In the notes below, the reference numbers denote page and line of the hardcover edition. No note is made for material in the eleventh edition of Merriam-Webster’s Collegiate Dictionary, except for certain cases where common words and terms have specific historical meanings or inflections. Epigraphs from Shakespeare are identified by the play and are keyed to The Riverside Shakespeare, ed. G. Blakemore Evans (Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1974). Biblical quotations and allusions are keyed to the King James Version. Footnotes in the text are Cooper’s own. For further textual, historical, and biographical background, see the relevant volumes in the Writings of James Fenimore Cooper series: The Spy: A Tale of The Neutral Ground, edited by James P. Elliott, Lance Schachterle, and Jeffrey Walker (New York: AMS Press, 2000) and Lionel Lincoln; or, The Leaguer of Boston, edited by Donald A. and Lucy B. Ringe (Albany: State University of New York Press, 1985). See also Alan Taylor, William Cooper’s Town: Power and Persuasion on the Frontier in the Early American Republic (New York: Knopf, 1995); Wayne Franklin, James Fenimore Cooper: The Early Years (New Haven: Yale University Press, 2007); and Wayne Franklin, James Fenimore Cooper: The Later Years (New Haven: Yale University Press, 2017).
THE SPY: A TALE OF THE NEUTRAL GROUND
1.3–5 “Breathes there a man . . . land.—”] Walter Scott, The Lay of the Last Minstrel (1805), VI.i.1–3.
3.7 one pen of celebrity] Charles Brockden Brown (1771–1810), Philadelphia-born writer whose novels include Wieland (1798), Arthur Mervyn (1799), Ormond (1799), and Edgar Huntly (1799).
10.33 “Precaution”] Cooper’s first novel, published in 1820.
12.17 Coriolanus] Legendary Roman general said to have defected to the enemy Volscians and led their army against Rome.
12.24 an illustrious man] John Jay (1745–1829), whose son William was a lifelong friend of Cooper.
14.20–21 a high and honourable employment] Jay served as minister to Spain, 1780–82.
15.35–36 Sir Henry Clinton] Clinton (1730–1795) was commander-in-chief of the British army in North America, 1778–82.
21.11–13 that gallant soldier who . . . was mentioned with honor] U.S. General Winfield Scott (1786–1866) led the successful campaign against Vera Cruz during the Mexican War. His exploits during the War of 1812 are alluded to in the novel’s last chapter.
23.7 Gertrude of Wyoming.] Poem (1809) bearing the subtitle A Pennsylvania Tale, by English poet Thomas Campbell (1777–1844). Part 8, ll. 5–9.
29.22–23 arrival of our new allies] Six thousand French troops under the command of Comte de Rochambeau landed at Newport, Rhode Island, on July 11, 1780.
29.38–39 Gates and Cornwallis . . . bring the war to an issue] English-born American General Horatio Gates (1728–1806) confronted British forces led by General Lord Charles Cornwallis (1738–1805) in a series of engagements in the Carolinas in the summer of 1780, culminating in Gates’s defeat at the battle of Camden on August 16.
30.11 General Burgoyne] Gates had previously defeated a British army commanded by General John Burgoyne (1722–1792) at the battle of Saratoga, September–October 1777.
36.6 Gertrude of Wyoming.] Campbell, 10.6–9.
39.29 Hebe] Goddess of youth in Greek mythology.
40.12–13 tambouring frame] Wooden device used for embroidery work.
40.32 General Stark . . . the Germans] John Stark (1728–1822) defeated Hessian troops at the battle of Bennington in August 1777, capturing roughly half of the enemy force.
41.3–4 Lord Percy of Lexington . . . Chevy Chase] Hugh Percy (1742–1817), Duke of Northumberland, commander of the relief brigade at the battle of Lexington and Concord on April 19, 1775; the medieval ballad “Chevy Chase” (of which two versions exist) recounts a battle in the Cheviot Hills between the Earl of Northumberland’s hunting party and a force led by the Scottish Earl of Douglas.
45.8 Wilson.] Alexander Wilson (1766–1813), “First Epistle to Mr. Andrew Clark,” ll. 47–52.
50.38–39 Tarleton . . . the Tyger river] Colonel Banastre Tarleton (1754–1833) had defeated American militia under General Thomas Sumter (1734–1832) at Fishing Creek in South Carolina on August 18, 1780. Though he would be severely wounded, Sumter evened the score three months later when he routed Tarleton at Blackstock’s Farm on the Tyger River on November 20, 1780.
