Aberdeen, MS, 35–36
Abernathy, Ralph, 120, 133, 134–35
academic libraries, public services of, 20
Achtenberg, Ben, 160, 165
Ackerman, Bruce, 12
Adickes, Sandra, 158, 159–60, 162, 240n39
adult education programs, 38, 41–42
African American library branches. See black library branches
African American newspapers and magazines. See black newspapers and magazines
African American reading interests. See black reading interests
African American veterans. See black veterans
African Americans in children’s fiction. See blacks in children’s fiction
ALA Bulletin. See Bulletin of the American Library Association
Alabama Christian Movement for Human Rights, 11
Alabama Library Association, 188, 196
Alabama State College, 118
Albany, GA, 10, 131–42, 164
Albany State College, 132, 133, 134, 138
Alexandria (VA) Public Library, 48–50
Alvarez, Robert, 53–54
American Library Association (ALA), 13, 24, 33, 40, 64, 184–202, 206–8
Intellectual Freedom Committee (IFC), 64, 189, 193, 196, 197, 208
Office of Intellectual Freedom (OIF), 207, 208
Anderson, Harold, 123
Anderson, William G., 132, 142
Andrews, Jimmie, 169, 171
Anniston, AL, 9, 55, 125–27
anticommunism, 50, 65, 97
anti-Semitism, 97, 162
Arey, D. Lurton, 97
Arsenault, Raymond, 9
assassinations, 1, 11, 12, 146
assaults, 118–19, 125–27, 166, 179
by police, 150, 152
Atkins, James A., 20
Atlanta, GA, 65, 130, 164, 185–86
Atlanta Council on Human Relations (ACHR), 58
Atlanta Public Library, 26–27, 41–42, 58–59, 205
Atlanta University, 21, 26, 52, 189, 191, 200
attacks. See assaults; bombings; murder of civil rights activists
Auburn Avenue Research Library on African American Culture and History, 205
Audubon Regional Library System, Louisiana, 177–84
Baker, Augusta, 193
Baker, Constance. See Motley, Constance Baker
Baltimore, MD, 25
Banks, Charles, 29
Barker, Tommie Dora, 27
Libraries of the South, 186
Barnes, Catherine, 16, 43
Bartlesville, OK, 50, 192
basement libraries, 23, 38, 44, 74, 82–83, 88, 89
bathrooms. See restrooms
Baton Rouge, LA, 66, 67, 168
Beaufort, SC, 198
Beaumont, TX, 24
Becker, Norma, 158
Bell, Bernice Lloyd, 200
Berlin, Ira, 4, 31
Bess, Lettie, 174
Bessemer, AL, 11, 203
Bethea, Frankie, 147
Bevel, Jim, 54
Birmingham, AL, 9, 10–11, 66, 115–18, 160
public library, 22–23, 24, 186, 205
Black, Hugo, 183–84
Black Boy (Wright), 191–92
Black Codes, 2
black librarians’ education, 31, 41, 52, 186
black library branches, 15, 21–25, 29, 44–45, 62, 203
Albany, GA, 134, 135, 137, 138–39
Alexandria, VA, 50
Atlanta, GA, 27, 41–42, 205, 236n6
Birmingham, AL, 22–23, 115, 116–17
Charleston, SC, 36
Columbus, GA, 143
Danville, VA, 91
Gainesville, TX, 29
Greenville, SC, 76
Huntsville, AL, 39
Indianola, MS, 165–66
Jackson, MS, 21–22, 148, 149
and librarians’ training, 186
Little Rock, AR, 30
Louisiana, 170, 172, 173, 174, 175
Louisville, KY, 30–35
Memphis, TN, 23, 66
Meridian, MS, 148
Mobile, AL, 24, 113
Montgomery, AL, 52, 118, 119, 122, 125
Richmond, VA, 55, 56
Savannah, GA, 28–29
statistics (Depression era) on, 35
Vicksburg, MS, 166
black newspapers and magazines, 25, 34, 39, 40, 47, 190
black reading interests, 39–43, 157, 191
black veterans, 5, 49, 57, 67, 90, 160
blacks in children’s fiction, 39
Blalock, Patricia, 128, 202
Blue, Thomas Fountain, 31, 33–34, 40, 157
bombings, 121
Albany, GA, 138
Birmingham, AL, 7, 9, 11, 117
Nashville, TN, 70, 73
Bond, Julian, 164, 236n6
Bontemps, Arna, 72, 180
bookmobiles, 36–37, 46, 51, 52
Alabama, 37, 38, 39, 52
Georgia, 20–21, 36, 134
Louisiana, 169, 175, 177–78, 181
Memphis, TN, 66
North Carolina, 24, 36
South Carolina, 36–37, 76
Virginia, 60, 94
Boston Public Library, 18–19
Bostwick, Arthur E., 24
boycotts, 132, 165–66, 179. See also bus boycotts
Boynton v. Virginia, 9
Brady, Tom: Black Monday, 63
Brass, Bennie, 169–70, 171–72
