Foreword
1. Annette Kolodny, The Land Before Her: Fantasy and Experience of the American Frontiers, 1630–1860 (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1984), xiii.
2. Mrs. D. Huntley, “Rural Homes,” Transactions of the Wisconsin State Horticultural Society (1873), 160; the quotation may be found on page 43 of this book.
Introduction
1. Membership distribution and ethnicity are discussed in chapter 3.
2. Complete copies of these publications are located at the Wisconsin Historical Society and Steenbock Memorial libraries on the University of Wisconsin–Madison campus. The Transactions of the Wisconsin State Horticultural Society, Annual Reports of the Wisconsin State Horticultural Society, The Wisconsin Horticulturist, and Wisconsin Horticulture are also available in electronic form at http://digital.library.wisc.edu/1711.dl/WI. To access these reports, scroll down to “Materials in the Collection” and click on “A History of Wisconsin Agriculture and Rural Life.” Click on “Browse the History of Wisconsin Agriculture and Rural Life Collection” and then scroll down to Wisconsin State Horticultural Society publications, near the bottom of the list. But beware of getting sidetracked in the staggering array of subjects!
3. Membership lists of annual, life, and honorary members were published annually in WSHS reports between 1869 and 1900, and occasionally thereafter.
Chapter 1
1. Andrew Jackson Downing, Cottage Residences; or, A Series of Designs for Rural Cottages and Cottage Villas and Their Gardens and Grounds. Adapted to North America, 3rd ed. (New York: Wiley and Putnam, 1847), ix.
2. Anne Scott-James, The Cottage Garden (Middlesex, England: Penguin Books, 1981), 9–12.
3. Ann Leighton, Early American Gardens: “For Meate and Medicine” (Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1970). Leighton uses this quotation as a subtitle in her trilogy of American garden history. She attributes it to seventeenth-century English physician John Parkinson.
4. Diane Kostial McGuire, “Early Gardens Along the Atlantic Coast,” in Keeping Eden: A History of Gardening in America, ed. Walter Punch (Boston: Little, Brown and Company, 1992), 14.
5. Ibid., 25.
6. Ibid., 26.
7. Charles E. Beveridge, “Frederick Law Olmsted,” in American Landscape Architecture: Designers and Places, ed. William H. Tishler (Washington, DC: The Preservation Press, 1989), 38.
Petunias
VICK’S MONTHLY MAGAZINE, MAY 1879
8. Jacob Weidenmann, Beautifying Country Homes (New York: Orange Judd and Company, 1870).
9. Denise Wiles Adams, Restoring American Gardens: An Encyclopedia of Heirloom Ornamental Plants, 1640–1940 (Portland: Timber Press, 2004), 208.
10. Fred E. H. Schroeder, Front Yard America: The Evolution and Meaning of a Vernacular Domestic Landscape (Bowling Green, OH: Bowling Green State University Press, 1993), 80–96.
11. Frank J. Scott, The Art of Beautifying Suburban Home Grounds of Small Extent: The Advantage of Suburban Homes over City or Country Homes; The Comfort and Economy of Neighboring Improvements; The Choice and Treatment of Building Sites; and the Best Modes of Laying Out, Planting and Keeping Decorated Grounds (New York: Appleton & Co., 1870), 121, 129.
12. H. W. S. Cleveland, Landscape Architecture, As Applied to the Wants of the West (Chicago: Jansen, McClurg & Co., 1873), preface.
13. Ibid., 17. The current American Society of Landscape Architects definition of the term is that landscape architecture “encompasses the analysis, planning, design, management, and stewardship of the natural and built environments,” http://www.asla.org.
14. Ibid., 81.
15. Ibid., 18–27.
16. William H. Tishler, “H. W. S. Cleveland,” in American Landscape Architecture: Designers and Places (Washington, DC: The Preservation Press, 1989), 27.
17. Cleveland, Landscape Architecture, 13.
18. Ibid., 13.
19. Warren H. Manning, A Handbook for Planning and Planting Small Home Grounds (Menomonie, WI: Stout Manual Training School, 1899).
