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1929 1, 6-7, 10, 11-12, 177-226, 399, 421; comparison of crash of 1929 with crash of 2008 412
1970s oil-crises 321-6, 335, 338, 341, 381, 424 1987 2-3, 4, 5, 6, 14, 47, 150, 224, 314, 381, 382, 399, 426 2008 1-2, 5-9, 13-14, 343-439; comparison of crash of 1929 with crash of2008 412; summary of crash by Alan Greenspan 431
Abacus 396-7 Acheson, D. 251, 307
adaptation mechanism 266, 268, 278,485, 488 Afghanistan 334
Africa 140, 184, 450, 455; North Africa 214;
South Africa 110 Aftalion, A. 128 Alchian, A. 466 Allegretto, S. 491
American Insurance Group (AIG) 91,
402, 405 Anglo-Irish Bank 404 Angola 335, 428 Arab Emirates 110 Arab-Israeli war 324, 333 Aeronautic-Computer-Electronics (ACE) 316, 344, 347, 490 Argentina 410, 424,428, 490 Aristophanes 87, 89
Aristotle 10, 18-21, 30, 36, 44, 66, 67, 87, 89,
91, 100, 120, 129, 176,455,457; Nicomachean Ethics 18, 19, 20; Politics 18, 19,20,91,457 Arnold, H.H. 234 Arnsperger, C. 262, 472, 484 Arrow, K.J. 12, 127, 175, 176, 232, 241, 245,
246, 247, 252, 253, 254, 256, 259, 261, 268, 274, 275, 284, 292, 472; impossibility theorem 274, 294, 472, 487 Aspromonrgos, T. 469, 472, 484 Atwood, M. 27 Augenstein, B. 234
Australia 110, 115, 179, 198, 200, 201, 359, 453, 495; Australia effect 96-7; example of social power 87, 88, 107, 108, 109 Austria 125, 126, 128, 132, 153, 155, 161,223, 259, 267, 295, 296, 297, 391, 413, 487; Austrian Revision and the role of the Federal Reserve 224 Azande 2,281, 282, 290, 472, 488
Bachelier, L. 373, 374, 375 backslide 270, 271,275-8 bailouts 395-412; Europe 412-24 Baldwin, S. 200 Baldwin deals 398 Bank of America 402, 404 Bank of England 182, 320, 393, 400, 401, 403, 404,405,432 Bank for International Settlements 413 bankruptcy 38, 40,44, 95, 98, 181, 214, 216,
222, 282, 345, 370, 400, 401, 402, 403, 405. 406,415,422, 448,478,494 bargaining theory 273, 274; Bargaining Problem, Nash’s solution to 243, 244, 273. 274,481; collective wage bargaining 395, 419 Barclays Bank 401, 402, 408 Barraclough, J. 458 Baudrillard, J. 115 Baumol, W. 182 Bear Stearns 400,401 Beccaria, C. 472
Belgium 312, 314, 362, 391, 403, 414
Bentham, J. 126,472,485
Berg, R. van den 57,459
Bemanke, B. 222,400
Bernstein, M. 491
Bernoulli, D. 128
Bessemer, H. 177
Bini, P. 284
Bingley 402
Black, F. 365-6, 373, 386, 492 Black Monday see 1987 Black, R.D.C. 128
Blade Runner 51, 462 Blake, W. 22, 27 Blanchard, O. 292-3 Blaug, M. 182,484, 489 BNP-Paribas 400
Bohin-Bawerk, E. von 96, 125, 126, 129,
148, 457 Bohr, N, 289, 290, 298 Bourbakist mathematics 242, 244 Bowles, S. 85,485 Bradford 453
Bradford and Bingley, nationalisation of 402 Brazil 111, 334,405,410, 411,428, 491 Bretton Woods agreement 7, 9, 97, 304-6, 307, 308, 309, 319, 320, 321, 322, 327, 338,423, 425, 436 Brinkley, A. 228,315,478 Brouwer, L. 237
Brouwer’s fixed point theorem 236, 237-8,
244,246 Brown, G. 465 Brown, H. 474 Brown, W.A. 465 Bruni, L. 284
bubble 3, 5, 11, 107, 120, 134, 182, 183, 196, 210, 215, 217, 224, 289, 303, 349, 352, 382, 388, 398-9,425,431, 448,455,491, 493; Econobubble 4-5, 6, 7, 8, 11, 116, 120, 289, 372-86, 434,435 Buffet, W. 365,368 Burns, A.F. 252 Bush, G, 6
Bush, G.W. 235, 255, 336, 401, 402, 403, 404 Byrnes, J. 231, 251, 307-8
Calvin, J. 11, 163, 164-5, 174, 177, 179, 468 Cambridge Capital Controversies 272, 275 Canada 110, 201, 355, 359, 400, 403 capital, two natures of 85-9; capital goods 88;
capital power 88 capitalism: birth of 23, 24, 25-6; creation myth 442; double-W capitalism 352-72; evils of
commodification 27-8, 70-1; evolutionary view of 75-7; foreshadowing of 26, 30-5;
