Page numbers refer to the print edition of this book. Use the search feature of your device to access the listings in this index.
Abecedarian project, 32, 307, 349
Abstract concepts, 210–11
Activity adaptability characteristic, 139
Adam, 73–74
Advice on raising children in 1928, 96
Affiliativeness, 152–54
African Americans:
crime and, 11
as fathers, 239–40
incarceration of, 264–65
“After care” programs, 271–72
Aggressive behavior, 115–17
encoding of, in genes, 177
head injuries and, 177–81
peer rejection and, 172
regulation of emotions and, 207–10
temperament and, 151–53
violence, see Violence
see also Conduct disorder (CD); Oppositional-defiant disorder (ODD)
Agreeableness, 152, 154–55
Ainsworth, Dr. Mary, 197–99
A. J., 242
Alarm hormone, 47–48
Alarm system, 37–40
Alcohol, 67, 174, 276–77
heritability of alcoholism, 72, 237
neurochemicals and, 48–49
paternal consumption of, 237–39
prenatal exposure to, 14, 53, 62–63
ADHD and, 122–23
see also Fetal alcohol syndrome
Alcohol Health and Research World, 66
“All Is Silent,” 299
Altruism, 196, 210
“Ambivalent” babies, 214
Ambulance mentality, 260–62
American Humane Association, 259
American Psychologist, 236
Amino acids:
aggression and, 47
malnutrition, 82–85
Amniocentesis, 57
Amygdala, 41, 146
limbic system and, 38–39
memory and, 43–44
Analytical thinking, bypassing, 37–40
“And a Little Child Shall Lead Us,” 315
Anemia, 82
Anesthesia:
obstetrical, 81–82
for premature babies, 96–97
Anger, 209
Jeffrey on, 160
Anthony, 140–42, 143, 149
Approach/withdrawal characteristic, 139
Arcus, Doreen, 144
Army boot camp, 37
Arson, 263
Asberg, Marie, 47
Association for Prenatal and Perinatal Psychology and Health, 46, 97, 102, 314
Atlantic Monthly, 96
“At-risk behavior profiles,” 127–28
Attachment relationships:
biology of, 202–207
fathers and, 249
foundation of protective factors and, 192
mother-child, see Mother-child relationships
schooling and, 214
Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), 37, 40, 61, 109, 174, 189
as brain-based condition, 116
continuity of attention and, 114
discipline and, 225–26
distraction and, 114
drugs and, 81
familial environments and, 115, 116
fetal alcohol and, 70–73
genetics and, 86, 116, 122–23
impact of, 119–20
longitudinal study of, 118–19
multimodal treatment of, 119
planning and, 113–14
research into causes of, 122–24
selectivity and, 114
self-monitoring and, 114–15
statistics on, 118–19
trauma and, 116, 123, 125–26
types of, 113
“Avoidant” babies, 198, 214
Babies in our culture, 54, 259, 290, 300–21
barriers to preventing violence, 302–303
biological and emotional needs, 315–17
comparison of, 311–14
costs of, 304–305
cultural transformation and, 309–11
current attitudes, 307–308
dependence on, 319
deteriorating mental health, 308
“devolution” and, 308
emotional communication, 311
family-centered policies, 303–305
industrial revolution and, 314–18
isolating infants for sleep, 316
lack of funding for programs, 309
lack of supervision, 305–307
mortality rates, 316
needs of, 314–15, 317–18
top-down/bottom-up solutions, 310
two-income families, 304–306
Barnard, Dr. Kathryn, 288, 306–307
Baum, L. Frank, 21, 24
Begley, Sharon, 30
Bendectin, 81
Bennett, William, 249
Bermudez, Ignacio, Jr., 120