20. Manning’s suggestions are discussed in more detail in chapter 5.
21. Wilhelm Miller, The Prairie Spirit in Landscape Gardening, Circular Number 184 (Urbana: University of Illinois Agricultural Experiment Station, 1915), 18.
22. O. C. Simonds, Landscape-Gardening (New York: The MacMillan Company, 1920), 8–19.
23. University of Wisconsin–Madison, Department of Landscape Architecture, “History of the Program,” http://www.la.wisc.edu/history/index.htm.
24. Mrs. Laura Smith, “Floriculture,” Transactions of the Wisconsin State Agricultural Society 3 (1853), 257.
25. Joseph Breck, The Flower-Garden; Or, Breck’s Book of Flowers; in Which are Described All the Various Hardy Herbaceous Perennials, Annuals, Shrubby Plants, and Evergreen Trees, Desirable for Ornamental Purposes, With Directions for their Cultivation (Boston: John P. Jewitt & Co., 1851), 18.
26. The lawn mower had been invented in 1830 by Englishman Edwin Budding; it was not imported into America until 1855. D. Keith Crotz, “Science and Technology in the American Garden,” in Keeping Eden: A History of Gardening in America, ed. Walter Punch (Boston: Little, Brown and Company, 1992), 138.
27. Patricia Tice, “Gardens of Change,” in American Home Life, 1880–1930: A Social History of Space and Services, ed. Jessica H. Foy and Thomas J. Schlereth (Knoxville: University of Tennessee Press, 1992), 196.
28. Gertrude Jekyll, Color Schemes for the Flower Garden (London: Country Life Ltd., 1908), iv.
29. Its significance to the Wisconsin vernacular gardens will be discussed in more detail in chapter 5.
30. Liberty Hyde Bailey, Manual of Gardening; A Practical Guide to the Making of Home Grounds and the Growing of Flowers, Fruits, and Vegetables for Home Use (Norwood, MA: Norwood Press, 1910), 2.
31. Ibid., 3.
32. Robert Grese, “Bailey, Liberty Hyde,” in Pioneers of American Landscape Design: An Annotated Bibliography, ed. Charles Birnbaum and Lisa Crowder (Washington, DC: National Park Service, 1993), 9–11.
33. James Vick, “Publisher’s Note,” in Home Floriculture: A Familiar Guide to the Treatment of Flowering and Other Ornamental Plants in the House and Garden, ed. Eben Rexford (Rochester, NY: James Vick, 1890), ix.
34. This work is cited by virtually all American garden historians, including Leighton, Adams, and Tice.
35. Mary E. Smith, Eben E. Rexford: A Biographical Sketch; a Memorial Containing “Silver Threads Among the Gold” and His Last Poem (Philadelphia: Lippincott, 1917), 34. Rexford wrote the lyrics for the enormously popular song “Silver Threads Among the Gold,” as well as numerous hymns.
36. Rexford published a photographic essay of a trip he took to northern Wisconsin, using photographs that he took himself. His biography suggests that he used his own garden for experimentation with the growing habits and patterns of plants.
37. Rexford, Home Floriculture, 213.
38. Zona Gale, “Civic Improvement in the Little Towns” (Washington, DC: American Civic Association, 1913), 3.
39. Gustav Stickley, Craftsman Homes (New York: The Craftsman Publishing Company, 1909), 1.
40. Tice, “Gardens of Change,” 191–207.
41. Louisa Yeomans King, “Editor’s Preface,” in Design in the Little Garden, by Fletcher Steele (Boston: Atlantic Monthly Press, 1924), v.
42. Ibid.
43. Steele, Design in the Little Garden, 31.
44. Ibid., 46.
45. Grace Tabor, The Landscape Gardening Book (Philadelphia: The John C. Winston Company, 1911), 120.
46. Steele, Design in the Little Garden, 42.
Chapter 2
1. Mrs. Ida Tilson, “Looking Backward in Wisconsin,” Annual Report of the Wisconsin State Horticultural Society 21 (1891), 188.
2. Michael Gallagher and Amelia Janes, “Glacial Landscapes,” in Wisconsin’s Past and Present: A Historical Atlas, ed. Wisconsin Cartographer’s Guild (Madison: University of Wisconsin Press, 2002), 32.