51.35 Morrisania] Estate of the Morris family, now Fordham, the Bronx, New York; used as headquarters by Colonel James De Lancey (1747–1804), commander of a Loyalist cavalry corps known as the West Chester Refugees.
52.28 Major André] John André (1750–1780), an intelligence officer in the British army who conspired with Benedict Arnold in the projected surrender of West Point to the British, was apprehended and hanged as a spy on October 2, 1780.
57.18 Walter Scott.] Scott, The Lord of the Isles (1815), IV.xxii.5–10, 15–24.
67.30 Carolus III] Spanish coins featuring the head of King Charles III (1759–1788) circulated widely in America.
71.12 Walter Scott.] Scott, The Lay of the Last Minstrel (1805), I.xxi.3–12.
82.7 Moore.] Thomas Moore (1779–1852), Lalla Rookh (1817), “The Veiled Prophet of Khorassan,” ll. 1121–25.
96.4 Shakspeare.] Henry V, III.i.32–33.
96.21 Hessian yagers] Jaegers (huntsmen): mercenaries from the German states of Hesse-Kassel and Anspach-Bayreuth.
111.2–7 “With fire and sword . . . At every famous victory.”] Robert Southey (1774–1843), “After Blenheim” (1796, also known as “The Battle of Blenheim”), stanza 8.
114.26 Esculapius] Aesculapius, Greco-Roman god of healing.
125.10 Walter Scott.] Scott, The Lady of the Lake (1810), I.ii.9–16.
126.16 peperage] Black gum tree, whose fibrous wood makes log-splitting a difficult task.
126.20 beetle] Heavy mallet.
129.20 devoted] That is, targeted.
134.30 Galen] An allusion to the classical Greek physician and philosopher Aelius Galenus.
136.6 Gray.] Thomas Gray (1716–1771), “Elegy Written in a Country Churchyard” (1751), ll. 89–92.
137.12 The battle of the Plains] On October 28, 1776, Washington, retreating north from Manhattan, fought briefly and inconclusively at White Plains with pursuing forces led by William Howe (1729–1814), British commander-in-chief in North America, 1776–78.
149.8 Shakspeare.] Romeo and Juliet, IV.v.49–54.
154.10 petticoat doctor] In the first edition of The Spy, the term is “bitch doctor”; it was revised by Cooper in 1831.
162.9 Duo.] Believed to be by Cooper.
172.4 Tempest.] Shakespeare, The Tempest, III.iii.49–50.
184.8 Crabbe.] George Crabbe (1754–1832), The Parish Register (1807), ll. 493–94 and 499–502.
185.21 Trinity] Anglican, later Episcopal church, built in 1698 in lower Manhattan at the corner of Broadway and Wall Street.
195.5 Moor of Venice.] Shakespeare, Othello, III.iii.322–24.
201.7 Iago.] Shakespeare, Othello, II.iii.69–73.
213.9 Duo.] Believed to be by Cooper.
220.4 Merchant of Venice.] Shakespeare, The Merchant of Venice, IV. i.223–24.
223.39 Paulding] John Paulding (1758–1818), one of the three men who apprehended John André.
224.15–16 the discipline prescribed by the Mosaic law] See Deuteronomy 25:3: “Forty stripes he may give him, and not exceed.”
229.6 Lapland Love Song.] From The American Songster: Being a Select Collection of the Most Celebrated American, English, Scotch, and Irish Songs (New York, 1788).
241.6 Two Gentlemen of Verona.] Shakespeare, Two Gentlemen of Verona, III.i.102–5.
251.6 Hermit of Warkworth.] Thomas Percy (1729–1811), “The Hermit of Warkworth” (1771), Fit the Second, ll. 17–20.
252.6 Fort Washington] American fort, near present-day Washington Heights in northern Manhattan; it fell to the British in October 1776 and remained in their hands for the duration of the war.
262.24 Mr. Whitfield] English evangelist George Whitefield (1714–1770). As an itinerant preacher in America, he played a major role in the First Great Awakening. Although he called for the humane treatment of slaves, he also forcefully advocated the legalization of slavery in Georgia, where it had previously been prohibited, citing biblical justifications.