Birth, 94–95
complications at, 97–98
maternal rejection and, 98–99
first love, 192–95
premature, 96–97
routine treatment at, 96–97
“Blood brain” barrier, 63
Body Count (DiIulio and Walters), 249
“Bonding,” 192–94
Bornstein, Dr. Marc, 213–14
Bowlby, John, 192, 194, 198
Brain, the:
adult violence and, 16, 58
see also Early brain anatomy and violence
cautiousness/boldness and, 142–45
development of, 27–28, 301
frontal lobes, 124–25
neurons in, 55, 57–58
stages of, 30
empathy and, 202–207
growth of, 35
injury to, see Trauma
IQ, 31–33
myths about, 333
parts of, 36
prefrontal lobes, 39, 40
disruptive behavior disorders and, 124–25
emotions and, 221–22
modulating distress, 146
temperament and, 150, 153
primary goal of, 28–29
revolution in thinking about, 300–301
trauma and, 166–77
weight of, 31
Brain stem, 36, 41, 167
Branch Davidians, 171
Brazelton, Dr. T. Berry, 56, 194, 219–21, 245, 287, 303
Bremner, Dr. J. Douglas, 42–43
Brennan, Dr. Patricia, 98, 210
Brigham and Women’s Hospital, 75–76
British Journal of Psychotherapy, 57
Broken Cord, The (Dorris), 73–74
Cairns, Dr. Robert, 177
Campbell, Dr. Frances, 32
Carroll, Lewis, 51
Carson, Rachel, 15–16, 321
“Cellular” memories, 43–46, 57
Cerebral palsy, 80
Chamberlain, Dr. David, 46, 57, 97, 102, 314–15
Chelsea, 24
Chess, Dr. Stella, 138–40
Chicago Tribune, 29, 33, 238–39
Child abuse, 189
as barrier to success in school, 171–72
“cortical map” and, 126
devolution and, 308–309
head injury and, 177–81
increase in, 281–82
shame-humiliation and, 206
trauma, see Trauma
type D babies and, 199–202
Children First (Leach), 304–305
Children’s Defense Fund, 17, 309, 318
Child welfare system, 281–90
abuse and, 281–82
correct diagnosis and, 284–87
early intervention and, 284
homicidal children and, 281–83
Jeffrey and, 185–86, 233–34, 255–58, 282–84
litigation against, 283
outreach programs, 287–89
poverty and, 289–90
reform of, 283
solutions to problems of, 290
successful intervention by, 284
Cholera, 301–302
Chowchilla, California, kidnapping, 161–64
Chronic fear response, 174–75
Chugani, Dr. Harvey, 30, 212
Cicchetti, Dr. Dante, 171–72
Circumcisions, 97
Clarke, Dr. Susan, 99–100
Clifton, Dr. Rachel, 45–46
Cloninger, Dr. C. Robert, 143
Cocaine, 66–67, 77–80
first trimester and, 77–78
other problems and, 78–79
Cognitive learning, foundation for, 192, 210–14
“Cold-blooded” premeditated violence, 18
neurochemicals and, 48
Conduct disorder (CD), 112–13, 122
antisocial behavior later in life and, 128, 161
described, 115–16, 127–28
familial environments, ADHD and, 115
Conscience, 151, 152
Continuity of attention, ADHD and, 114
Corriero, Michael, 272
Cortex, 36, 37, 167
“Cortical map,” 124, 126
Cortisol, 176, 223–24
Costs of raising children, 304–305
Crack babies, 65, 66
“Crime gene,” 14
Crime rates, 7
for juveniles, 263–64
projected, 8–9
in the U.S., 8–9
Criminal behavior:
affectionate mothers and, 245
characteristics common to, 58
divorce and, 243
juvenile, 264–68
parental criminality and, 243–44
parental discord and, 244–45
sources of, 13–14
victims of, 262–63
see also Violence
Criminal justice system, 79
cost of, 9
cycle of violence and, 260–61
“get tough on crime” and, 274–75
juvenile offenders and, 264–65
Critical periods, 25, 36