Bridges, Ruby, 168
Broderick, Dorothy, 39
Broward County Public Library, 205
Brown, Henry, 180, 181. See also Brown v. Louisiana
Brown, Leola, 6
Brown, Linda, 6
Brown, Oliver, 6
Brown, Ruth, 50, 147, 192
Brown v. Board of Education, 1, 6–7, 12, 14, 43, 57, 71, 100, 115
resistance to, 6–7, 12, 130, 152–53
Brown v. Board of Education II, 6–7
Brown v. Louisiana, 181–84, 204
Brownlow, Louis, 88
Bryan, Albert V., 87, 88, 89
Bulletin of the American Library Association, 192, 193, 195
Burnett, McKinley, 6
bus boycotts, 63
Baton Rouge, 168
Albany, GA, 134
Montgomery, AL, 1, 7, 14, 52–53, 118, 119, 206
bus desegregation, 7–8, 9, 52–53, 75, 121, 132, 139, 151
bus stations, 89, 118, 124, 142, 182
sit-ins, 132–33
Byrd, Harry F., Sr., 6–7
Calvert County, MD, 51
Campbell, Will B., 1–2
card catalog access, 28, 83, 88, 94, 119, 120, 139
Carnegie, Andrew, 21, 206–7
Carnegie Corporation grants, 23, 26–30, 34, 37, 41, 185, 186
Carnegie libraries, 21, 27, 29, 30, 34, 131, 186
Carrollton, GA, 24–25
Carter, Jimmy, 182
Carter, John, 96, 98
Carter, Robert L., 152
Cary, Alice, 27
catalog access. See card catalog access
Catlin, James, 98
censorship, 189, 192, 202
chairs and tables, removal of: Albany, GA, 140
Danville, VA, 97, 98, 99, 100
Indianola, MS, 166
Jonesboro, LA, 177
Montgomery, AL, 122–23, 124, 125
Selma, AL, 128
Chaney, James, 13, 157, 159, 162, 163, 206
Charles, Ray, 131
Charleston County Free Library, SC, 36, 130
Charlotte, NC, 23, 44, 65
Chattanooga, TN, 70, 72
Chesnutt, Charles, 40
Chicago Defender, 39, 47
children’s books, 39, 63–64, 161, 180
children’s library services, 42, 47, 56, 83, 84–85, 161. See also story hours for children
churches: Albany, GA, 133, 138
Atlanta, GA, 130
bombing and burning of, 11, 117, 125, 133, 138, 157
Danville, VA, 91, 92
Durham, NC, 20
and library services, 20, 23, 24, 38
Louisiana, 36
Mississippi, 158
Montgomery, AL, 119, 120
Petersburg, VA, 85. See also Sixteenth Street Baptist Church, Birmingham, AL
Cincinnati, OH, 19
Citizens’ Councils. See White Citizens’ Councils
city bus desegregation. See bus desegregation
civil disobedience, 85, 119, 142. See also library sit-ins; lunch-counter sit-ins; read-ins; sit-ins
Civil Rights Act of 1957, 73, 146
Civil Rights Act of 1964, 12, 100, 142, 148, 163
Supreme Court cases and, 182
testing of, 158, 160, 169, 172
Title II, 15
Civil Rights Acts of 1866 and 1870, 2
civil rights legislation, 2–3, 7, 12, 62, 73, 158. See also Civil Rights Act of 1957; Civil Rights Act of 1964; Civil Rights Acts of 1866 and 1870
Civil War, 90
monuments, 76
textbook treatment of, 42, 43
and Winston County, AL, 121
Claiborne, VA, 83, 87–88
Clark, L. A., 152, 154
Clift, David, 195
Clinton, LA, 177–84
closure of government offices, 132
closure of libraries. See library closures
closure of parks, 118, 123
clubs and community organizations, 27, 29, 31, 33, 34. See also women’s clubs
Cobb, Robert L., 119–22, 123, 125
Coleman, Henry, 166
colleges and universities, desegregation of, 10, 11, 155, 164, 168
Collins, Robert F., 182
Colored National Liberal Convention, 19
Columbus, GA, 143–45, 206
Commission on Civil Rights. See U.S. Commission on Civil Rights
community center, library as, 27, 33–35, 38, 44
community organizations. See clubs and community organizations
community referenda. See referenda
Confederate flag, 97, 130, 141, 150
Congress. See U.S. Congress
Conley, Charles, 120
Conley, Ellen, 120
Connor, Eugene “Bull,” 10, 11, 115, 117, 205
Congress of Racial Equality (CORE), 5, 182, 204
and Freedom Rides, 9, 10, 118
and Freedom Summer, 13
in Louisiana, 169, 170–71, 172, 174, 176, 178–81, 204
in Virginia, 83
constitutional amendments, 1–2. See also Fourteenth Amendment
Cook, Karen J., 148
Cotter, Joseph S.: “Story Hour,” 32–33
Council of Federated Organizations (COFO), 157
