INTRODUCTION
1. William Hazlitt, The Spirit of the Age, or Contemporary Portraits (1825), (Chelsea House edition, New York, 1963), pp. 285 f.
2. Hans-Heinrich Reuter, Fontane, 2 vols. (Berlin, 1968).
3. Ernst Kohn-Bramstedt, Aristocracy and Middle Class in Germany: Social Types in German Literature, 1830–1890 (London, 1937).
4. Ibid., pp. 1–2.
5. Theodor Fontane, Tagebücher 1852, 1855–1858, ed. Charlotte Jolles in collaboration with Rudolf Muhs, 2d ed. (Berlin, 1995), pp. 151–152. Fontane was reading the end of chapter 6 of Macaulay’s History of England from the Accession of James the Second.
1. HISTORY
1. “Geschwisterliebe,” Der junge Fontane: Dichtung, Briefe, Publizistik, ed. Anita Golz (Berlin, 1969), pp. 23–56.
2. Theodor Fontane, Sämtliche Werke, Nymphenburg edition (Munich, 1967), XV, 11 (Von Zwanzig bis Dreißig, ed. Kurt Schreinert and Jutta Neuendorff-Fürstenau). Fontane’s memory was faulty, as Charlotte Jolles has shown. The publication of the story began not on the day of the examination but earlier, on 14 December 1839. Moreover, the poems alluded to were not published until January–March 1840. See ibid., p. 460.
3. Helmut Richter, “Nachwort,” in Der junge Fontane, p. 643.
4. Der junge Fontane, p. 248 (“Kleinigkeiten aus Berlin”).
5. For an excellent survey of Fontane’s politics in the early years, see Charlotte Jolles, Fontane und die Politik (Berlin, 1983).
6. Sämtliche Werke, XIV, 124 f. (Meine Kinderjahre).
7. Theodor Fontane, Briefe (Munich, 1976 ff.), I, 375 (to Theodor Storm, 14 February 1854).
8. Achim und Bettina in ihren Briefe, ed. Werner Vortriede, with an introduction by Rudolf Alexander Schröder, 2 vols. (Frankfurt am Main, 1981), II, 661, 665.
9. “Mein Erstling: Das Schlachtfeld von Groß-Beeren,” in Sämtliche Werke, XIV, 189–191 (Meine Kinderjahre).
10. Ibid, XIV, 216 ff. (Christian Friedrich Scherenberg und das literarische Berlin von 1840 bis 1860) XV, 149 ff. (Von Zwanzig bis Dreißig).
11. Ibid., XIV, 292 (Scherenberg und das literarische Berlin).
12. Ibid., I, 112–114 (Vor dem Sturm, chapter 17).
13. Ibid., XX, 747 (Balladen und Gedichte, ed. Edgar Gross and Kurt Schreinert).
14. Ibid., XV, 163 (Von Zwanzig bis Dreissig).
15. Das ewige Brunnen: Ein Volksbuch deutscher Dichtung, ed. Ludwig Reiners (Munich, 1958).
16. Sämtliche Werke, XX, 79–81 (Balladen und Gedichte).
17. Briefe, I, 117 (to Gustav Schwab, 18 April 1850).
18. Briefe, III, 538 (to Pol de Mont, 24 May 1887).
19. Fontane was a great admirer of Derfflinger. See his remarks about his role in rehabilitating the Oderbruch after the Thirty Years’ War in the Schloß Guse chapter of his novel Vor dem Sturm. Sämtliche Werke, I, 116–117.
20. Sämtliche Werke, XX, 104–105 (Balladen und Gedichte).
21. Ibid., XX, 214–216.
22. Briefe, III, 558 (to Pol de Mont, 24 May 1887). See also III, 579–580 (to Pol de Mont, 13 January 1888).
23. Ibid., III, 60 (to Malthide von Rohr, 5 January 1880).
24. Ibid., I, 327 (to Friedrich Witte, 4 December 1852); and 324 (to Bernhard von Lepel, 6 November 1852).
25. Sämtliche Werke, XIV, 298 (Scherenberg und das literarische Berlin).
26. Ibid., p. 311.
27. Briefe, 1, 50 f. (to Bernhard von Lepel, 17 November 1848).
28. Sämtliche Werke, XIX, 53–124 (Politik und Geschichte, ed. Charlotte Jolles and Kurt Schreinert).
29. For Fontane’s strong feelings on this subject, see his article of 19 March 1850 in the Dresdener Zeitung. Ibid., p. 110.
30. Briefe, I, 193 f. (to Ryno Quehl, 24 October 1851).
31. Ibid., p. 194 (to Bernhard von Lepel, 30 October 1851).
32. Hans Heinrich Reuter, Fontane, 2 vols. (Berlin, 1968), I, 262.
33. Ibid., pp. 300–308.
34. Jolles, Fontane und die Politik, pp. 123–125.
35. See Sämtliche Werke, XIX, 129–148 (Politik und Geschichte).
36. Theodor Fontane, Tagebücher, I, 1852/1855–1858, ed. Charlotte Jolles with the assistance of Rudolf Muhs; II, 1866–1882, 1884–1898, ed. Gotthard Erler with the assistance of Therese Erler (Berlin, 1994), I, 9 April 1856.
37. Ibid., 19 August 1856.
38. Ibid., 4 June 1857.
39. Jolles, Fontane und die Politik, pp. 138–139.
40. Briefe, I, 654 f. (to Paul Heyse, 15 February 1859); 657 f. (to Wilhelm von Merckel, 5 March 1859).
41. Ibid., pp. 660–662, (to Emilie Fontane, 15 and 18 March 1859); 663–664 (to Wilhelm von Merckel, 19 and 25 March 1859); 669 (to Paul Heyse, 2 May 1859).
