c

Central bankers since 1900

Governors of the Bank of England

Date	Governor
1899–1901	Samuel Gladstone
1901–03	Augustus Prevost
1903–05	Samuel Morley
1905–07	Alexander Wallace
1907–09	William campbell
1909–11	Reginald Johnston
1911–13	Alfred cole
1913–18	Walter cunliffe
1918–20	Brien cokayne
1920–44	Montagu Norman
1944–49	Thomas catto
1949–61	cameron cobbold
1961–66	Rowland Baring (3rd Earl of Cromer)
1966–73	Leslie O’Brien
1973–83	Gordon Richardson
1983–93	Robert Leigh-Pemberton
1993–2003	Edward George
2003–2013	Mervyn King
2013–	Mark Carney

Chairs of the United States Federal Reserve (since the creation of the Federal Reserve System in 1913)

Date	Chair
1914–16	Charles Hamlin
1916–22	William P.G. Harding
1923–27	Daniel R. Crissinger
1927–30	Roy A. Young
1930–33	Eugene Meyer
1933–34	Eugene Black
1934–48	Marriner Eccles
1948–51	Thomas B. McCabe
1951–70	William McChesney
1970–78	Arthur Burns
1978–79	William Miller
1979–87	Paul Volcker
1987–2006	Alan Greenspan
2006–14	Ben Bernanke
2014–18	Janet Yellen
2018–	Jerome Powell

Managing Directors of the International Monetary Fund (since its creation in 1945)

Date	Managing Director
1946–51	Camille Gutt
1951–56	Ivar Rooth
1956–63	Per Jacobsson
1963–73	Pierre-Paul Schweitzer
1973–87	Johan Witteveen
1987–2000	Michel Camdessus
2000–2004	Horst Köhler
2004–07	Rodrigo Rato
2007–11	Dominique Strauss-Kahn
2011–	Christine Lagarde

Presidents of the European Central Bank since its creation in 1998

Date	President
1998–2003	Wim Duisenberg
2003–11	Jean-Claude Trichet
2011–	Mario Draghi

Presidents of the World Bank since its creation in 1945

Date	President
1945–46	Eugene Meyer
1947–49	John J. McCloy
1949–63	Eugene R. Black, Sr.
1963–68	George Woods
1968–81	Robert McNamara
1981–86	Alden W. Clausen
1986–91	Barber Conable
1991–95	Lewis T. Preston
1995–2005	James D. Wolfensohn
2005–07	Paul Wolfowitz
2007–12	Zoellick, Robert
2012–	Jim Yong Kim

Currencies

See also currencies in Part 1 for The Economist newspaper usage.