Council on Library Resources (CLR), 193
Covington, KY, 44
Cox, Mary A., 152, 154
Cox, William Harold, 162, 164
Crosby, Margaree, 209
cross burning, 92, 97, 121
Cunningham, Jesse, 68, 71, 72, 187
Currier, Lura G., 147, 158–59, 167, 201
Cushman, Jerome, 197
Dallas, TX, 29, 56
Dalton, Ted, 98–99
dam site libraries, 37–38
Daniel, Joan Mattison, 78
Daniels, George, 98
Danville, VA, 90–100, 113, 122, 191, 194
Davis, Calverta Elnora, 76
Davis, Donald G., Jr., 157–58
Davis, Jefferson, 90, 91
Dawkins, Ben C., Jr., 175
DeBerry, Dulcina, 38, 39
De La Beckwith, Byron, 146
Delta Sigma Theta sorority, 20, 25
Democratic Party, 5, 139, 164
demonstrations and protests. See protests and demonstrations
Dent, Albert, 56, 57
deposit stations, 30, 37, 38, 52
desegregation of buses. See bus desegregation
desegregation of colleges and universities. See colleges and universities, desegregation of
desegregation of military. See military desegregation
desegregation of parks. See park segregation and desegregation
desegregation of schools. See school segregation and desegregation
desegregation of war industry. See war industry desegregation
Detroit, MI, 199, 207
Diamond, Dion, 83
Dillard, Alma Jean, 165
Dillard University, 56, 208
disease, fear of, 74, 75, 155
District of Columbia Public Library, 25–26, 40, 64
Dobbs Houses, 75
Douglas, Nils R., 182
Douglas, William O., 182
Douglass, Frederick, 40
Drew, Addine “Deenie,” 116
drinking fountains, 10–11, 57, 59, 114, 134, 178
Du Bois, W. E. B., 26, 27, 131, 157, 185
Duke, William W., 51
Dunbar, Paul Laurence, 40
Durham Colored Library, 20, 36
East Feliciana Parish, LA, 169, 179–81
Eastland, James, 162–63
Eatonville, GA, 46
Eddins, E. O., 63–64
Eisenhower, Dwight, 7, 46, 59, 63, 121, 164
Elberton, GA, 163–64
Elie, Lolis E., 182
Elliott, J. Robert, 135–36, 139, 237n17
El Paso, TX, 44
Enoch Pratt Free Library, 25, 192–93
Eshelman, W. R., 192, 193
Estes, Rice, 191–92
Evans, Buddy, 49
Evers, Medgar, 11, 146, 148, 150
executive orders, 4, 5, 62
Fairclough, Adam, 168
“Faith Cabin Libraries,” 21
Farmer, Will, 176, 177
Faubus, Orval, 63
Faulkner, William, 95
Fayette, AL, 46
FBI, 120, 125
federal funding, 36–37, 46, 49, 59–60, 62, 167, 192, 194, 196
federal troops, 7, 10, 63, 126
fees, 98–99. See also subscription libraries
Feingold, Mimi, 180
Fifteenth Amendment, 2
Ford Foundation, 193
Fortas, Abe, 183, 184
Fort Worth, TX, 56
Foster, Edith, 24–25
Fourteenth Amendment, 1–2, 3, 61, 75, 141, 175
Franklin, John Hope, 206–7, 209
“Freedom Libraries,” 157, 166, 201
Freedom Rides, 9–10, 55, 83, 89–90, 118–19, 133, 151, 156, 181–82
“Freedom Schools,” 157, 158, 159, 166
Freedom Summer (1964), 13, 157–62
French, Frances, 148, 149
funding, federal. See federal funding
fundraising, 20, 22, 24, 25, 28, 38
furniture, removal of. See chairs and tables, removal of
Gadsden, AL, 22, 59, 126
Gainesville (TX) Public Library, 29
Gandhi, Mohandas, 41–42, 54, 142, 225n95
Gardiner, Harold C., 193–94
gender segregation, 81
Georgia House of Representatives, 164
Georgia Library Association, 188, 194, 196
Georgia Library Commission, 20
Gleason, Eliza Atkins, 44
Golden, Harry, 97
golf courses, 61, 65, 154
Goodman, Andrew, 12, 157, 159, 162, 163, 206
Gordon, Diane, 172–73
Graham, Edward T., 59
Graham, Patterson Toby: A Right to Read, 15, 16, 23, 36, 39, 53, 201–2, 204
Great Depression, 24, 35–39
Green, Ernest, 63
Greenaway, Emerson, 199
Greensboro, NC: library, 34
lunch counter sit-ins, 8, 14, 61, 72, 90, 132
Greenville, MS, 147–48, 201
Greenville, SC, 37, 41, 76–81, 130, 209
Gregory, James J. H., 21
Gressman, Eugene, 2, 3
Greyhound buses, 118, 125
Grossman, William, 89
Hahn, Steven, 224n65
Halberstam, David, 203–4
Hamilton, Ed, 132
Hampton Institute, 41, 52, 194
Hartsfield, William B., 58–59
Harvey, Ruth, 92