42. Ibid., pp. 708 f. (to Paul Heyse, 28 June 1860).
43. Ibid., II, 21 ff. (to Wilhelm Hertz, 11 January, 22 February 1861).
44. “Vaterla ndische Reiterbilder aus drei Jahrhunderten” (1879), Sämtliche Werke, XIX, 619 ff. (Politik und Geschichte).
45. “Die Märker und die Berliner und wie sich das Berlinertum entwickelte,” 1889). Ibid., pp. 719 ff.
46. Ibid., VIII, 173 f. (Der Stechlin).
47. Werner Kaegi, Jacob Burckhardt: Eine Biographie (Basel, 1956) VII, 137.
48. Briefe, II, 59 (to Wilhelm Hertz, 12 February 1862).
49. See Tagebücher, I.
50. Pierre-Paul Sagave, Theodor Fontane. Schach von Wuthenow. Text und Dokumentation (Frankfurt am Main, 1966).
2. SCOTLAND
1. J. D. Mackie, A History of Scotland, 2d ed. (Harmondsworth, Middlesex, 1976), pp. 20–22.
2. The term Caledonian Antysyzygy was used by C. Gregory Smith to denote the combination of opposites in the Scottish character; Scottish Literature (London, 1919), pp. 4, 35. When Goethe had Faust say, “Zwei Seelen wohnen, ach! in meiner Brust,” he was denoting something similar.
3. The part played by this theme in German life and literature is so well known that it requires no comment. It has been a staple of Scottish politics from the time of the Union to the rise of the Scottish National Party, as well as a major theme in modern Scottish literature. See, for example, MacDiarmid’s “The Parrot Cry” and “A Drunk Man Looks at the Thistle,” in The Complete Poems of Hugh MacDiarmid, 2 vols. (London, 1985), I, 81 ff., 192 ff.; and Tom Scott’s “Fergus,” in The Penguin Book of Scottish Verse (London, 1970), pp. 490 ff.
4. Goethes Werke, Hamburger Ausgabe, IX, 10th ed. (Munich, 1982), 582 (Dichtung und Wahrheit, Dritter Teil, 13. Buch).
5. This was the plant celebrated during the Second World War in the German soldier song “Auf der Heide blüht ein kleines Blümelein/ Und das heißt Erika!”
6. Johann Peter Eckermann, Gespräche mit Goethe in den letzten Jahren seines Lebens (Munich, second ed., 1984), p. 407.
7. Ibid., p. 252.
8. Rudolf Schenda, Volk ohne Buch: Studien zur Sozialgeschichte der populären Lesestoff, 1770–1910 (Frankfurt am Main, 1988), pp. 205, 208.
9. Briefe, 5 vols. (Munich, 1970), II, 203 f. (to Emilie Fontane, 20 May 1868).
10. Sämtliche Werke, XV (Von Zwanzig his Dreissig), 138.
11. Sämtliche Werke, XXI/1 (Literarische Essays und Studien), 419.
12. Sämtliche Werke, XX (Balladen und Gedichte), 737.
13. On Frederick William IV, see the excellent book by Walther Bußmann, Zwischen Preußen und Deutschland: Friedrich Wilhelm IV, Eine Biographie (Berlin, 1990).
14. Sämtliche Werke, XX, 465 f.
15. On all this, see Mackie, History of Scotland, pp. 159–165.
16. Samtliche Werke S. W., XX, 135 f.
17. See Antonia Fraser, Mary Queen of Scots (London, 1969), pp. 359 f.
18. Sämtliche Werke, XX, 130–133.
19. Fraser, Mary Queen of Scots, pp. 236, 251–253.
20. Sämtliche Werke, XX, 463 f. In reality, he seems to have died in a Danish prison.
21. Ibid., pp. 129 f.
22. Friedrich Schiller, Maria Stuart, act III, scene 4.
23. Sämtliche Werke, XX, 133–35.
24. Ibid., p. 737.
25. See, for instance, Fraser, Mary Queen of Scots, pp. 311–317.
26. Sämtliche Werke, XXI/1, 497–499 (Literarische Essays und Studien).
27. Ibid., I, 329 f. (Vor dem Sturm).
28. Ibid., XX, 119 (Balladen und Gedichten).
29. The Poems of Robert Burns, (London, 1935), p. 488.
30. Sämtliche Werke, XX, 357 (Balladen und Gedichte).
31. Ibid., XV, 163 (Von Zwanzig bis Dreißig).
32. Ibid., pp. 59, 61 (to Lepel, 22 November 1848).
33. Ibid., pp. 75, 81 (to Lepel, 16 July, 16 August 1849).
34. Ibid., p. 92 (to Lepel, 24 October 1849).
35. See above, chapter 1.
36. Sämtliche Werke, XX, 188 (to Lepel, 29 August 1851).
37. Sämtliche Werke, XVII (Aus England und Schottland), 261–262 (Jenseit des Tweed: “Ein Gang nach St. Anthony’ s Chapel”).