266.5 Comedy of Errors.] Shakespeare, The Comedy of Errors, III.ii.10–12.
281.12 Cynthia’s Grave.] Anonymous, “Female Celibacy; or, The Grave of Cynthia” (1813), ll. 81–90.
292.6 Gertrude of Wyoming.] Campbell, III.xxxii.1–4.
300.20–21 flying from Scylla . . . to encounter Charybdis] That is, two equally hazardous alternatives. In Homeric mythology, Scylla and Charybdis were sea monsters (later described as a shoal and a whirlpool) guarding the Strait of Messina between Sicily and the Italian peninsula.
303.6 Goldsmith.] Oliver Goldsmith (1728–1774), “The Traveller; or, A Prospect of Society” (1764), ll. 171–74.
307.7 the Tappaan] The Tappan Zee, a broad reach of the Hudson River, at Tarrytown.
310.9 Duo.] Believed to be by Cooper.
321.14 Hale] Nathan Hale (1755–1776), Connecticut schoolmaster captured on Long Island while gathering information on British troops, and hanged as a spy on September 22, 1776.
322.4 Measure for Measure.] Shakespeare, Measure for Measure, IV.ii.92–93.
324.21 General Heath] William Heath (1737–1814), commander of American forces on the lower Hudson, 1779–83.
330.4 Greene . . . and young Hamilton.] Nathanael Greene (1742–1786), the youngest general officer in the Continental Army, replaced Benedict Arnold as commander in the Hudson Highlands before being dispatched to lead the Southern Army (formerly commanded by Gates) in December 1780. Alexander Hamilton (1757–1804) had been an aide-de-camp to Washington since 1777.
335.6 Song in Duo.] Believed to be by Cooper.
339.10 ‘Many are called, but few chosen.’] Matthew 22:14.
343.39 pinkster] Pentecost festival celebrated by the Dutch in New York and later by the state’s African American population, as described by Cooper in his novel Satanstoe (1845).
346.28–32 ‘And the king lamented . . . wept again over him.’] Samuel 3:33–34.
351.6 Cowper.] William Cowper (1731–1800), “The Diverting History of John Gilpin” (1782), ll. 97–100.
361.6 Goldsmith.] Goldsmith, Edwin and Angelina: A Ballad (1765), ll. 5–8.
374.5 Tempest.] Shakespeare, The Tempest, III.i.81–83.
382.4 Rokeby.] Scott, Rokeby (1813), VI.xxiii.23–24.
388.15 Bunker Hill and Burg’yne] Allusion to the battles of Bunker Hill (1775) and Saratoga (1777), each a source of pride for American militia.
395.6 Halleck.] Fitz-Greene Halleck (1790–1867), “On the Death of Joseph Rodman Drake, of New-York, September 1820” (1820), ll. 1–4. These lines serve as the epitaph on the American Romantic poet Joseph Rodman Drake’s tombstone. Like his contemporary John Keats, Drake died of consumption (tuberculosis) at age twenty-five.
398.24 the Lord made the sun to stand still] Cf. Joshua 10:13.
405.6 Lady of the Lake.] Scott, The Lady of the Lake, VI.xxvi.22–25.
405.10 Greene and Rawdon] British forces under Lieutenant Colonel Francis Rawdon (1754–1826) won victories over Nathanael Greene in the early part of 1781 but was ultimately forced to fall back to Charleston, abandoning the contest for the Carolina backcountry.
405.28 intercepted letters from Washington] Washington employed a concerted disinformation campaign to convince Clinton that New York City remained his primary target, even as he removed his forces south to Virginia in the summer of 1781 to confront Cornwallis.
411.6 Gray.] Gray, “Elegy Written in a Country Churchyard” (1751), ll. 56–60.
411.23–24 the 25th of July, of that bloody year.] The date of the battle of Lundy’s Lane, near Niagara Falls. Winfield Scott’s bravery under fire at this costly victory over the British was the basis of his lasting fame as an American military hero.
412.27–28 among the grass on the Chippewa plains] American forces led by Scott and Jacob Brown defeated the British on July 5, 1814, in an engagement on the Chippewa River, a tributary of the Niagara on the Canadian side of the river.
LIONEL LINCOLN; OR, THE LEAGUER OF BOSTON
419.3 “First let me talk with this Philosopher.”] Shakespeare, King Lear, III.iv.154.