3. Amelia Janes, “Early Cultures,” in Wisconsin’s Past and Present: A Historical Atlas, ed. Wisconsin Cartographer’s Guild (Madison: University of Wisconsin Press, 2002), 2–3.
4. Interpretive Staff of Heritage Hill State Historical Park, “Fort Howard Interpretive Plan” (Green Bay, WI: Heritage Hill State Historical Park, 1980, 1990), on file in the Heritage Hill State Historical Park Archives.
5. Ibid., n.p.
6. Robert C. Ostergren, “The Euro-American Settlement of Wisconsin, 1830–1920,” in Wisconsin Land and Life, ed. Robert C. Ostergren and Thomas R. Vale (Madison: University of Wisconsin Press, 1997), 139.
7. Jeffry Maas, “Population and Representation,” in Wisconsin’s Past and Present: A Historical Atlas, ed. Wisconsin Cartographer’s Guild (Madison: University of Wisconsin Press, 2002), 82.
8. Sharon D. Crawford, “The Development and Evolution of Domestic Gardens in Southern Wisconsin During the Nineteenth Century” (master’s thesis, Department of Landscape Architecture, University of Wisconsin–Madison, 1983), 21.
9. Ostergren, “The Euro-American Settlement of Wisconsin,” 142.
10. Clarence W. Olmstead, “Changing Technology, Values, and Rural Landscapes,” in Wisconsin Land and Life, ed. Robert C. Ostergren and Thomas R. Vale (Madison: University of Wisconsin Press, 1997), 362.
11. Ibid.
12. Keith N. Morgan, “Garden and Forest: Nineteenth-Century Development in Landscape Architecture,” in Keeping Eden: A History of Gardening in America, ed. Walter Punch (Boston: Little, Brown and Company, 1992), 32.
13. “Constitution of the Wisconsin State Agricultural Society,” Transactions of the Wisconsin State Agricultural Society 1 (1851), 1.
14. Crawford, “Domestic Gardens in Southern Wisconsin,” 40.
15. Ibid., 160.
16. Ibid.
17. Ibid.
18. Ibid.
19. Ibid., 78.
20. Ibid., 67.
21. Mrs. Laura Smith, “Floriculture,” Transactions of the Wisconsin State Agricultural Society 3 (1853), 254.
22. Crawford, “Domestic Gardens in Southern Wisconsin,” 164.
23. Ibid.
24. Ibid., 165.
25. Ibid., 168.
26. Olmstead, “Changing Technology, Values, and Rural Landscapes,” 360–365.
27. Ibid., 362.
28. Gallagher, “Becoming German-American,” 18. Until 1871, modern-day Germany consisted of a number of independent states, including Pomerania, Bavaria, and Prussia.
29. James William Miller, “German Heirloom Gardening Research Report,” 2002. Unpublished document, on file in the archives at Old World Wisconsin, Eagle, Wisconsin.
30. Miller, “German Heirloom Gardening,” 43–68.
31. Crawford, “Domestic Gardens in Southern Wisconsin,” 77.
32. Ostergren, “The Euro-American Settlement of Wisconsin,” 143.
33. Joseph Schafer, A History of Agriculture in Wisconsin (Madison: State Historical Society of Wisconsin, 1922), 165.
34. Mark Speltz, “An Interest in Health and Happiness as Yet Untold: The Woman’s Club of Madison, 1893–1917,” Wisconsin Magazine of History 89, no. 3 (Spring 2006), 5.
35. Ibid, 10.
Chapter 3
1. Mrs. D. Huntley, “Rural Homes,” Transactions of the Wisconsin State Horticultural Society (1873), 160.
2. Henry J. Rahmlow, A History of Seventy-Five Years of Service by the Wisconsin State Horticultural Society (Madison: Wisconsin State Horticultural Society, 1943), 8.
3. Frederic Cranefield, “Constitution and By-Laws of the Wisconsin State Horticultural Society, with a brief historical outline,” Combined Annual Reports of the Wisconsin State Horticultural Society for the Years Ending July 1, 1927 and July 1, 1928 57, vii.