Hattiesburg, MS, 158, 159–65
Helms, Charles, 78
Hendricks, Lola, 116, 118
Henry, Aaron, 157
Herring, Hugh W., 161
Higgins, Dorothy, 169, 171, 172
Holley, James W., 61
“home libraries,” 26
Honma, Todd, 209
Hopkins, Evans D., 90, 91, 99
Hopkins, James, 153
hotels and motels, 5, 8, 12, 90, 95, 116
and ALA conferences, 187, 188
Albany, GA, 137
bombing of, 11
and Civil Rights Act of 1964, 12, 142
Louisville, KY, 56
and Public Accommodations Act, 2
housing, 12, 15, 200
Houston, TX, 29
Hovey, Richard J., 59
Howard University, 20, 49, 186
Humble, Marion, 42–43
Hunter, Charlayne, 164
Huntsville (AL) Public Library, 37, 38, 39, 59
Indianola, MS, 146, 165–66
“integration, vertical.” See “vertical integration”
Intellectual Freedom Committee (IFC). See American Library Association (ALA): Intellectual Freedom Committee (IFC)
International Research Associates (INRA), 198–99
interracial marriage, 82
fear of, 63–64
Interstate Commerce Act, 9
Interstate Commerce Commission, 132
interstate transportation, 5, 82, 118, 125, 132. See also bus stations; Freedom Rides; train stations
Jackson, Blyden, 30
Jackson, Irene Dobbs, 58
Jackson, Maynard, 42
Jackson, Miles M., 194
Jackson, MS, 11, 47, 148–56
public library, 21–22, 147, 148–56, 206, 240n34
Jackson, Jesse, 17, 76–78, 203, 209
Jackson, Joseph, Jr., 149
Jackson Parish, LA, 175–77, 198
Jackson State College, 149
Jacksonville (FL) Public Library, 27, 40, 130
James, Earl, 119, 120
Janson, Guenter, 114
Jim Crow laws, 3, 4, 5
Johnson, Charles S., 48
Johnson, Frank M., Jr., 121
Johnson, Lyndon, 7, 12
Jones, Charles, 14
Jones, Clara Stanton, 207–8
Jones, Mrs. Frankie H., 91
Jones, Virginia Lacy, 189, 194, 197, 200
Jones, William D., 160, 161, 162, 164
Jonesboro, LA, 175–77, 198
Josey, E. J., 200, 205, 207, 208
Journey of Reconciliation (1947), 5
Justice Department. See U.S. Department of Justice
Katzenbach, Nicholas, 11
Keller, Rosa, 56, 57
Kelley, Asa D., 135, 136, 137
Kennedy, John F., 10, 11, 12, 136, 162
Kennedy, Robert F., 10, 118, 162–63
Kilbourne, Richard H., 182
King, Martin Luther, Jr., 10, 11, 14, 15, 52–53, 85, 204
and Albany, GA, 133, 134–35, 137, 138, 139, 164
assassination, 1, 12
and Birmingham, AL, 116, 117
bombing of home, 7
childhood library use, 42
Conley relations, 120
Gandhi familiarity, 42, 225n95
and Jackson, MS, 151
on “vertical integration,” 140
Knott, Cheryl: Not Free, Not for All, 15
Knoxville, TN, 20, 37
Kramer, David, 170–71, 172, 174
Kress stores, 79, 159–60, 164
Krug, Judith, 207
Ku Klux Klan, 7, 11, 65, 87, 149–50, 206
Danville, VA, 97
Freedom Rides and, 9
Louisiana, 181
Montgomery, AL, 125
Ku Klux Klan Act, 2
Lancaster, SC, 37
Lane, William Coolidge, 185
Laue, James, 9
lawsuits, 59–62, 84, 85
Adickes, 240n39
Albany, GA, 137
Birmingham, AL, 115, 116
Danville, VA, 92, 94, 100
Greenville, SC, 79, 80
Jackson, MS, 151–56
Memphis, TN, 71
Montgomery, AL, 120, 121–22, 126
Plessy, 3–4, 6
Savannah, GA, 130–31
Virginia, 82. See also Brown v. Board of Education
Lawyers Constitutional Defense Committee, 182
Lee, George, 146
Lee, Herbert, 146
Lee, Robert E., 82, 83, 85, 90
legislation, civil rights. See civil rights legislation
LeMoyne College, 23, 66, 67, 73
Lesser, Mike, 170, 171–72
Lewis, John, 54–55, 118, 205–6
libraries, academic. See academic libraries, public services of
libraries, basement. See basement libraries
libraries, bootleg. See “Freedom Libraries”
libraries, dam site. See dam site libraries
libraries, private. See private libraries
libraries, subscription. See subscription libraries
libraries, YMCA and YWCA. See YMCA and YWCA libraries
Libraries of the South: A Report on Developments, 1930–1935 (Barker), 186
library agencies, state. See state library agencies
library as community center. See community center, library as
library as place. See place (concept)