38. Ibid., p. 198. (Jenseit des Tweed: “Johnston’s Hotel. Erster Gang in die Stadt”).
39. Ibid., 388 f. (Jenseit des Tweed: “Von Oban bis Loch Lomond”).
40. Briefe, IV, 451 (to Georg Friedla nder, 6 May 1895).
41. Sämtliche Werke, XVII, 229 (Jenseit des Tweed: “High-Street und Canongate”).
42. Ibid., p. 523 (Englische Tagebücher).
43. Ibid., pp. 355 f. (Jenseit des Tweed: “Der Kaledonische-Kanal”).
44. Ibid., p. 206 (Jenseit des Tweed: “Holyrood-Palace”).
45. Ibid., p. 235 (Jenseit des Tweed: “City-Cross und Old-Tolbooth”).
46. Ibid., p. 280.
47. The Oxford Book of Scottish Verse, chosen by John MacQueen and Tom Scott (Oxford, 1966), p. 337.
48. Sämtliche Werke, XVII, pp. 276–283. (Jenseit des Tweed: “Floddenfield”).
49. Sämtliche Werke, XVII, p. 347 (Jenseit des Tweed: “Culloden- Moor”).
50. Ibid., pp. 284–86. (Jenseit des Tweed: “Von Edinburg bis Stirling”).
51. Ibid., pp. 418–427 (Waltham-Abbey, Lochleven Castle, Oxford).
52. Ibid., IX, 5 (Wanderungen durch die Mark Brandenburg, I. Die Grafschaft Ruppin).
53. Ibid., XIX, 472, 868 f. (Politik und Geschichte).
54. Ibid., XXII/1, 233 (Causerien über Theater).
55. See Hugh Trevor-Roper, “The Highland Tradition of Scotland,” in The Invention of Tradition, ed. Eric Hobsbawm and Terence Ranger (Cambridge, England, 1983).
56. Sämtliche Werke, IV, 178 f., 214, 219 (Cecile).
57. See Walter Müller-Seidel, Theodor Fontane: Soziale Romankunst in Deutschland (Stuttgart, 1975), p. 108.
58. Sämtliche Werke, XXI/1, p. 208 (Literarische Essays und Studien).
59. See Reuter, Fontane, pp. 534, 565 ff. Cf. Peter Demetz, Formen des Realismus: Theodor Fontane (Munich, 1964), pp. 60 f.
60. Ibid., p. 31.
61. Müller-Seidel, Fontane, p. 137.
62. Georg Lukács, Studies in European Realism (New York, 1964), p. 70.
63. Georg Lukács, Deutsche Realisten des 19. Jahrhunderts (Berlin, 1959), p. 279.
64. Briefe, II, 211 (to Emilie Fontane, 2 September 1868).
3. WANDERINGS
1. Boswell, Life of Johnson (Oxford Standard Authors edition, (London, 1969), pp. 955–957.
2. Briefe, II, 25 (to Wilhelm Hertz, 26 February 1861).
3. Ibid., p. 98 (to Wilhelm Hertz, 21 May 1863).
4. Ibid., p. 110 (to Heinrich von Mueller, 2 December 1863).
5. Ibid., p. 15 (to Ernst von Pfuel, 18 January 1864).
6. Wolf Jobst Siedler, Wanderungen zwischen Oder und Nirgendwo: (Berlin, 1988), pp. 74 f.
7. Ibid., p. 64.
8. Theodor Fontane, Wanderungen durch die Mark Brandenburg, ed. Martin Hürlimann (Zurich, 1960).
9. Sämtliche Werke, XIII, 385 ff. (Fünf Schlößer).
10. Kleist, Prinz Friedrich von Homburg, act V, scene 10.
11. Sämtliche Werke, XI, 165 (Havelland.).
12. On the earlier history, see Wolf Jobst Siedler, Auf der Pfaueninsel: Spaziergänge in Preuens Arkadien (Berlin, 1987).
13. On the collaboration of Karl Friedrich Schinkel and Linné, see Gordon A. Craig, “The Master Builder,” New York Review of Books, 11 June 1992, p. 40.
14. Sämtliche Werke, XI, 187.
15. Briefe, I, 286 (to Emilie Fontane, London, 20 July 1852). For the tenacity of the memory, see Tagebücher, 1852, 1855–58, ed. Charlotte Jolles and Rudolf Muhs, 2d ed. (Berlin, 1995), p. 108.
16. Sa mtliche Werke, XI, 193–196 (Havelland).
17. Sämtliche Werke, XX, 399 f. (Balladen und Gedichte).
18. Eva von Freeden and Jürgen Fischer.
19. Sämtliche Werke, X (Das Oderland), 359 (“Der Blumenthal”).
20. Ibid., p. 287 (“Küstrin: Die Katte Tragödie”).
21. Ibid., XI (Havelland), 314 ff. (“Paretz”).
22. Ibid., p. 324.
23. Ibid., p. 309.
24. “Modern history gives no comparable example of purity, brightness, and guiltless endurance, and we would have to go back to the days of the early Middle Ages to find someone of equal loveliness (and then only within the church). But Queen Luise stood within the midst of life, without life having cast a shadow on her.” Ibid., IX (Die Grafschaft Ruppin), p. 479 (“Granson”).
