Index

A

• Acceptor atom
• Acceptor levels, atom
• Activation energy
• Adams, William Grylls
• Adiabatic expansion of gases
• Advanced adiabatic compressed air energy storage
• Advanced gas-cooled reactor (AGR)
• Air-mass-ratio (AM ratio)
• Albedo of Earth
• Alpha (α) decay
  • barrier penetration model of
• Alpha (α) particles, scattering of
• Alpha (α) rays
• Alta Wind Energy Centre
• Aluminium
• Angle of attack
• Angular distribution, of scattered α particles
• Asymmetry term
• Atomic mass number
• Atomic mass unit
• Atomic nucleus
  • binding energy
    • curve of
  • charge of
  • composition of
  • energies
  • forces, characteristics of
  • mass of
  • nuclear charge, distributions of
  • nuclear matter, distributions of
  • semi-empirical mass formula
  • size of
• Atomic number

B

• Band gap, of semiconductors
• Beam attenuation
• Becquerel, Antoine Henri
• Becquerel, Edmond
• Becquerel (Bq)
• Bernoulli, Daniel
• Bernoulli's equation
• Beryllium
• Beta (β) decay
  • electron capture
• Beta (β) rays
• Betz, Albert
• Betz criterion
• Biased p–n junction
  • forward
  • reverse
• Binding energy
  • curve of nuclides
  • of nucleus
  • per nucleon
• Bioenergy
• Biofuels
• Biological energy storage
• Blackbody radiation
  • emissivity
  • laws of
  • photon, birth of
  • Rayleigh–Jeans formula for
• Bohr, Niels
• Bohr's model of hydrogen atom
• Boiling water reactor (BWR)
• Bolometer
• Boltzmann, Ludwig
• Boltzmann distribution
• Boltzmann factor
• Borschberg, Andre
• Boyle's law
• Bragg, W. H.
• Bragg, W. L.
• Bremsstrahlung
• Brush, Charles
• Bush's wind turbine system

C

• Cadmium selenide (CdSe)
• CANDU reactor
• Capacitors
• Carnot, Sadi
• Carnot cycle
• Chain of radioactive decays
• Chain reactions
• Chapin, Darryl
• Characteristic X-rays
• Chemical atomic mass
• Chemical energy storage
• Coblentz, William C.
• Cockcroft, John
• Coefficient of performance
• Commercial nuclear reactors
  • advanced gas-cooled reactor (AGR)
  • boiling water reactor
  • CANDU reactor
  • Magnox reactor
  • pressurised water reactor
• Compound nucleus
• Compressed air energy storage
• Consumption of energy
  • global
  • in UK
  • in USA
• Contact potential
• Continuity equation, fluids
• Controlled fission reactions
  • chain reactions
  • commercial nuclear reactors
  • control of fission reactions
  • nuclear waste
  • reactors
• Controlled thermonuclear fusion
• Control rods
• Convection, thermal
• Coolant
• Copper
• Coriolis, Gaspard-Gustave
• Coriolis force
• Coulomb barriers
  • for nuclear fusion
• Coulomb energy
• Coulomb force
• Coulomb repulsion
• Cour, Poul la
• Covalent bonding
• Cross-section for nuclear reaction
  • beam attenuation and
  • energy dependence of
  • mean free path and
• Crystalline solids, band structure of
• Curie, Marie
• Curie, Pierre
• Curie (Ci)
• Current–voltage characteristic of p–n junction
• Cut-in/out speed, turbine blades
• Cyclotron frequency

D

• Daily insolation, Sun
• Darcy, Henry
• Darcy friction factor
• Darcy–Weisbach equation
• Darrieus turbine
• Day, Richard Evans
• de Broglie wavelength
• Decay chains
• Decay laws of radioactivity
• Deep geothermal energy
• Degree of freedom
• Delayed neutrons
• Density of states function
• Deuteron
• Diffusion current
• Diffusion equation
• Diffusion length
• Dimensional analysis, in fluid mechanics
• Diode equation
• Diodes
• Direct band semiconductors
• Doldrums
• Donor atoms
• Donor energy levels
• Doping
• Downwind turbines
• Drift current
• Dye-sensitised solar cell