Library Bill of Rights, 187, 193, 195, 199, 210
library branches, black. See black library branches
library card applications, 99, 128, 145, 165, 170
library catalog access. See card catalog access
library closures: Albany, GA, 137, 139–40
Columbus, GA, 145
Danville, VA, 92, 94, 96, 97
Greenville, SC, 79–80
Hattiesburg, MS, 159, 161
Indianola, MS, 165
Louisiana, 178, 184
Montgomery, AL, 123–24
Petersburg, VA, 84, 88–89
Selma, AL, 128
library commissions, state. See state library agencies
library education, 31, 41, 52, 186
library fees. See fees
Library Journal (LJ), 190–91, 193, 195–96
library literature, 190–91, 196
master’s theses, 76, 189, 191, 194, 200, 251–53
library meeting rooms. See meeting rooms
Library of Congress, 49
Library Services Act (LSA), 46, 60, 63, 147, 177, 192, 194, 196
library sit-ins: Albany, GA, 134
Alexandria, VA, 48–50
Birmingham, AL, 116, 117
Columbus, GA, 143
Greenville, SC, 77, 78, 79
Hattiesburg, MS, 160–61
Jackson, MS, 148–56
Louisiana, 169–75, 178, 179–85
Memphis, TN, 72–73, 86
Mobile, AL, 114
Montgomery, AL, 119
Petersburg, VA, 83–88, 90
literary societies, 18
Little Rock, AR, 1, 7, 63, 70
public library, 29–30, 63
Litwack, Leon F., 18, 19, 39–40
Lockard, H. T., 69
Louisiana Library Commission, 36
Louisiana State University (LSU), 67, 168, 182
Louisville Free Public Library, 19, 30–35, 40, 56, 157
Loving v. Virginia, 82
lunch counters. See restaurants and lunch counters
lunch counter sit-ins, 8–9, 14, 72
Albany, GA, 141
Birmingham, AL, 116
Greensboro, NC, 8, 14, 61, 72, 90, 132
Greenville, SC, 78, 79
Petersburg, VA, 83
Luverne, AL, 37
lynchings, 7, 146, 149, 185–86
Macon, GA, 20, 50–51, 130
Malden, WV, 27
Malone, Cheryl Knott, 157–58
Malloy, C. J., 84
mandamus, writ of, 49, 50
March on Washington, 1941 (proposed), 4
March on Washington, 1963, 11
Marked Tree, AR, 48
marriage, interracial. See interracial marriage
Marshall, Thurgood, 71, 121, 152, 163
Martin, Farris J., Jr., 119, 120, 125
Martin, Lena, 22
Martin, Martin A., 92–93
mass media, 55, 65, 88, 98, 116, 117–18, 119
Albany, GA, coverage, 138, 198. See also television
“Massive Resistance” movement, 7, 130
master’s theses. See library literature: master’s theses
McCarty, Cynthia, 160–61
McClain, R. B., 125, 126–27
McComb, MS, 147
McKenney, Clara J., 82, 83, 84, 87, 88
McNeal, Archie, 193, 194, 195
McPheeters, Annie Watters, 23, 37, 41–42, 204, 205, 236n6
McPherson, James Alan, 29
McWhorter, Diane, 9–10
Means, Elaine, 209
Mebane, Chalmers, 90
meeting center, library as. See community center, library as
meeting rooms, 33, 187–88
Mellender, Shelley, 116–17
Memphis, TN, 46–47, 66–75, 113, 187
Cossitt Library, 23, 66–67
Lyceum, 20
Memphis State University, 70, 75
Meredith, James, 10, 155, 164
Meridian, MS, 148, 157
Miami Beach, FL, 190
Miami (FL) Public Library, 59, 70
Milam, Carl, 24, 186
Miles College, 116
military desegregation, 5
Miller, William E., 73, 75
Minden, LA, 36
ministerial associations, 51, 61
Mississippi Library Association, 188, 196, 207
Mississippi State Penitentiary, 151
Mississippi Summer Project. See Freedom Summer
Mitchell, Daniel, 176
Mize, Sidney C., 155–56
Mobile, AL, 24, 66, 113–14
mobs, 125, 127, 163–64, 179. See also lynchings
Monroe, LA, 169–75
Monroe, NC, 57–58
Montgomery, AL, 51–53, 118–25
bus boycott, 1, 7, 14, 52–53, 118, 119, 206
museum, 121–22
public library, 51–53, 118–25
Montgomery Improvement Association (MIA), 119
Montgomery Negro Ministerial Association, 51–52
Moon, Eric, 190–91, 192, 193, 195, 202, 245n29
Moore, Ronnie, 171
Moreau, Joseph, 43
Morgan, Juliette, 53, 147, 202
Moses, Robert, 157
motels and hotels. See hotels and motels
Motley, Constance Baker, 8, 71, 136
Mound Bayou, MS, 29
murder of civil rights activists, 1, 11, 12, 146
Chaney, Goodman, and Schwerner, 13, 157, 159, 162, 163, 206
