Abstract linguistic constructions, 97–98, 101–102, 114–115
Adaptation and adaptedness, 128–129, 131–132, 148
Adaptive specializations, as self-regulating systems, 8
Agent-neutral thinking: objective representation and, 113–116; ontogeny and, 146
Al-Sayyid Bedouin Sign Language, 157n3, 158n5
Arbitrary communicative conventions, 96–99
Argumentation, cooperative, 110–112, 117–118, 119, 121–122
Assertions, 112, 115, 117–118
Backward-facing inferences: and primate cognition of physical world, 16–20; and primate cognition of social world, 22–24
Behavioral self-monitoring: evolution of cognition and, 14; of great apes, 24–25, 26
Behaviorism, 7
Beliefs, false, 87, 156n3
Brain: population size and, 134; development of human, 145
Brandom, Robert, 32, 112
Carruthers, P., 129–130
Category terms, 62
Causal inferences: and primate cognition of physical world, 16–20; and primate cognition of social world, 24; of great apes, 74
Children: collaboration and individual thinking in, 2, 6; and joint goals in collaboration, 39–40; and individual roles in collaboration, 40–41; joint attention and individual perspectives among, 44, 45; cooperative communication and, 51, 58–59; relevance inference and, 52–53, 55–56; pantomime and pointing in, 62–66; pretend play in, 63–64; spacial conceptualization and, 65; combined gestures and, 66; culture and, 82, 86–87; cultural common ground and, 85; social norms and, 87; cognitive skills of, 126; family cooperation and, 133; in human cooperative lifestyle, 134; conventional communication and, 139; social interactions of, 144–145
Clark, H., 38
Cognition: evolution of, 7–14, 26, 125–133, 151–152; for competition, 26–31, 76–78; as cooperation, 124–125; sociality and, 133–144; role of ontogeny in origins of human, 144–148; intermediate step in, 150–151. See also Human thinking
Cognitive representation(s): and individual intentionality, 9–12; of great apes, 27–28
Cognitive self-monitoring, of great apes, 24–26, 26, 30–31
Collaboration: shared intentionality and, 3, 4–6; emergence of, among early humans, 33–38; joint goals and individual roles in, 38–43; joint attention and individual perspectives in, 43–46; social self-monitoring in, 46–47; second-personal social engagement and, 47–49; collective intentionality and, 80–81; group identification and, 82–83; shared decision making and reason giving and, 109–113; sociality and, 133–138, 136–138, 150–151; effects of, 143. See also Cooperation
Collective entities, 115–116
Collective intentionality: evolution of, 5–6, 139–141; overview of, 80–81; emergence of culture and, 81–93; emergence of conventional communication and, 93–94; and communicative conventions as inherited conceptualizations, 95–99; and linguistic constructions as complex representational formats, 99–104; discourse and reflective thinking and, 104–109; shared decision making and reason giving and, 109–113; agent-neutral thinking and, 113–120; objectivity and, 120–123; cumulative cultural evolution and, 141; in children, 144–145; ontogeny and, 144–147
Common ground: joint intentionality and, 38, 44; cooperative communication and, 50; relevance and, 54–55, 56; in pantomime, 61; combined gestures and, 67–68; cultural, 85; social norms and, 89; in language, 93, 157–158n4; in conventional communication, 95; arbitrary communicative conventions and, 98–99; discourse and, 108; agent-neutral thinking and, 113. See also Joint attention
Communication: shared intentionality and, 3; of great apes, 22; in evolution of complexity of living things, 32–33; perspectivity and, 77–78; conventional cultural practices and, 86–87; effects of, 143. See also Conventional communication; Cooperative communication
Communicative self-monitoring, 75–76
Competition: collaboration in, 5–6; cognition for, 26–31, 76–78; group identification and, 82–83; sociality and, 135–136
Complexity of living things, evolution of transitions in, 32–33