defined, 26
graphic-imaging techniques and, 27
for spoken language, 24, 26–27
for vision, 26
Crystal, 3
Cues, 39
Damasio, Antonio, 206
Danish National Criminal Register, 98
David, Dr. Ronald, 262
Davidson, Dr. Richard, 150
Dawson, Dr. Geraldine, 30, 220–23
Day care, early enrollment in, 31–33
DDT, 16
DeCasper, Dr. Anthony, 56
DeFord, Ray, 188–90
Dendrites, 28
pruning, 30, 33
Denno, Deborah, 77
Department of Justice, Rochester, New York, 244–45
Depression, maternal, 219–24
father’s mitigating of, 246
Derrick, 59–61, 87
DES, 81
Descartes’ Error (Damasio), 206
Devolution, 176–77, 308
“Difficult” children, 139
case study of, 140–42
inhibited behavior and, 101
DiIulio, John, 7, 249
Discipline:
packaged approaches to, 224–26
problems with, 109–11
Disruptive behavior disorders, 107–156
amelioration of, 130–31
case history of, 109–11
common variables in development of, 126–27
described, 111–13
diagnosis of, 118, 128–29
frontal lobes of the brain and, 124–26
homicidal youths and, 126
impulsivity and, 118
parents of children with, 117–18
behavior of, 128–29
six-year-old charged with attempted murder, 112, 120–21
types of, 113–18
see also specific disorder
Dissociation, 170–76
neurochemicals and, 176
Distractibility characteristic, 139
Distraction from competing stimulation, ADHD and, 114
Divorce:
delinquency and, 243–44
rates of, 239–40
see also Single-parent households
Doctors Without Borders, 213
Dodge, Mary Mapes, 178
Dopamine, 82–83, 86
Dorris, Michael, 73–74
Drugs, 272–73
Jeffrey’s mother and, 186–87
prenatal exposure to, see Prenatal exposure to drugs
Dunedin Multidisciplinary Health and Developmental Study, 128
Earls, Dr. Felton, 143
Early brain anatomy and violence, 21–49
amygdala and memory, 43–44
behavioral milestones, 29–30
from the bottom up, 36–38
critical periods, see Critical periods
environment and, 28–36
“fight or flight” and, 37–40
Humpty Dumpty years, 24–30
“information capture mechanism,” 33–34
limbic system, 38–40
neurochemicals, 46–49
orbitofrontal cortex, 40–43
proliferation and pruning of connections, 30, 33
sensitive periods, see Sensitive periods
“use-dependent development,” 29
what you see is what you get, 30–36
Early Head Start, 284, 288
Eastern cultures, pregnancy in, 54–55
“Easy” children, 139
Echoes from the Womb (Janus), 104–105
Edelman, Marian Wright, 318
Education system, 277–80
failure of, 283–84
Effortful control, 152–54
Einstein, Albert, 309
Electroencephalogram (EEG), 144, 150
emotions and, 221–22
Elizabeth, 140–42
Embryonic period, 64
Emotional attachment, see Empathy
Emotional attunement, 197
misattunement, 204–207
Emotional deprivation, 41–42, 183–227
case histories:
DeFord, Ray, 188–90
John and Jeffrey, 185–88
Emotional deprivation (continued)
cognitive learning and, 210–14
discipline and, 224–26
empathy and, 195–207
first love, 192–95, 226–27
impact of, 215–18
maternal depression and, 219–24
parenting skills, discipline techniques and, 224–26
regulation of emotions and, 207–10
“Emotional guardian,” 38
Emotional Intelligence (Goleman), 38, 147
Emotional memory, 44
Emotions, 310–11
expressions of, on the human face, 41
negative early relationships, 41–42
regulation of, see Regulation of emotions
Empathy, 163, 195–207