neociassicism and 282.....5; Protestant ethic
and 446; role of the state 429, 430; two natures of 89-97 Caribbean 26, 86, 450 Cargill 411 Cartan, H. 242 Carter, J. 321 Cass, D. 195 Cassel, G. 128 Chile 442, 445, 446
China 8, 31, 61, 333, 334, 335, 341,344,352, 357, 383, 389, 390, 392, 404, 405, 410, 411,
423, 425, 427, 428, 436, 447, 449;
Mao Zedong 311, 313, 314, 318, 389 Christianity 90, 91, 96, 115, 176, 448 Chrysler 346, 362,405 Churchill, W. 200 CIA 234, 308,333,350-1 Citigroup 400,403,404, 478 Citizen Weston 104
classical theory 9, 10, 17-29, 35, 38, 47, 103, 117, 119, 120, 121, 122, 128, 146, 149, 159, 166, 176, 177, 178, 179, 180, 181, 204, 218, 221, 233, 238, 239, 256, 261, 267, 295, 296,
378,457,469,480, 485,488 climate change 73, 75, 119, 336-7, 477 Clinton, B. 371, 380, 405, 426, 433, 478, 491 Coase, R.H. 281,282,466 Cobb-Douglas production function 151 Cohen, A. J. 150,486
Cold War 9, 12, 13,226, 229, 231,232, 233, 234, 235, 240, 247, 250, 251, 252, 253, 254,
255, 256, 259, 261, 272, 280, 282, 306, 309, 310, 313, 315, 328, 335-6, 445, 449, 452, 453, 478; interest rates during the 335-6; stirrings of 227-49 Collateralised Debt Obligation (CDO) 366, 367, 368, 369, 371, 372, 381, 383, 384, 385, 386, 390, 396, 397, 398, 399, 400, 401, 404, 406, 407, 408,411,413,414, 440, 443 commonly known rationality (CKR) 276, 487 Condorcet’s Secret 10, 17-29, 111, 112, 115, 158, 166, 196, 283, 289,442;advent of political economics and 22-6 Connally, J. 320, 322, 325 corn model, Ricardo’s 40, 41^, 45-7, 48, 50, 53,93, 104, 125, 159, 179, 184, 190,258,
275,464,475 corporations 20, 104, 106, 128, 179, 182, 182,
183, 184, 185, 186, 187, 196, 204, 215, 218, 219, 229, 234, 286, 315, 331, 348, 350, 351, 353, 355, 356, 357, 359, 369, 372, 374, 390, 393, 409, 414, 428, 429, 443, 478; height of corporate buildings, USA 410; rejuvenation of American corporate capitalism 345-7 Council of Economic Advisors (CEA)
251,252
Cournot, A.A. 126, 148, 151-2, 163, 165, 166, 292,295,296 Cowles, A. 375
Cowles Commission 232, 233, 234, 240, 242,
244, 250, 260, 268, 375, 376 credit 19, 24, 28, 34, 38, 89, 135, 136, 139, 191, 192, 200, 208, 217, 222, 223, 224, 239, 279, 284, 314, 338, 348, 383, 384, 385, 400, 401,
419,432, 438,440; US real consumer and credit card index 359 credit crunch 28, 395^112; diary of crash 400-5
Credit Default Swaps (CDSs) 13,19, 382,383,385,390,396,406,414, 417,419,423,444 crisis and growth 89-97; the first theory of crises 93-6 Cuciti, P.L. 317
currency union 305, 340, 420; recycling problem in a 14, 435-6,491-5;
CUB 438, 439 cycles see real business cycles; redemptive cycles
Daewoo 345, 346, 360 Daimler Benz 346, 362 Dale, R. 3
Dantzig, G. 231-2, 234 Darling, A. 405
Danvin, C. 75, 76, 77, 112, 163, 263, 264, 278, 285,291,369 Dawkins, R. 263 Debenhams 362
Debreu, G. 12, 232, 241-2, 244, 245, 246-7, 248, 252, 253, 254, 256, 258, 261, 262, 268,
269, 271, 273, 274, 284, 292, 293, 481, 484, 487; SMD theorem 273 De Gaulle, C. 312,319 democracy vs trapezocracy 444-50 Demsetz, H. 466 Dennett, D. 77
depression 95, 180-2, 196,211,213,254-5,
255, 258, 305, 430, 449, 454; Great Depression 5, 9, 128, 158, 198-200, 201, 202, 205, 221, 222, 224, 227, 228, 229, 230, 231, 232, 254, 256, 260, 261, 303, 304, 305, 308, 314, 404, 430, 445, 449 see also 1929 deprivation and wealth 91 —7 derivatives 14, 97, 133, 249, 363-72, 381, 384, 386, 399, 404, 406, 407, 408, 409, 411,416,
417, 429, 431, 434, 448, 471, 478; world income and market value of derivatives 368 see also private money d’Estaing, V.G. 319 determinism, use of term 298 Developing World 106, 252, 266, 286,
314, 318, 333-5, 348, 354-5, 356.