25. Erwin Strittmatter, Ole Bienkopp: Roman (Berlin, 1963), p. 213.
26. Sämtliche Werke, IX (Die Grafschaft Ruppin), 252 (“Rheinsberg”).
27. Ibid., VIII (Der Stechlin), 5.
28. Ibid., XI (Havelland), 42 f. (“Kloster Lehnin”). See also ibid., X (Das Oderland), p. 141 (“Friedland”).
29. Ibid., XI (Havelland), 35 ff. (“Die Zisterzienzer in der Mark”).
30. Ibid., pp. 95–97 (“Kloster Chorin”).
31. Ibid., pp. 42–71 (“Kloster Lehnin”).
32. Ibid., I, 409 ff. (Vor dem Sturm, chapter 51).
33. See Gisela Heller, Unterwegs mit Fontane in Berlin und der Mark Brandenburg(Berlin, 1983) pp. 175–177, 216–219.
34. Siedler, Wanderungen zwischen Oder und Nirgendwo, p. 78.
35. Sämtliche Werke, XI (Havelland), 378 (“Kaputh”).
36. Eva von Freeden, Berndt Fischer, and Philip Bade of the Frankfurter Allgemeine Zeitung’s Magazin.
37. Briefe, III, 319 (to Emilie Fontane, 14 May 1884).
38. Sämtliche Werke, III, 144 ff. (Irrungen, Wirrungen, chapters 11, 12)
39. Ibid., XX (Balladen und Gedichte), 249 (“Herr von Ribbeck auf Ribbeck in Havelland”).
40. Ibid., XII (Spreewald), 151 ff. (“Buch”).
41. Ibid., IX, 361 f. (Die Grafschaft Ruppin).
42. Ibid., pp. 12–13 (“Lehde”).
43. Ibid., p. 13.
44. Ibid., p. 15.
45. Ibid., X, 22–23. (Das Oderland).
46. Ibid., XII, 401 n. (Spreewald).
4. WAR
1. Charles Oman, On the Writing of History (New York, n. d.), pp. 159 f.
2. Herbert Roch, Fontane, Berlin und das 19. Jahrhundert (Berlin, 1962), pp. 149 f.
3. Sämtliche Werke, XIX, 281–560 (Politik und Geschichte).
4. Theodor Fontane, Der Krieg gegen Frankreich 1870–1871, 4 vols. (Zurich, 1985).
5. Briefe, II, 269 (to Wilhelm Hertz, Berlin, 11 August 1866).
6. See Clausewitz’s famous chapter “Friction in War,” in Carl von Clausewitz, On War, edited and translated by Michael Howard and Peter Paret (Princeton, 1976), pp. 119 ff.
7. See, for example, Briefe, II, 192–194 (to Franz von Zychlinski, 22 November 1867).
8. Hans-Heinrich Reuter, Fontane, 2 vols. (Berlin, 1968), I, 386.
9. Theodor Fontane, Reisebriefe vom Kriegsschauplatz Böhmen 1866, ed. Christian Andree (Frankfurt am Main, 1973).
10. See Gordon A. Craig, The Battle of Königgra tz (Philadelphia, 1964), pp. 53f.
11. Fontane, Reisebriefe, p. 52. Compare his later account of the firefight in Theodor Fontane, Der deutsche Krieg von 1866, 2 vols. (Berlin, 1871), I, 154–163.
12. Sämtliche Werke, XIV, 119 (Meine Kinderjahre).
13. Theodor Fontane, Der Schleswig-Holsteinsche Krieg im Jahre 1864 (Berlin, 1866), pp. 84 f.
14. Fontane, Der deutsche Krieg, pp. 610–626.
15. Hans Scholz, Theodor Fontane (Munich, 1978), p. 204.
16. See Karl Heinrich Hoefele, Geist und Gesellschaft der Bismarckzeit, 1870–1880 (Go ttingen, 1967), pp. 449 f.; and The Wagner Companion, ed. Peter Burbidge and Richard Sutton (New York, 1979), p. 28.