4. As an example, the following names appeared in the 1910 membership list: Ernest Gonzenbach, Sheboygan; Henry Naffz, Sauk City; and A. L. Kreutzer, Wausau. Annual Report of the Wisconsin State Horticultural Society 40, part 1 (1910), 13–24.
5. “Membership Roll,” Annual Report 40, part 1 (1910), 25–31.
6. The contribution of the WSHS to the development of the apple industry in Wisconsin has been well documented by Cortney Cain in “The Development of Apple Horticulture in Wisconsin, 1850s–1860s: Case Studies of Bayfield, Crawford, and Door Counties” (master’s thesis, Department of Landscape Architecture, University of Wisconsin–Madison, 2006).
7. The contents of these presentations are addressed in detail in chapters 5 and 6.
8. Tamara Plakins Thornton, “Horticulture and American Character,” in Keeping Eden: A History of Gardening in America (Boston: Massachusetts Horticultural Society, 1992), 199.
9. H. W. Roby, “Pleasures and Benefits of Amateur Florticulture,” Transactions (1871), 89.
10. Henry T. Williams, “Rural Taste,” Transactions (1872), 174.
11. The first two female members were Charlotte Lewis (her articles are listed with her husband’s initials: “Mrs. H. M. Lewis”) of Madison and Mrs. Vie H. Campbell of Evansville.
12. “Discussion,” Transactions 14 (1884), 107.
13. Mrs. Prof. A. Kerr, “Woman in the Garden,” Transactions 10 (1880), 236.
14. Vie H. Campbell, “Announcement,” The Wisconsin Horticulturist 1, no. 12 (February 1897), 31–33.
15. Frederic Cranefield, “Annual Report,” Annual Report 57 ([1928?]), 20.
16. O. C. Simmons, “Planting a School Ground,” Transactions 16 (1886), 271–274.
17. “Arbor Day Celebration,” Annual Report 21 (1891), 214.
18. Ibid.
19. “Discussion,” Annual Report 22 (1892), 171.
20. Prof. E. S. Goff, “Village Improvement, Societies and Arbor Day,” Annual Report 22 (1892), 165–171.
21. “Society Membership Going Up,” Wisconsin Horticulture 20, no. 2 (October 1930), 44.
22. “Plant a Victory Garden,” in “Helpful Hints for the Beginner in Gardening and Fruit Growing,” supplement, Wisconsin Horticulture 9, no. 6 (February 1919), 3–12; Wisconsin Gardeners, The Wisconsin Garden Book (Madison: Wisconsin State Horticultural Society, 1922).
23. The announcement states in full: “‘City and Home Adornment Can Wait.’ Governor Philipp says in his message to you: ‘I wish to again impress upon the people of this state that the food situation is so serious that we will commit a moral wrong against our government if we in any way unnecessarily interfere with the production and successful harvesting of our agricultural products.
“Any community which now expends time and money purely for adornment is committing ‘a moral wrong against our government.’ These things can wait. Use this energy and money to get gardens planted. The individual, no matter how comfortable he may be financially who now spends large sums in beautifying his home grounds and nothing in the effort to increase the production of food is committing ‘a moral wrong against our government.’ Keep up the parks, but spend nothing additional on them. Keep your home grounds neat and attractive but plant more potatoes and fewer flowers,—this year. Next year we can make up for lost time.” Wisconsin Horticulture, 7, special edition (April 17, 1917), 4.
24. “‘Pro’ Fruit Men Oust Cranefield Because He Wanted to Help Amateurs,” Capital Times, November 15, 1926.
25. The Wisconsin Garden Club Federation remains an active organization and publishes a quarterly magazine, Wisconsin Gardens; http://www.wisconsingardenclub.org.
26. Henry Rahmlow and the Wisconsin Apple and Horticultural Society, One Hundred Years: The Wisconsin State Horticultural Society, 1868–1968 (Madison: Wisconsin Apple and Horticultural Council, 1968), 55.
27. “Annual Meeting: Annual Address,” Report of the Wisconsin State Horticultural Society for the year 1869 (1870), 12–13.
28. Frederic Cranefield, “The Improvement of Home Grounds,” Annual Report 34 (1904), 264.
29. “Design in the Garden,” Wisconsin Horticulture 20, no. 7 (March 1930), 198.