Conformity: to social norms, 88; to communicative conventions, 95. See also Self-monitoring
Conventional communication: emergence of, 93–94; as inherited conceptualization, 95–99; and linguistic constructions as complex representational formats, 99–104; discourse and reflective thinking in, 104–109; shared decision making and reason giving in, 109–113; agent-neutral thinking and, 113, 114; reasoning and, 138–141; development of, 146; sign language and, 157n3
Conventional cultural practices, 85–87
Cooperation: Piaget on, 1; human sociality and, 31, 133–138, 150–151; in evolution of complexity of living things, 32–33; objectivity and, 122; human thinking as, 124–125; among great apes, 135–136. See also Collaboration
Cooperative argumentation, 110–112, 117–118, 119, 121–122
Cooperative communication: evolution of, 5; among humans, 36; joint intentionality and, 49–50, 78–79; motivation for, 50–54; relevance in, 54–59; pantomime in, 59–66; and combined gestures, 66–68; cognitive representations and, 69–72; sociality and, 136–138
Cooperative self-monitoring, 75, 118–119
Cosmides, L., 128–129
Cultural evolution, cumulative, 83, 121, 141–143
Cultural group selection, 121, 128, 133
Culture: individual thinking and, 1–2; competition and, 5; emergence of, 81–82; group identification and, 82–84; conventional practices in, 85–87; social norms and normative self-monitoring and, 87–90; institutional reality and, 90–92; group-mindedness and objectivity in, 92–93; and conventional communication, 95; human cognitive uniqueness and, 127–128; reasoning and conventionalized, 138–141; development of, 146; cooperation and, 150–151
Darwall, S., 110–111
Darwin, Charles, 149
Davidson, Donald, 9, 149, 156n3
Decision making, shared, 109–113
Diachronic transmission of skills, 80
Discourse, reflective thinking and, 104–109
Dunbar, R., 134
Enculturated apes, 147
Ethology, evolution of cognition and, 7
Event schema, imitation and establishment of, 29–30
Evolution: of human thinking, 7–14, 26, 125–133, 151–152; of complexity of living things, 32–33
Eye direction, 77
False beliefs, 87, 156n3
Families, 133
Foraging: collaboration in, 5, 34–38, 137; and primate cognition of physical world, 15; contemporary, 155–156n1
General intelligence, 125–126
Gestures, iconic. See Iconic gestures; Pantomime
Goals: cognitive representation and, 9–12; great apes’ understanding of individual, 20; and individual roles in collaboration, 38–43
Great apes: cognition of physical world of, 15–20; cognition of social world of, 20–24; cognitive self-monitoring of, 24–26; and cognition for competition, 26–31; cooperation among, 34–36; joint attention and individual perspectives among, 46; social self-monitoring among, 46–47; joint intentionality among, 47; cooperative communication and, 49, 51; relevance inference and, 52, 59; pantomime and, 60, 66, 73, 156n8; perspectival representations and, 69; socially recursive inference in, 72; second-personal self monitoring among, 74; culture and, 82; linguistic constructions of, 105–106; cognitive skills of, 126, 149–150; adaptation in, 131–132; social competition in, 135–136; enculturated, 147
Group hunting: among chimpanzees, 35; among early humans, 36–37
Group identification, and emergence of culture, 82–84
Group selection, cultural, 121, 128, 133
Guilt, collective, 84
Guilt, social norms and, 89
Hegel, G. W. F., 1
Home signs, 95–96, 97, 157n3
Homo heidelbergensis, 36, 48, 79
Honesty. See Truth
Horizontal abilities, 132
Human thinking: evolution of, 7–14, 26, 125–133, 151–152; as cooperation, 124–125; sociality and, 133–144; role of ontogeny in origins of, 144–148; intermediate step in, 150–151. See also Cognition
Hunting, group: among chimpanzees, 35; among early humans, 36–37
Iconic gestures: combining, 66–68, 73–74; cognitive representations of, 69–72; conventionalization of, 93, 95–97. See also Pantomime