E

• Edinburgh Duck
• Effusion
• Einstein's equation, photoelectric effect
• Einstein's mass–energy relationship
• Electrical energy storage
  • capacitors
  • fuel cells
  • lead-acid battery
  • rechargeable batteries
  • super-capacitors
  • superconducting magnetic storage
• Electrical power, distribution of
• Electricity
• Electromagnetic induction
• Electromagnetic radiation
• Electromagnetic standing waves
• Electron capture
• Electron–hole pair
• Electrons
• Electrostatic force
• Emissivity, blackbody radiation
• Endothermic reaction
• Energy
  • biofuels
  • consumption
  • conversion of
  • density
  • electricity
  • equivalence of
  • form of
  • fossil fuels
  • geothermal
  • hydroelectric
  • importance of
  • mechanical
  • non-renewable
  • nuclear
  • in nuclear fission
  • in nuclear fusion
  • photovoltaic solar cells
  • renewable
  • solar
  • sources of
  • storage
  • thermal
  • threshold
  • tidal
  • waves
  • wind
• Energy storage
  • biological
  • capacity of
  • chemical
  • compressed air
  • density
  • electrical
  • flywheel
  • hydrogen
  • mechanical
  • parameters of
  • pumped hydroelectric
  • round-trip efficiency
  • systems
  • thermal
  • types of
• Equation of state of ideal gas
• Equilibrium, secular
• Equilibrium tide model
• Equipartition theorem
• Equivalence of energy
• Equivalence of mass
• Euler, Leonard
• Exothermic reaction
• Extraterrestrial spectrum
• Extrinsic semiconductors

F

• Faraday, Michael
• Faraday's law
• Fast fission factor
• Fermi, Enrico
• Fermi–Dirac distribution
• Fermi energy
  • in p–n junction
• Fermi levels
• Ferrel cell
• Fetch
• Ffestiniog Power Station, North Wales, UK
• Fill factors
• First law of thermodynamics
• Fission reactions, control of
• Fission reactors
  • coolant
  • efficiency of
  • fuel
  • moderator of
  • product poisoning of
• Flat plate water heater
• Fluids, flow of
  • Bernoulli's equation
  • continuity equation
  • laminar
  • steady
  • turbulent
• Flux Φ of beam
• Flywheel energy storage
• Forward-biased p–n junction
• Fossil fuels
• Four-factor formula
• Fourier's law of conduction
• Fowler, William
• Frisch, Otto
• Fritts, Charles
• Fuel cells
• Fuller, Calvin
• Fusion energy gain factor

G

• Gallium arsenide (GaAs)
• Gallium indium arsenide (GaInAs)
• Gallium indium phosphide (GaInP)
• Gamma (γ) decay
• Gamma (γ) rays
• Gas centrifuge technique, for uranium enrichment
• Gas diffusion technique, for uranium enrichment
• Gases
  • adiabatic expansion of
  • isothermal expansion of
  • specific heats of
• Gemasolar Solar Power Facility
• Geothermal energy
  • deep
  • shallow
• Germanium (Ge)
• Geysers
• Glass cover, thermal transmission by
• Global warming potential
• Gluons
• Greenhouse effect
• Greybody
• Grove, William

H

• Hadley, George
• Hadley cell
• Hahn, Otto
• Head loss
• Heat
• Heat engines
  • equation of state of ideal gas
  • and first law of thermodynamics
  • and second law of thermodynamics
  • specific heats of gases and
  • thermal efficiency of
• Heat pump
• Heisenberg uncertainty principle
• Heliostats, central receiver with
• Helium burning
• Hero of Alexandria
• Hoyle, Fred
• Huntorf compressed air storage plant, Germany
• Hydroelectric power
  • flow of viscous fluid in pipe
  • hydroelectric turbines
  • plants and principles of operation
• Hydroelectric power plants
  • principle of
• Hydroelectric turbines
  • impulse
  • Pelton impulse turbine
  • reaction
• Hydrogen burning
• Hydrogen economy
• Hydrogen energy storage
• Hydrogen gas

