in faction fights of the 1920s, 41; readmission to party of, 89; trials and execution of, 117–18. See also Lilina, Zlata
Zinovievite Opposition, 34, 55, 69, 112–13, 322, 327, 331
Zinoviev-Kamenev trials: (1935), 113, 117; (1936), 117, 118, 331. See also show trials
Zoshchenko, Mikhail, 191