30. Frances Kinsley Hutchinson, Our Country Home: How We Transformed a Wisconsin Woodland (Chicago: A. C. McClurg & Co., 1907). After Frances Hutchinson’s death in 1935, the estate was deeded to the University of Chicago, which operated it as a nature preserve for several years before selling it. Neither the house nor grounds are extant.
Chapter 4
1. Dr. H. Allen, “Garden Floriculture,” Transactions of the Wisconsin State Horticultural Society 10 (1880), 335–336.
2. The majority of the presentations consisted of recommendations for varieties of trees, shrubs, flowers, and vegetables suitable for home planting. These were incorporated into the annual WSHS recommended varieties lists and are discussed in chapter 5.
3. Frederic Cranefield, “The Improvement of Home Grounds,” Annual Report of the Wisconsin State Horticultural Society 34 (1904), 264–302.
4. This may have been Cranefield’s own decision: as secretary of the WSHS and editor of Wisconsin Horticulture, he was influential in the choice of agenda and journal contents.
5. Thomas Hislop, “Laying Out Grounds, Floriculture, Etc.,” Transactions of the Wisconsin State Agricultural Society 2 (1852), 436.
Garden vase
VICK’S MONTHLY MAGAZINE, JUNE 1880
6. Charles Ramsdell, “Planning and Planting Home Grounds,” Annual Report 30 (1900), 218.
7. H. W. S. Cleveland, Landscape Architecture, As Applied to the Wants of the West (Chicago: Jansen, McClurg & Co., 1873), 21.
8. Ibid.
9. Prof. Beale, “Ornamental Planting,” Transactions 15 (1885), 158.
10. Prof. E. S. Goff, “The Adornment of Home Grounds,” Transactions 21 (1891), 35.
11. Announcement by Charles H. Ramsdell. “A Handbook for Planning and Planting Home Grounds” The Wisconsin Horticulturist 5, no. 8 (October 1900), 32. It leads with: “A handbook valuable both to the horticulturist and amateur home gardener has lately been issued by the Stout Manual Training school of Menomonie. It was published for direct use with the collection of desirable natives and hardy exotics on the school grounds. But it also contains much useful information to any one interested in plants. It is written by Warren H. Manning of Boston, the well known landscape architect, who is in charge of the development of the collection. Therefore it is an authority in its own field of outdoor work.”
12. Warren H. Manning, A Handbook for Planning and Planting Small Home Grounds (Menomonie, WI: Stout Manual Training School, 1899), 6–7.
13. Ramsdell, “Planning and Planting Home Grounds,” 217.
14. F. C. Edwards, “Lawn Decoration,” Annual Report 31 (1901), 246.
15. Delbert Utter, “Home Grounds,” Annual Report 33 (1903), 207, 210.
16. E. H. Niles, “Planting the Home Grounds,” Wisconsin Horticulture 4, no. 6 (February 1914), 3.
17. Ibid., 2.
18. Prof. C. E. Carey, “Flighty Vistas About the Home Grounds,” Annual Report 56 (1926), 35.
19. E. A. Petranek, “It’s Not a Home Until It’s Planted” pts. 1, 2, and 3, Wisconsin Horticulture 18, no. 7 (March 1928), 157–159; no. 8 (April 1928), 192–193.
20. “Design in the Garden,” Wisconsin Horticulture 20, no. 7 (March 1930), 197.
21. Ibid., 197–198.
22. Alfred L. Boerner, “Landscaping an English Home,” Wisconsin Horticulture 20, no. 7 (March 1930), 205. Boerner, who served as the Milwaukee County Landscape Architect from 1926 to 1955, designed the first five formal gardens at the botanical garden that now bears his name; http://www.boernerbotanicalgardens.org.
23. Thomas Hislop, “Laying Out Grounds, Floriculture, Etc.,” 438.
24. Ibid.
25. “Effect of a Good Fence,” The Wisconsin Horticulturist 3, no. 3 (May 1898), 17.
