NOTES

1. The English Revolution

¹ The Ruine of Rome (1603), Epistle to the Reader, sig. A 3v.

² Trans. of Thucydides’s History of the Peloponnesian War, in English Works, ed. W. S. Molesworth, II vols. (1839–45), viii. P. viii.

³ Shaw, Man and Superman (1907), Epistle Dedicatory; PP, 5, ‘The Author’s Apology for his Book.’ Bunyan is here being ironical at the expense of his ‘man of God’. See pp. 108, 132–3 below.

⁴ Middlesex County Records, ed. J. C. Jeaffreson (1888), iii. 93; cf. ibid. 108 —a man condemned to hard labour in March 1629 for threatening to ‘Felton’ an adversary.

⁵ [W. Walwyn], A Pearle in a Dounghill (1646), in Freedom in Arms: A Selection of Leveller Writings, ed. A. L. Morton (1975), 83. For the New Model Army see Appendix; B. S. Manning, The English People and the English Revolution (1976), passim.

⁶ Joyce Godber, History of Bedfordshire, 1066–1888 (Bedfordshire County Council, 1969), 246, 269; The Story of Bedford: An Outline History (Luton, 1978), 66; VCH Bedfordshire, i. 41–2.

⁷ P. D. Gilmore, ‘The Papers of Richard Taylor of Clapham (c. 1579–1641)’, PBHRS 25 (1947), 106–8. Taylor opposed Laud’s religious policies — though he was to be a royalist in the civil war. See now Ann Hughes, Politics, Society and Civil War in Warwickshire, 1620–1660, (Cambridge UP, 1987), 51.

⁸ Brown, 14–15, 38–9, 41, 124–5; A. Fletcher, The Outbreak of the English Civil War (1981), ch. 6, passim; D. and S. Lysons, Magna Britannia for Bedfordshire (1978), 7–8 (1st pub. 1806); the Earl of Clarendon, The History of the Rebellion (Oxford UP, 1888), ii. 502 (cf. 369).

⁹ See the important book by Caroline Hibbard, Charles I and the Popish Plot (North Carolina UP, 1983), passim.

¹⁰ Major-General Lambert, speaking in a debate in Parliament on the causes of the civil war, 9 Feb. 1659, Diary of Thomas Burton, ed. J. T. Rutt (1828), iii. 187. I cite these views not as necessarily true, but as widely held opinions which Bunyan was likely to have heard.

¹¹ MCPW, i. 616. See pp. 151–3 below.

¹² [Clarkson], A general charge or impeachment of high treason in the name of Justice-Equity against the communalty (1647), 10–14; Winstanley, A New-year’s Gift for the Parliament and Army (1650), in The Law of Freedom and Other Writings (Cambridge UP, 1983), 185.

¹³ Brown, 127.

¹⁴ [Anon.], A Discourse for a King and Parliament (1660), 1–2. The interesting thing about this pamphlet is that, as its title suggests, it was not written by a radical. Sir Roger L’Estrange reprinted passages from it in The State and Interest of the Nation With respect to His Royal Highness the Duke of York (1680), 4–5. He may be the original author. See R. Ashcraft, Revolutionary Politics and Locke’s Two Treatises of Government (Princeton UP, 1986), 239–42.

¹⁵ Owen, Works (1850–3), xiii. 28; Gary S. de Krey, A Fractured Society: The Politics of London in the First Age of Party, 1688–1715 (Oxford UP, 1985), Pt. III, ch. 3B-4.

¹⁶ See pp. 132–3 below.

¹⁷ See pp. 362–3 below.

2. The Rich, the Poor, and the Middling Sort

¹ ‘Agricultural Prices, Farm Profits and Rents’, in J. Thirsk (ed.) The Agrarian History of England and Wales, iv, 1500–1600 (Cambridge UP, 1967), 620–1.

² Ibid. 695; R. H. Tawney, The Agrarian Problem of the Sixteenth Century (1912), 383.

³ J. R. Wordie, ‘The Chronology of England’s Enclosure, 1500–1914’, EcHR, 2nd Ser. 36 (1983), 494–5, 502–3.

⁴ Joyce Godber, ‘Some Documents Relating to Riots’, PBHRS 49 (1970), 148–52; S. Peyton, ‘Ecclesiastical Troubles in Dunstable c. 1616’, ibid. 11 (1927), 110; VCH Bedfordshire, ii. 96. John Donne was rector of Blunham (normally non-resident) from 1622 until his death in 1631.

⁵ Winthrop, Reasons to Be Considered … for the Intended Plantation in New England, Proceedings of the Massachusetts Historical Soc., 8 (1864–5), 420–5.

⁶ S. Peyton, ‘An Elizabethan Inquiry Concerning Bondmen’, PBHRS 9 (1925), 70–4; [D. and S.] Lysons, Magna Britannia for Bedfordshire (1978), 72; Charles Richardson, quoted in H. C. White, Social Criticism in Popular Religious Literature in the Sixteenth Century (New York, 1944), 236.

⁷ Op. cit. 1–2. Cf. pp. 219–21, 279–80 below.

⁸ Joan R. Kent, The English Village Constable, 1580–1642: A Social and Administrative Study (Oxford UP, 1986), 277; cf. 182–3. Freedom from conscription was one of five absolute liberties which the Leveller draft constitution of 1647, the Agreement of the People, would not allow even its sovereign Parliament to infringe; another was liberty of conscience.

⁹ Bacon, quoted in V. G. Kiernan, State and Society in Europe, 1550–1650 (Oxford, 1980), 115; cf. 145; F. Osborne, Works (11th edn., 1722), Essays, 35; Andrewes, XCVI Sermons (2nd. edn., 1631), 45.

¹⁰ Donne, Essays in Divinity, ed. E. M. Simpson (Oxford UP, 1952), 68; Hobbes, Leviathan (Penguin edn.), 346; Baxter, Chapters from a Christian Directory (1925), 69–71; D. Ogg, England in the Reign of Charles II (Oxford UP, 1934), i. 85.

¹¹ Journal of Sir Roger Wilbraham (1607), ed. H. S. Scott, Camden Miscellany 10 (1902), 96. For inequality of rich and poor before the law see my Society and Puritanism in Pre-Revolutionary England (Penguin edn.), 373–4.

¹² John Barclay, Icon Animarum (1614), Englished by T. M[ay] (1631), 104–8; R. Hooker, Of The Laws of Ecclesiastical Polity (Everyman edn.), ii. 5–6; R. Welford, History of Newcastle and Gateshead (1884–7), iii. 315–16; [B. Ryves], Angliae Ruina (1647), 96; Baxter, A Holy Commonwealth (1659), 231.

¹³ R. H. Tawney, Religion and the Rise of Capitalism (Penguin edn.), 179.

¹⁴ I frequently quote Dent and Bayly, because we know that Bunyan read them at an early and impressionable age.

¹⁵ Select Works of Robert Crowley, ed. J. M. Cowper, Early English Text Soc. (1872), 46–7, 63–70; cf. 112–16, 156–7; Perkins, Works (1616–18), iii. 466, 471; Taylor, The Principles of Christian Practice (1653), 34 (published posthumously: Taylor died in 1633).

¹⁶ W. Hunt, The Puritan Moment: The Coming of Revolution in an English County (Harvard UP, 1983), 127–8.

¹⁷ Perkins, Works, ii. 790, quoted in my Puritanism and Revolution (Penguin edn.), 226.

¹⁸ Eamon Duffy, ‘The Godly and the Multitude in Stuart England’, The Seventeenth Century, i (1986), 31–55.

¹⁹ Dering, quoted in J. O. W. Haweis, Sketches of the Reformation and Elizabethan Age Taken from the Contemporary Pulpit (1844), 265; The Barren Fig-tree (1673), MW v. 19–20.

²⁰ P. S. Seaver, Wallington’s World: A Puritan Artisan in Seventeenth-Century London (1985), 96–7, 132, 141.

²¹ Ibid. 147, 173.

²² The Short Journal and Itinerary Journals of George Fox, ed. N. Penney (Cambridge UP, 1925), 17, 21; Fox, ‘A Cry for Repentance’ (1656), in Gospel-Truth Demonstrated in a Collection of Books (1706), 76.

²³ Christian Behaviour (1663), MW iii. 22–43. Cf. George Herbert, ‘A servant with this clause / Makes drudgery divine’.

²⁴ Perkins, Works, iii. 63–4, 512–13; cf. i. 756; Angliae Ruina, 26–7; The Works of Gerrard Winstanley, ed. G. H. Sabine (Cornell UP, 1941), 633, 511–12; cf. 258, 580–1.

²⁵ Godber, The Story of Bedford: An Outline History (Luton, 1978), 55.

²⁶ J. Frank, Hobbled Pegasus: A Descriptive Bibliography of Minor English Poetry, 1641–1660 (New Mexico UP, 1968), 49, 69, 92; Godber, History of Bedfordshire, 1066–1888 (Bedford County Council, 1969), 193, 228–9, 265, 269; ead., The Story of Bedford, 61. For Adams see DNB.

²⁷ D. and S. Lysons, Magna Britannia for Bedfordshire (1978), 93; Peyton, ‘Ecclesiastical Troubles’, 111–24; W. R. Prest, The Rise of the Barristers: A Social History of the English Bar, 1590–1640 (Oxford UP, 1986), 231, 394. The Deputy-Recorder was Richard Taylor, a local gentleman who had been MP for Bedford in 1621, 1624, 1625, and 1628, but lost his seat in 1640, apparently on account of his royalism (Godber, The Story of Bedford, 65). Cf. Brown, 3, 7–8, 93–4, and p. 7 above.