410, 447, 490 Dick, P.K. 60 Dickens, C. 90, 443 Dobb, M. 130, 220, 457 domestic labour 145 Dorfman, R. 150 Dormael, A. van 306
double-W capitalism 352-72; toxic money 363-72 Dresher, M. 234
Dr. Li’s formula (Li Xianglin) 382-5, 399 Durlauf, S. 85
Eagleton, T. 455 Eatwell, J. 47
Econobubble 4-5, 6, 7, 8, 11, 116, 120,
372-86,435 Economic Recovery Advisory Board (ERAB) 409 economies of scale 155, 156, 194, 387 ECSC 311,312 Edelman, B. 464
Edgeworth, F.Y. 126-7, 129, 151, 158. 16}
469,475
Edison, T. 177, 178, 182, 196, 199. 350. ^3
360,449,474 Efficient Market Hypothesis 374-5, 376, 377 379,380,382 Egypt 176, 334 Eichengreen, B. 412 Einstein, A. 47, 248, 479 Eisenhower, D. 315 Eisner, R. 323 Ellsberg, D. 235, 236, 271 EMU 435, 436, 437, 438,439 Engels, F. 66, 71, 183, 184, 185, 204, 205, 443, 465, 466, 467 Enron 4, 369, 370
environmental issues 71-3, 74—7; climate change 73, 75, 119,336,477 Epstein, S.S. 119
equilibrium 3, 11, 47, 67, 71, 80, 102, 104; 108, 113, 123, 134, 136, 150, 156, 157, 163. 165, 166, 176, 191, 192, 195, 212, 238, 240, 243,
244, 244, 245, 246, 247, 248, 253, 254, 259. 266, 268, 271, 273, 274, 275, 276, 277, 280, 284, 292, 293, 295, 375, 380, 437. 485, 486, 487, 488; disequilibrium 105, 109, 111, 113, 271,431, 437, 492; methodologically imposed equilibrium 264, 267-9, 282, 295; out-of-equilibrium 271, 473, 487 see also ISLM model equi-marginal principle 122, 123, 124, 125, 130-5, 142, 143, 144, 145, 148, 187, 190, 194,282,294 error see Inherent Error Europe 6, 7, 8, 25, 106, 110, 126, 184,201,
213, 230, 231, 233, 303, 304, 312. 313, 315. 317, 318, 319, 320, 322, 324, 331, 333-5,
338, 340, 341, 343, 344, 345, 346, 351. 356,
362, 386, 390, 391, 392, 393, 403, 422. 423, 428,450, 455; Eastern Europe 335, 343. 395, 413; GDP 413; saving the banks 412- 24 see also-, ECSC; EMS; EMU; Marshall Plan; OECD;OEEC Europe, Rational Plan for 418 European Central Bank (ECB) 394, 400, 401,
403, 404, 413, 414, 415, 416, 418, 419, 420, 422,423,433,437 European Commission 404, 413, 493
European Financial Stability Facility (EFSF) 416-17
European Investment Bank (EIB) 438, 439 European Monetary System (EMS) 391, 393 Evans-Pritchard, E.E. 2, 281, 472 exchanges 136-9 exogenous shocks 344, 374,379
failure pays 433
falling rate of profit 99, 105, 106 famine and arbitrage 140 Fannie Mae 401, 402 Faraday, M. 100 Federalists 448, 449 Ferguson, C.E. 471
feudalism 22^, 25, 31, 32, 34, 61, 70, 91, 92, 450,458
financialisation 397, 411, 442, 445, 478, 493 Fishman, C. 353, 354, 355,492 Flux, A.W. 151
Ford, H. 178, 182, 196, 199,449 Ford, S. 397, 398
formalists 12, 233, 239, 240-5,246,248, 250-88, 289, 292, 293, 298, 384, 435, 484, 486 formalism/economics/politic s/ru in 284 ■Forrestal, J. 231, 251, 307-8 Forsberg, A. 311,316 Foster, D. 488 Foster, J,B. 345,479
France 22, 26, 69,125, 126, 175, 199, 200, 201, 312, 314, 317, 318, 319, 350, 388, 391, 392, 393, 403, 404, 413, 415, 417, 418, 423, 425, 457, 490; ECSC 312; Marshall Plan and 309, 312; Physiocrats 30-5; slavery 86 see also Blanchard; Calvin; Condorcet 's Secret; Debreu; Marjolin Franklin, B. 109 Freddie Mac 401,402
freedom 59-62, 63, 67-8, 71, 74, 75, 78, 97, 109, 111, 114; liberty in shade of Globalising Wall 450-4 see also slavery; slave ships Freud, S. 69 Friedman, M. 4, 445-7 futures trader, a morality tale 137 see also double-W capitalism, toxic money
07 319,401,405 G20 405,411 Galbraith, J, 347
Galbraith, IK. 229, 230, 247, 254, 310, 479 Galiani, F. 469,470 Galileo 49,457
Game Theory 5, 12, 104, 152, 157, 163, 178, 207-8, 209, 212, 217. 221, 233, 234, 236, 237-8, 240-1, 244. 245, 246, 260, 266, 267, 271, 273, 276-7, 285, 286, 303, 362, 378,
392, 398, 399, 407,437, 464, 473, 480, 485, 486, 487; evolutionary Game Theory 485, 489; prisoner’s dilemma 276-7, 486, 488 GATT 313, 490
Gaussian copula function 383, 385, 386 Geanakoplos, J. 275, 484, 485 Geithner, T. 425, 433 Geithner Summers Plan 405, 406-7, 433;