26. Cranefield, “The Improvement of Home Grounds,” 289, 297.
27. Ibid., 295.
28. Mrs. Vie H. Campbell, “The Farmer’s Necessities,” Transactions 15 (1885), 61.
29. Mrs. D. Huntley, “The Farmer’s Dooryard,” Transactions 10 (1880), 63.
30. F. C. Edwards, “Lawn Decoration,” Annual Report 31 (1901), 248.
31. Huntley, “The Farmer’s Dooryard,” 62.
32. A. L. Hatch, “Discussion,” Annual Report 25 (1895), 91.
33. Cleveland, Landscape Architecture, 44.
34. F. E. Pease, “Home, Planning and Planting the Grounds,” Annual Report 32 (1902), 190.
35. Zona Gale, Birth (New York: The MacMillan Co., 1918), 224.
36. Mrs. William Habermann, “Why Not Build a Lattice?” Wisconsin Horticulture 6, no. 1 (September 1915), 203.
37. Carey, “Flighty Vistas,” 37.
38. Cranefield, “The Improvement of Home Grounds,” 267.
39. Mrs. Laura Smith, “Floriculture,” Transactions of the Wisconsin State Agricultural Society 3 (1853), 257.
40. Mrs. I. H. Williams, “What Flowers Shall We Plant?” Transactions (1875), 174.
41. Frederic Cranefield, “Adornment of Home Grounds,” Annual Report 25 (1895), 89.
42. Manning, A Handbook for Planning and Planting Small Home Grounds, 7.
43. O. S. Willey, “Ornamental Trees and Shrubs,” Transactions (1870), 54.
44. Few cities and towns in Wisconsin had developed civic forestry programs before the 1920s; therefore, street planting and maintenance were the responsibility of the homeowner.
45. Ida E. Tilson, “Home Adornment,” Transactions 16 (1886), 210, 211.
46. Adams, Restoring American Gardens: An Encyclopedia of Heirloom Ornamental Plants, 1640–1940, 104.
47. Ibid., 106.
48. Bailey, Manual of Gardening, 54–55. This statement accompanied the drawing on page 15.
49. Ramsdell, “Planning and Planting,” 219.
50. William G. McLean, “Improve the Small Lot,” Annual Report 42, part 1 (1912), 185.
51. Allen, “Garden Floriculture,” 338, 341. Allen’s suggestions for the type of plants to be used in this garden are included in chapter 5.
52. Mrs. D. Huntley, “The Flower Garden—Sowing and Transplanting,” Transactions 10 (1880), 331–332.
53. James William Miller, “German Heirloom Gardening Research Report,” 2002. Unpublished document, on file in the archives at Old World Wisconsin, Eagle, Wisconsin, 124.
54. Ibid.,125.
55. “Kitchen Garden,” Transactions 1 (1851), 294.
56. “Annual Meeting: Annual Address,” Report of the Wisconsin State Horticultural Society for the Year 1869 (1870), 12.
57. J. S. Stickney, “How Best to Utilize Our Fruit,” Transactions 8 (1878), 34.
58. Mrs. J. Montgomery Smith, “The Kitchen Garden,” Annual Report 22 (1892), 157.
59. Ibid., 157.
60. “An Ideal Village Garden,” The Wisconsin Horticulturist 2, no. 7 (September 1897), 8.
61. “A City Garden—One Man’s Experience,” The Wisconsin Horticulturist 5, no. 7 (September 1900), 12.
62. Irving Smith, “Discussion,” Annual Report 41, part 1 (1911), 9.
63. McLean, “Improve the Small Lot,” 186.
64. Cranefield, “The Improvement of Home Grounds,” 296.
65. Mrs. D. C. Ayers, “Inexpensive Methods of Making Home Pleasant,” Transactions 7 (1877), 51.
66. Membership lists sometimes included nurserymen’s business cards. In 1904, thirty business members were listed.
67. Beal, “Ornamental Planting,” 162.
68. Tilson, “Home Adornment,” 212.
69. Manning, A Handbook for Planning and Planting Small Home Grounds. The plant catalog is a thirty-four-page addendum to the main body of text.