I

• Ideal gas equation
• Ignition point
• Impact parameter
• Impulse hydroelectric turbines
• Indirect band semiconductors
• Induced nuclear fission
• Inertial confinement
• Inertial confinement fusion
• Internal energy
• Intrinsic semiconductors. See also Fermi energy
• Irradiance of solar radiation
• Isothermal expansion of gases
• Isotopes
  • natural abundances of
• Itaipu Dam
• ITER

J

• Jeans, James
• Joule, James
• Jupiter

K

• Kelvin, Lord

L

• Laminar flow, fluid
• Laser ionisation, for uranium enrichment
• Law of mass action, for semiconductors
• Lawson, John D.
• Lawson criterion, for performance of nuclear fusion
• Lead-acid battery
  • charging
  • discharging
• Light concentrators
• Limpet
• Linear attenuation coefficient
• Liquid-drop model, of nuclear fission
• Lithium
• Llyn Stwalan
• London Array
• Longitudinal waves
• Low-pass filter
• Lummer, Otto
• Lunar tides, period of

M

• Magic numbers
• Magnetic confinement
  • fusion
• Magnox reactor
• Mass defect
• Mass equivalence
• Mass number
• Mass spectrometer
• Mass spectroscopy
• Maxwell–Boltzmann distribution of speeds
• McIntosh plant, Alabama, USA
• Mean free path
• Mean lifetime
• Mean time, particle traveling
• Mechanical energy
  • sources
  • storage
• Mechanical equivalence of heat
• Meitner, Lise
• Mixed-oxide (MOX) fuel
• Moderator
• Modes of vibration, of molecule
• Modulated wave, propagation of
• Monochromatic waves
• Moseley, Henry
• Moseley's law
• Multi-junction solar cells

N

• Nacelle
• National Ignition Facility (NIF)
• Neap tides
• Nellis Solar Power Plant
• Neutron number
• Neutrons
  • delayed
  • moderation of
  • prompt
  • reproduction factor
  • thermal
• Non-renewable energy
• n-type semiconductors
• Nuclear binding energies
  • curve of
• Nuclear charge, distributions of
  • mean radius of
  • skin thickness of
• Nuclear energies
• Nuclear fission
  • controlled reactions
  • cross-sections for
  • energy in
  • induced
  • liquid-drop model of
  • neutrons, moderation of fast
  • process of
  • products
  • versus radiative capture
  • reactions
  • uranium enrichment
• Nuclear forces, characteristics of
• Nuclear fuels
• Nuclear fusion
  • Coulomb barrier for
  • energy in
  • inertial confinement fusion
  • magnetic confinement fusion
  • performance criteria of
  • process of
  • reaction rates
  • reactions
  • thermonuclear, controlled
• Nuclear masses
• Nuclear matter, distributions of
• Nuclear radiation
• Nuclear reactions. See also Nuclear fission; Nuclear fusion
  • cross-sections
  • Q-value of
  • rates
• Nuclear waste
• Nucleon number
• Nucleons
• Nucleus
  • binding energy of
  • charge of
  • compound
  • energy from
  • liquid drop model of
  • mass of
  • shell model of
  • size
• Nuclides
  • binding energy curve of
  • lifetime of
  • radioactive
  • Segré chart of
  • transuranic

O

• One-dimensional heat equation
• One-dimensional wave equation
• Open circuit voltage
• Optical window
• Order of magnitude
• Oscillating water column systems
• Overtopping devices
• Ozone–oxygen cycle