17. Fontane, Der Schleswig-Holsteinsche Krieg, p. 348.
18. Briefe, II, 325 (to Karl Zö llner, Warnemunde, 23 July 1870).
19. Ibid., p. 326 (to Emilie Fontane, Dobbertin, 5 August 1870).
20. Ibid., pp. 326 f.
21. Sämtliche Werke, XX, 265 (Balladen und Gedichte).
22. Ibid., p. 266.
23. Fontane, Der Schleswig-Holsteinsche Krieg, p. 52.
24. Ibid., pp. 160, 162, 199 f.
25. Ibid., pp. 183 f.
26. The film was called Why Worry? (1923).
27. Fontane, Der Schleswig-Holsteinsche Krieg, p. 199.
28. Ibid., p. 252.
29. Ibid., pp. 203 f.
30. Ibid., p. 217.
31. Ibid., pp. 310 ff.
32. Ibid., pp. 265 ff.
33. Fontane, Der deutsche Krieg I, 110, 364 f.
34. Ibid., p. 316.
35. Ibid., pp. 338 f.
36. Ibid., pp. 62 ff.
37. Ibid., p. 448. Cited by Christian Andree in the afterword of Fontane, Reisebriefe, p. 94.
38. Fontane, Der deutsche Krieg, I, 247–248.
39. Fontane, Reisebriefe, p. 62
40. Fontane, Der deutsche Krieg, I, 563.
41. Ibid., pp. 241–243
42. Ibid., II, 335.
43. Friedrich Nietzsche, Unzeitgema ße Betrachtungen (1873), in Sämtliche Werke (Stuttgart, 1964), p. 3.
44. Sämtliche Werke, XVI, 7–158 (Kriegsgefangenen); Reuter, Fontane, I, 450.
45. Ibid., pp. 485 f. (Aus den Tagen der Okkupation).
46. Ibid., p. 69.
47. Fontane, Der Krieg gegen Frankreich, I, p. 340.
48. Ibid., p. 287.
49. Reuter, Fontane, I, 456.
50. Briefe, II, 549–50 (to Mathilde von Rohr, Berlin, 30 November 1876).
51. Ibid., p. 550.
52. Reuter, Fontane, I, 456.
5. BISMARCK
1. Briefe, IV, 101 (to Emil Friedrich Pindtner, 26 February 1891).
2. Otto von Bismarck, Briefe an seine Frau und Gattin, ed. Fürst Herbert Bismarck (Stuttgart, 1900), p. 27.
3. Sämtliche Werke, XVI (Aus den Tagen der Okkupation), 7–153 (“Kriegsgefangen”).
4. Briefe, IV, 350 (to August von Heyden, 6 May 1894).
5. Hans-Heinrich Reuter, Fontane, 2 vols. (Munich, 1968), I, 448–450.
6. On all of this, see Otto Pflanze, Bismarck, 3 vols. (Princeton, 1963 ff.), II, 38 ff.
7. Briefe, II, 282 (to Emilie Fontane, 3 December 1869).
8. Thomas Mann, “Der alte Fontane,” Aufsätze, Briefen, Essays, I (1983), 198 f.
9. Bismarck-Briefe, selected and with an introduction by Hans Rothfels (Go ttingen, 1955), p. 13.
10. Briefe, IV, 41 (to Georg Friedla nder, 1 May 1890).
11. Mann, Aufsätze, I, 183.
12. Otto von Bismarck, Die gesammelten Werke (Berlin, 1924 ff.), IX, 48 (conversation with Sidney Whitman, Varzin, October 1891).
13. Ibid., XIV (1), 4 (to Gustav Scharlach, Kniephof, 7 April 1834).
14. Ibid., p. 415 (to Leopold von Gerlach, Frankfurt, 15 September 1855).
15. Ibid., XIV (2), 845 (to Albrecht von Roon, Varzin, 13 December 1872).
16. Ibid., p. 709 (to Alexander Andrae-Roman, Varzin, 26 December 1865).
17. Mann, Aufsätze, I, 199.
18. Briefe, I, 609 (to Wilhelm von Merckel, London, 18 February 1858).
19. Ibid., III, 447 (to Mathilde von Rohr, Berlin, 9 January 1886).
20. Ibid., p. 457 (to Georg Friedla nder, Berlin, 2 March 1886).
21. Ibid., pp. 461 f. (to Moritz Lazarus, Berlin, 29 March 1886).
22. Ibid., IV, 159 (to Georg Friedla nder, Berlin, 4 October 1891).
23. Ibid., III, 706 f. (to Emilie Fontane, Bayreuth, 28 July 1889).
24. Ibid., IV, 520 (to the Norddeutsche Allgemeine Zeitung [draft], middle March, 1876).
25. Sämtliche Werke, XX, 245 (Balladen und Gedichte).
26. Ibid., p. 272.
27. Reuter, Fontane, I, 470.
28. Sämtliche Werke, XX, 246 (Balladen und Gedichte).
29. Ibid., pp. 53 f.
30. Ibid., XVI. 170 (Aus den Tagen der Okkupation).
31. Briefe, IV, 336 (to Maximilian Harden, 4 March 1894).
32. Sämtliche Werke, IV, 25–27 (L’Adultera).
33. Ibid., pp. 242–243 (Cecile).
34. Ibid., III, 121–125 (Irrungen, Wirrungen).
35. Ibid., IV, 319 (Die Poggenpuhls).
36. Ibid., VII, 284–285 (Der Stechlin).
37. Bismarck, Die gesammelten Werke, XI, 289 f.
38. Briefe, II, 405 (to Mathilde von Rohr, Berlin, 17 March 1872).
39. Ibid., pp. 581 f. (to Emilie Fontane, Berlin, 5 June 1878).
40. Ibid., III, 25 (to Emilie Fontane, Berlin, 8 June 1879).
41. Ibid., p. 125 (to Philipp zu Eulenburg, Berlin, 12 March 1881).
42. Ibid., p. 303 (to Martha Fontane, Berlin, 16 March 1884).
43. Ibid., p. 131 (to Philipp zu Eulenburg, Potsdam, 23 April 1881).
44. Ibid., p. 516 (to Georg Friedla nder, Berlin, 26 January 1887).
45. Ibid., pp. 592 f. (to Martha Fontane, Berlin, 14 March 1888).
46. Ibid., p. 674 (to Georg Friedla nder, Berlin, 7 January 1889).
47. Ibid., p. 710 (to Guido Weiß, Berlin, 14 August 1889).
48. Ibid., IV, 41 (to Georg Friedla nder, Berlin, 1 May 1890).
49. Jacob Burckhardt, Über das Studium der Geschichte: Der Text der “Weltgeschichtliche Betrachtungen,” edited by Peter Ganz, on the basis of preliminary studies by Ernst Ziegler (Munich, 1982), p. 378.