²⁸ Brown, 5–13, 43, 68, 71; Lysons, Magna Britannia, 156; Godber, The Story of Bedford, 70–1, 74. [Anon.], The Petition or Articles exhibited in Parliament against John Pocklington (1641).

3. Popular Literature

¹ Hobsons Horse-load of Letters (1617), sigs. I. 2–1. 2v (1st pub. 1613), quoted in L. B. Wright, Middle-Class Culture in Elizabethan England (N. Carolina UP, 1935), 142.

² J. N. King, English Reformation Literature: The Tudor Origins of the Protestant Tradition (Princeton UP, 1982), 66–76, 93–4, 152–3, 327, 462–4. What follows draws heavily on this pioneering book. See also Barbara Lewalski, Protestant Poetics and the Seventeenth-Century Religious Lyric (Princeton UP, 1979), passim, and A. Sinfield, Literature in Protestant England, 1560–1660 (1983), passim; Newey, 229. For emblems see pp. 266–70 below.

³ H. C. White, Social Criticism, in Popular Religious Literature in the Sixteenth Century (New York, 1944), 1–40; King, Reformation Literature, passim; D. Norbrook, Poetry and Politics in the English Renaissance (1984), 42–3, 293.

⁴ King, Reformation Literature, 178, 214, 218–20, 323–4, 334, 340–50, 356, 367. For Mason see my Puritanism and Revolution (Penguin edn.), 319.

⁵ M. R. Watts, The Dissenters from the Reformation to the French Revolution (Oxford UP, 1978), 308–9; L. Lupton, History of the Geneva Bible (n.d., 1973?), v. 70; R. Barclay, The Inner Life of the Religious Societies of the Commonwealth (1876), 451–8; P. Burke, Popular Culture in Early Modern Europe (1973), 320; Manning, The English People and the English Revolution (1976), 244; G. H. Jenkins, Literature, Religion and Society in Wales, 1660–1730 (Wales UP, 1978), 148.

⁶ King, Reformation Literature, 252–70; Diana Poulton, John Dowland (2nd. edn., 1982), 185–6.

⁷ Wright, Middle-Class Culture, 91–5.

⁸ George Puttenham, The Art of English Poesie (1589), in Gregory Smith, Elizabethan Critical Essays (Oxford UP, 1904), ii. 97–100, 150, 154, 158–9; A. Low, The Georgic Revolution (Princeton UP, 1985), 118.

⁹ Gregory Smith, 62–5, 87, 96–101; cf. 156, 164–6; King, Reformation Literature, 255–6.

¹⁰ King, Reformation Literature, 11–17; Rich, op. cit. sig. ^x3v; Wright, Middle-Class Culture, 92–5.

¹¹ Hunt, The Puritan Moment (Harvard UP, 1983), 61.

¹² Sidney, An Apology for Poetry, in Gregory Smith, i. 178, 203; King, Reformation Literature, 210–11, 233.

¹³ Gregory Smith, i. 196; King, Reformation Literature, 18, 342, 346, 431, 446–8.

¹⁴ Norbrook, Poetry and Politics, 223.

¹⁵ Cf. my Writing and Revolution in Seventeenth Century England (Brighton, 1985), 13–14, 41. I have argued the case at greater length in my Intellectual Origins of the English Revolution (Oxford UP, 1965), 7–13.

¹⁶ Wright, Middle-Class Culture, 95.

¹⁷ King, Reformation Literature, 139–42; Wright, Middle-Class Culture, 329.

¹⁸ Norbrook, Poetry and Politics, 63; my Writing and Revolution, 77, 92; Marprelate, Hay any worke for Cooper (1589),4. I cite from the Scolar Press reprint (Leeds, 1967).

¹⁹ Perkins, Works, ii. 470–3; cf. a ballad cited by Midgley in his Introduction to Poems, p. xxxii. The ob-sol style of the Puritan preachers moved towards dialogue: Perkins, Dent, and Preston often used it.

²⁰ Gregory Smith, ii. 40; my Writing and Revolution, 54–5.

²¹ Wright, Middle-Class Culture, 376; M. Spufford, Small Books and Pleasant Histories: Popular Fiction and its Readership in Seventeenth-Century England (1981), ch. 4.

²² Deloney, The Gentle Craft, Pt. II (1598), 174 (repr. 1639); cf. Gervase Markham, epigraph to this chapter.

²³ Marie Gimelfarb-Brack, Liberié, Égalité, Fraternité, Justice! La Vie et l’œuvre de Richard Overton, Niveleur (Berne, 1979), Pt. III; P. W. Thomas, Sir John Berkenhead, 1617–1679: A Royalist Career in Politics and Polemics (Oxford UP, 1969); Margot Heinemann, Puritanism and Theatre: Thomas Middleton and Opposition Drama under the Early Stuarts (Cambridge UP, 1980), ch. 13; Martin Butler, Theatre and Crisis, 1632–1642 (Cambridge UP, 1984), ch. 8.

²⁴ J. Nalson, An Impartial Collection of the Great Affairs of State (1682), ii. 747–8; my Writing and Revolution, 86.

²⁵ Coster’s poems are reprinted in The Works of Gerrard Winstanley, ed. G. H. Sabine (Cornell UP, 1941), 655–61; Anne Laurence, ‘Two Ranter Poems’, Review of English Studies, NS 31 (1980), 56–9; [Anon.], Strange Newes From the Old-Bayly (1651), 2–3. For Burrough see his ‘To the Reader’, in George Fox’s The Great Mistery of the Great Whore Unfolded (1659), sig. (d. 2); and for Crab my Puritanism and Revolution (Penguin edn.), 309–10.

²⁶ Verstegan, Restitution of Decayed Intelligence (1605), 222; Coke, II Institutes (1642), 745; III Institutes (1644), Proeme, sig. B 2v (the last three parts of the Institutes were published by order of the House of Commons); Hare, St. Edward’s Ghost, or Anti-Normanism (1647), 13–22. See my ‘The Norman Yoke’, Puritanism and Revolution, ch. 3.

²⁷ See Winstanley, The Law of Freedom and Other Writings (Cambridge UP, 1983), 59–66.

4. The Bunyans

¹ GA,5.

² VCH Bedfordshire, iii. 279.

³ F. A. Page-Turner, Ancient Bedfordshire Deeds, ii, Deeds Relating to Elstow, P B H R S 4 (1917), 237–42; Brown, 22–4, 27–9; S. R. Wigram, Chronicles of the Abbey of Elstow (1885), 159; F. G. Emmison, Bedfordshire Parish Records (typescript in Bodleian Library), i, passim; Joyce Godber, John Bunyan of Bedfordshire (Bedfordshire County Council, 1972), 2.

⁴ Brown, 33, 293. Twenty-five of Elstow’s sixty-one houses had only one hearth, eighteen had two, eight had three, and the remaining ten from four to seventeen each (ibid. 33).

⁵ GA, 5; Israel’s Hope Encouraged (posthumous), Offor, i. 618; Brown, 293.

⁶ GA, 8; Brown, 43, 56–7.

⁷ Brown, 18; D. and S. Lysons, Magna Britannia for Bedfordshire (1978), 52; VCH Bedfordshire, iii. 279–81; Godber, John Bunyan, 2.

⁸ Godber, The Story of Bedford: An Outline History (Luton, 1978), 64–5, 70, 79–81, 84; ead., History of Bedfordshire, 1066–1888 (Bedfordshire County Council, 1969), 259.

⁹ VCH Bedfordshire, iii. 4; Lysons, Magna Britannia, 51; Brown, 3; Godber, History of Bedfordshire, 257, 249, 262; ead., The Story of Bedford, 67; C. Morris (ed.), The Journeys of Celia Fiennes (1947), 332, 339–40.

5. In the Army

¹ An Account of the Life and Actions of John Bunyan (1692).

² Psyche: Or Loves Mystery (1648), in Complete Poems, ed. A. B. Grosart (1880), ii. 67.

³ Brown, 36, and pedigree opposite p. 20.

⁴ H. Roundell, ‘The Garrison of Newport Pagnell During the Civil War’, Records of Bucks., ii. (1870), 211; Brown, 49; The Jerusalem Sinner Saved (posthumous), MW xi. 34; GA, 8; Offor, iii. 520.

⁵ Brown, 47–8; C. H. Firth and G. Davies, Regimental History of Cromwell’s Army (Oxford UP, 1940), i. 350–1.

⁶ MCPW, ii. 559; Sir T. Smith, The Commonwealth of England, ed. I. Alston (1906), Bk. I, ch. 24.

⁷ S. R. Gardiner, History of the Great Civil War (1893), iii. 237; J. Lindsay, John Bunyan: Maker of Myths (1937), 25; VCH Bedfordshire, ii. 51–3; A. Woolrych, Soldiers and Statesmen: The General Council of the Army and its Debates, 1647–1648 (Oxford UP, 1987), 63. I use a capital A for Army only when referring to the New Model Army.

⁸ The Letter-Books 1644–1645 of Sir Samuel Luke, ed. H. G. Tibbutt (1963), 122, 602; cf. 616.

⁹ Luke, Letter-Books, 258, 413, 422, 548; The Journal of Sir Samuel Luke, ed. I. G. Philip, Oxfordshire Record Soc. (1950), i. 47–8; The Civil War Papers of Sir William Boteler, 1642–1655, ed. G. H. Fowler, PBHRS 18 (1936), 22–3, 28. The royalist army was said to be in no better state (Luke, Journal, loc. cit.).

¹⁰ Luke, Letter-Books, 514–15, 110, 304; Roundell, ‘Garrison of Newport Pagnell’, 307–9, 369; Fowler, Sir William Boteler, 24.