altruism and, 196
biological basis of, 202–203
cognitive processes involved in, 196
examples of early, 195–96
foundation of, 192, 197
homicide and, 206–207
mother-child relationships and, 197–99
as protective factor, 210
Rachel, 199–202
Engel, Dr. George, 44
Epilepsy, 61
Episodic binge drinking, 70–71
Episodic dyscontrol, 180
Erdrich, Louise, 74
Esophagus, 44–45
Evolution, 176–77
“Excitable limbic physiology,” 143
“Excitatory” circuit, 205
Executive attentional system, 162
Externalizing/internalizing behavior, 147–50
Failure to thrive, 41, 44
Familial relationships, replication of, 192–95
“Family-centered” policies, 303–305
Farrington, Dr. David, 151
Fatherhood Initiative, 246, 247
Fathers, 231–51
absent, see Single-parent households
alcoholic, 233–34
attachment process and, 249
case history, 233–35
genetic influence of, 236–39
high-risk children and, 248
lack of research on role of, 236
parenting styles, 245–49
preventing later violence, 246–47
sins of, 236–39
“stay-at-home,” 247
FBI, 8
Fearful/fearless temperament, 142–45
emotional regulation and, 209–10
impulsivity and, 151–52
Fear system, 151–52
Feldmar, Andrew, 103
Fetal alcohol effects (FAE), 67–68
detection of, 71–72
Fetal alcohol syndrome (FAS), 67–68
effects of, 69–70, 73
as children mature, 74–75
detection of, 64–65, 66, 71–73
learning disability, 72–74
social, 73
father’s alcohol consumption and, 71–72, 238
incidence of, 71–72
mother’s alcohol consumption and, 69–71
Fetal growth period, 64
Field, Dr. Tiffany, 221–24
“Fight or flight,” 37–40
trauma and, 170–76
First love, 192–95, 226–27, 249
First thirty-three months of life, 13, 16–17
drugs and, see Prenatal exposure to drugs
maltreatment during, 18–19, 49
trauma during, 46
violence and, see Early brain anatomy and violence
Fischer, Dr. Kurt, 30
Foster care, 79–80, 282
Fox, Dr. Nathan, 150
“Freedom,” 306–307
Fresno Bee, 163
Freud, Sigmund, 104
Frishman, Ronny, 61
Frontal lobe injuries, 180
Galen, 137
Galen’s Prophecy (Kagan), 136, 143
Gangs, 173–74
in the armed services, 266
Gangster Disciples, 242–43
younger children in, 265–66
Genetics, 85–86
ADHD and, 85, 116, 122–23
paternal influence and, 236–39
prenatal exposure to drugs or alcohol, 14, 123
serotonin levels and, 48–49
trauma and, 177
violence and, 190–91
Gestation, 54–55
Glaucoma, 53
Glucose, 82
metabolism of, 30, 43
Golden, Dr. Charles, 180, 306
Goleman, Daniel, 38–39, 147
“Goodness of fit” with parental responses, 140–42
Greenough, Dr. William, 31, 33–34
“Gut reactions,” 40
Hans Brinker; or, The Silver Skates (Dodge), 177–78
Harlow, Dr. H. F., 33–34
Harlow Primate Laboratory, 71
Harris, Robert, 102
Head injuries, 177–81, 189
Head Start, 31–32, 284
Health care system, 262
Healthy Start, 288–89
Hean, Jazmine, 281–82
Hearing, sense of, 56
Helfgott, David, 319–20
Heroin, 80–81
High-risk behaviors, 48
Hippocampus, 43, 100
Hispanic Americans, 9–10
Hofer, Dr. Myron, 215–18
Homeostatic balance, 215–18
Homicidal children, 126
background of, 281–82
empathy and, 206–207
gangs and, 242–43
Ray, 188–90
statistics on, 190
see also Jeffrey
Horn, Wade, 246–47
Horton, Mickey, 282
“Hot-blooded” impulsive violence, 18
neurochemicals and, 48
Hubel, Dr. David, 26
Humiliation, 206
Humpty Dumpty years, 24–30