70. Ramsdell, “Planning and Planting,” 215.
71. Ibid., 220.
72. The organization was formed in 1913. Jens Jensen and O. C. Simonds were two of the founding members.
Chapter 5
1. Mrs. D. C. Ayers, “Flowers for All,” Transactions of the Wisconsin State Horticultural Society 9 (1879), 258.
2. Crawford, “Domestic Gardens in Southern Wisconsin,” 81–107.
3. The years in which changes were made were 1893, 1894, 1904, 1905, 1915, 1920, and 1925.
4. “Recommended Varieties for Wisconsin,” Combined Annual Reports of the Wisconsin State Horticultural Society for the Years Ending July 1, 1927 and July 1, 1928 57, 16.
5. Carolyn A. Strong, William A. Toole, and V. E. Brubaker, “Planning the Flower Garden: Varieties Recommended for Wisconsin by Special Committee,” Wisconsin Horticulture 20, no. 8 (April 1930), 229.
6. George J. Kellogg, “Evergreens—Beauty and Utility,” Transactions (1872), 171.
7. A. A. Arnold, “Evergreens,” Transactions 10 (1880), 87.
8. W. D. Boynton, “Evergreens for Ornamental Purposes,” Annual Report 28 (1898), 214.
9. Ibid., 215.
10. In Green Bay, it was not until 1920 that a city arborist was hired to take responsibility for street plantings; some smaller communities to this day do not have a comprehensive street planting program.
11. James Currie, “Some Hardy Shrubs,” Annual Report 23 (1893), 103–110.
12. Ibid., 109.
13. “Black List,” Annual Report 39 (1909), xliii.
14. Ibid., xliii–xliv.
15. The five articles that are combined in this pamphlet were presented by William Toole at WSHS annual meetings between 1919 and 1922. They are entitled “Domesticating Our Native Wild Flowers,” “Our Native Shrubs of Wisconsin,” “Our Wisconsin Native Trees,” “Cultivation of Our Native Ferns,” and “Our Native Climbing Vines.”
16. Nemophilia, also known as baby blue eyes, is native to the western United States but not well known in Wisconsin gardens today.
17. Mrs. I. H. Williams, “What Flowers Shall We Plant?” Transactions (1875), 174–175.
18. Ayers, “Inexpensive Methods of Making Home Pleasant,” 51.
19. Allen, “Garden Floriculture,” 339–340.
20. Mrs. Irene H. Williams, “Garden Vases and Hanging Baskets,” Transactions 7 (1877), 87.
21. For a complete list of annuals available in Wisconsin during the nineteenth century, refer to Crawford, “Domestic Gardens in Southern Wisconsin,” appendix III, “Plants Used in Wisconsin During the Nineteenth Century,” 196–210.
22. W. J. Moyle, “A Perennial Border,” Wisconsin Horticulture 5, no. 2 (October 1914), 22.
23. The bulb catalog from the Ann Arbor, Michigan–based Old House Gardens is an excellent source for heirloom bulbs and their history.
24. Samuel Baxter, “Roses in Wisconsin,” Transactions 14 (1884), 67.
25. Heirloom Roses Inc. (http://www.heirloomroses.com) and The Antique Rose Emporium (http://www.antiqueroseemporium.com) are two such nurseries.
26. Mrs. J. Montgomery Smith, “The Kitchen Garden,” Annual Report 22 (1892), 155–159.
27. “Discussion,” Annual Report 22 (1892), 159.
28. “Plant a Victory Garden,” supplement, Wisconsin Horticulture 9, no 6. (February 1919), 3, 7, 11.
Chapter 6
1. Helen H. Charlton, “In the Garden,” Annual Report of the Wisconsin State Horticultural Society 22 (1892), 161.
2. To access the Wisconsin Historical Society Library-Archives, visit http://www.wisconsinhistory.org/libraryarchives/.
3. Adams, Restoring American Gardens, 19.
4. “The Wauwatosa Historical Society’s Kneeland-Walker House and Gardens,” a handout from the Wauwatosa Historical Society.
5. Charles A. Birnbaum, “Preservation Brief 36: Protecting Cultural Landscapes: Planning, Treatment, and Management of Historic Landscapes” (Washington, DC: National Park Service, 1994); http://www.nps.gov/history/hps/tps/briefs/brief36.htm.
6. Mrs. H. M. Lewis, “The Adornment of Home,” Transactions of the Wisconsin State Horticultural Society (1874), 47.