P

• Parabolic trough concentrator
• Particle accelerator
• Pauli exclusion principle
• Pearson, Gerald
• Pelamis energy converter
• Pelton impulse turbine
• Penstock
• Phonon
• Phosphorus
• Photo-dissociation
  • oxygen
• Photoelectric effect
  • Einstein's equation of
  • quanta of energy and
• Photoelectrons
• Photon
  • absorption at p–n junction
  • birth of
  • random walk of
• Photosynthesis
• Photovoltaic solar cells
• Piccard, Bertrand
• Planck's radiation law
• Planté, Gaston
• Plasma
  • fusion
  • heating
• p–n junction
  • biased
    • forward
    • reverse
  • current–voltage characteristic of
  • electron and hole concentrations in semiconductor
  • in equilibrium
  • Fermi energy in
  • photon absorption at
• Poisson probability formula
• Polar cell
• Poloidal field
• Positron emission tomography (PET)
• Potential well
  • barrier penetration
  • deuteron
  • one-dimensional finite
  • one-dimensional infinite
  • particle, quantum mechanical description of
• Power coefficient
• Pressurised water reactor (PWR)
• Primary energy sources
• Prinsheim, Ernst
• Prompt neutrons
• Proton–proton chain
• Protons
• Pseudo force. See Coriolis force
• p-type semiconductors
• Pumped hydroelectric energy storage
• P–V diagram

Q

• Quantum dot solar cells
• Quasi-static processes
• Queisser, Hans
• Q-value
  • energy
  • of fusion reactions
  • of nuclear reaction

R

• Radiant exitance
• Radiative capture
  • cross-section for
  • nuclear fission versus
• Radiative recombination process
• Radioactive carbon dating
• Radioactivity
  • decay laws of
  • and nuclear stability
  • Segré chart of stable nuclides
  • α decay
  • β decay
  • γ decay
• Radioisotopes
• Radio window
• Radon
• Rance Tidal Power Station
• Random walk of photon
• Range, of tide
• Rated output speed
• Rated power output
• Rayleigh, Lord
• Rayleigh–Jeans formula for blackbody radiation
• Rayleigh scattering
• Reaction hydroelectric turbines
• Rechargeable batteries
• Refrigerators
• Relative wind
• Renewable energy
  • disadvantage of
  • sustainability and
• Reservoir capacitor
• Resonance escape probability
• Reverse-biased p–n junction
• Reverse saturation current
• Rotational wind
• Round-trip efficiency, energy storage
• Rutherford, Ernest
• Rutherford postulated
• Rutherford's model of structure of atom
• Rutherford's scattering
  • inelastic scattering

S

• Salpeter, Edwin
• Schrödinger equation
• SeaGen tidal current plant
• Secondary cells. See Rechargeable batteries
• Secondary energy sources
• Second law of thermodynamics
• Segré chart of stable nuclides
• Semiconductors
  • band gap of
  • crystalline solids, band structure of
  • direct band
  • electron and hole concentrations in
  • extrinsic
  • indirect band
  • intrinsic
  • law of mass action for
  • majority carriers in
  • minority carriers in
  • n-type
  • p-type
  • solar cells
• Semiconductor solar cells
  • construction
  • equation
  • maximum power delivery from
  • p–n junction, photon absorption at
  • power generation by
  • Shockley–Queisser limit
• Semi-empirical mass formula
  • asymmetry term
  • Coulomb term
  • pairing term
  • surface term
  • volume term
• Semi-empirical mass formula (SEMF)
• Shallow geothermal energy
• Shell model of nucleus
• Shockley, William
• Shockley–Queisser limit
  • crystal lattice, dissipation of energy in
  • electron–hole recombination
• Short-circuit current
• Significant wave height
• Silicon
• Sinusoidal waves
• Siting of wind turbines
• Solar cells
  • construction
  • efficiency maximisation
  • equation
  • light concentrators
  • maximum power delivery from
  • multi-junction
  • quantum dot
• Solar constant
• Solar energy
  • harvesting of
• Solar heaters
  • heat transfer processes
    • thermal conduction
    • thermal convection
    • thermal transmission by glass cover
    • vacuum tube collectors
  • water heaters
• Solar panels
• Solar power
  • blackbody radiation
  • geothermal energy
  • heat engines
  • solar heaters
  • solar radiation and interaction with earth
  • stellar fusion
• Solar radiation
  • characteristics of
  • intensity of
  • interaction with earth and atmosphere
    • absorption processes
    • greenhouse effect
    • scattering processes
    • season, latitude and daily insolation
  • irradiance of
  • penetration into ground
• Solar thermal power systems
  • central receiver with heliostats
  • parabolic trough concentrator
• Solar water heaters
  • absorption of radiation
  • flat plate
• Specific heats of gases
• Spectral absorption factor
• Spectral emissivity
• Spectral power distribution
• Spectral radiant exitance
• Spring tides
• Standard mass of atmosphere
• Standing waves
• Star, formation and evolution
• Steady/laminar flow, fluid
• Steam reforming
• Steam turbines
• Stefan, Josef
• Stefan–Boltzmann law
• Stefan's constant
• Stellar fusion
  • solar radiation
  • star formation and evolution
  • thermonuclear fusion in Sun
• Strassman, Fritz
• Streamlines
• Sun–Earth system
• Super-capacitors
• Superconducting magnetic storage