bailing out Europe’s banks 416-17 General Motors 345-6, 404, 405 general will (good) 275, 282 Germany 8, 30, 31, 35, 66, 67, 110, 135, 176, 201-2, 227, 231, 233, 252, 255, 307, 308-9, 310, 311, 312, 313, 314, 315, 316, 326, 328, 329, 330, 334, 340, 341, 347, 348, 351, 359,
362, 378, 386-95. 397, 404, 411, 413, 414, 415, 417, 418, 420, 421, 422, 423, 424, 425, 436, 484, 491; Deutschmark’s new clothes 390-94; reunification 394-95
Gesell, S. 18,459 Gintis, H.A. 85 Glass-Steagall Act 409, 478 globalisation 23, 72, 286, 354, 425, 445, 451 Globalising Wall 450-54; map of 452 Global Minotaur 9, 13, 97, 107, 260, 261, 272, 289, 304, 321, 326-37, 339, 341, 344, 345-46, 347, 348, 350, 351, 352, 353, 356,
363, 371, 372, 380, 382, 383, 384, 386, 392,
404, 409, 410, 411, 424, 430, 433, 442, 444, 445, 449, 452, 478, 481, 489-91, 495; Cretan Minotaur 327, 328; Europe 412, 413, 416,
418, 421; evolution of 357; geopolitical might 332-37 (Cold War and interest rates 335-36; geostrategic mindset and climate change 336-37; oil 333-35); Inherent Error in the age of the Minotaur 372-86; Japan and Germany in the age of the Minotaur 387; reserve currency status 328; rising energy costs 328; USA assets owned by foreign state institutions (increase in) 427; USA current account deficit 425; wages and productivity 331-32; Wal-Mart and the 356-63
Global Plan 9, 13, 229, 230, 235, 236, 245,
247, 248, 251, 252, 259, 260, 261, 272, 280, 303-13, 322, 325, 326, 327, 328, 331, 333, 335, 338, 341, 350, 366, 374, 376, 377, 378, 386, 387, 390, 391, 392, 412, 423, 430, 432, 433-34, 449, 451, 452, 454, 478, 493; golden era of 313-18; New Global Plan 14, 229, 307-8, 311, 455, 456; unravelling of 318-21 Gödel, K. 233, 237, 239, 246, 479 Goethe, j,W, von 51, 90-1, 124 Goetz, S. 356
gold: Gold Standard 198-200, 201, 222, 305, 420, 476; value of gold and the end of the Global Plan 318-21 Goldman Sachs (GS) 396, 402, 408
Goodwin, C.D.W. 128 Goodwin, R. 215, 216, 485 Gossen, H.H. 126, 129, 165, 471 Grassmueck, G. 356
Great Depression 5, 9, 128, 158, 198-200, 202, 205, 221, 222, 227, 228, 230, 231, 232, 254,
256, 260, 261, 303, 304, 305, 314, 315, 404, 430, 445, 449 see also 1929; depression Greece 199, 309, 322, 341, 350, 358, 391, 414-16, 418, 420, 422, 424, 478, 493, 494; Ancient Greece 66, 87, 135, 298, 338, 444, 450,496
Greenspan, A. 14, 399, 400, 431, 434, 435,
448,455 Gregory, C. 109 Grimm Brothers, 27, 462 Groenewegen, P. 130
Haavelmo, T. 232 Halevi, J. 311, 337,491,492 Hall, A.R. 161 Hahn, F.H. 176,472 Harcourt, G.C. 150, 272,457 Hargreaves-Heap, S. 238, 243, 267, 472, 473, 484,488
harmony 17, 159, 160, 166, 171, 172, 173,
174,474 Hart-Landsberg, M. 314, 319 Hass, R. 334
Hayek, F.A. von 126, 128, 132, 134, 153, 161, 223,224, 225,371,434, 457 HBOS 402, 403
hedge funds 144, 365, 367, 383, 396, 397, 406, 415,417, 491,494 Hegel, G.W.F. 67-70, 7], 86, 98, 100, 106,
111, 117, 229,265,447,465,468 Heisenberg Principle 299 Herrn stein, R. 85 Hicks, J.R. 48, 151, 156, 257 Hikmet, N. 453 Hilbert, D. 233, 237 Hilferding, R. 128 Himmelweit, S. 145, 466 Hobbes, T. 69,447,464 Hobson, J.A. 18, 184, 185, 186, 205 Hodge, J. 77 Hodgson, G.M. 484
Holland 199, 201, 312, 314, 362, 391, 403,
413,490 Hollis, M. 215-16
Hoover, H. 197, 198, 200, 201, 227, 255, 420, 454,494
House Committee on Un-American Activities 310 Howey, R.S. 128
Hume, D. 187, 199, 212, 266, 465, 485 Hutcheson, F. 129
Huxley, A. 33 Huxley, T.H, 444 Hypo Real Estate 403
Ibn Khaldun 214, 215 Iceland 402, 403,413 ICT 302, 344, 347
IMF 7, 293, 304, 306, 334, 335, 336, 358. 401 403, 411, 413, 415, 416, 417, 418, 420. 422 433,435,494,495 impossibility theorem 274-5 indeterminacy 10-11, 13, 51-77, 154, 184, 196 210, 263, 267, 268, 269, 270, 274, 277, 278. ’ 279, 283, 294-8, 299, 461 India 176, 200, 334, 338, 339, 405, 410.