Murray, Samuel C., 59–60
Muse, Andrew, 92
Muse, Benjamin, 168
museums, 121–22
Myrdal, Gunnar, 48
Nashville, TN, 66, 70, 72, 73
public library, 53–54, 72
Nashville Negro Public Library, 29
National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP), 7–8, 52, 63–64, 72, 186
Albany, GA, 133
Columbus, GA, 143, 145
Greenville, SC, 77, 78, 79, 80
and Ida B. Wells, 20
Legal Defense and Education Fund, 8, 81, 90, 152, 182
Memphis, TN, 67, 68, 69, 75
Mississippi, 146, 148, 150, 151–52
Monroe, NC, 57
Virginia, 82, 83, 84, 90, 92, 94–100
National Guard, 11, 163–64
National Lawyers Guild, 162
National Library Week, 193–94
national media. See mass media
Neshoba County, MS: murder of civil rights workers (1964), 13, 146, 157, 159, 162, 163, 206
Newman, Samuel, 97
New Orleans Public Library, 28, 56–57, 70, 168, 197
Newport News, VA, 59, 95
Newsletter on Intellectual Freedom, 194
newspapers and magazines, black. See black newspapers and magazines
New York City: school segregation, 200
New York Garrison Literary Association, 18
New York Public Library: Schomburg Center. See Schomburg Research Center
Norfolk, VA, 74, 95
North Arkansas Regional Library, 198
North Carolina A&T College, 8
North Carolina Library Association, 188, 190
North Carolina Negro Library Association, 188, 190
northern public libraries, 18–19, 199
Not Free, Not for All: Public Libraries in the Age of Jim Crow (Knott), 15
Oboler, Eli, 195–96
Oklahoma City, OK, 27
Ouachita Parish Public Library, 169–75
Owens, Hugo, 60–61
Oxford, MS, 10
park benches, removal of, 153
park segregation and desegregation, 121
Albany, GA, 137, 144
Birmingham, AL, 115
Danville, VA, 90, 91
Mississippi, 153
Montgomery, AL, 118, 123
Parks, Rosa, 1, 7, 15, 52
Patterson, Catherine, 176
Petersburg, VA, 44, 82–90
Petersburg Improvement Association (PIA), 86–87, 89
Philadelphia, MS, 13, 146, 159, 206
Philadelphia, PA, 199
Philadelphia Library Company of Colored Persons, 18
pickets and picketing, 86, 132, 135, 165–66, 176, 177
Piel, Eleanor Jackson, 162
place (concept), 31, 33–35, 38
Plant City (FL) Public Library, 198
playgrounds, 47, 80, 86, 115, 137, 151, 153, 156
Pleasant, Bertha, 52
Plessy, Homer Adolph, 3
Plessy v. Ferguson, 3–4, 6
Portsmouth, VA, 60–62, 95
Powell, Dalzie M., 37
Powledge, Fred, 8–9, 11, 65–66, 137
Prater, Ruby, 22
presidential orders. See executive orders
Pritchett, Laurie, 133, 135, 137, 141, 142
private libraries, 94, 95, 96, 124
Profit, Joseph, 173–74
protests and demonstrations: Alabama, 113–29
Georgia, 131–42
Louisiana, 169–84
Mississippi, 148–67
Virginia, 85, 86, 100. See also pickets and picketing
Public Accommodations Act, 2–3
public parks. See park segregation and desegregation
public schools. See school segregation and desegregation
public transportation, 168. See also bus boycotts; bus desegregation
Pullman porters, 19, 39
Purcellville (VA) Public Library, 59
The Rabbits’ Wedding (Williams), 63–64
Rachlin, Carl, 181–82
Raleigh, NC, 24
Randolph, A. Philip, 4
Randolph, Wassell, 68, 69–70
Rayfield, W. D., 154–55
Readers’ Guide to Periodical Literature, 190
reading rooms, 25, 27, 29, 44, 59, 70, 126
Albany, GA, 134, 140
Anniston, AL, 126
Danville, VA, 93
and literary societies, 18
Montgomery, AL, 119
Nashville, TN, 54
New Orleans, LA, 28
Petersburg, VA, 83, 85
removal of periodicals from, 123
sit-ins, 73, 85, 134
read-ins, 143–44, 160, 169, 170. See also library sit-ins
Reagon, Bernice Johnson, 132
real estate redlining, 15
Reconstruction, 1–3
Reddick, L. D., 45
Reed, Emily, 63–64, 202
Reeves, Katie, 180
referenda, 93, 95–96, 98
Reid, Milton, 86, 87
removal of chairs and tables. See chairs and tables, removal of
removal of park benches. See park benches, removal of
restaurants and lunch counters: Albany, GA, 132, 139, 141