Huttenlocher, Dr. Janellen, 34, 35
Hyperactive children, 113
Hyperarousal, 170–76
Hyperkinetic children, 113
Hypervigilance, 39
“Hypo-arousal,” 205–206
Hypothalamus, 41
“Imprinting,” 192–93
Impulsivity:
fearfulness and, 151
Jeffrey on, 160
Industrial revolution, 315–17
Infant home-visitation programs, 287–89
Infant memory, 43–46, 104–105
Infant Mind, The (Restak), 55, 95–96
“Information capture mechanism,” 33–34
“Inhibited” behavior, 101
Inhibited/uninhibited temperament, 142–44
“Inhibitory” mechanisms, 152–53, 205, 206
Insecticides, 15–16
Intensity characteristic, 139
Intergenerational transfer of behaviors, 194–95
“Intermittent explosive disorder,” 61
“Internal working model,” 192–95
Intervention with predelinquent children, 128–32
IQ, 31–33
father’s influence on, 248
malnutrtion and, 82–83
smoking and, 75
teachers’ expectations and, 214
Iron, 82
Jacobson, Dr. Bertel, 82
James, 258–59
Janus, Dr. Ludwig, 104
Jarriel, Tom, 211
Jason, 195
Jed, 189
Jeffrey, 3–5, 19
“All Is Silent,” 299
anger and, 160
beatings of, 110, 258
by brother, 111
by mother, 159–60
police report on, 159
birth and childhood of, 93–94, 109–111, 122, 185–88
child welfare system and, 185–86, 235, 265–66, 282–83
factors needed for successful intervention, 284
crime committed by, 3, 319–20
described, 3–4, 174
by brother, 300
“last words” of, 253
medication of, 109, 111, 119
mother’s drug abuse during pregnancy, 53–54
oppositional-defiant disorder and, 115
parents of, 233–34, 235
school assessment report on, 111
temperament of, 135–36, 153–55
testimony of forensic psychologist about, 23
John, 94, 110–11, 164, 282
on beatings, 159–60
on brother, 300
childhood of, 185–88, 234–35, 256–57
temperament of, 135–36, 153–55
Joyfulness, 209
Julie, 153, 282
Juvenile justice system, 264
bridge back into the community and, 271–72
failure of, 283–84
grouping antisocial offenders, 269
incarceration, 270
parental responsibility and, 272
schools and, 277–78
Kagan, Dr. Jerome, 136, 143, 145
Kaiser Permanente, 139, 274
Karen, 284–287
Karr-Morse, Robin, xxiii–xxiv
Kiana, 195
Kiel, Dr. Frank, 28
Kinnell, Galway, 91
Kochanska, Dr. Grazyna, 152–53, 161
Kolko, David, 209
Koresh, David, 171
Kotulak, Ronald, 29, 33, 49, 238
Kraemer, Dr. Gary, 217–218
Ladies’ Home Journal, 61
Leach, Dr. Penelope, 241, 304
Lead, 62, 76
sperm abnormalities and, 220–21
LeDoux, Joseph, 38, 43–44
Lee, Karen, 258
Lemmon, Jack, 143
Lemoine, Dr. Paul, 71, 74
Lester, Dr. Barry, 83
Lewis, Dorothy, 14–15, 169, 270
Limbic memory, 46, 95
Limbic system, 36, 38–41, 146, 149, 179
excitable, 143
shaping of, 208
Lobotomy, 42
Locke, John, 54
Lorenz, Konrad, 192–93
Los Angeles Times, 121
“Low arousal,” 85
Lykken, Dr. David, 86
McKenna, Dr. James, 315–17
Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI), 24, 286
Malnutrition, 82–84
Marijuana, 53, 80
Massages, 224
Matthau, Walter, 143
Mayes, Dr. Linda, 78–79
Media:
coverage of violence, 13, 112
newsworthy young criminals, 3–6
Mednick, Dr. Sarnoff, 86, 98
Melmed, Matthew, 305
Memory:
amygdala and, 43–44
primitive emotions and, 57
Methylphenidate, 119
Michael, 285–87
Microcephaly, 80
Midbrain, 36–37
Milne, A. A., 107, 183
Minimal brain dysfunction, 113
Minnerbrook, Scott, 242
Minor physical anomalies, 87
