During the course of writing this book, I worked with documents and images from a number of archival collections. I also used some collections that are still in private hands, having yet to find to find their way to a permanent institutional home. The sources I consulted are listed below, along with abbreviations used in the endnotes to identify them. Once this project is finished, I’ll donate these materials to a scholarly repository.
Art and Technology Program papers, Los Angeles County Museum of Art (AT/LACMA in notes).
Experiments in Art and Technology papers (Accession no. 940003), Getty Research Institute (EAT/GRI).
Experiments in Art and Technology—Los Angeles papers (Accession no. 2003.M.12), Getty Research Institute (EAT-LA/GRI).
Barbara Rose papers (Accession no. 930100), Getty Research Institute (BR/GRI).
John Pierce papers, Huntington Library (JP/HL).
A. Michael Noll papers, Huntington Library (AMN/HL).
Exploratorium papers (BANC MSS 87/148c), Bancroft Library, University of California, Berkeley (E/UCB).
Rich Gold papers (M1510), Special Collections, Stanford University (RG/SU).
Thomas Wilfred papers (Exhibition Files and the Department of Painting and Sculpture Object Files), Museum of Modern Art Archives (TW/MoMA).
Calvin Tomkins papers, Museum of Modern Art Archives (CT/MoMA).
“Some New Beginnings” exhibition papers, Director’s Office Records, Brooklyn Museum (SNB/BM).
“Software” exhibition papers, Jewish Museum (SE/JM).
James J. Gibson Papers, Cornell University (JJG/CU).
Theodore W. Kheel Papers (6021/010), Cornell University (TK/CU).
Frank J. Malina papers, Library of Congress (FM/LOC).
Baxter Art Gallery, 1968–1990, Archives of American Art, Smithsonian Institution (BAG/AAA).
Experiments in Art and Technology papers, Archives of American Art, Smithsonian Institution (EAT/AAA). Note that these are filed by year and can be accessed and referred to in this manner.
Howard Wise Gallery records, 1943–1969, Archives of American Art, Smithsonian Institution (HWG/AAA).
Nam June Paik papers, Archives of American Art, Smithsonian Institution (NJP/AAA).
Gyorgy Kepes papers, Archives of American Art, Smithsonian Institution (GK/AAA).
Center for Advanced Visual Studies Special Collection, Massachusetts Institute of Technology (CAVS/MIT). When I examined these materials at MIT in 2014 and 2015, the materials had yet to be assigned folder or box numbers. Since then, the collection has been organized with some of it placed online at http://act.mit.edu/cavs. Copies of all documents referred to in this book are in my working files. In addition, several collections held in MIT’s Institute Archives and Special Collections (“SC/MIT” in notes) were examined for materials related to this book. These included the following:
MIT, Office of the Provost, records of Walter A. Rosenblith (AC 7).
MIT Office of the President and Chancellor, records of Jerome B. Wiesner (AC 8).
MIT, Committee on the Visual Arts records, Center for Advanced Visual Studies Educational Activities (AC 48).
MIT Art Committee, records of 1960–1973 (AC 66).
MIT Office of the President, records of Howard W. Johnson (AC 118).
MIT Office of the President, records of Julius A. Stratton (AC 134).
MIT Office of the President, records of Paul E. Gray (AC 180).
MIT Office of the Arts records (AC 230).
MIT Office of the President and Chancellor, records of Chancellor Paul E. Gray (AC 397).
MIT School of Architecture and Planning, Office of the Dean, records of 1934–1993 (AC 400).
Julius Stratton papers (AC 431).
In the course of researching this book, I also examined numerous collections of documents and ephemera still in private collections. In cases where I’ve cited these materials, all copies of sources used are in my working files.
Papers related to life of Frank J. Malina; Malina Family Archive; Paris, France.
Papers related to life of Billy Klüver and Experiments in Art and Technology (“BK/JM” in notes) including an unpublished document entitled “Art and Technology: Collected Writings of Billy Klüver” (“BK/CW” in notes); Klüver/Martin archives; Berkeley Township, New Jersey.
Papers related to career of artist Rockne Krebs; collection of Heather Krebs; Washington, DC, (“RK” in notes).
Papers related to career of engineer Fred Waldhauer; collection of Ruth Waldhauer; Palo Alto, California (“FW” in notes).
Papers related to art-and-technology activities; collection of engineer Robert Kieronski, Newport, Rhode Island.
Papers related to computer art and Bell Labs; collection of A. Michael Noll; Summit, New Jersey.
Papers on art and science; collection of John Holloway; Oakham, United Kingdom.
Personal files of Jack Masey related to his work for USIA on Expo ’70 in Osaka, Japan (“JM/NYC” in notes).
In addition to documentary evidence, I also was fortunate to be able to take advantage of interviews and oral histories. Some of these were conducted by the author; others were collected by other interviewers. Interviews collected or consulted are listed below.
Maurice Tuchman (August 19, 2013)
Jack and Beverly Masey (August 26, 2013)
Peter Richards (September 22, 2013)
Jeanne C. Finley (December 10, 2013)
Robert Whitman (December 31, 2014)
Robert Kieronski (June 19, 2015)
Roger Malina (December 1–2, 2015)
A. Michael Noll (April 22–23, 2016)
Laurence Hubby (June 14, 2018)
Starting in 1969, the Los Angeles public radio station 90.7 KPFK, part of the Pacifica Network, aired a series of interviews and stories, with host Clare Loeb (later Clare Spark) about art and society. Several programs, taped between February and July 1971, featured Loeb’s interviews with artists and engineers involved in art and technology, mostly in conjunction with LACMA’s Art and Technology Program. The Pacifica Radio Archives has collected many of these (Archive no. BB4458.01-.13). I obtained audio copies of the interviews and had them transcribed. These included on-air interviews with: Robert Whitman and John Forkner; Claes Oldenburg; Jane Livingston; James Lee Byars; Robert Irwin and Ed Wortz; Boyd Mefferd; Billy Klüver; Rockne Krebs; Newton Harrison; and Maurice Tuchman. In addition, a recording was made of an Art and Technology Symposium held in Los Angeles, mid-1971, that coincided with the opening of the Art and Technology show at LACMA.
In addition, in 1970 and 1971, as part of E.A.T.’s efforts for the pavilion in Osaka, art critic Barbara Rose and technology writer Nilo Lindgren did several on-site interviews with artists and engineers. Audio tapes of varying quality and, in some cases, transcripts, are preserved in the Experiments in Art and Technology records at the Getty Research Institute. These interviews were consulted and, in some cases, transcribed; where quoted in my book I cite them as part of the Getty collection.
In 2014, art historian Steven Duval conducted a series of videotaped interviews with people from the art-and-technology movement. He kindly shared these interviews with me, which, like the others I consulted, were transcribed. The interviewees include Julie Martin, Maurice Tuchman, John Pearce, Robert Whitman, Jane Livingston, and Elsa Garmire.
Finally, the Archives of American Art in Washington, DC has transcripts of several oral history interviews collected over the years with people associated with the art-and-technology movement or other topics addressed in this book. Interviews consulted include: Jan Wunderman, interviewed September 5, 1965 by Dorothy Seckler; Howard Wise, interviewed February 22, 1971 by Paul Cummings; Rockne Krebs, interviewed January 27 and March 6, 1990 by Benjamin Forgey; and Robert Preusser, in a series of interviews by Robert Brown during 1991.