Imagination, pantomime and, 63–64, 70
Imitation: and establishment of even schema, 29; in cooperative communication, 61; group identification and, 83
Individual intentionality: evolution of cognition and, 7–14; great apes and, 15–26, 136; and cognition for competition, 26–31
Individual roles and perspectives: joint intentionality and, 33, 78; joint goals and, 35, 40–43; relational thinking and, 42–43; in collaboration, 43–46; cooperative communication and, 68, 137
Inference(s): evolution of cognition and, 12–13; and behavioral self-monitoring, 14; and primate cognition of physical world, 16–20; and primate cognition of social world, 20–21, 24, 136; causally and intentionally logical, 28; productive, 28–30; recursive, 38, 72–74, 143, 152; relevance, 52–59; arbitrary communicative conventions and, 97–99; discourse and, 107–108; linguistic, 116–117; reflective, 117–118
Informative communicative motive, emergence of, 50–54
Institutional reality, 90–92
Intelligence, general, 125–126
Intentional states, discourse and, 104–107
Intuitive beliefs, 129
Irreducibility thesis, 152
Joint attention: in collaboration, 2–3, 33–34, 43–46; in evolution of human thinking, 5; second-personal social engagement and, 48; among early humans, 132; shared intentionality and, 152. See also Common ground
Joint commitment, 39–40
Joint goals: in evolution of human thinking, 5; in collaboration, 33–34; individual roles and, 38–43; relational thinking and, 42–43; individual perspectives and, 43–44; cooperative communication and, 50
Joint intentionality: evolution of, 5; and evolution of complexity in living things, 32–33; and emergence of collaboration among early humans, 33–38; joint goals and individual roles in, 38–43; joint attention and individual perspectives in, 43–46; social self-monitoring in, 46–47; second-personal social engagement and, 47–49; cooperative communication and, 49–50; and motivation for cooperative communication, 50–54; relevance in cooperative communication and, 54–59; pantomime and, 59–66; and combined gestures, 66–68; second-personal thinking and, 68–76; perspectivity and, 76–79; cumulative cultural evolution and, 141; ontogeny and, 145–147
Langford, C. H., 142
Language: individual thinking and, 1–2; pantomime and, 62, 63; spacial conceptualization and, 64–65; combined gestures and, 66–67; sign language, 95–96, 97, 157n3, 158n5; conventional, 114; human cognitive uniqueness and, 127–128; reasoning and conventionalized, 138–141; written, 142; cooperation and, 150–151; specificity in, 157–158n4. See also Communication
Leslie, A., 60
Levinson, S. C., 58
Lewis, C. I., 142
Linguistic constructions: as complex representational formats, 99–104; of great apes, 105–106; objective representation and, 113–116; objectivity and, 139
Linguistic inference, 116–117
Logical inference, 107–108, 136
Manipulation, social, 22
Markedness, 58–59
Mathematics, 142
Maynard Smith, J., 32
Mead, G. H., 2
Mercier, H., 110
Meta-representation, 129
Mithen, S., 130
Modular theory of human cognitive evolution, 128–131
Morality, 75, 153
Mutual recognition, in second-personal social engagement, 48
Nagel, T., 122
Natural pedagogy, 61
Negation, 19. See also Protonegation
Nicaraguan Sign Language, 157n3
Nonconformity, to social norms, 88
Normative self-governance, 119–120
Normative self-monitoring: social norms and, 87–90, 145; discourse and, 104–108; agent-neutral thinking and, 118–120; conventionalized culture and language and, 139; collaboration and communication and, 143
Objective representation, 113–116
Objectivity: collective intentionality and, 5–6, 120–123; culture and, 92–93; conventionalized culture and language and, 139–141; belief and, 156n3
Ontogeny, in origins of human thinking, 144–148
Pantomime: social coordination and, 49–50; in cooperative communication, 59–66; as imagining in space, 63–65; shared decision making and, 109; sociality and, 137; in great apes, 156n8. See also Iconic gestures