¹¹ Godber, The Story of Bedford, 48, 55; D. Hirst, The Representative of the People? Voters and Voting in England Under the Early Stuarts (Cambridge UP, 1975), 98–100, 123–4.

¹² Brown, 41; VCH Bedfordshire, ii. 44–6; Roundell, ‘Garrison’, 230; Luke, Journal, vi—vii.

¹³ Luke, Letter-Books, 42–3, 49, 77, 193, 215.

¹⁴ F. W. Bull, History of Newport Pagnell (Kettering, 1900), 165; Luke, Letter-Books, 192.

¹⁵ Luke, Letter-Books, 264, 267, 274–5, 311, 317, 566, 571; cf. 279; Roundell, ‘Garrison’, 309.

¹⁶ Edwards, Gangraena, Pt. I (1646), 78. My attention was drawn to this by the Alberta D.Phil. thesis by Aileen Ross, Millenarianism in the Works of John Bunyan (1986), 73, which I am grateful to her for allowing me to read. For Erbery see WTUD, 192–8.

¹⁷ Luke, Letter-Books, 323–4, 328–9, 582–3; Roundell, ‘Garrison’, 357, 359; Edwards, Gangraena, i. 89–91. Edward’s sharp eye had spotted Beaumont too. Not only was he heretical himself, but his soldiers were alleged, with his approval, to have christened a horse ‘Esau’ in the parish church at Yakesly, Bucks. (Gangraena, iii. 18). This was a traditional form of plebeian irreverence, practised in Bedfordshire and elsewhere long before the civil war. Cf. pp. 25–6 above.

¹⁸ Luke, Letter-Books, 588, 622; Edwards, Gangraena, i. 90–1; cf. ii. 68; Firth and Davies, i. 46–7.

¹⁹ My Antichrist in Seventeenth-Century England (Oxford UP, 1971), 107; Writings and Speeches of Oliver Cromwell, ed. W. C. Abbott (Harvard UP, 1937–47), i. 278; Luke, Letter-Books, 267, 269, 274–5, 279, 284, 311, 317, 320, 513, 566, 571. For radicalism in the New Model Army see Appendix.

²⁰ Roundell, ‘Garrison’, 361; Letters from Dorothy Osborne to Sir William Temple, ed. E. A. Parry (Wayfarers’ Library, n.d.), 73.

²¹ The Diary of John Harington, MP, 1646–1653, ed. Margaret F. Stieg, Somerset Record Soc. (1977), 33; Mr. B., Offor, iii. 613. A Ranter lady was alleged to have claimed to be pregnant by the Holy Ghost. See Anon., The Ranters Monster (1652), quoted in J. G. Turner, One Flesh: Paradisal Marriage and Sexual Relations in the Age of Milton (Oxford UP, 1987), 84–5.

²² Edwards, Gangraena, i. 90.

²³ Tibbutt, Minutes, 31, 207; Brown, 133; Bull, History of Newport Pagnell, 138–40; M. F. Hewett, ‘John Gibbs, 1627–1699’, Baptist Quarterly, NS 3 (1927), 317–20; Tindall, 69, 104, 138.

²⁴ Edwards, Gangraena, i. 89–91, ii. 161, iii. 49–50; Clarkson, The Lost sheep Found (1660), 9–10; P. Hobson, A Garden Inclosed: and Wisdom Justified only of her Children (1817), 6–8, 17–18 (1st pub. 1647). For Hobson see Biographical Dictionary of British Radicals in the Seventeenth Century, ed. R. L. Greaves and R. Zaller, ii (Brighton, 1983), 95–7, and Greaves, Saints and Rebels: Seven Nonconformists in Stuart England (Mercer UP, 1985). Surprisingly, Hobson finds no place in DNB.

²⁵ Hobson, A Garden Inclosed, 5–7, 17–18, 20–30; cf. Bunyan, The Barren Fig-tree (1673), MW v. 20; A Discourse of the House of God (1688), in Poems, 278–90. See also Christian Behaviour (1663), MW iii. 10, 54, and pp. 91–2 below.

²⁶ Hobson, A Garden Inclosed, 49; Wisdom Justified only of her Children, 67.

²⁷ Hobson, A Garden Inclosed, 6–15; Greaves, Saints and Rebels, 136, 155.

²⁸ Hobson, The Prodigals Entertainment with the Father Discovered (1820), 23–4 (1st pub. 1652).

²⁹ Greaves, Saints and Rebels, 148–53; id. Deliver Us from Evil (Oxford UP, 1986), 95, 166, 182. In 1654 Hobson had acknowledged to the Hexham church ‘his own evil committed in those days of wantonness’ (Records of the Churches of Christ Gathered at Fenstanton, Warboys and Hexham, 1644–1720, ed. E. B. Underhill, Hanserd Knollys Soc. (1854), 356; cf. 352–72, passim).

³⁰ Puritanism and Liberty, ed. A. S. P. Woodhouse (1938), 18.

³¹ Luke, Journal, i. 76.

³² C. Webster, The Great Instauration: Science, Medicine and Reform, 1626–1660 (1975), passim; [R. Chestlin], Persecutio Undecima (1681), 4 (1st pub. 1648); G. E. Page, ‘Baptist Churches in the Bedford Area’, Baptist Quarterly, NS 14 (1951–2), 271; Sharrock, 13; Fox, Journal, ed. N. Penney (1901), i. 3; Clarkson, The Lost sheep Found (1660), 24.

³³ K. V. Thomas, ‘Another Digger Broadside’, P. and P. 42 (1969), 57–68; ed. G. H. Sabine (Cornell UP, 1941), The Works of Gerrard Winstanley, 440–1; O. Lutaud, Winstanley, socialisme et christianisme sous Cromwell (Paris, 1976), 453–4; ‘The Tower of London Letter-Book of Sir Lewis Dyve, 1646–47’, ed. H. G. Tibbutt, PBHRS 38 (1958), 94; Woolrych, Soldiers and Statesmen, 228–9, 257–8, 282; Gataker, His Vindication of the Annotations by him published (1653), 12.

³⁴ See p. 55 above.

³⁵ The Jerusalem Sinner (1688), MW xi. 36; GA, 11, 16–17, 31–2.

³⁶ PP, 8–9.

³⁷ See pp. 132, 192 below.

6. Grace Abounding to the Chief of Sinners

¹ From the madrigal A Pilgrim’s Solace (1612) in English Madrigal Verse, ed. E. H. Fellowes (3rd edn., Oxford UP, 1967), 497.

² Copps Return to the wayes of Truth (1651), in Ranter Writings from the Seventeenth Century, ed. N. Smith (1983), 134.

³ GA, 7.

⁴ O. C. Watkins, The Puritan Experience (1972), 24–9. Cf. R.J.W. Evans, ‘Calvinism in East Central Europe: Hungary and her Neighbours’, in International Calvinism, 1541–1715, ed. M. Prestwich (Oxford UP, 1985), 189. Dr Evans tells me that spiritual autobiographies in Hungary date from after 1660 (personal communication).

⁵ Peter, Good Work for a Good Magistrate (1651), 74–5.

⁶ Watkins, Puritan Experience, 32–3, 99, and ch. 13, passim; P. S. Seaver, Wallington’s World: A Puritan Artisan in Seventeenth-Century London (1985), passim.

⁷ Come, and Welcome (1678), MW viii, 354–5; Talon, 27.

⁸ Alick West, The Mountain in the Sunlight (1958).

⁹ The Jerusalem Sinner Saved (1688), MW xi. 63–6; cf. The Acceptable Sacrifice (1689), Offor, i. 700, 713. See ch. 16 below. In WTUD I listed numerous examples of doubts and despair in the late 1640s and 1650s, affecting such representative figures as John Rogers, John Saltmarsh, William Franklin, Isaac Penington the younger, Anna Trapnel, Abiezer Coppe, Jacob Bauthumley, Mrs Richard Baxter, Thomas Traherne, William Deusbury, Edward Burrough, John Crook, George Fox, Archibald Johnston of Wariston (171–5, 182–3).

¹⁰ Lindsay, John Bunyan, chs. 8 and 9; Robert Crowley, An Information and Peticion agaynst the Oppressours of the Pore Commons of this Realme (1548), sig. A 8.

¹¹ Edward Burrough, Good Counsel and Advice Rejected (1659), in Works (1672), 563; Winstanley, The Law of Freedom and Other Writings (Cambridge UP, 1983), 306; The Works of Gerrard Winstanley, ed. G. H. Sabine (Cornell UP, 1941), 673–5; cf. 353. See also my ‘Pottage for Freeborn Englishmen: Attitudes to Wage-Labour’, in Change and Continuity in Seventeenth-Century England (1975), and ed. A. S. P. Woodhouse (1938), Puritanism and Liberty, 53, 69.

¹² PP, 11, 122, 127–8.

¹³ MW v. 23, 49, 100, 175; cf. Profitable Meditations (1663?), in Poems, 6, 9.

¹⁴ MW xi. 183–6. See Lev. 25.

¹⁵ [Anon.], The Life and Death of Mr Vavasor Powell (1671), 2; M. Spufford, Contrasting Communities: English Villages in the Sixteenth and Seventeenth Centuries (Cambridge UP, 1974), 231–2. This recalls the opening of PP, and may derive from it. Defoe had spoken of ‘wickedness established by a law’, The Earlier Life and Works of Daniel Defoe, ed. H. Morley (1889), 166.

¹⁶ The point about bell-ringing and dancing was not made in the first edition.

¹⁷ This passage was not in the first edition.

¹⁸ Dent, 294–315; MER, 308–9, 313.