422.2 “Bread-and-Cheese Lunch,”] Lunch club founded by Cooper in 1822; its regulars, who met in Charles Wiley’s bookstore in New York, included writers, artists, scholars, and merchants, among them William Cullen Bryant, Fitz-Greene Halleck, James Gates Percival, James Kirke Paulding, Washington Irving, and Giulian Verplanck, as well as Thomas Cole and Samuel F. B. Morse.
422.23 Joe Miller] Joe Miller’s Jests (1739), a posthumous collection of witticisms attributed to the English actor Joseph Miller (1684–1738), was the model for a long series of similarly titled books.
422.30 black-letter book] A book in the Gothic type that predominated in Europe until the seventeenth century.
427.5 Gray.] Thomas Gray, “Ode on a Distant Prospect of Eton College” (1747), ll. 18–20.
435.7 Lear.] Shakespeare, King Lear, I.iv.183–86.
436.31–32 tarring and feathering . . . colonel Nesbitt] William Nesbitt was commander of the 47th Regiment of Foot (or Duke of Lancaster’s Regiment), which had been raised to fight Scottish Jacobite rebels in 1741. It subsequently fought against the French in Canada under the command of James Wolfe (“Wolfe’s own”) and was transferred to Boston in October 1774. In an attempt to intimidate the unruly citizens of Boston, Nesbitt had engineered the tarring and feathering of Bostonian William Ditson, who had been entrapped into buying a musket from a British soldier.
438.11–12 disappointment . . . at Salem] In February 1775, a detachment of British soldiers was sent north to Salem to seize eight cannons said to be held there, only to discover that they had been removed.
440.25 stingy Tommy] Thomas Hutchinson, the last civilian royal governor of The Bay Colony, had left his native Massachusetts, and his mansion in Boston, for London in June 1774, never to return.
448.6 Rape of the Lock.] Alexander Pope, The Rape of the Lock (1714), III.109–12.
448.34 Lord Boot] As New Englanders pronounced the name of John Stuart, 3rd Earl of Bute (1713–1792), the British prime minister (1762–63) whose program of imperial reforms, especially the stationing of large numbers of troops in North America and the raising of taxes in the colonies to support them, made him anathema to many Americans.
451.8 beaufet] Buffet.
462.23 Hebe-looking] See note 39.29.
463.3 King Henry IV.] Shakespeare, 1 Henry IV, II.iv.422.
469.1 Thomas Gage] British general (1718–1787), commander of British forces in North America, 1763–75, and the last royal governor of Massachusetts, 1774–75.
469.31–32 one of Harrison’s time-pieces] Chronometer for determining longitude, invented by Englishman John Harrison (1693–1776).
469.37 as Joshua commanded the sun] See Joshua 10:13.
472.15 the Mohairs] A derogatory term for civilian officials, as distinguished from scarlet-clad British officers.
473.10 the Port-Bill] The Boston Port Act, passed by Parliament in March 1774 and effective June 1, closing Boston harbor and demanding compensation for tea destroyed in the Boston Tea Party. One of the five so-called Intolerable Acts.
475.5 Hamlet.] Shakespeare, Hamlet, III.ii.149–51.
476.31 the whole family of Priam] Priam, legendary king of Troy, was said to have had some sixty-eight sons and eighteen daughters.
481.39 the early part of 1774] In fact, the Tea Party took place on December 16, 1773.
486.6 Julius Caesar.] Shakespeare, Julius Caesar, I.ii.198, 205–7.
496.18 master Lovell] John Lovell (1710–1778), master of South Grammar School in Boston, 1734–75.
496.31 old Noll] Boston merchant Andrew Oliver (1706–1774), brother-in-law of Thomas Hutchinson. He had been appointed to administer the Stamp Act in Massachusetts in 1765, but was hanged in effigy and had his office destroyed and home looted by Boston mobs before quickly resigning his post.
497.38 the statue of Pasquin at Rome] An ancient statue put on display in Rome in the early sixteenth century (nicknamed “Pasquino”) was used for posting satirical notices (pasquinades).
498.32–33 one individual . . . deserving of his suspicions.] Though not named in the novel, this figure, whom Lincoln will encounter three times and whose body he will observe among the dead after the battle of Bunker Hill, is Dr. Joseph Warren (1741–1775), the Boston physician who became the president of the Massachusetts Provincial Congress in April 1775.