411,455
Indonesia 314, 322, 326, 333, 334, 389,
430,490
industrial revolution 25, 92; images of the 27 Inherent Error 10, 11, 12, 13, 17-21,28.36.
38, 44-7, 48, 49, 97-104, 113, 116-18, 120, 139, 143-53,163, 165, 166, 178, 184, 186,’ 189, 190-2, 204, 205,210,211,212, 216. 219, 223, 225, 226, 229, 238, 259, 263. 267,
270, 271, 273, 280, 287, 291-2, 294, 382-5, 429, 434, 441, 443, 489; rational expectation and Inherent Error 211-13 input-output analysis 10, 31, 32-3, 53, 56, 60, 61,460,485 intercontinental ballistic missile (1CBM) programme 315 interest rates and 1970s oil-crises 321-6 interest rates during the Cold War 335-6 International Bank for Reconstruction and Development 304 International Currency Union (ICU) 305, 306 International Labour Office (ILO) 404 International Monetary Fund, see IMF intuitionism 237
investment, Kalecki and Keynes arguments 218-20 Iran 2, 322, 324, 333
Ireland 343, 350, 351,359,401-2,404,413, 414,424 Islam 30, 91, 459
ISLM model 257, 258, 259, 260, 483 Isnard’s mathematical model 57, 459 Italy 31, 199, 201, 202, 312, 391, 392, 395, 41.4
Japan 8, 31, 98, 106, 201, 202, 227, 231, 233,
245, 306, 307, 308, 309, 311, 313, 314, 315,
316, 317, 318, 319, 320, 321, 325, 326, 328, 329,330,331,334,338,343,344,346.35!, 356, 378, 386-90, 404, 408, 411, 427, 428,
429, 447,449, 476; savings 390 Jefferson, T. 110
Jevons, W.S. 126, 129, 469,471,485
Jewison, N. 495
John Paulson & Co. 396
Johnson, L.B. 112, 315, 316, 317, 319,
323,482 Jones, S. 397, 398 Jordan,B.C. 317 J.P. MorganChase 382, 401, 402
Kakutani, S. 244, 246 Kalecki, M. xiv, 218, 219, 220,439 Kaplan, M. 317 Kant, I. 174, 447
Kennan, G. 231. 251, 307, 309, 479, 482 Kennedy, J. 315, 316,482 Kepler, J. 160
Keynes, J.M. 12, 18, 112, 128. 174, 193, 195,
200, 201, 204-31, 236, 239, 240, 241, 245, 250, 251, 252, 256, 267, 271, 272, 285,
295, 296, 297, 304, 305, 306, 310, 315,
317, 323, 373, 377, 395, 404, 425, 430,
434, 436, 437, 441, 457, 476, 476, 482, 489; currency union 491-5; fallacy of composition 211-13, 219; on Malthus and the outsiders 206; Samuelson and 254, 255,
256, 258, 259, 260, 261, 272, 482, 483; Versailles Treaty 420, 421, 422, 424 Keyserling, L.H. 251,252 King, ML. 112 Kipling, R. 62 Kinnan, A. 282,489 Kissinger, H. 320, 322, 324, 333, 334,
338, 341 Klein, L, 232 Kohl, H. 394 Kolm, S.-C., 474
Koopmans, T.C. 167, 195,231,232, 240, 241,
245,480, 481,482 Korea 311, 312, 313, 314, 315, 319, 345, 389.