7. Ranters and Quakers

¹ GA, 31.

² C. Ginzburg, The Cheese and the Worms (Eng. trans., 1980), 30, 43, 101.

³ MW i. 333, 342–3; cf. Some Gospel-truths, ibid. 19–23.

⁴ GA, 102; Poems, 44, 64.

⁵ Christ a Complete Saviour, Offor, i. 210; PP, 63–4.

⁶ See Appendix.

⁷ MW i. 16–20; cf. 99, 112, 138–9.

⁸ A. L. Morton, The World of the Ranters (1970), ch. 4; WTUD, 227–30; J. F. McGregor, ‘Ranterism and the Development of Early Quakerism’, Journal of Religious History, 9 (1977).

⁹ MW iii. 157, 228, 247; cf. pp. xxii–xxiii, xlvi, 199, 269–70; Offor, ii. 417; The Resurrection of the Dead (1665), Offor, ii. 106; The Heavenly Foot-man (posthumous), MW v. 152–3, 156; Mr. B., Offor, iii. 646, 653; HW, 121, 155, 275; A Case of Conscience Resolved (1683), Offor, ii. 664. Cf. Some Gospel-truths, MW i. 16–20, 99–112; A Few Sighs from Hell (1658), ibid. 381–2; Law and Grace (1659), MW ii. 156–8, 170–1, 194; Light for them that sit in Darkness (1675), MW viii. 128; Saved by Grace (1676), ibid. 208–9; A Treatise of the Fear of God (1679), MW ix. 105; The Greatness of the Soul (1682), ibid. 221–2: The Pharisee and the Publican (1685), MW x. 135.

¹⁰ Offor, ii. 417; PP, 226; cf. Bunyan’s Traherne-like poem, ‘Upon Time and Eternity’, in A Book for Boys and Girls (1686), Poems, 268.

¹¹ Law and Grace (1659), MW ii. 157–8; The Jerusalem Sinner Saved (1688), MW xi. 63–6; cf. The Acceptable Sacrifice (1689), Offor, i. 706, 713.

¹² Edward Burrough, To the Parliament of the Commonwealth of England (1659–60), 3. See Barry Reay, The Quakers and the English Revolution (1985), ch. 5.

¹³ Bunyan, A Confession of My Faith (1670–1), Offor, ii; H.J. Cadbury, ‘John Bunyan and the Quakers’, Journal of the Friends’ Historical Soc., 52 (1968), 47. See p. 292 below.

¹⁴ H. G. Tibbutt, ‘John Crook, 1617–99: A Bedfordshire Quaker’, PBHRS 25 (1947), 110–16; W. C. Braithwaite, The Beginnings of Quakerism (1912), 152, 186; ed. N. Penney, First Publishers of Truth (1907), 6–7, 194; Fox, Journal, ed. Penney (1901), i. 250; MW i. p. xxiv. Crook was for a time in the 1660s to follow the Quaker heretic, John Perrot (Early Quaker Writings, 1650–1700, ed. H. Barbour and A. O. Roberts (Grand Rapids, Mich. 1973), 512).

¹⁵ MW i. 123–4, 138, 183, 217; Mr B., Offor, iii. 627; HW, 121; The Resurrection of the Dead, MW iii. 214. Francis Osborne agreed that atheism was impossible (Miscellaneous Works, Essays, 28).

¹⁶ A Few Sighs from Hell (1658), MW i. 333, 343; Some Gospel-truths (1656), ibid. 99, 112; A Vindication (1657), ibid. 138.

¹⁷ Some Gospel-truths, MW i. 16–20; A Vindication, ibid. 138–40, 217; cf. A Few Sighs from Hell, ibid. 381–2.

¹⁸ A Vindication, ibid. 139; [T. Collier], A Looking-Glasse for the Quakers, 7; Reliquiae Baxterianae (1696), i. 77; cf. E. Pagitt, Heresiography (5th edn., 1654), 143–4; Law and Grace (1659), MW ii. 156–8, 170–1, 194.

¹⁹ Law and Grace, MW ii. 209–10; A Vindication, MW i. 123–9, 176–7; The Strait Gate(1676), MW v. 127.

²⁰ Burrough, Works (1672), 136–52, 275–309; MW i. 145–6, 159, 165, 175, 195.

²¹ Burrough, Works, 302–7; cf. 151; MW i. 59–61, 73, 85–6, 99, 114–15, 123–33, 217; G.F., The Great Mistery of the Great Whore Unfolded (1659), 8–13, 52, 205–11. The 374 pages of this folio tome are wholly concerned with answering hundreds of critics of Quakerism; Collier, A Looking-Glass for the Quakers, 4.

²² Bunyan, Questions about the Nature and Perpetuity of the Seventh-Day Sabbath (1658), Offor, ii. 362; MW i. 24–6, 211.

²³ R. H. Popkin, ‘Spinoza, the Quakers and the Millenarians, 1656–1658’, Manuscrito, 6 (Brazil, 1982), 132; ‘Spinoza and the Conversion of the Jews’, Spinoza’s Political and Theological Thought, ed. C. de Deugd (Amsterdam, 1984), 174; WTUD, 266–7.

8. Early Writings

¹ ‘To the Reader’, prefixed to Some Gospel-truths Opened (1656), Bunyan’s first published work (MW i. 11).

² S. Fisher, The Testimony of Truth Exalted (1679), 650 (1st pub. 1660); Fox, Epistles (1662), 222, quoted in R. B. Schlatter, The Social Ideas of Religious Leaders (Oxford UP, 1940), 242. (Figures in brackets in this section refer to pages in MW i.).

³ Mr. B. (1680), Offor, iii. 651.

⁴ V. G. Kiernan, ‘The Covenanters: A Problem of Creed and Class’, in History from Below: Studies in Popular Protest and Popular Ideology in Honour of George Rudé, ed. F. Krantz (Montreal, 1985), 111.

⁵ PP, 121; Offor, i. 613–14; cf.611.

⁶ W. Lamont, Richard Baxter and the Millennium (1979), 143.

⁷ Sermons or Homilies Appointed to be read in Churches (Oxford UP, 1802), 75, 179; see for instance Lilburne, Walwyn, Winstanley, the Baptist John Pendarves, the Ranters Lawrence Clarkson and George Foster, the Quakers Parnell, Fox, Farnsworth, Nayler, the anonymous The Husbandmans Plea against Tithes (1647) and England’s Troublers Troubled (1648) and the millenarian John Mason. See also Tindall, 110–11, 253–4. It started perhaps in the early fifteenth century with the Lollard Dives and Pauper.

⁸ The Journeys of Celia Fiennes, 340–1.

⁹ Ironically, in attacking the vices of the rich Bunyan found himself in agreement with Quakers.

9. Bunyan and the Bedford Congregation

¹ A Garden Inclosed (1647), 49.

² GA, 171; Brown, 87, 92, 222; J. Hobson Thomas, ‘Bunyan the Baptist’, Baptist Quarterly, 4 (1928), 97–8.

³ Tibbutt, Minutes, 15, 20; Brown, 89.

⁴ Tibbutt, Minutes, 17, 19–20; Some Gospel-truths, MW i. 134.

⁵ Genesis, Offor, ii. 425; Christian Behaviour, MW iii. 10, 54; cf. The Barren Fig-tree (1673), MW v. 20, 64. See pp. 53–5 above.

⁶ The Jerusalem Sinner (1688), MW xi. 67; cf. Genesis, Offor, ii. 425–6; PP, 202.

⁷ The Barren Fig-tree, MW v. 15, 20, 44; cf. Gordon Campbell, ‘The Theology of The Pilgrim’s Progress’, Newey, 252.

⁸ PP, 46; Campbell, ‘Theology’, 251–3; Offor, i. 757–8, ii. 449–50, 605–6.

⁹ Brown, 203, 205; M. Mullet, ‘The Internal Politics of Bedford, 1660–1688’, PBHRS 59 (1980), 6; cf. M. F. Hewett, ‘John Gibbs, 1627–1699’, Baptist Quarterly, NS 3 (1927), 319; G. R. Cragg, Puritanism in the Period of the Great Persecution, 1660–1688 (Cambridge UP, 1957), 159–60.

¹⁰ Brown, 13, 77, 81–5, 102, 202–3, 205; The Minute-Book of Bedford Corporation 1647–1660, ed. G. Parsloe, PBHRS 26 (1949), p. xxxii; Sharrock, 29; Colonel John Okey, 1606–1660, ed. Tibbutt, PBHRS 35 (1955), 50–1, 56n. For Freeman see WTUD, 200–1.

¹¹ Parsloe, Minute-Book, p. xxiv; Brown, 95–6. There were other John Bunyans in Bedfordshire, and it has been argued that the tinker was too socially inferior to have signed. But the consensus of opinion seems now to be that it was in fact our John Bunyan.

¹² Tibbutt, Okey, 86–9; Brown, 101–4; MW i. pp. xxvi, 399.

¹³ Tibbutt, Minutes, 10–37.

¹⁴ Marjorie Reeves, The Influence of Prophecy in the Later Middle Ages (Oxford UP, 1969), passim. See my Antichrist in Seventeenth-Century England (Oxford UP, 1971), ch. 1; ‘“Till the Conversion of the Jews”’, Religion and Politics in Seventeenth-Century England (Brighton, 1986), ch. 13.

¹⁵ Dent, The Ruine of Rome, sig. aa-aa2, 262; cf. sig. aa3.

¹⁶ W. Prynne, The Popish Royal Favourite (1643), sig. 2; The Journal of Sir Samuel Luke, Oxford Record Soc. (1950), i. 76.