Birmingham, AL, 117
Danville, VA, 100
Greenville, SC, 79
Hattiesburg, MS, 159–60
Louisiana, 169
Memphis, TN, 75
Petersburg, VA, 87, 89. See also lunch counter sit-ins; snack bars
restrooms, 4, 25, 57, 74, 75, 121, 144, 193
at train stations, 133
Reyburn, Samuel W., 30
Reynolds, Quintus, 125, 126–27
Richmond, VA, 86, 90, 187
public library, 55–56, 72, 95
A Right to Read: Segregation and Civil Rights in Alabama’s Public Libraries (Graham), 15, 16, 23, 36, 39, 53, 201–2, 204
Riley, Virginia, 133–34, 135, 137, 138
riots, 63, 117, 118, 202
Rives, Richard T., 155
Robertson, Florence, 93, 99
Robey, Mrs. Clarence, 60
Robinson, Anne, 24
Robinson, Jackie, 138
Robinson, Larry, 176, 177
Robinson, Tommy, 173
Rochell, Carlton, 158
Rome (GA) Public Library, 23
Roosevelt, Franklin, 4
Rose, Ernestine, 186
Rosenwald, Julius, 35
Rosenwald Fund, 35–36, 38
Rossell, Beatrice, 195
Rothrock, Mary Utopia, 37
Rufus Lewis Regional Library, 206
rural library services, 35, 42
Alabama, 36, 38
Georgia, 20–21, 36
Louisiana, 168–69
Maryland, 51
North Carolina, 24, 36
Tennessee, 37
Rustin, Bayard, 5
S. H. Kress and Company. See Kress stores
Sampson, Donald, 77
San Antonio Public Library, 23–24
Sanders, Carl E., 139
Savannah, GA, 28–29, 66, 73, 130–31
Schomburg Research Center, 4–5, 186
school segregation and desegregation, 1, 6–8, 63, 81
Albany, GA, 137, 142
Danville, VA, 100
lawsuits, 82
Memphis, TN, 71
Mississippi, 152–53, 166
Mobile, AL, 114
New Orleans, LA, 168
in northern cities, 199–200. See also Brown v. Board of Education; colleges and universities, desegregation of
schools: black, 22, 37, 39, 166, 175
Harry Golden satirical plan for, 97
public library services in, 23–24, 26, 36, 37, 38, 39, 44
Rosenwald-funded, 35. See also “Freedom Schools”
Schwerner, Michael “Mickey,” 13, 157, 159, 162, 163, 206
Schwerner, Rita, 157, 206
Scoggin, Katharine, 49, 50
Scottsboro, AL, 37, 38
Second Reconstruction, 6–13, 15
segregation, park. See park segregation and desegregation
segregation, school. See school segregation and desegregation
segregation by gender. See gender segregation
Seigenthaler, John, 118
Selma, AL, 55, 125–27, 206
Settlemayer, John C., 58–59
sexually transmitted diseases, fear of. See “venereal disease” fears
Shaw, Spencer, 194–95
Shockley, William, 207
Shuttlesworth, Fred, 115
Singer, Joseph William, 4
sit-ins, 13, 67, 73, 117
buses and bus stations, 132–33, 151. See also library sit-ins; lunch counter sit-ins
sitting, discouragement of. See chairs and tables, removal of; park benches, removal of
Sixteenth Street Baptist Church, Birmingham, AL, 10, 11, 116, 117, 125
slaves and slavery, 1, 18, 121, 131
Smiley, Glenn, 225n95
Smith, Alice, 173
Smith, Oliver, 173
Smith, Virginia, 114
Smyre, Gwendolyn, 143
snack bars, 118
SNCC. See Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee (SNCC)
Sneed, Pearl, 21, 22
Sojourner Truth Club, 27
Southern Christian Leadership Conference (SCLC), 10, 116, 120, 133, 231n3
“Southern Manifesto” (anti–school desegregation), 6–7
Southern Regional Council, 11, 198
Soviet Union, 98
Spartanburg (SC) Public Library, 78
The Speaker (film), 207, 208
Spelman College, 58, 207–8
St. Francisville, LA, 179
state library agencies, 46
Alabama, 51, 52, 63
Georgia, 20
Louisiana, 177–78
Mississippi, 63, 147, 158–59, 167
state library associations, 185, 188, 190, 193, 194, 196, 201, 207, 245n29
states’ rights, 46, 96
Steele, Virginia, 201
Stevenson, Grace, 194, 201
Stokes-Jackson, Jimella, 159
Stoner, J. B., 97
story hours for children, 31, 32–33, 38
Stow, Charles E., 81
Stowe, Harriet Beecher: Uncle Tom’s Cabin, 41
Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee (SNCC), 9, 10, 55, 132, 150, 159
subscription libraries, 20, 28, 94
Supreme Court. See U.S. Supreme Court
Swanson, Paul K., 195