Smith and, 59–61
Monica, 44–45
Mood characteristic, 139
Moral behavior, 196–97
Morris, Bill, 258
Morse, Eric, 242
Mother-child relationships, 197–99, 208
attachments, 197–99, 214
cognitive learning and, 210–214
emotional regulation and, 207–10
empathy and, see Empathy
homeostatic balance and, 215–18
interactive “games” and, 213
maternal depression and, 219–24
misattunement in, 204–207
Romanian orphans and, 211–13
Mother Goose rhyme, 167
Mothers:
depressed, 125–26, 246
intelligence of, 32
parenting styles, 245–49
talkative, 34
see also Emotional deprivation; Mother-child relationship
Motor development, 56–57
Murphy, Patrick, 6, 164
Myers, Dr. Nancy, 45–46
National Institute of Justice, 281
National Public Radio, 77
“Nature-nurture” debate, 13, 138
genetics, see Genetics
temperament and, 137–38
violence and, 190–91
Needleman, Dr. Herbert, 76
Nelson, Dr. Charles, 33–34
Neocortex:
bypassing, 38–39
lead and, 77
Neural alarm system, 40
“Neural maps,” 124, 126
“Neural thermostat,” 39
Neurological injuries, 177–81
Neurons, 167
Neurotransmitters, 68, 78, 82
dissociation/hyperarousal and, 176
malnutrition and, 82–83
maternal deprivation and, 217–18
regulating emotions, 207–208
stress-related, 146–50
Newborns, 94–97
birth, see Birth
discounting sentience of, 95–97
traumatized, 97–98
maternal rejection and, 98–99
New skills, 34
Newsweek, 30
New Yorker, the, 9, 43
New York Longitudinal Study, 138–39
New York Times, the, 7, 227–28, 270
Nicotine, 62–64, 75, 123
alcohol and, 68–71, 122–23
Nobel Prize, 26
Noradrenaline, 47–49
trauma and, 164, 170–72
Norepinephrine, 86, 144
externalizing/internalizing behavior and, 148–50
trauma and, 170
Nurse-Family Partnership, 289, 292
Nursing Child Assessment Satellite Training (NCAST), 288–89
Obsessive-compulsive behavior, 48
O’Connor, Michael, 189
Odd Couple, The, 143
Olds, Dr. David, 75, 289, 293
Oppositional-defiant disorder (ODD), 112, 115, 118, 137, 149
described, 115
emergence of, during preschool years, 128–29
familial environments, ADHD and, 115
Orbitofrontal cortex, 40–43
modulating distress and, 146
Oregon Children’s Care Team, xiii–xiv
Oregon Children’s Services Division, 258
Oregon Humane Society, 259
Oregonian, 189, 258
Oregon Social Learning Center, 128
Organogenesis, 64
“Orienting reactivity,” 210
Ottawa Prenatal Prospective Study, 75, 80
Out-of-wedlock births, 239
Pappajohn, George, 165–66
Parasympathetic nervous system, 41
Parental responsibility for children’s delinquency, 271–73
Parent Effectiveness Training (P.E.T.), 225
Parenting styles, differences in, 245–49
Passive poisons, 61–82
alcohol, 64–74
behavioral effects of, 335
bridge to violent behavior, 63
cocaine, 64–65, 77–80
heroin, 80–81
lead, 61, 76–77
marijuana, 80
nicotine, 62–63, 75–76
prescribed legal drugs, 81–82
timing of the development processes and, 64
Patterson, Dr. Gerry, 128–29, 305–306
Peer rejection, 172
Perry, Dr. Bruce, xi, 15, 29, 36–37, 168–71, 173, 177, 206
Persistence characteristic, 139
“Personality,” 42
temperament and, 137
Phares, Dr. Vicky, 236
Phelps, Dr. Michael, 36
Planning capacity, ADHD and, 113–14
Positron-emission tomography (PET) scan, 24, 30, 36, 124
glucose metabolism and, 30, 43
of Romanian orphans, 212
Posner, Dr. Michael, 150