¹⁷ For instance William Aspinwall, John Brayne, Edward Burrough, John Canne, Mary Cary, Thomas Collier, John Cook, William Erbery, George Fox, Thomas Goodwin, Hanserd Knollys, John Milton, Isaac Penington, Hugh Peter, Robert Purnell, John Sadler, William Sedgwick (MER, 282, 304; my The Experience of Defeat (1984), 52–3, 181).

¹⁸ Puritanism and Liberty, ed. A. S. P. Woodhouse (1938), 234.

¹⁹ John Goodwin, Anti-Cavalierisme (1642), 31, in Tracts on Liberty in the Puritan Revolution, 1638–1647, ed. W. Haller (Columbia UP, 1933), ii; Marshall, Reformation and Desolation (1642), 45.

²⁰ Religion and Politics in Seventeenth-Century England, ch. 11.

²¹ M. Cary, The Little Horns Doome and Downfall, 133, 201, 238, 285–317; Fox, Newes Coming up out of the North (1654), 11; Rogers, Ohel (1653), 11, 22–3; Mr Tillinghasts 8 Last Sermons (1655), 219; Edwards, Gangraena, iii. 148; Thurloe State Papers, v. 755; [Anon.], The Failing and Perishing of Good Men (1663), 13–14. I owe many of these references to B. S. Capp, The Fifth Monarchy Men: A Study in Seventeenth-Century English Millenarianism (1972), 143.

²² MER, 282.

²³ Greaves, Deliver Us from Evil (Oxford UP, 1986), 228 and passim; MW xi. p. xxxix; HW, pp. xii-xiii. For Jessey and Simpson see Greaves, Index.

²⁴ MW xi. p. xxxix; Greaves, ‘John Bunyan and the Fifth Monarchists’, Albion, 3 (1981), 84.

²⁵ Tibbutt, Minutes, 29–30.

²⁶ Cokayne, Flesh Expiring and the Spirit Inspiring in the New Earth: Or God Himself supplying the room of withered Powers (1648), 14–18, 26–8; Ruth Spalding, The Improbable Puritan: A Life of Bulstrode Whitelocke, 1605–1675 (1975), 142, 238–9, 248, 294–5. For Whitelocke see pp. 189n., 290 below.

²⁷ MW xi. pp. x-xli; Thurloe State Papers, vi. 87; Tibbutt, Minutes, 29–30; MW i. p. xxiv; Calamy Revised, ‘Cokayne’; Greaves, Deliver Us from Evil, 57, 62, 97, 125, 211; C. B. Cockett, ‘George Cokayn’, Trans. Congregational Historical Soc., 12 (1935), 225–30; Offor, i. 686–8. Cokayne was chaplain to Bulstrode Whitelocke and Charles Fleetwood. Whitelocke was elected MP for Bedford in 1654, but chose another seat.

²⁸ Of Antichrist and his Ruin, Offor, ii. 53–4, 79; Genesis, Offor, ii. 419; HW, 275; see my Antichrist in Seventeenth-Century England, 5–6, 41–2, 48, 57–9, 93–6, 109–10, 119–20, 131, 144, 147; cf. 47, 74–5; MER, 237, 281, 307; Owen, ‘A Discourse about Toleration’, annexed to A Sermon Preached to … the House of Commons, 31 Jan. 1649, 93.

²⁹ MW xi, pp. xxxvii, 194; cf. xl-xli; MW i. 84, 99; cf. 82: ‘his coming will be very shortly’. Bunyan would no doubt have added Diggers to those who mock at the Second Coming if he had read Winstanley.

³⁰ MW i. 362.

10. Preaching and Imprisonment

¹ The Wofull lamentation of Edward Smith, a poore penitent primer in the jayle of Bedford (1613–33?), The Roxburghe Ballads, ii, ed. W. Chappell (Hertford, 1874), 465–9.

² Burrough, Truth (the Strongest of all) Witnessed forth … against all deceit (1657), in Works, 304; GA, 84–91, 164.

³ GA, 83–92.

⁴ PP, 10, 86; Law and Grace, MW ii. 135; Instruction for the Ignorant (1675), MW viii, 32–3; GA, 29.

⁵ But see now Midgley’s Introduction to MW v. pp. xxii-xxxvii.

⁶ The Jerusalem Sinner, MW xi, passim; The Strait Gate, MW v. 80–8, 147–8; GA, 63; Come, and Welcome (1678), MW viii. 340–1.

⁷ [Anon.], Dirt wipt off (1672), title-page.

⁸ Barry Reay, The Quakers and the English Revolution (1985), Pt. III.

⁹ Whitley, ‘Militant Baptists, 1660–1672’, Trans. Baptist Historical Soc., 1 (1908–9); Greaves, Deliver Us from Evil (Oxford UP, 1986), 15, and passim.

¹⁰ GA, 93, 97, 165; see also A Few Sighs from Hell, MW i. 248, 258.

¹¹ A. Gramsci, The Modern Prince and Other Writings, ed. L. Marks (1957), 55.

¹² GA, 84–5, 91–2, 120, 130; Law and Grace, MW ii. 158.

¹³ GA, 126.

¹⁴ Ibid. 128; Lilburne, Liberty Vindicated against Slavery, in Leveller Manifestoes of the Puritan Revolution, ed. D. M. Wolfe (Princeton UP, 1944), 11; Winstanley, Fire in the Bush (1650), in The Law of Freedom and Other Writings (Cambridge UP, 1983), 239.

¹⁵ E. Stockdale, ‘A Study of Bedford Prison, 1660 to 1877’, PBHRS 61 (1982), 8; GA, 120–2, 127

¹⁶ Stockdale, ‘Sir John Kelyng, Chief Justice of the King’s Bench, 1665–1671’, PBHRS 59 (1980), 46–50; The Diary of John Milward, ed. Caroline Robbins (Cambridge UP, 1938), 159–60, 163, 166–70, 187; G. Burnet, The History of My Own Time, ed. O. Airy (Oxford UP, 1897), i. 326; Greaves, Deliver Us from Evil, 191; Brown, 142; Clarendon, The History of the Rebellion (Oxford UP, 1888), vi. 93. Bob Owens kindly helped me with Kelyng.

¹⁷ GA, 95, 99–100, 118–19, 122–3.

11. Adapting to the Restoration

¹ Samson Agonistes (1671), 1. 695.

² I will Pray with the Spirit (1662?), MW ii. 253.

³ Letters from Dorothy Osborne to Sir William Temple, 143.

⁴ HW, op. cit., quoted in J. Frank, Hobbled Pegasus: A Descriptive Bibliography of Minor English Poetry, 1641–1660 (New Mexico UP, 1968), 398. ‘Blue-apron’ indicates craftsmen, artisans. For ‘apron-men’ see Coriolanus, IV. vi. 27.

⁵ [Anon.], The Cause of God and of These Nations (1659), ch. 1, passim and p. 13, quoted in A. Woolrych, MCPW, vii. 22; Memoirs of the Verney Family, ed. F. P. and M. M. Verney (1892–9), iii. 444; Clarendon, History of the Rebellion, vi. 176.

⁶ My Reformation to Industrial Revolution, 140–1, 178; Mr. B., Offor, iii. 593. The reference is to Luke 24:20.

⁷ MW i.256–7; cf. Offor, iii. 699, 712, 714. For increased enclosure in Bedfordshire after 1660 see Joyce Godber, History of Bedfordshire, 1066–1888 (Bedfordshire County Council, 1969), 255.

⁸ Baxter, The Holy Commonwealth (1659), 226–7; Thurloe State Papers, vi. 704; Thomas Venner, A Door of Hope (1661), 8; Memoirs of Thomas, Earl of Ailesbury (Roxburghe Club, 1890), ii. 442.

⁹ E. Hughes, Studies in Administration and Finance (1934), 124; W. Kennedy, English Taxation, 1640–1799 (1913), 67; Petty Papers, ed. Lansdowne (1927), i. 7; Monck, Observations upon Military and Political Affairs (1671), 145–6.

¹⁰ A Few Sighs from Hell, MW i. 258, 284, 295–6, 399; Brown, 113, 120.

¹¹ Osborne, Miscellaneous Works, i. 94.

¹² Barry Reay, ‘The Quakers, 1659, and the Restoration of the Monarchy’, History, 63 (1978); id., ‘Popular Hostility towards Quakers in Mid-Seventeenth-Century England’, Social History, 5 (1980); id., The Quakers and the English Revolution (1985); Ronald Hutton, The Restoration: A Political and Religious History of England and Wales, 1658–1667 (Oxford UP, 1985), follows Reay.

¹³ Op. cit. 3, 67, 159, 197, and passim.

¹⁴ MER, 369.

¹⁵ [Anon.], A true and impartial narrative of some Illegal and Arbitrary Proceedings by certain Justices of the Peace and others, against several innocent and Peaceable Nonconformists in and near the Town of Bedford (1670). Brown thought this pamphlet was printed by Francis Smith, Bunyan’s printer. See also Brown, 205–9; Offor, ii. 216; M. Mullet, ‘The Internal Politics of Bedford, 1660–1688, PBHRS 59 (1980), 3–6; G. E. Page, ‘Baptist Churches in the Bedford Area’, Baptist Quarterly, NS 14 (1951–2), 325.

¹⁶ Sir Peter Leicester, Charges to the Grand Jury at Quarter Sessions, 1660–1677, ed. E. M. Halcrow, Chetham Soc., 3rd Ser. v (1953), 91; cf. 93; Greaves, Deliver Us from Evil (Oxford UP, 1986), 12; J. Simmons, ‘Some Letters from Bishop Ward of Exeter, 1663–1667’, Devon and Cornwall Notes and Queries, 21 (1940–1), 285. I owe this reference to the unpublished Exeter D.Phil. thesis by P. W. Jackson, Nonconformity and Society in Devon, 1660–1689 (1986), 124; H. Newcome, Autobiography, ed. R. Parkinson, Chetham Soc. (1852), 145.