Peirce, C. S., 1
Penn, D. C., 126
Perspectival representations, 69–70, 143
Perspective: in collaboration, 43–46; relevance inference and, 56–57; category terms and, 62; joint intentionality and, 76–79; linguistic constructions and, 100–101; belief as, 156n3
Piaget, Jean, 1, 2
Pointing: social coordination and, 49–50; emergence of, among early humans, 50; among infants, 51; relevance inference and, 52–57; pantomime and, 61–62, 66–68, 70–71; in children, 62–66; shared decision making and, 109; sociality and, 137
Population size: group identification and, 83; brain size and, 134
Pretend play, 63–64, 92–93
Pride, collective, 84
Propositional attitudes, 104–107
Propositional linguistic conventions, 114–115
Protonegation, 21–22, 24
Quasi-propositional representations, 71–72
Ratchet effect, 83, 121, 141
Reality, institutional, 90–92
Reasoning: shared decision making and, 109–113, 121–122; reflective, 116–118; in human cognition, 126; language and, 127; conventionalized culture and language and, 138–141
Recognition, group identification and, 83
Recursion, in human cognition, 126–127
Recursive inferences, 38, 143, 152
Reflective reasoning, 116–118
Reflective thinking, 104–109
Reification of socially created entities, 91–92, 153
Relational thinking, 42–43
Relevance inference, 52–59
Representation: and individual intentionality, 9–12; of great apes, 27–28; relevance inference and, 56–57; perspectival, 69–70, 143; characteristics of cognitive, 69–72; linguistic constructions and, 99–104; objective, 113–116; meta-representation, 129
Role-based categories, in relational thinking, 42–43
Rule games, 92–93
Schematization, 12, 27, 73–74, 99
Science and mathematics, Western, 142
Second-personal self-monitoring, 74–76
Second-personal social engagement, 47–49
Second-personal thinking, 68–76, 138
Self-governance, normative, 119–120
Self-monitoring: behavioral, 14, 24–25, 26; cognitive, 24–26, 26, 30–31; second-personal, 74–76; cooperative, 75, 118–119; communicative, 75–76. See also Normative self-monitoring; Social self-monitoring
Sellars, Wilfrid, 80, 111, 135
Shame: collective, 84; social norms and, 89
Shared decision making, 109–113
Shared intentionality hypothesis: summary of, 1–6, 140; two-step evolutionary sequence in, 31; cooperation and, 124–125; and theories on human thinking, 132–133; collectivity and, 152
Sign language, 95–96, 97, 157n3, 158n5
Simulation, 12–13
Social brain hypothesis, 133–134
Social coordination: and emergence of collaboration among early humans, 34, 36–38; cooperative communication and, 49–50
Sociality: primate cognition and, 20–24; dimensions of, 80; complex human cognition and, 124; thinking and, 133–144
Socially recursive inferences, 72–74
Social norms, normative self-monitoring and, 87–90, 145
Social selection, and collaborative foraging, 37–38
Social self-monitoring: in collaboration, 46–47; in cooperative communication, 57–58, 59, 78; in great apes, 136; evolution of, 143
Social transmission, 80, 81–82
Spacial conceptualization, 64–65
Sperber, D., 110, 129
Status functions, 64, 91, 146
Sterelny, K., 134
Symbols and symbolic representations, 70–71, 90–91
Szathmary, M., 32
Talmy, L., 65
Teaching: imitation and, 61; culture and, 82; group identification and, 83–84; conventional cultural practices and, 86–87; social norm enforcement and, 88–89; ratchet effect and, 121; in human cooperative lifestyle, 134
Tooby, J., 128–129
Tool use, 16, 82, 131–132
Truth: in cooperative communication, 51–52; socially recursive inferences and, 72
Types, experiences as, 12
Vygotsky, Lev, 1, 124
Western science and mathematics, 142
Wittgenstein, Ludwig: on framework for individual thought, 2; on understanding, 7; and schematic cognitive representations, 27; on language, 102–103, 151
Written language, 142