Post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), 42–43
chemical signature of, 170–71
overuse of alarm response and, 176–77
Poverty, 289–90, 308
P.R., 242
Preconscious memories, 45–46, 95
Premature birth, 96–97
ADHD and, 123
Prenatal environment, 99–105
emotions of mother, 99–100
influence of, 103–105
stress, 61, 100–102
alcohol exposure and, 71
unwanted babies, 102–103
Prenatal exposure to drugs, 14, 61–82, 122–23
behavioral effects of, 335
timing of the developmental processes and, 63–64
see also Passive poisons
Preschool, 35–36
Prescribed legal drugs, 81–82
Prime Time Live, 36
Prison population, 11
Protein, 82
Pruneda, Emilio, 5
Psychological Care of Infant and Child, The (Watson), 96
Psychopathology of Crime, The (Raine), 85
Pulitzer Prize, 29
Rachel, 197, 199–202, 204, 207
Rage, 209
Raine, Dr. Adrian, 39, 85, 98, 243, 246
Ramey, Dr. Craig, 31–33, 307
Reciprocal contact with a parent, 25
Reflexive movements, 57
Reflux, 285–86
Regulation of emotions, 40–43, 124–25, 216
ADHD and, 114–15
aspects of, 208–10
foundation of, 192
learning, 207–10
temperament and, 146–50
Resiliency, 153–55
Resources, 353–55
Restak, Dr. Richard, 55, 58, 95
Rhythmicity characteristic, 139
Ritalin, 109, 111, 112, 119, 132, 279
Rockefeller University, 36
Roger, 3
Romanian orphans, 211–13
“Roots of Violence, The,” 238–39
Rothbart, Dr. Mary, 150–52, 154–55
Rowe, Dr. Jeffrey, 127
Ryan, 24–25
Sandifer, Robert (Yummy), 6
background of, 164–65
psychological examination of, 165–66
Satterfield, Breena, 119–20
Satterfield, Dr. Jim, 118–19
Sawyer, Diane, 36, 211
Scerbo, Dr. Angela Scarpa, 209
Schizophrenia, 86
Schneider, Dr. Mary, 71, 100
School readiness, 211
Schools and the juvenile justice system, 277–80
failure of, 283–84
Schore, Dr. Allan, 40–42, 202–203, 205–206, 208
Schorr, Dr. Lisbeth, 309
“Securely attached” children, 198, 214
Selectivity capacity, ADHD and, 114
Self, the, 203–204
Self-expectations, 211
Self-regulation, see Regulation of emotions
Self-reliance, 314, 318
Sensate development, 56
Sensitive periods, 25
defined, 26
longitudinal studies and, 27
Sensory threshold characteristic, 139
Sensual experience, 44
Serotonin, 47–49, 82–83, 164
alcohol and, 239
trauma and, 164
Serotonin (5HT) system function, 86
Services for children, 261–62
Severely emotionally disabled (S.E.D.), 111
Shame, 205–206
Shine, 319
Silent Spring (Carson), 15–16
Single-parent households, 239–49
affectionate mothers and, 245
African American, 241–42
children raised in, 241–42
divorce rates, 239–40
life without father, 242–45
out-of-wedlock births, 240
Slave prayer, 1
“Slow to warm up” children, 139
Smelling the roses, 317
Smith, Eric, 59–61, 87
Snow, John, 301–302
Social isolation, 34
Social personality, 154–55
Social policies, 303–305
“Society Which Mistook Its Children for Bats, The,” 315–16
Sontag, Dr. L. W., 99
Special education, 277–78
Specific learning disorders (SLD), 278
Sperm abnormalities, 236–39
Spoken language:
critical period for, 24, 26–27
second language, 35
talkative mothers and, 34
Stafford, William, 329
State of America’s Children, The (Children’s Defense Fund), 17
Stein, Andrew, 269
Stevens, Jane, 301–302
“Strange situation,” 198
Stress hormones, 37