¹⁷ MW x. 63; Poems, 47. ‘Profest’ means ‘made profession of religion’.

¹⁸ GA, 164–5; PP, 34–5.

¹⁹ The Holy City (1665), MW iii. 154; Dell, Several Sermons and Discourses (1709), esp. 138.

²⁰ GA, 89; The Resurrection of the Dead, MW iii. 204–5, 261, 275; Israel’s Hope Encouraged, Offor, i. 581.

²¹ The Holy City, MW iii. 136–40; A Treatise of the Fear of God (1680), MW ix. 121; Advice to Sufferers (1684), MW x, passim; Brown, 166–7; Colonel John Okey, 1606–1660, ed. Tibbutt, PBHRS 35 (1955), 154.

²² Paul Slack, The Impact of Plague in Tudor and Stuart England (1985), 225. For conditions in jails see G. R. Cragg, Puritanism in the Period of the Great Persecution, 1660–1688 (Cambridge UP, 1957), ch. 4; Godber, The Story of Bedford: An Outline History (Luton, 1978), 97.

²³ GA, 128–30; Brown, 154, 158–60; Sharrock, 46; Israel’s Hope Encouraged (posthumous), Offor, i. 581. See pp. 130–5 below.

²⁴ Greaves, ‘John Bunyan’s The Holy War’, Baptist Quarterly, 26 (1975); Mr. B., Offor, iii. 610. The story of the woman visitor is told by Mr. Wiseman, but the experience was clearly Bunyan’s.

²⁵ E. Stockdale, ‘A Study of Bedford Prison, 1660 to 1877’, PBHRS 56 (1977), 14–16, 70–1; Fox, Journal, ed. Penney (1901), 358. Nehemiah was son of Benjamin Coxe who ran a congregational meeting at Bedford in 1643. The son, a cordwainer or shoemaker, was licensed to preach as a Baptist at Maulden in 1672 (Page, ‘Baptist Churches in the Bedford Area’, 271, 276, 327).

²⁶ H. J. Cadbury, ‘John Bunyan and the Quakers’, Journal of the Friends’ Historical Soc., 52 (1968), 47; cf. ibid. 10 (1915), 290–1; Offor, ii. 614; cf. 634. Published in 1683, probably written c. 1670–1.

²⁷ The Holy City (1665), MW iii. 77; Greaves, ‘The Organizational Response of Nonconformity to Repression and Indulgence: The Case of Bedfordshire’, Church History, 44 (1975), 1–13.

²⁸ Newey, 110; Law and Grace (1659), MW ii. 139 (praemunire, replieve), 143 (indenting), 161 (throw over the bar); The Advocateship of Jesus Christ (posthumous), MW xi (replevy), 154 (supersedeas), 164 (demur), 169 (nonsuit), 184 (feoffee in trust), 190 (in forma pauperis), 160–1 (litigation); A Relation of My Imprisonment, GA, 107, 112–13 (mittimus, bill of indictment, writ of error); The Pharisee and the Publican (1685), Offor, ii. 239 (caveat); MW xi. p. xxxiv; HW, 265n.

²⁹ Holmes, ‘Drainers and Fenmen: The Problem of Popular Political Consciousness in the Seventeenth Century’, in Order and Disorder in Early Modern England, ed. A. Fletcher and J. Stevenson (Cambridge UP, 1985), 166–95; Prest, ‘The English Bar, 1550–1700’, in Lawyers in Early Modern Europe and America, ed. Prest (1981), 71–2; Prest, The Rise of the Barristers, ch. 2.

12. The Tinker and the Latitudinarians

¹ A. S. Turberville, A History of Welbeck Abbey and its Owners, i. 1559–1715 (1938), 60, 173–6.

² (To the Reader), prefixed to Bunyan’s A Few Sighs from Hell (1658).

³ WTUD, 19–24, 331, 348–9, 354; Brown, 202–3, 208, 215, 396, 411–12.

⁴ MW i. 315, 336, 340, 373; MW ii. 46. Cf. ch. 23 (iii) below.

⁵ I will Pray with the Spirit (1662?), MW ii. 284; The Holy City (1665), MW iii. 165–9, 85, 138.

⁶ Ebal and Gerizzim (1665?), in Poems, 177; Evelyn, Diary, 10 Mar. 1682; Offor, i. 600.

⁷ HW, 91, 121–3; Offor, ii. 54; Capp, ‘Popular Literature’, in Popular Culture in Seventeenth-Century England, ed. B. Reay (1985), 220.

⁸ Tindall, 105.

⁹ MW viii. 373; Mr. B., Offor, iii. 594, 618–19, 624, 632–3, 638, 644; The Greatness of the Soul (1682), MW ix. 236. Cf. PP, quoted on p. 224 below.

¹⁰ MW x. 115–16, 184; The Advocateship of Jesus Christ, MW xi. 205–6.

¹¹ The Desire of the Righteous Granted (posthumous), Offor, i. 759; MW v. 177; cf. 165; Offor, i. 735.

¹² MW xi. 29, 80–1. Bunyan finds it necessary to add that such doctrine does not lead to looseness.

¹³ Tibbutt, Minutes, 57–60; Offor, iii. 537.

¹⁴ Dent, esp. 189–210; Bayly, esp. 116–18; Bernard, The Isle of Man (1803), esp. 70–5, 150–62, 178–85 (1st pub. 1627); Dell, Several Sermons and Discourses (1709), 87–91 and passim.

¹⁵ In what I say about Latitudinarians I am not trying to give a balanced account of their views, but to explain the reasons for the fierce mutual antipathy between them and Bunyan. For a sympathetic contemporary opinion see G. Burnet, The History of My Own Time, ed. O. Airy (Oxford UP, 1897), i. 334–41.

¹⁶ Op. cit. 75, 143, 199, 333. Bunyan’s younger brother, Thomas, lived at Northill.

¹⁷ Fowler, The Design, 274–7; Bunyan, A Defence of the Doctrine of Justification (1672), Offor, ii. 286, 292, 296–301, 305–6, 323–4, 331–4; MW viii, p. xliii; cf. 395–9, and Offor, i. 614: Israel’s Hope Encouraged.

¹⁸ A Defence, Offor, ii. 304, 313–14, 322; cf. Prison Meditations (1665?), in Poems, 46–7, quoted on p. 119 above; The Strait Gate (1676)-’the temporizing Latitudinarian’, ‘his religion turning this way and that way’ (MW v. 125–6). Cf. a contemporary ballad, The Turn-coat of the times, in The Roxburghe Ballads, iv. 517.

¹⁹ A Defence, Offor, ii. 281, 319, 322; L.J. Trinterud, ‘A.D. 1689: The End of the Clerical World’, in Theology in Sixteenth and Seventeenth Century England, ed. W. Hudson and L. J. Trinterud (Los Angeles, 1971), 41; cf. D. D. Wallace, Puritans and Predestination: Grace in English Protestant Theology, 1525–1695 (N. Carolina UP, 1982), 127.

²⁰ Parker, Discourse, pp. vi. 18, 221; A Defence and Continuation of the Ecclesiastical Polity (1671), 541. For reactions to Parker see R. Ashcraft, Revolutionary Politics and Locke’s Two Treatises of Government (Princeton UP, 1986), ch. 2. Ashcraft argues that refuting Parker’s arguments played a great part in the evolution of Locke’s political thought (ibid. ch. 3).

²¹ Dirt wipt off … [against] John Bunyan, lay-preacher in Bedford (1672), 40, 70, and passim.

²² Offor, ii. 654. The reference was not to Fowler.

²³ Marvell, The Rehearsal Transpros’d, ed. D. I. B. Smith (Oxford UP, 1971), esp. 42, 92, 96, 107, 310–11; J. R. Jacob, Henry Stubbe: Radical Protestantism and the Early Enlightenment (Cambridge UP, 1983), 140–1; Rochester, Complete Poems, ed. D. M. Veith (Yale UP, 1968), 75–6; my Writing and Revolution in Seventeenth- Century England (Brighton, 1985), 283–4, 302–4; Brown, 355.

²⁴ PP, 99, 102, 123–5, 144–9, 162–3; Tindall, 62–3; Sharrock, 18, 92–3, 191. Ignorance has much in common with the character Antilegon in Dent’s The Plaine Mans Path-way. Hold-the-world’s speech was added in the third edition of 1679.

²⁵ Wilkins, Of the Principles and Duties of Natural Religion (1675), Bk. 11, 342, 383. This posthumous work was edited by Tillotson. (I owe this reference to Dr Isabel Rivers); Offor, i. 617.

²⁶ Wallace, Puritans and Predestination, 170–1. See Pepys, Diary, 23 Aug. 1668; Evelyn, Diary, 12 Jan. 1672, 23 May 1688; cf. 9 July 1675, 30 Mar. 1690; Bull, Works (Oxford UP, 1846), i. 357–71.

²⁷ M. C. Jacob, The Newtonians and the English Revolution, 1689–1720 (Hassocks, 1976), 51; J. R. Jacob, Henry Stubbe, passim. See now M. C. Jacob, The Cultural Meaning of the Scientific Revolution (New York, 1988) chs. 3 and 4: ‘Christianized self-interest’ (p. iii).

²⁸ See for instance Carolyn Merchant, The Death of Nature: Women, Ecology and the Scientific Revolution (San Francisco, 1980), passim; and Brian Easlee, Witch-Hunting, Magic and the New Philosophy: An Introduction to Debates of the Scientific Revolution (Brighton, 1980), passim.