50. Briefe, IV, 82 (to Friedrich Witte, Berlin, 4 January 1891).
51. Ibid., p. 41 (to Georg Friedla nder, Berlin, 1 May 1890).
52. Ibid., p. 328 (to Georg Friedla nder, Berlin, 1 February 1894).
53. Ibid., p. 440 (to Martha Fontane, 1 April 1895).
54. Ibid.
55. Ibid., p. 644 (to Georg Friedla nder, Berlin, 5 April 1897).
56. Ibid., p. 386 (to Otto Brahm, Berlin, 27 September 1894).
57. Heinrich Mann, “Theodor Fontane,” in Fontane und Berlin, edited by Hans-Dietrich Loock (Berlin, 1970), p. 85.
6. THEATER
1. Briefe, II, 284 f. (to Emilie Fontane, Berlin, 4 December 1869).
2. Heinz Ohff, Theodor Fontane: Leben und Werk (Munich, 1995), pp. 227 f.
3. Sämtliche Werke, XV, 400 (Kritische Jahren—Kritiker-Jahren).
4. See Tagebücher, I, 104 ff. (London, 9 April 1856).
5. See Gerhard Wahnrau, Berlin, Stadt der Theater (Berlin, 1957), pp. 268–269.
6. Briefe, II, 431 f. (to Maximilian Ludwig, Berlin, 2 May 1873).
7. Marcel Reich-Ranicki, Die Anwälte der Literatur (Stuttgart, 1994), p. 122.
8. Herbert Roch, Fontane, Berlin und das 19. Jahrhundert, p. 282.
9. Sämtliche Werke, XV, 390 (Kritische Jahre—Kritiker-Jahre).
10. Gottfried Riemann, “Schinkel’s Buildings and Plans for Berlin,” in Karl Friedrich Schinkel: A Universal Man, ed. Michael Snodin (New Haven, Conn., 1991), p. 20.
11. Walter Bussmann, Zwischen Preußen und Deutschland: Friedrich Wilhelm IV, Eine Biographie (Berlin, 1990), p. 322.
12. Georg Brandes, Berlin als Reichshauptstadt: Erinnerungen aus den Jahren 1877–1883, 1989), p. 52.
13. Sämtliche Werke,. XXII/2, 509–511 (Causerien über Theater).
14. Ibid., XXII/1, 7–8.
15. Ibid., XXII/2, 527.
16. Gordon A. Craig, The Triumph of Liberalism (New York, 1988), p. 163.
17. Sämtliche Werke, XXII/2, 90 f. (Causerien über Theater).
18. Ronald Berman, The Rise of the German Novel: Crisis and Charisma (Cambridge, Mass., 1986), p. 142.
19. Sämtliche Werke, XXII/2, 37 f. (Causerien über Theater). Cited in ibid.
20. Wahnrau, Berlin, Stadt der Theater, p. 472
21. Sämtliche Werke, XXII/1, 353–354, (Causerien uber Theater).
22. Ibid., p. 604.
23. Ibid., pp. 605 ff.
24. Ibid., pp. 850 f.
25. Ibid., XXII/2, 466 f.
26. Ibid., p. 287.
27. Ibid., pp. 11, 42, 288, 292.
28. Ibid., XXII/1, 887.
29. Ibid., pp. 686, 688.
30. Ibid., pp. 829 f.
31. Ibid., p. 764.
32. Ibid., pp. 302 f.
33. Ibid., XXII/2, 220 f.
34. Ibid., XXII/1, 805.
35. Ibid., p. 270.
36. Ibid., p. 846.
37. Ibid., pp. 9–12.
38. Ibid., 238.
39. Ibid., pp. 240 f.
40. Ibid., pp. 722 f.
41. Ibid., pp. 747–749.
42. Ibid., XXII/2, 264.
43. Ibid., pp. 578–584.
44. Ibid.
45. William Hazlitt, Essays, selected and edited by Percy Van Dyke Shelly (New York, 1924), p. 189.
46. Sämtliche Werke, XXII/1, 636.
47. Ibid., XXII/2, 708.
48. Briefe, IV, 707 (to Friedrich Stephany, Berlin, 22 March 1898).
49. Sämtliche Werke, XXII/2, 713 f.
50. Briefe, III, 729 (to Friedrich Stephany, Berlin, 10 October 1889).
51. Ibid., p. 732 (to Friedrich Stephany, Berlin, 22 October 1889).
52. Sämtliche Werke, XXII/2, 710–743.
53. Reuter, Fontane, II, 719 f.
54. Lessings Werke, ed. by Georg Witkowski (corrected and expanded ed., 7 vols., Leipzig, o. D.), V, 243–274 (Stücke 73–79); Fontane, Sämtliche Werke, XXII/1, 283 ff., 616 ff., 808 ff.
55. Briefe, IV, 98 f. (to Marthe Fontane, Berlin, 21 February 1891).
7. THE HISTORICAL NOVELS
1. Heinz Ohff, Theodor Fontane, Leben und Werk (Munich, 1995), p. 285.
2. Briefe, II, 163 (to Wilhelm Hertz, 17 January 1866).
3. Ibid., p. 162.
4. Chapter 2, pp. 45ff.
5. The best critical treatment of this work is that of Peter Paret, in Art as History: Episodes in the Culture and Politics of Nineteenth-Century Germany (Princeton, N.J., 1988).
6. Sämtliche Werke, XXI, pt. 1, 181 (Literarische Essays und Studien).
7. Ibid., pp. 200–201.
8. Ibid., p. 212.
9. See Fontane’s resigned note, “Wie sich meine Frau einen Beamten denkt,” which was probably written in 1876. Sämtliche Werke, XV, 445, 681 (Von Zwanzig bis Dreißig, ed. Kurt Schreinert and Jutta Neuendorff-Fürstenau.)
10. See Briefe, II, 517 ff., 520 ff., 525, 530 ff., 536 ff., 540, 543.
11. Ibid., p. 547 (to Mathilde von Rohr, Berlin, 1 November 1876).
12. Ibid., p. 637 (to Wilhelm Hertz, Berlin, 24 November 1978).
13. Sämtliche Werke, I, 29.
14. This is the third of three Seydlitz ballads by Fontane. See Sämtliche Werke, XX, 208–212, 747 (Balladen und Gedichte).