502.5 King Henry VI.] Shakespeare, 1 Henry VI, II.i.5–7.
507.9 Committee of Safety] Executive body of the patriot movement that emerged in Massachusetts during the imperial crisis, comparable to, and often in communication with, similar groups in other colonies.
513.6 Davenant.] William Davenant (also spelled D’Avenant), “The Soldier Going to the Field” (1673), ll. 1–4.
514.8 Plains of Abram] Plateau above Quebec City, site of the defeat of the French by British forces under Wolfe in September 1759.
514.14–15 the Lieutenant-Colonel of the 10th, . . . and the old Major of marines] Respectively, Francis Smith, commander of the British expedition to Lexington and Concord; Hugh Percy (see note 41.3–4); and John Pitcairn, who led the British light infantry on April 19.
521.23–24 the renowned march from Roxbury to Dorchester!] Just three weeks before the march on Concord, Gage ordered Percy to mount a show of force by leading a brigade across Boston Neck and into Dorchester. Along the way, Percy’s troops destroyed walls and fences and cleared spots from which provincials might stage ambushes against future marches.
523.4 Macbeth.] Shakespeare, Macbeth, V.v.1–2.
524.20 they stole the cannon] Cooper again refers to an actual incident, when in September 1774, two small British cannons were stolen by townsfolk and secreted out of Boston in a cart of manure.
537.5 Marmion.] Walter Scott, Marmion (1808), V.355–57.
537.13–14 Congress of Provincial Delegates] In October 1774, under the terms of the Massachusetts Government Act, another of the Intolerable Acts, Gage dissolved the provincial assembly, then meeting in Salem. In defiance, the assembly adjourned to Concord and reconstituted itself as the Massachusetts Provincial Congress.
552.4 King Henry V.] Shakespeare, Henry V, IV.viii.117–18.
558.21 “I’ll have ye transported to England] Believing that the disorder in Massachusetts was the product of a few rabble-rousers, Parliament in 1769 considered the extension to the colonies of a treason law from the reign of Henry VIII, enabling the Crown to bring the ringleaders to England for trial. The idea was not implemented, but the debate was publicized in the colonies, where it provoked considerable outrage.
564.5 Hamlet.] Shakespeare, Hamlet, III.ii.238–41.
577.4 Shakspeare.] Shakespeare, Julius Caesar, III.ii.260–61.
579.29–580.6 Ward and Thomas . . . Warren . . . Putnam] Artemas Ward (1727–1800), commander-in-chief of the Massachusetts militia, and later Washington’s second in command; John Thomas (1724–1776), brigadier general of the militia in command at Roxbury, 1775–76; Joseph Warren (see note 498.32–33); Connecticut general Israel Putnam (1718–1790), renowned hero of the battle of Bunker Hill.
580.17–18 every tale . . . of the wilds] Putnam was widely credited with having killed Connecticut’s last known wolf in 1742, a tale popularized in a 1788 biography by Putnam’s former aide-de-camp David Humphreys.
584.3 Julius Caesar.] Shakespeare, Julius Caesar, IV.iii.283.
585.39–40 “will visit the sins . . . fourth generation!”] Cf. Exodus 20:5.
588.39 Pigot, Grant, Robertson, and the heir of Northumberland] British general officers Robert Pigot (1720–1796), James Grant (1720–1806), James Robertson (1720–1788), and Hugh Percy (see note 41.3–4).
589.9–10 the joint heir of Hastings and Moira . . . Rawdon] Francis Rawdon-Hastings (1754–1826), 1st Marquis of Hastings and 2nd Earl of Moira.
593.5 Duke’s-place] Duke’s Place, Aldgate, London; Jews were permitted to settle there in 1650 by order of Oliver Cromwell.
600.8 Letter from a veteran Officer, &c.] [Robert Prescott], A Letter from a Veteran, to the Officers of the Army Encamped at Boston (1774).
605.16 Prescott, of Pepperell] William Prescott (1726–1795), American commander at the battle of Bunker Hill, famous for his order “Do not fire until you see the whites of their eyes!”
612.6 Humphreys.] David Humphreys, “Address to the Armies of the United States of America” (1782), ll.61–64.
623.4 Romeo.] Shakespeare, Romeo and Juliet, II.ii.12–13.
624.21–22 to discover Terra Australis . . . or Parry finds veins] Terra Australis was the name for a southern continent whose existence was conjectured by the ancients, but whose reality would not be confirmed until 1820. English explorer James Cook (1728–1779) had come within seventy-five miles of the continent that would become known as Antarctica in 1773 before turning back. In 1819, another English explorer, William Parry (1790–1855), had penetrated deep into the Canadian Arctic in search of the fabled Northwest Passage.