²⁹ GA, 112; Shakespeare, The Taming of the Shrew, Induction, i. ‘Richard Conqueror’ no doubt relates to Manningham’s anecdote about Shakespeare and Burbage: ‘William the Conqueror was before Richard the Third’, Diary, ed. J. Bruce, Camden Soc. (1868).

³⁰ Shakespeare, 1 Henry IV, II. iv. 15–20; Richard Bancroft, Dangerous Positions (1593), 44; Laud, Works (Oxford UP, 1847–60), vi, pt. i. 57; Sir Thomas Overbury, Characters (1614), in Character Writings of the Seventeenth Century, ed. H. Morley (1891), 53–4.

³¹ [Anon.], The Tinker of Turvey (1630), in Short Fiction of the Seventeenth Century, ed. C. C. Mish (New York, 1963), 118–22; cf. A Jovial Tinker (1616), The Pepys Ballads, ed. H. E. Rollins (Harvard UP, 1923), i. 102–8; Brown, 29–30. The drunkenness of tinkers is emphasized by Henry Glapthorne (The Lady Mother (1635), 1. i; III. i) and in ballads; (J. A. Sharpe, ‘Plebeian Marriage in Stuart England: Some Evidence from Popular Literature’, TRHS, 5th Ser. 36 (1986), 79). One version of The Taming of the Shrew (1594) ends with tinker Sly shown as unable to control his own wife (Lisa Jardine, Still Harping on Daughters: Women and Drama in the Age of Shakespeare (Brighton, 1983), 136). ‘Tinker’s dog’ was the ultimate abuse hurled at a village constable delivering a summons (Joan R. Kent, The English Village Constable, 1580–1642: A Social and Administrative Study (Oxford UP, 1986), 255).

³² [Anon.], The Country-Mans Case And the Citizens Feare (1641), 3–4; John Taylor, A Swarme of Sectaries and Schismatics (1641), 27; Ryves, Angliae Ruina, 27; Mercurius Elencticus, 21 Apr.-8 May 1649: ‘cobblers, tinkers, broom-men, button makers’; Mercurius Pragmaticus, 5–12 June 1649: ‘base brewers, tinkers, mechanic slaves’; [Anon.], England’s Murthering Monsters, c. 1650: ‘tinker and tailor’; Mercurius Fumigosus, 21–28 Mar. 1655: ‘broom-men, draymen, tinkers, porters and the meanest mechanics’. All the above are quoted in Tindall, 245.

³³ Quoted in David Underdown, Revel, Riot and Rebellion: Popular Politics and Culture in England, 1603–1660 (Oxford UP, 1985), 180.

³⁴ Cleveland, The Character of a London Diurnal, in Works (1687), 91. See also J. W. Willis-Bund, ‘A Civil War Parliament Soldier: “Tinker Fox”’, Associated Architectural Societies’ Reports and Papers, 25 (1899–1900), 373, 403; Overton, An Arrow against All Tyrants (1646), 19–20; cf. The Araignement of Mr. Persecution (1645), 18; E. Chillenden, Preaching without Ordination (1647), 6–7.

³⁵ Gascoigne, The Steele Glas (1576); Overbury, Characters, 54; cf. Samuel Butler, Hudibras (1662), Pt. I, canto ii; [Anon. (?T. Smith)], A Gagg for the Quakers (1659), uses the jest against Bunyan.

³⁶ Hobbes, English Works, ed. Sir W. Molesworth (1839–45), iv. 235–6; Tindall, 7.

³⁷ Goodall, The Royal College of Physicians (1672), sig. A4; cf. The Royal College of Physicians Vindicated (1676); John Eachard, The Grounds and Occasions of the Contempt of the Clergy (1670), 74; Ashcraft, Revolutionary Politics, 301.

³⁸ Baxter, The Poor Husbandman’s Advocate to Rich Racking Landlords, ed. F. J. Powicke, Bull. of the John Rylands Library, 10 (1926); Colonel John Okey, 1606–1660, ed. Tibbutt, PBHRS, 35 (1955), 80; M. Spufford, ‘Dissenting Churches in Cambridgeshire from 1660 to 1700’, Proceedings of the Cambridgeshire Antiquarian Soc., 61 (1968), 88; C. Doe, The Struggler (1691), in Offor, iii. 765.

³⁹ GA, 170; Denne, The Quaker no Papist (1659), sig. A 2; Fenstanton Records, 377; Brown, 117–18; The Holy City (1665), MW iii. 171–2; Solomon’s Temple Spiritualized (1688), Offor, iii. 464. Cf. the epigraph to this chapter.

⁴⁰ A Few Sighs from Hell, MW i. 304; Light for them that sit in Darkness (1675), MW viii. 49–51; HW, 251.

⁴¹ J. W. Martin, “‘The first that Made Separation from the Reformed Church of England”’, Archiv fur Reformationsgeschichte, 77 (1986), 290; 2 Henry VI, IV. vii; Susan Staves, Players’ Scepters: Fictions of Authority in the Restoration (Nebraska UP, 1979), 184.

⁴² J. Morgan, Godly Learning: Puritan Attitudes towards Reason, Learning and Education, 1560–1640 (Cambridge UP, 1986), 130.

⁴³ See WTUD, 303; MER, 423–4; Religion and Politics, 44–5, for more on this; Dell, Several Sermons, 246; cf. 264, 273, 297, 516, 600.

⁴⁴ MW i. 345. I have ventured to substitute ‘muzzle’ for the text’s ‘nuzzle’.

⁴⁵ Law and Grace (1659), MW ii. 16; GA, 3; PP, 335; HW, 51–2.

⁴⁶ Differences in Judgment about Water Baptism, No Bar to Communion (1673), Offor, ii. 617–18; PP, 229.

⁴⁷ Poems, xix.

⁴⁸ Ibid. xxxiii, 143, 320; PP, 295, 351; Donaldson, Notes and Queries, NS 29 (1982), 142–3. For Lovelace see p. 267 below.

⁴⁹ Godolphin, Poems, ed. W. Dighton (Oxford UP, 1931), 28–9; PP, 123.

⁵⁰ Francis Thynn, The Debate between Pride and Lowliness, ed. J. P. Collier (1841), 65–6. Collier dates this poem before 1568.

⁵¹ Offor, iii. 385, 65. For Glapthorne see pp. 136n. above, 326 below.

⁵² MW ii, p. xiv; Offor, i, p. lxvii; ii. 281, 319; Tindall, 193–5; PP, 7, 313; HW, 5. 254.

13. The Church after the Restoration

¹ Justification by an Imputed Righteousness (posthumous), Offor, i. 327.

² Christian Doctrine (posthumous), MCPW, vi. 123.

³ Brown, 83, 96; Joyce Godber, The Story of Bedford: An Outline History (Luton, 1978), 71–2; Burrough, Works, 151, 280, 302, 307.

⁴ A Holy Life (1683), MW ix. 290; cf. 260; W.T. Whitley, ‘Militant Baptists’, 198; T. Richards, Wales under the Penal Code, 1662–1687 (1925),9; Godber, History of Bedfordshire, 1066–1888 (Bedfordshire County Council, 1969), 237.

⁵ M. Mullet, ‘The Internal Politics of Bedford, 1660–1688’, PBHRS 59 (1980), 4–5, 37. Coxe was in trouble with the church four years later.

⁶ A Vindication, MW i. 127, 345; cf. 307.

⁷ MW ii. 239, 273, 285; the Common Prayer Book is not commanded in the Word of God.

⁸ HW, 84; Offor, ii. 51, 76, 78, 80; Poems, 285.

⁹ Mullet, ‘Internal Politics’, 3.

¹⁰ Elstow Moot Hall Booklet, No. 2; Brown, 186, 190, 200, 205–9; Tibbutt, Minutes, 7, 38–42, 52, 62–3.

¹¹ A Defence of the Doctrine of Justification by Faith, Offor, ii. 278; MER, 219, 229. Dell had tried to publish his book in 1667, but it was suppressed, and now appeared posthumously.

¹² Instruction for the Ignorant (1675), Prefatory letter; Brown, 267–8; The Greatness of the Soul (1683), ‘first preached in Pinners’ Hall’ (title-page), MW ix. 135.

¹³ The Holy City (1665), MW iii. 65–6; Poems, 275, 280–1.

¹⁴ A Reason of my Practice in Worship (1670–1?), Offor, ii. 615; Tibbutt, Minutes, 50, 55, 127; Poems, 308–17.

¹⁵ Ebal and Gerizzim (1665?), Poems, 110; cf. One Thing is Needful (1665?), ibid. 68.

¹⁶ Kempston, Maulden, Cotton End, Edworth, and Gamlingay were daughter-churches.

¹⁷ A Continuation of Mr. Bunyan’s Life, GA, 169. Cf. R. L. Greaves, ‘The Organizational Response of Nonconformity to Repression and Indulgence: The Case of Bedfordshire’, Church History, 44 (1975), 1–13; Charles Doe, ‘The Struggler’, Offor, iii. 766–7; P. Earle, Monmouth’s Rebels: The Road to Sedgmoor, 1685 (1977). For Meade see pp. 313, 371 below.

¹⁸ [S. Wesley], A Letter from a Country Divine to his Friend in London concerning the Education of the Dissenters in their Private Academies (1703), 4–7. Samuel Wesley, father of John and Charles, was himself at Morton’s Academy in the early ’80s. See p. 371 below, and for Charles II, p. 167.

¹⁹ Greaves, Deliver Us from Evil (Oxford UP, 1986), 211–15, 221.