15. Sämtliche Werke, I, 191.
16. Ibid., p. 193.
17. Ibid., p. 195.
18. Ibid., pp. 581 f.
19. Ibid., p. 633.
20. See the criticism in Reuter, Fontane, II, 559 f.
21. Quoted in J. I. M. Stewart’s introduction to William Thackeray, Vanity Fair (Harmondsworth, Middlesex, 1968), p. 23.
22. Sämtliche Werke, I, 324.
23. Ibid., p. 424.
24. Ibid., p. 551 f.
25. Ibid., II, 274.
26. See the brief account of his career by R. R. Palmer in Makers of Modern Strategy: Military Thought from Machiavelli to Hitler, edited by Edward Mead Earle with the collaboration of Gordon A. Craig and Felix Gilbert (Princeton, N.J., 1943), pp. 68–74.
27. Sämtliche Werke, II, 276 f.
28. Ibid., p. 288.
29. Ibid., p. 303.
30. Ibid., pp. 340–342.
31. Ibid., p. 344.
32. Ibid., p. 384.
33. Ibid., p. 316.
34. Ibid., p. 299.
35. Ibid., p. 288.
36. Ibid., XXI, pt. 1, 200–201.
37. On the role of the symbol in Schach von Wuthenau, see Reuter, Fontane, II, 602 ff.
8. THE NOVELS OF SOCIETY
1. The first paragraphs of this chapter repeat the introduction of my article “Irony and Rage in the German Social Novel,” in Essays on Culture and Society in Modern Germany, ed. Gary D. Stark and Bede Karl Lackner (College Station, Tex., 1982), pp. 98 ff.
2. See Goethe’s comments on this in Goethe, Sämtliche Werke: Jubiläums-ausgabe in 40 Bände, ed. Eduard von der Hellen (Stuttgart, 1902–1907), xxxvi, 139, which are balanced by his insistence that, by promoting cultural rivalry among German rulers, disunity had its positive side. Conversations with Eckermann, 23 October 1828.
3. See R. Hamann and Jost Hermand, Naturalismus, 2d ed. (Berlin, 1968), p. 284.
4. Ibid., pp. 278–282.
5. On this, see especially Robert Minder, “Deutsche und französische Literatur—inneres Reich und Einbrüderung des Dichters,” in Kultur und Literatur in Deutschland und Frankreich (Frankfurt am Main, 1962), pp. 5–43. See also Wolf Lepenies, Die drei Kulturen: Soziologie zwischen Literatur und Wissenschaft (Munich, 1985), pp. 265 ff.
6. Erich Auerbach, Mimesis: The Representation of Reality in Literature (Princeton, N.J., 1953), pp. 452 ff.
7. See Gordon A. Craig, The Politics of the Unpolitical (New York, 1995), pp. 125–142.
8. Nigel Hamilton, The Brothers Mann: The Lives of Heinrich and Thomas Mann (New Haven, Conn., 1979), p. 213.
9. See Klaus Vondung, ed., Das wilhelminische Bildungsbürgerthum: Zur Sozialgeschichte einer Ideen (Go ttingen, 1976), pp. 30–33.
10. Chief among them were Friedrich Spielhagen, in novels like In Reih’ und Glied (1866) Hammer und Amboss (1869), and Sturmflut (1876); and Wilhelm Raabe in his late novels Pfisters Mühle (1884) and Die Akten des Vogelsang (1896). The effect of the former was always weakened by flatness of characterization and shrillness of tone, and it is difficult to read him now. Raabe, a splendid writer, was more interested in psychological problems than social ones, but he had a sense of the future, which many of his contemporaries lacked. See the perceptive book Barker Fairlie, Wilhelm Raabe: An Introduction to His Novels (Oxford, 1961).
11. Briefe, III, 503 (to Paul Lindau, 28 November 1886).
12. Briefe, III, 742.
13. See, for example, Sämtliche Werke, XX (Balladen und Gedichte), 272 f. (“Prolog”).
14. Geschichte Berlin, ed. Wolfgang Ribbe, 2 vols. (Munich, 1987), I. 407.
15. Briefe, I, 709 (to Paul Heyse, 38 June 1860).
16. Conrad Alberti, Die Alten und Jungen (1889), chapter 1. In the 1960s, one could buy, at the newspaper stand at the corner of the Kurfürstendamm and Joachimstaler Allee, little cans that were purported to be full of Berliner Luft, which one could mail home as a sovereign specific to one’s friends.
17. Briefe, III, 389 (to Emilie Fontane, 1 June 1885) and elsewhere.
18. Sämtliche Werke, IV, 148, 153 (Cecile).
19. Briefe, III, 654 (to Friedrich Haase, 8 November 1888); see also 704 (to Moritz Lazarus, 8 July 1889).
20. Ibid., p. 369 (to Georg Friedla nder, 21 December 1884).
21. Ibid., IV, 354 (to Georg Friedla nder, 14 May 1894).
22. Ibid., I, 142 f. (to Theodor Storm, 2 May 1853).
23. Sämtliche Werke, XVIII Unterwegs und wieder daheim, in the section on “Der Berliner Ton.” See also Dieter Hildebrandt, “Vor Gott ist jeder ein Berliner,” Die Zeit, no. 15, 19 April 198.