450, 451,452,490 Kriesler, P. 220
Krimpas, G. 11, 14, 80, 166-74, 435-9 Kydland, F. 379 Kyoto Protocol 336
labour 239, 265, 286-7, 297-8, 309, 326,
347-9, 377, 438, 443, 451, 463, 475, 480; Adam Smith’s view of value 36-7; collective wage bargaining 395; David Ricardo’s view of ratio of machines vs jobs debate 47, 53; David Ricardo’s view of ratio of labour, wages and profits 41-4, 180; David Ricardo’s view of unproductive labour (possibility of) 45-7; Developing World 354; division of 21, 22, 24, 37, 39, 40, 44, 52, 53, 63, 67, 68, 76, 181, 309, 458,465; domestic labour 145; dual nature of 78-85, 89; free will 60-2, 65; Global Labour 455; Karl Marx view of value
34,38,92,94, 96, 98, 99, 101^1, 119, 181,
223, 457; labour contract 63-5, 72, 75, 78,
79, 80, 83, 85,450,464, 468; labour input 79, 466; labour power 79, 466, 468; labour power, human capital and The Matrix 84-5; loss of measurable capital 149-51; Lotka-Volterra system of equations 214; marginalist calculus of wages 142; marginalist view of how labour differs from all other commodities 141; New American Dream 196; short-term industrial relations 99; sweatshop 443; unemployment 96-7, 135, 146, 180, 181, 183, 200-2, 217, 218, 255, 323, 347, 404, 408, 446, 490; wages and productivity during 1970s oil crises 331-2 see also feudalism; indeterminacy; machines, role of; The Matrix; Matrix Economy, transformation problem Lanchester, J. 354, 361, 492, 495 Latin America 184, 314, 322, 335, 337, 413, 424,428,491 Law, J. 200 Leeson, N. 365
Lehman Brothers 89, 255, 402, 415,
431,443
Leibniz, G. 11, 17, 108, 123, 125, 160-2, 163, 164, 166, 189, 246, 248; invention of General Equilibrium 166-76 Leijonhufvud, A. 213, 257 Lenin, V.I. 1, 128, 184-5, 204, 400, 401,
429,465 Leontief, W. 31 Lévi-Strauss, C. 69-70 Li, D.X. 382, 383, 384, 385, 386, 399, 492 liberalism 184, 202, 228, 229, 259, 274, 387,
430, 445-6, 447, 448, 450 Libya 324, 329 limitations of economics 2-3 Lincoln, A. 376, 378 Lisbon Treaty 344, 351 Lloyd, W.F. 128 Lloyds TSB 402, 403 Locke, J. 69, 70
Long Term Capital Management (LTCM) 365-6, 372, 374 Lotka-Volterra system of equations 214 Lovejoy, A.O. 221,477 Lucarelli, B, 491
Lucas, R.E, 4, 48, 377, 378, 379, 380 Luddites 47 Lukes, S. 350
Luxembourg, R. 128, 312, 362, 403
Maastricht Treaty 394, 414, 415, 416, 423, 435, 436, 437, 438 MacArthur, D, 308, 311 MacCulloch, D. 165
machines, role of 47, 51-2, 79, 88, 93, 98, 100-1, 146-7, 186, 238, 291-2, 296, 429; machines, rise of 65-71, 74; machines and the vims analogy 71-3, 74-5 see also The Matrix; Matrix Economy Mac Ready. P. 466
MAD (Mutually Assured Destruction) 234, 235 Malaysia 314, 319, 389 Malthus, T.R. 28, 45, 76-7, 92, 103, 119, 179,
180,185,205,206,476 Mandeville, B. 18, 459 Manhattan Project 226, 233, 234, 236, 246 Mantel, R., SMD theorem 273 Maresca, J. 334
Marginalism 248, 259, 264, 266, 295, 486, 489: calculus and 160-1; equi-margina! principle 123-4, 130-5, 142, 143, 145, 148, 187; Inherent Error and 148-53, 186, 190, 192, 223; Marginalism-in-action 135-8; Marginalism on wages and profits 139^43; Marginal utility 123-32, 194; neoclassical theory and 155—60, 190, 489; origins of 125-30; seven Marginalist dogmas 131 Marjolin, R. 229, 230, 310 Markowitz, H. 232, 385 Markusen, A. 316 Marlowe, C. 89-90, 91 Marschak, J. 232
Marshall, A. 122, 123, 127, 129, 130, 141, 163, 204, 256, 258, 259, 262, 266, 291, 296, 468, 469, 473, 474, 483, 486, 489 Marshall, G. 309-10
Marshall Plan 230, 231, 251, 252, 307, 309-10, 311,312,350, 423,436,482,490 Martin, K, 223
Marx, K. 11, 28, 44, 60, 65-6, 67, 68, 69, 70, 71, 75, 78, 84, 86, 87, 91-2, 109, 118, 125,
126, 139, 148, 151, 158, 162, 177, 181,214, 215, 221, 223, 228, 229, 230, 239, 255, 264, 284, 285, 291, 295, 296, 297, 298,406, 430, 432, 444, 457, 458, 465, 466, 467, 468, 469, 471, 489; contribution of 107-8, 111-12,
113, 115-16; critical celebration of physiocrats 34, 459; immanent criticism 106; market expansion 70—1; reaction against Marx 118-20, 184, 255, 280; schemas of reproduction 31, 159, 485; short-term industrial relations 99; theory of crises 93-6; transformation problem 103^4-, 108, 117,
294, 457, 467; tnith, demonstrable 100-1, 105, 112, 113; value 34, 38, 80-3, 85, 89,
94, 96,98,99, 101-5, 119, 181,223,459, 471,477 Mason, E. 230
The Matrix 10-11, 51, 52, 53, 59, 60, 61, 65,
67, 71-2, 74, 84, 92, 93, 103, 108, 109, 110-12, 114, 149,238,463
Matrix Economy 52, 53-9, 59-60, 62, 78, 88.
