List of Figures

3.1. King Ramesses II presenting a figure of Maat, the personification of truth and cosmic order, to the god Amun. Luxor, Temple of Amun at Karnak, reign of Ramesses II (ca. 1250 bce). Photograph by Emily Teeter.

3.2. King Ramesses IV presenting flowers to the god Khonsu. Luxor, Temple of Khonsu, reign of Ramesses IV (ca. 1140 bce). Photograph by Emily Teeter.

14.1. Close up of a cherubim throne, Ivory plaque, Megiddo, Late Bronze Age. Source: J. M. LeMon, Yahweh’s Winged Form in the Psalms: Exploring Congruent Iconography and Texts (OBT 242; Göttingen: Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht, 2010), p. 6, fig. 1.2. Used with permission of the editor of the series.

16.1. Scribe holding scroll over sarcophagus in a model of a funerary boat from the tomb of Djehuty, ca. 1962–1786 bce. In the Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York. Photograph by James W. Watts.

16.2. Relief of wheeled ark, ca. 3rd century ce. In the ruins of the synagogue at Kefer-Nahum/Capernaum, Israel. Photograph by James W. Watts.

16.3. Gold glass bowl from Rome, ca. 300–350 ce, showing an open Torah ark with scrolls on its shelves. In the Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York. Photograph by James W. Watts.

16.4. Torah scrolls in the ark of the Vilna Shul (synagogue) in Boston, Massachusetts, built in 1919. Photograph by James W. Watts.

17.1. A street preacher in San Francisco, CA, waves a red leather floppy Bible. Photograph by Dorina Miller Parmenter.

17.2. Adam and Eve kneel in supplication before a throne occupied by an elaborate Gospel codex. Detail of Last Judgment wall at The Cathedral of Santa Maria Assunta, Torcello, Italy. Credit: Mosaïstes byzantins—Louis Gabriel, Public.

17.3. Bible stained glass window at Bay Ridge United Church, Brooklyn, NY. Photo by Robert Adamski via Wikimedia Commons (cropped from original).

23.1. Seal impression from Jerusalem 9th or 8th century bce. Source: O. Keel, Die Geschichte Jerusalems und die Entstehung des Monotheismus (Göttingen: Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht, 2007), fig. 191 = A. Berlejung, C. Frevel, eds., Handbuch Theologischer Grundbegriffe zum Alten und Neuen Testament (Darmstadt: Wissenschaftliche Buchgesellschaft, 2006), fig. 68.

23.2. Seal impression with Ishtar in the melammu. Source: O. Keel, C. Uehlinger, Göttinnen, Götter und Gottessymbole: Neuer Erkenntnis zur Religionsgeschichte Kanaans und Israels aufgrund bislang unerschlossener ikonographischer Quellen (Fribourg: Academic Press, 2001), fig. 287 = A. Berlejung, C. Frevel, eds., Handbuch Theologischer Grundbegriffe zum Alten und Neuen Testament (Darmstadt: Wissenschaftliche Buchgesellschaft, 2006), fig. 44.