T

• Tan-y-Grisan reservoir
• Tapered channel (Tapchan) method
• Thermal conduction
• Thermal convection
• Thermal efficiency, of heat engines
• Thermal energy
  • sources
  • storage
• Thermal pollution
• Thermal reservoir
• Thermal resistance
• Thermal transmission by glass cover
• Thermal utilisation factor
• Thermographs
• Thermonuclear fusion
  • in Sun
• Thermonuclear fusion, controlled
• Threshold energy
• Tidal current power
• Tidal energy
• Tidal force
• Tidal power
  • force
  • harnessing
  • lunar tides, period of
  • origin of
  • tidal range, variation and enhancement of
• Tidal range
  • power
  • resonant enhancement of
  • variation and enhancement of
• Tidal wave
• Tip-speed ratio
• Titanium oxide (TiO₂)
• TOKAMAK
• Toroidal solenoid
• Transuranic nuclides
• Transverse waves
• Travelling waves
• Triple-alpha process
• Tritium
• Trochoid
• Tsunamis
• Turbines, wind
  • Betz criterion
  • blades
    • action of
    • rotational speed of
  • design and operation
  • siting of
  • wind power extraction by
• Turbulent flow, fluid

U

• Ultraviolet catastrophe
• Uncertainty principle, quantum mechanics
• Upwind turbines
• Uranium
  • enrichment
  • in fission cross-sections
  • in induced nuclear fission

V

• Vacuum tube collectors
• Varactor diode
• Virial theorem
• Viscosity
• Vitrification
• ‘1/v’ law
• Volume flow rate
• von Fraunhofer, Joseph

W

• Walton, Ernest
• Water power
  • hydroelectric power
  • tidal power
  • wave power
• Water waves
  • on deep water
  • energy of
  • physical characteristics of
  • power of
  • on shallow water
  • velocity of
• Wave energy converters
  • challenges for
  • Edinburgh Duck
  • oscillating water column systems
  • overtopping devices
  • Pelamis energy converter
• Wave power
  • water
  • wave energy converters
  • wave motion and
• Waves
  • on deep water
  • dispersion of
  • energy
  • groups
  • group velocity of
  • longitudinal
  • monochromatic
  • motion
  • one-dimensional equation
  • phase velocity of
  • on shallow water
  • significant height
  • sinusoidal
  • standing
  • tidal
  • transport energy
  • transverse
  • travelling
  • water
• Wells turbine
• Wheeler, John A.
• Wien's displacement law
• Wind energy
• Wind farm
• Windmills
• Wind power. See also Wind turbines
  • extraction by wind turbine
  • flow of ideal fluids
  • history of
  • origin and directions of
• Wind turbines
  • Betz criterion
  • blades
    • action of
    • rotational speed of
  • design and operation
  • siting of
  • wind power extraction by
• Work

X

• X-rays
  • characteristic
  • emission from atom

Y

• Yaw mechanism

Z

• Zenith angle