628.11 wards of Guy’s] Guy’s Hospital, Southwark, London, founded in 1721.
632.3 Hamlet.] Shakespeare, Hamlet, III.iv.24.
633.19 black Billy] William Howe (see note 137.12), so called because of his dark complexion.
639.16 Montgomery] Richard Montgomery (1738–1775), a former British army officer who led the unsuccessful American invasion of Canada in 1775.
642.4 Cowper.] William Cowper, The Task (1785), III.221–22.
642.13 tom-pungs.] Sleigh drawn by one horse.
643.30 “Le bon temps viendra!”] French: The good times will come!
648.18–19 “Wo unto you . . . greetings in the market!”] Luke 11:43.
648.34–35 “Wo unto you . . . entering to go in!”] Matthew 23:13.
649.1–3 “Whosoever shall say . . . is in danger of hell-fire.”] Matthew 5:22.
649.17 you mus’n’t take heed for food nor raiment?] Cf. Matthew 6:25.
650.13 Icarus] In Greek mythology, the son of the inventor Daedalus; wearing the waxen wings his father crafted for him, he flew too close to the sun and was drowned in the ocean.
655.6 Anonymous.] “Winifreda” (ll.1–4), in Thomas Percy, Reliques of Ancient English Poetry (1765).
662.35–36 the bloody hand] A standard feature in the heraldry of British baronets.
667.3 Much ado about nothing.] Shakespeare, Much Ado About Nothing, IV.i.1–2.
677.3 cavesson] Bitless bridle for managing horses.
678.3 Macbeth.] Shakespeare, Macbeth, IV.i.112.
682.4–5 Old Cotton] English Puritan divine John Cotton (1585–1652), one of the clerical leaders of the Massachusetts Bay Colony during its first decades.
686.5 King Henry VI.] Shakespeare, 2 Henry VI, III.iii.31–33.
698.5 All’s well that ends well.] Shakespeare, All’s Well That Ends Well, V.iii.155–57.
708.3 Blair.] Robert Blair, The Grave (1743), l. 177.
719.6 King Henry VI.] Shakespeare, 2 Henry VI, IV.viii.1–5.
731.4 Slender.] Shakespeare, The Merry Wives of Windsor, I.i.210–11.
745.4 Two Gentlemen of Verona.] Shakespeare, Two Gentlemen of Verona, III.i.1–2.
746.27 an old man, in the uniform of an officer of the fleet] Admiral Samuel Graves (1713–1787), commander-in-chief of the North American station, 1774–76.
755.4 Scott.] Walter Scott, Marmion (1808), VI.753–54.
758.16 en flute] A warship stripped of part of its armaments for use as a transport.
765.15–16 patriotism in the opinion of Sir Robert Walpole] Walpole (1676–1745) was said to have remarked of pretended patriots: “All those men have their price.”
770.6 The Battle of the Kegs.] Francis Hopkinson, “The Battle of the Kegs” (1778), ll. 65–68. This patriotic poem describes an ingenious but ultimately ineffectual attack by the colonials on British ships in the harbor of Philadelphia on January 6, 1778. The kegs in question were filled with gunpowder and sent down the Delaware in the direction of the British fleet. Hopkinson was one of the signers of the Declaration of Independence, a delegate from New Jersey.
771.32 The leader of this party] Though not identified, this figure is former British officer Charles Lee (1731–1782), who became commander of a wing of the Continental Army.
781.4 Romeo.] Shakespeare, Romeo and Juliet, I.v.117–18.
790.6 Burns.] Robert Burns, “The Auld Man’s Winter Thought” (1796), ll. 13–16.
799.3 carcasses] Flaming projectiles full of combustible materials, designed to ignite buildings and flammable defenses.
803.4 Shakspeare.] Shakespeare, Hamlet, V.ii.359.
811.31 Urim and Thummim] Hebrew: Lights and Perfections; terms of conjectural meaning associated with divination; see Samuel 14:41.
813.8 Bryant.] William Cullen Bryant, “The Old Man’s Funeral” (1824), ll. 1–6.