Stress response system, 37–40, 170–71, 176
depressed mothers and, 222–23
Stroop task, 152
Sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS), 76, 315–16
Suicide, 102–103, 148
“Surrender” or dissociative response, 39
Sympathetic nervous system, 41, 170
Synapses, 27–28
cocaine and, 78
destruction of, 176
production of, 35
pruning of, 30, 33
reorganization of, 34
Taste, sense of, 56
Temperament, 133–55
affiliativeness and, 152–53
biological basis of, 149–50
categories of, 139–42
“difficult,” 139, 140–42
“easy,” 139
“slow to warm up,” 139
characteristics of, 139
differences in, 136–38, 153–55
executive attentional system and, 152
fear system and, 150–51
Jeffrey and John, 135–36
nature-nurture debate and, 137, 138
parental responses and, 144–45
externalizing/internalizing, 148–50
fearful/fearless, 143–45
“goodness of fit,” 140–42
“poorness of fit,” 145–47
personality and, 137
resiliency and, 154–55
self-regulation and, 146–50
studies of, 138–40
Template for relationships, 192–95
Temporal lobe injuries, 180
Teratogens, 61–62
case histories of, 53–54
see also Passive poisons
Terr, Dr. Lenore, 46, 163
Thalidomide, 62, 80–81
effects of, 64
Thomas, Dr. Alexander, 138–40
Thomas, Evan, 215
Threshold characteristic, 139
Time, 6
Tobacco, see Nicotine
Tom, 189
Tony, 170–71
Toronto Star, 165
Touch, sense of, 56
Touchpoints, 287–89
“Tough on crime,” 10
Toxic experiences, 16
Trauma, 157–81
ADHD and, 116, 122–23, 126
brain and, 166–77
Chowchilla kidnapping and, 161–64
devolution and, 177–78
dissociation and, 170–76
effects of, 164
fight or flight, 170–76
head injury, 177–81
hyperarousal and, 170–76
Tray, 195
Treaster, Joseph, 271
“Treating Violence as an Epidemic,” 301–302
Trimethadione, 61
Tronick, Dr. Ed, 221, 287, 311
Tryptophan, 47, 48, 82
Turning Point, 211
Twins, 85, 86
“Type D” children, 199
Rachel, 199–202, 204, 207
Tyrosine, 82
Ultrasound, 55, 57
Uniform Crime Report, 8
Unwanted babies, 102–103
“Use-dependent development,” 29
U.S. News & World Report, 242–43
Vagus nerve, 146
Vietnam veterans, 42
Violence:
background tracing of, 130–31
barriers to preventing, 302–303
brain and, see Brain, the
common continuum preceding, 268–69
cultural transformation and, 310
defined, 18
delivery complications and, 98–99
factors associated with, 331–32
head injury and, 177–79
homicide, see Homicidal children
intergenerational transmission of, 169
mental illness of parent and, 99
nature/nurture and, 190–91
neurochemicals and, 48–49
paternal role in, 236, 242–43
as mitigating influence, 246–47
poverty and, 289–90
statistics on, 290–91
study of genesis of, 14–15
tracing the cycle of, 260–61
trauma and, 168–77
typical background of offenders, 116
as unregulated aggression, 217
victims of, 262–63
Vision, sense of, 56
critical period for, 26
Visual cortex, 26–27
Wallace, Dr. Robert F., 99
Walt, 234–35
Walters, John, 249
Watson, Dr. John B., 96
“When Trouble Starts Young,” 270
White, E. B., 297
Widom, Cathy Spatz, 169
Wiesel, Dr. Torsten, 26
Wiley, Meredith, xxiii–xxiv
Winfrey, Oprah, 6
Within Our Reach: Breaking the Cycle of Disadvantage (Schorr), 309
Womb, see Prenatal environment
Wonderful Wizard of Oz, The (Baum), 21, 24
Wood, Dr. Frank, 39
Working parents, 304–306
Wynne, Jack, 162
Zero to Three, 305