98, 105, 106, 108, 109, 111, 238, 282, 463, 468; machine design and manufacturing sector 54; Matrix technology maintenance sector 54-5; overlord program 55-9, 156, 194; Sraffa’s model and 108-9 Maxwell, J. 100, 105, 117, 177 Maynard Smith , J. 488 MBIA401 McCarthy, J. 310 McCready, P. 72, 73 McCulloch, J.R. 180, 475 McDonald, L. 443 McDonalds 182 McPherson, C.B. 96 Meade, J. 230 Meikle, S. 20 Melman, S. 316 Mendeleyev, D. 177 Menger, C. 126, 129 mergers and acquisitions and fictitious value 361 Meriwhether, J. 365, 366 Merkel, A. 404,415, 418 Merrill Lynch 401, 402, 404 Merton, R.C. 366, 372, 373, 374 Methodologically Imposed Equilibrium 264, 267 methodological individualism 263, 264. 265,266
methodological instrumentalism 263 4. 266 7 Mexico 355, 424, 428,443 microeconomics 5, 105, 113, 146, 226, 256, 266, 376 middlemen 136-9, 140 Military-Industrial Complex (MIC) 203, 315.
445,490 Mill, J. 180,475 Minford, P. 4
Minos, King 327, 328, 338
Minotaur (mythical creature) 327, 328, 338
Minsky, H. 215, 216, 366
Mirowski, P. 245, 480, 481, 484
Mises, L. von 120-1, 126, 128, 153, 458, 469
modem, use of term. 298
Modern Times 74
Modigliani, F. 232
Molano, W. 429
Monadology 166-76
Monnet, J. 230, 439
Monsanto 337, 411
Morgan, E.S. 448
Morgan Stanley 352, 398
Morgenstern, O. 233, 238
Morishima, M. 98
Morse, C. 230
Murphy, A.E. 200
Murray, C. 85
mutation generating mechanism 278 Muth, J.F. 377
Nasar, S. 258, 481,483
Nash Jr., J.F. 152, 234, 241, 242, 243, 244, 245, 246, 247, 252, 254, 256, 258, 259, 261, 262, 268, 271, 272, 273, 274, 275, 292, 376, 473, 474, 480, 484; solution to Bargaining Problem 243, 244, 273, 274, 481 NATO 312
neoclassicism 9, 11, 12-13,47, 109, 119, 123,
127, 149, 153-9, 163, 164-5, 166, 177, 187, 189, 190-2, 193, 194, 195, 196,204,210,
212, 223, 226, 238, 239, 241, 244, 250-88, 289, 295, 377, 378, 386, 464, 486, 488, 489; Dance of the Meta-axioms 269-79, 280, 281; five causes of resurgence 250; neoclassical revisionism and the role of the Federal Reserve 222; formalism/economics/ politics/ ruin 284; text of resurgence 254-61; three meta-axioms 261-9, 287-8, 296, 298 (methodologically imposed equilibrium 262, 264; methodological individualism 263, 264-6; methodological instrumentalism 263—4, 266-7); neoclassicism and capitalism 282-5, 285-7; 1 slash and burn strategy'' 285 Neumann, J. von 10, 12, 31, 231, 232, 233,
236, 237-9, 239, 240, 241, 242, 243-5,
246, 248, 251, 291, 315, 459, 462,463,
479, 485
New Dealers 12, 13, 128, 227-31, 235, 240,
245, 247-8, 250, 251, 252, 253, 255, 261, 303-13, 314, 315, 318, 371, 376, 409, 423, 430,434, 445, 455, 478; architects of the New Deal 307-8; New Deal in the age of the Global Plan 316-17 Newton, I. 17,47,49, 67,69, 105, 123, 159, 164, 165, 174, 198, 220, 483; Newton’s flux vs. Leibniz’s mosaic 160-2 New Zealand 451 Nietzsche, F. Ill, 117 Nigeria 334
Nixon, R. 200, 204, 236, 320-1, 322, 324, 326,
333,476 North Africa 214
Northern Rock 369, 370-1, 400, 401 Nourse, E.G. 251, 481
Obama, B.H. 133, 228-9, 337, 380, 404, 405,
406,433, 478
oil 357, 405, 481; oil-crises, 1970s 321-6,
331—3, 338, 341, 424, 490 see also OPEC OECD 230, 310, 324, 408, 490, 493 OEEC 230, 310, 311, 490, 493 Okun, A.M. 252, 482 OPEC 96, 321, 322, 324, 333, 334
Oppenheim, V.FI. 322, 324,490 optimism 1, 2, 18, 137, 165, 196, 201, 208, 210, 212,214,217, 223,363,407 O’Rourke, K. 412
OSS 230
Outsiders 12, 178-86, 204, 206, 219, 488 overlord program 55-9, 85, 156, 194, 468