24. Der richtige Berliner in Wörtern und Redensarten, ed. by Hans Mayer and Siegfried Mauermann (Munich, 1996), p. 254.
25. Briefe, III, 462 (to Moritz Lazarus, 29 March 1886).
26. Sämtliche Werke, VIII, 110ff. (Der Stechlin).
27. Ibid., III, 313 (Stine).
28. Hermann Meyer, “Theodor Fontane; ‘L’Adultera’ und ‘Der Stechlin,’ ” in Theodor Fontane, ed. Wolfgang Preisendanz (Darmstadt, 1973), pp. 218 f.
29. Georg Büchmann, Geflügelte Worte, new ed. by Hans Martin Elster (Munich, 1979), p. 3.
30. See Peter Demetz, Formen des Realismus: Theodor Fontane (Munich, 1964), pp. 130–131.
31. Sämtliche Werke, V, 67 (Unwiederbringlich).
32. Walter Killy, “Abschied vom Jahrhundert: Fontane, ‘Irrungen, Wirrungen,’ ” in Preisendanz, Theodor Fontane, p. 270.
33. Russell A. Berman, The Rise of the Modern German Novel (Cambridge, Mass., 1986), p. 152.
34. Paul Böckmann, “Der Zeitroman Fontanes,” in Preisendanz, Theodor Fontane, p. 100.
35. Ute Frevert, Ehrenmänner: Das Duell in der bürgerlichen Gesellschaft (Munich, 1991), pp. 194, 324; David E. Barclay, Anarchie und guter Wille: Friedrich Wilhelm IV. und die preußische Monarchie (Berlin, 1995), p. 384.
36. See Kevin Mcaleer, Dueling: The Cult of Honor in Fin de Siècle Germany (Princeton, N.J., 1994).
37. Briefe, II, 69f.
38. Reuter, Fontane, I, 92.
39. Briefe, IV, 148 (to Martha Fontane, Wyk, 25 August 1891).
40. Kenneth Attwood, Fontane und das Preußentum (Berlin, 1970), p. 221.
41. Briefe, III, 325 (to Emilie Fontane, Thale, 10 June 1884).
42. Sämtliche Werke, XVI, 496 (Aus den Tagen der Okkupation).
43. Briefe, IV, 352 (to Georg Friedla nder, 14 May 1894).
44. Ibid., p. 643 (to Georg Friedla nder, 5 April 1897).
45. Ibid., III, 727 (to Wilhelm Hertz, 18 September 1889). As an example of the closeness of their relations, see also ibid., II, 533 ff. (to Mathilde von Rohr, 1 July 1876), in which he tells her the reasons for his resignation as secretary of the Academy of Art and describes the resultant difficulties with his wife.
46. Ibid., IV, 352 (to Georg Friedla nder, 14 May 1894). See also Böckmann, “Der Zeitroman Fontanes,” in Preisendanz, Theodor Fontane, pp. 92 f.
47. Sämtliche Werke, IV, 278 (Cecile).
48. K. Wandrey, Theodor Fontane (Munich, 1914), p. 285.
49. Sämtliche Werke, VII, 373–375. (Effi Briest).
50. Demetz, Formen des Realismus, p. 126.
51. The Poetical Works of Wordsworth (Oxford 1920), pp. 656–57 (The Prelude, Book III).
52. Sämtliche Werke, VII, 244–248. (Effi Briest).
53. Ibid., III, 254–257 (Stine).
54. Ibid., p. 245.
55. See Briefe, IV, 49, 473, 672, 706, and especially 714. Also Reuter, Fontane, II, 753 ff.
56. Demetz, Formen des Realismus, pp. 154 f.
57. Briefe, III, 601 (to Theodor Fontane [son], 22 April 1888).
58. Sämtliche Werke, VII, 28 (Frau Jenny Treibel).
59. Ibid., p. 71.
60. Carl Zuckmayer, Der Hauptmann von Köpenick. Ein deutsches Märchen in drei Akten (Franfurt am Main, 1956), p. 42 (act I, scene 7).
61. Sämtliche Werke, IV, 41 (L’Adultera).
62. Ibid., VIII, 162 (Der Stechlin).
63. Briefe, III (to Mathilde von Rohr, January 1878).
64. Reuter, Fontane, II, 643.
65. Briefe, IV, 405 f. (to Paul and Paula Schlenther, 6 December 1894).
66. Sämtliche Werke, V, 68 (Unwiederbringlich). See also Demetz, For-men des Realismus, p. 168.
67. Briefe, IV, pp. 559 f. (to Theodore Fontane [son], 8 September 1887).
68. Henry Garland and Mary Garland, The Oxford Companion to German Literature (Oxford, 1976), p. 239.
69. Adelbert von Chamisso, Sämtliche Werke in Zwei Bänden, ed. Werner Feudel and Christel Laufer (Munich, 1980), I, 12
70. See J. P. Stern’s comparison of the three novels in Re-interpretations: Seven Studies in Nineteenth-Century German Literature (London, 1964), pp. 315 ff.
71. Sämtliche Werke, VII, 391 (Effi Briest).
72. Ibid., III, 241 (Stine).
73. Ibid., p. 252.
74. Briefe, III, 242 f. (to Martha Fontane, 5 May 1883). See also p. 503 (to Paul Lindau, 28 November 1886).
75. On possible readings of the novel, see Walter Müller-Seidel, Theodor Fontane: Soziale Romankunst in Deutschland (Stuttgart, 1975), pp. 324 ff.
76. Robert Minder, Dichter in der Gesellschaft: Erfahrungenen mit deutsche und französische Literatur (Frankfurt am Main, 1966), p. 151.
77. Georg Lukács, Deutsche Realisten des 19. Jahrhunderts (Berlin, 1959), p. 306.