swimming pools, 118, 137, 140, 144, 178
tables and chairs, removal of. See chairs and tables, removal of
Talladega College, 20
Talmadge, Herman, 136
television, 10, 65, 117, 119, 122, 138, 175, 198
Temple, T. E., 92–93
Tennessee Valley Authority (TVA), 37–38
Terrell, Mary Church, 27
textbooks, 39, 42–43, 159
theaters, 5, 12, 75, 169, 177
Albany, GA, 137, 141, 142
Birmingham, AL, 115
and Public Accommodations Act, 2
Thirteenth Amendment, 1
Thomas, Clarence, 29, 131
Thomas, Doyle, 92
Thomas, Eddie, 166
Thomas County, GA, 36
Thompson, Roby, 92, 93, 94, 98
Thompson, William Hale, 59
Thornley, Fant, 117, 118
Till, Emmett, 7, 146, 149
Tougaloo Nine, 148–56
Trailways buses, 89
train stations, 124, 133, 142
transportation. See interstate transportation; public transportation
trials, 163, 180, 206
Albany, GA, 134, 141
Jackson, MS, 150, 151
Memphis, TN, 72–73
Petersburg, VA, 85–86
Troy, AL, 55, 206
Truman, Harry, 5, 54
Tuck, Stephen, 13
Tucker, Samuel W., 48–50
Tulsa race riot of 1921, 28
Turner, Allegra, 66–67, 68, 75
Turner, Jesse H., 66–71, 73–75
Turner v. City of Memphis, 75
Turner v. Randolph, 71
Tuttle, Elbert Parr, 163–65
Tyson, Cleophas, 143, 144
Ulveling, Ralph, 199
Uncle Tom’s Cabin (Stowe), 41
universities, desegregation of. See colleges and universities, desegregation of
University of Alabama, 11, 121
University of Georgia, 164
University of Mississippi, 10, 155, 162, 164
U.S. Commission on Civil Rights, 7, 176, 196
U.S. Congress, 2, 12
House Committee on Un-American Activities, 14. See also civil rights legislation
U.S. Constitution. See constitutional amendments
U.S. Department of Justice, 136, 150, 180
U.S. Supreme Court, 72, 97, 139, 141
Brown v. Louisiana, 181–84
bus segregation (intracity), 7, 53
interstate travel segregation, 5, 9
justices, 29
Loving, 82
Plessy, 3–4
Turner v. City of Memphis, 75. See also Brown v. Board of Education
Van Jackson, Wallace, 187
“venereal disease” fears, 74, 75, 155
“vertical integration,” 97, 124, 128, 140, 153. See also chairs and tables, removal of
veterans, black. See black veterans
Vicksburg, MS, 166
Virginia State College, 84, 88
voter registration, 13, 58, 68, 98, 132, 146, 157
Voting Rights Act, 157
waiting rooms, 4, 133, 153, 182
Wakeman, John, 190, 191, 197
Walcott, Victoria, 205
Walker, Alice, 46
Walker, A. Maceo, 67
Walker, J. E., 67
Walker, Wyatt T., 83, 84–85, 86, 87–88, 116, 231n3
Walker County, AL, 36
Wallace, Anne, 185
Wallace, George, 11, 120, 121
Wallis, C. Lamar, 71, 72, 74
war industry desegregation, 4
The Warmth of Other Suns (Wilkerson), 4
Warren, Earl, 12
Washington, Booker T., 22, 27, 29, 30, 39–40
washrooms. See restrooms
water fountains. See drinking fountains
Watters, Annie. See McPheeters, Annie Watters
Webster Parish, LA, 40
Wedgeworth, Robert, 207
Wells, Ida B., 20
Wheeler, Joseph, 192–93
White Citizens’ Councils, 7, 45, 65, 118
Mississippi, 146, 165, 240n34
Montgomery, AL, 124
Selma, AL, 128
Wicker, Walter, 240n34
Wilkerson, Isabel: The Warmth of Other Suns, 4
Wilkins, Roy, 150
Will, Frances Allegra. See Turner, Allegra
Williams, E. C., 186
Williams, Garth: The Rabbits’ Wedding, 63–64
Williams, Jerry, 90, 92, 97
Williams, Linwood, 62
Williams, R. G., 84, 86, 88
Williams, Robert A., 90
Williams, Robert F., 57–58
Wilson, George, 49, 50
Wilson, Jerry, 160
Wilson Library Bulletin, 190, 194, 197
Winston County, AL, 121
Winter Park, FL, 34–35
women’s clubs, 35–36, 52, 60
federations of, 29, 51
Works Progress Administration (WPA), 36–37, 38
World War II, 4, 5, 6
Wren, Wills Randall, 150, 152, 154
Wright, Doris, 80
Wright, Gavin, 15–16, 147
Wright, James R., 46
Wright, Richard, 4–5, 46–48, 157, 192, 206
Black Boy, 191–92
YMCA and YWCA libraries, 55, 185
Young, Aurelia, 152
Young, Jack H., 151–52
Young, Whitney, 58
Zinn, Howard, 58
zoos, 118, 153