Country	Currency	Symbol
Afghanistan	afghani	Af
Albania	lek	Lk
Algeria	Algerian dinar	AD
Angola	kwanza	Kz
Argentina	Argentine peso	Ps
Armenia	dram	Dram
Aruba	Aruban florin	Afl
Australia	Australian dollar	A$
Austria	euro	€
Azerbaijan	manat	Manat
Bahamas	Bahamian dollar	B$
Bahrain	Bahraini dinar	BD
Bangladesh	taka	Tk
Barbados	Barbados dollar	Bd$
Belarus	ruble	BRb
Belgium	euro	€
Belize	Belize dollar	Bz$
Benin	CFA franc	CFAfra
Bermuda	Bermuda dollar	Bda$
Bhutan	ngultrum	Nu
Bolivia	boliviano	Bs
Bosnia & Herzegovina	convertible marka	KM
Botswana	pula	P
Brazil	Brazilian real	R
Brunei	Brunei dollar/ringgit	Br$
Bulgaria	lev	Lv
Burkina Faso	CFA franc	CFAfra
Burundi	Burundi franc	Bufr
Cambodia	riel	CR
Cameroon	CFA franc	CFAfra
Canada	Canadian dollar	C$
Cape Verde	Cape Verdean escudo	CVEsc
Central African Republic	CFA franc	CFAfra
Chad	CFA franc	CFAfra
Chile	Chilean peso	Ps
China	renminbi or yuan	Rmb
Colombia	Colombian peso	Ps
Comoros	Comorian franc	Cfr
Congo (Brazzaville)	CFA franc	CFAfra
Congo (Dem. Rep. of)	Congolese franc	FC
Costa Rica	Costa Rican colón	C
Croatia	kuna	HRK
Cuba	Cuban peso	CUPs
Cyprus	euro	€
Czech Republic	koruna	Kc
Denmark	Danish krone	DKr
Djibouti	Djibouti franc	Dfr
Dominican Republic	Dominican Republic peso	Ps
East Timor	US dollar	US$
Ecuador	US dollar	US$
Egypt	Egyptian pound	E£
El Salvador	US dollar	US$
Equatorial Guinea	CFA franc	CFAfra
Eritrea	nakfa	Nfa
Estonia	euro	€
Ethiopia	birr	Birr
Fiji	Fiji dollar	F$
Finland	euro	€
France	euro	€
Gabon	CFA franc	CFAfra
The Gambia	dalasi	D
Georgia	lari	Lari
Germany	euro	€
Ghana	cedi	GH¢
Greece	euro	€
Grenada	East Caribbean dollar	EC$
Guatemala	quetzal	Q
Guinea	Guinean franc	Gnf
Guinea-Bissau	CFA franc	CFAfra
Guyana	Guyana dollar	G$
Haiti	gourde	G
Honduras	lempira	La
Hong Kong	Hong Kong dollar	HK$
Hungary	forint	Ft
Iceland	krona	IKr
India	Indian rupee	Rs
Indonesia	rupiah	Rp
Iran	Iranian rial	IR
Iraq	New Iraqi dinar	ID
Ireland	euro	€
Israel	Israeli shekel	NIS
Italy	euro	€
Ivory Coast	CFA franc	CFAfra
Jamaica	Jamaican dollar	J$
Japan	yen	¥
Jordan	Jordanian dinar	JD
Kazakhstan	tenge	Tenge
Kenya	Kenyan shilling	KSh
North Korea	won or N Korean won	Won
South Korea	won or S Korean won	W
Kuwait	Kuwaiti dinar	KD
Kyrgyzstan	som	Som
Laos	kip	K
Latvia	euro	€
Lebanon	Lebanese pound	L£
Lesotho	loti (pl. maloti)	M
Liberia	Liberian dollar	L$
Libya	Libyan dinar	LD
Lithuania	euro	€
Luxembourg	euro	€
Macau	pataca	MPtc
Macedonia	denar	Den
Madagascar	Malagasy ariary	AR
Malawi	kwacha	MK
Malaysia	Malaysian dollar/ringgit	M$
Mali	CFA franc	CFAfra
Malta	euro	€
Mauritania	ouguiya	UM
Mauritius	Mauritius rupee	MRs
Mexico	Mexican peso	Ps
Moldova	Moldavian leu (pl. lei)	Lei
Mongolia	togrog	Tg
Montenegro	euro	€
Morocco	dirham	Dh
Mozambique	metical	MT
Myanmar	kyat	Kt
Namibia	Namibian dollar	N$
Nepal	Nepali rupee	NRs
Netherlands	euro	€
Netherlands Antilles	Netherlands Antillean guilder	NAf
New Caledonia	French Pacific franc	CFPfr
New Zealand	New Zealand dollar	NZ$
Nicaragua	córdoba	C
Niger	CFA franc	CFAfra
Nigeria	naira	N
Norway	Norwegian krone	NKr
Oman	Omani riyal	OR
Pakistan	Pakistan rupee	PRs
Palestinian Territories	Jordanian dinar, New Israeli shekel	JD, NIS
Panama	balboa	B
Papua New Guinea	kina	Kina
Paraguay	guaraní	G
Peru	nuevo sol	Ns
Philippines	Philippine peso	P
Poland	zloty (pl. zlotys)	Zl
Portugal	euro	€
Puerto Rico	US dollar	US$
Qatar	Qatari riyal	QR
Romania	leu (pl. lei)	Lei
Russia	rouble	Rb
Rwanda	Rwandan franc	Rwfr
Samoa	tala or Samoan dollar	Tala
Säo Tomé & Príncipe	dobra	Db
Saudi Arabia	Saudi riyal	SR
Senegal	CFA franc	CFAfra
Serbia	Serbian dinar	RSD
Seychelles	Seychelles rupee	SRs
Sierra Leone	leone	Le
Singapore	Singapore dollar	S$
Slovakia	euro	€
Slovenia	euro	€
Solomon Islands	Solomon Islands dollar	SI$
Somalia	Somali shilling	SoSh
South Africa	rand	R
South Sudan	South Sudanese pound	SSP
Spain	euro	€
Sri Lanka	Sri Lankan rupee	SLRs
Sudan	Sudanese pound	SP
Suriname	Surinamese dollar	Sr$
Swaziland	lilangeni (pl. emalangeni)	E
Sweden	Swedish krona	SKr
Switzerland	Swiss franc	SFr
Syria	Syrian pound	S£
Taiwan	New Taiwan dollar	NT$
Tajikistan	somoni	S
Tanzania	Tanzanian shilling	TSh
Thailand	baht	Bt
Togo	CFA franc	CFAfra
Tonga	pa’anga or Tonga dollar	T$
Trinidad & Tobago	Trinidad & Tobago dollar	TT$
Tunisia	Tunisian dinar	TD
Turkey	Turkish lira	TL
Turkmenistan	manat	Manat
Turks & Caicos Islands	US dollar	US$
Uganda	Ugandan shilling	USh
Ukraine	hryvnia	HRN
United Arab Emirates	UAE dirham	Dh
United Kingdom	pound/pound sterling	£
United States	dollar	US$
Uruguay	Uruguayan peso	Ps
Uzbekistan	som	Som
Vanuatu	vatu	Vt
Venezuela	bolívar	BsF
Vietnam	dong	D
Western Samoa	tala	Tala
Windward & Leeward Islandsb	East Caribbean dollar	EC$
Yemen	Yemeni riyal	YR
Zambia	kwacha	ZK
Zimbabwe	Zimbabwean dollar	Z$

a CFA = Communauté financière africaine in West African area and Coopération financière en Afrique centrale in Central African area. Used in monetary areas of West and Central Africa. The CFA franc is pegged to the euro at a rate of CFAfr655.96:€1. Countries with this currency are members of the Comité monétaire de la Zone Franc, or Franc Zone.

b Antigua and Barbuda, Dominica, Grenada, Montserrat, St Kitts-Nevis, St Lucia, St Vincent & Grenadines, the British Virgin islands.