Pack, S. 20 Palestine 451, 452 Panico, C. 47 Papua New Guinea 109 Pareto, V. 127, 129, 130, 158, 163,202, 256, 262, 483 Parmenides 176
Pasinetti, L.L. 47, 105, 150, 272 pathetic fallacy 464 Patinkin, D. 260, 483 Paulson, J, 396
Paulson, H. 402, 403,407,415 Perle, R. 235 Pettit, P. 486, 487 Petty, W. 129
Physiocrats 30-5, 40, 53, 60, 101, 459,
460, 467 Pigou, A.C. 95 Pinochet, A. 442, 445-6 Plato 176,448
Plaza Agreement 1985 388, 389, 428,
429, 493 Plutus 87
Poincare, H. 372-3, 381, 383 Poland 308, 335, 395,468 Polybius 216 Pompidou, G. 320 Popper, K. 107
Portugal 341, 391, 392, 414, 419, 423, 493 postmodernism 298, 299 Prescott, E. 379, 380 prisoner’s dilemma 276-7, 486 Proctor, R. 18
private money 13, 14, 134, 372, 381, 383, 384, 390, 399, 402, 405, 406, 408, 411, 413, 414, 414, 416, 417, 418, 423, 431, 433, 444, 446, 447, 448, 449, 454 see also derivatives Pythagoras 17
Quantity Theory of Money 12, 137, 187-9, 199, 201, 203, 205, 222, 258, 371, 475, 476; state of theoretical play prior to 1929 191; suspension of 205 Quesnay, F. 30, 31,459
racial identity 86
Radford, R.A. 136-9, 156, 187-90,
199, 204 Radick, G. 77
railways 92, 179, 182, 183, 186, 393 Ramsey, F.P. 12, 48, 192, 193-5, 210, 211, 212, 218,221,236,377 RAND 234-6, 245, 251, 261, 271 Rapoport, A. 234
Rational Expectations Hypothesis (REH) 212,
213, 376-8, 380 Reagan, R. 4
Real Business Cycles (RBC) 379-80 reason 69-70,189,195, 207, 218, 220, 257,
265, 266, 275, 292, 294, 296, 372, 452,485; ambience 209-10; Commonly Known Rationality (CKR) 276; rational expectation and Inherent Error 211-13; Rational Expectations Hypothesis (REH) 212, 376-8, 380; when reason defers to expectation 207-8 recovery 408, 409
recycling problem in a currency union 14,
435-9
redemptive cycles 214-16 Rediker, M. 86, 110,
Refinement Project 273 reform, financial 228
regulation, why regulation cannot prevent crises 432; failure pays 433 relativism, use of term 298 repossession of homes, USA, 2008 410 Ricardo, D. 10, 28, 35, 38—45, 65, 68, 80,
99, 102, 103, 105, 108, 115, 119, 125,
185, 205, 212, 238, 264, 291, 294, 295,
461, 464, 467, 468, 475; com model 40,
41-*, 45-7, 48, 50, 53, 93, 104, 159, 179,
184, 189, 190, 258,461,487; compared to Say 179, 180; machines vs jobs debate 47, 53 Rikovski, G. 84, 85
risk 192, 193, 215, 235, 240, 365, 366, 369,
372, 381, 386. 388, 395, 396, 398, 410, 421,
422, 432, 442, 447,481, 485, 495; taming risk 372-3; value at risk 382-5 Roach, S. 352-3 Robbins, L. 305-6, 464 Robinson, J. 150,272
Robinson Crusoe model 151, 162, 187, 189,
192, 204, 211, 213, 259, 263, 265, 275, 277,
294, 375, 380, 435, 475, 478, 487 Roemer, J.E. 261 Romania 335, 336 Roncaglia, A, 47
Roosevelt, F.D. 201, 202, 203, 227, 228, 229, 230, 251, 255, 309, 408-9, 476; National Recovery Administration (NRA) 229 Rostow, E.D. 317 Rotter, A.J. 313, 314 Royal Bank of Scotland 362,401, 403 Rubinstein, A. 273
Russell, B. 176,476
Russia 2, 38, 184, 186, 366, 374, 400, 401,
424,492
Samuelson, P. 12, 47, 62-3, 150, 158, 213, 229, 230, 234, 254-61, 272, 293, 375, 378. 464 479, 482-3 Sargent, T. 377, 378 Saulnier, R.J. 252 Saunders, F.S. 350, 351 Say, J.-B. 12, 179, 180-2, 184, 185; abandonment of Sav 's Law 205; compared to Ricardo 179, 180 Scandinavia 201, 225, 391 Schaller,M. 308,311 Schelling, T. 234, 236 schemas of reproduction 31, 159, 485 Schmoller, G. von 125, 128,458 Scholes, M. 365-6, 372, 373, 374, 386 Schopenhauer, A. 66, 130, 237 Schuman, R. 312, 439 Schumpeter, J. 128, 153, 215, 230, 264, 294,473