²⁰ Offor, ii. 54–62, 68, 72–9, 480–1, iii. 507; MW i. 84; Owen, Works, ix. 510.

²¹ Poems, 49; MW iii. 229, 289–91; PP, 160. For Cary and Cokayne see pp. 51, 95–6, and 96–8 above.

²² W. Lamont, ‘Pamphleteering, the Protestant Consensus and the English Revolution’, in Freedom and the English Revolution: Essays in History and Literature, ed. R. C. Richardson and G. M. Ridden (Manchester UP, 1986), 86; George Fox the Younger, A Noble Salutation … unto thee, Charles Stuart (1660), in Early Quaker Writings, 1650–1700, ed. H. Barbour and A. O. Roberts (Grand Rapids, Mich., 1973), 403; MER, 466; Religion and Politics in Seventeenth-Century England (Brighton, 1986), 303–4.

²³ H. More, A Modest Enquiry into the Mystery of Iniquity (1664), sig. A 3v, 185–7. I owe this reference to the unpublished Open University D.Phil. thesis by W. R. Owens, A Critical Edition of John Bunyan’s Posthumously Published Treatise, Of Antichrist and his Ruin. I am grateful to him for giving me a copy. I also owe him thanks for much help in interpreting Bunyan’s thinking about the last times.

²⁴ MW iii. 79–80, 94; cf. The House of the Forest of Lebanon (posthumous): ‘The many petty divisions and names amongst us’, Offor, iii. 524.

²⁵ MW iii. 89, 92, 95–6, 132, 138, 165–9, 171; Brown, 166.

²⁶ See pp. 98–9 above.

14. Some Influences

¹ The Holy City (1665), MW iii. 134.

² GA, 41.

³ Bayly, 445, 455. Foxe was reprinted again in 1641, in three volumes. A copy of this edition, with Bunyan’s name and the date 1662, is in the Pierpont Morgan Library. But it is uncertain whether the name is in Bunyan’s hand (I owe this information to Bob Owens). For Bunyan’s use of Foxe see MW ii. 239, viii. 98, 203, 383; Offor, ii. 78, iii. 532.

⁴ P. Collinson, ‘England and International Calvinism, 1558–1640’, in International Calvinism, 1541–1715, ed. M. Prestwich (Oxford UP, 1985), 215. Foxe was responsible for three other translations of Luther following Galatians.

⁵ Bayly, 407; cf. 105–12, 120, 338; GA, 40–1; Luther, A Commentary on St Paul’s Epistle to the Galatians (1807 repr. of the 1575 trans.), i. 40, 44. This was the translation which Bunyan used.

⁶ Bunyan, Justification by an Imputed Righteousness (posthumous), Offor, i. 317; Luther, Galatians, i. pp. xxx-xxxii, 170–2, 304; cf. 177; Bunyan, Law and Grace, MW ii. 126–30, 154–7, 166; Christian Behaviour, MW iii. 58.

⁷ Luther, Galatians, i. 244–6; ii. 80, 187.

⁸ Luther, Galatians, i. 284; ii. 187–8, 299–300; Reformation Writings of Martin Luther, ed. B. L. Woolf (1952), i. 259.

⁹ Letters of the Lady Brilliana Harley, ed. T. T. Lewis, Camden Soc. (1854), 20. Luther, Lady Harley added interestingly in view of Bunyan’s approach, ‘was instructed in the truth by an old man’.

¹⁰ Bayly, 338; cf. Greaves, John Bunyan (Abingdon, 1969), 117–18, 154–7; Luther, The Bondage of the Will, trans. H. Cole (1823), 23.

¹¹ Dell, Several Sermons and Discourses (1709), 290–1; Rutherford, op. cit. 87–163. See my Religion and Politics in Seventeenth-Century England, ch. 10, passim, and Change and Continuity in Seventeenth-Century England (1975), 90.

¹² M. Hussey, ‘Arthur Dent’s Plaine Mans Path-way to Heaven’, Modern Language Review, 44 (1949), 26; ‘Mr Badman would have been impossible without Dent’, said Roger Sharrock, 98; cf. 112.

¹³ Dent, 5, 22, 116, 132–3, 203–19. Nehemiah Wallington was so impressed by Dent on the use of afflictions that he copied out many pages (Seaver, Wallington’s World, 6; cf. 134).

¹⁴ Dent, 25, 33–4, 267, 289–94, 386–407; Bunyan, The Strait Gate (1676), MW v. 103–21 — few professors saved.

¹⁵ Dent, 77, 107, 121–4, 136, 138, 157, 174, 189–99.

¹⁶ Ibid. 294–320, 408. L. B. Wright rightly stresses Dent’s importance in his Middle-Class Culture in Elizabethan England (N. Carolina UP, 1935), 54–6.

¹⁷ J. E. Bailey, ‘Bishop Lewis Bayly and his Practice of Piety’, Manchester Quarterly, 2 (1883), 204, 208–12; Earle, Microcosmography (1628) in Character Writings of the Seventeenth Century, ed. H. Morley (1893), 195.

¹⁸ Bailey, 216; CSPD, 1625–1626, 355; Paul Christianson, Reformers and Babylon: English Apocalyptic Visions from the Reformation to the Eve of the Civil War (Toronto UP, 1978), 160; Louis du Moulin, Patronus Bonae Fidei (1672), quoted in Bailey, 210–11.

¹⁹ Bayly, 407, sig. A 3v-A4.

²⁰ Ibid. 45–54, 101–12, 120, 338.

²¹ Ibid. 115–18, 157, 178, 180, 192–3, 271–2; Mr. B., Offor, iii. 601. My edition of Bayly reads ‘foggy’ for ‘soggy’.

²² H. F. Sanders, ‘Early Puritanism and Separatism in Nottingham’, Trans. Congregational Historical Soc., 12 (1933–6), 101; Bernard, A Key of Knowledge, 341–3, 128–9.

²³ Op. cit. sig. 5.

²⁴ Op. cit. sig. a 2v-3.

²⁵ Ruth’s Recompense (1628), reprinted in 1865 with R. Stock and S. Torshell’s Commentaries upon Malachi, 35–7; cf. 56–8.

²⁶ Op. cit. (by John Barnard?, ‘newly corrected with additions by Richard Bernard’).

²⁷ The Isle of Man, 70–1, 74–8, 128–9, 158–87. See Wright, Middle-Class Culture, 397–9.

²⁸ L. F. Solt, Saints in Arms, Puritanism and Democracy in Cromwell’s Army (Stanford UP, 1959), 12, 90.

²⁹ E. C. Walker, William Dell, Master Puritan (Cambridge, 1970), 22–3; cf. Brown, 74–6, 118; Dell, Several Sermons, 87, 91, 256, 273, 303, 316–18, 325, 327–8, 391, 396, 440–58, 467; my Change and Continuity, 137–43.

³⁰ Dell, Sermons, 642–8.

³¹ Walker, Dell, 113–16; Dell, Sermons, 290, 590–4, 610–12, 620–2.

³² Tibbutt, ‘John Crook’, 112; Calamy Revised, ‘Dell’.

³³ Brown, 241, 366. Barlow was described by the Earl of Aylesbury, no impartial witness, as hostile in principle to prelacy, ‘being a downright Calvinist’ (Memoirs of Thomas, Earl of Ailesbury, i. 229). Barlow was one of the last seventeenth-century Anglican bishops to denounce the Pope as Antichrist (my Antichrist in Seventeenth-Century England (Oxford UP, 1971), 153).

³⁴ Owen, Works (1850–5), viii. 256–64; cf. 129, 374, 409; ix. 510; W. Lamont, Richard Baxter and the Millennium, 220–1.

³⁵ Owen, Works, iii. 243–5; v. 166, 174; vii. 74–6, 133, 244; viii. 386; xi. 25; xiv. 519–27, 555; cf. xv. 143, 230–61.

³⁶ R. L. Greaves, Deliver Us from Evil, (Oxford UP, 1986), 54, 75; cf. 30, 126. See also my The Experience of Defeat (1984), ch. 6, sect. 1.

³⁷ A Few Sighs from Hell, MW i. 358–9.

³⁸ A Vindication, MW i. 184–5; Law and Grace, MW ii. 166; Offor, ii. 464, 658.

³⁹ The Acceptable Sacrifice (1689), Offor, i. 695.

15. Covenant Theology

¹ ‘The Jaylors Conversion’, in Works (1653), 166–79. Taylor died in 1633, but ‘the iniquity of those times’ prevented his works from being published under Laud.

² Luther, Thirty Four Sermons, trans. William Gace (1747), 143, 219; The Emblem Books of Thomas Jenner, ed. S. Gottlieb (New York, 1983); Owen, A Vision of Unchangeable free mercy (1646).

³ A Confession of my Faith (1672), Offor, ii. 598; The Pharisee and the Publican (1685), MW x. 194.

⁴ D. Zaret, The Heavenly Contract: Ideology and Organization in Pre-Revolutionary Puritanism (Chicago UP, 1985), 163, 203 and ch. 5, passim.

⁵ A Holy Life (1683), MW ix, 282; cf. The Greatness of the Soul (1682), MW ix. 137: one of a thousand, one of five thousand; Profitable Meditations (1661), Poems, 28; One Thing is Needful (1665?), ibid. 76. Arthur Dent thought from one of a hundred to one of a thousand (289). Thomas Shepard suggested one of a thousand (God’s Plot: The Paradoxes of Puritan Piety, ed. M. McGiffert (Massachusetts UP, 1972), 9); Lancelot Andrewes —the great majority (Works (Oxford UP, 1841), v. 191); John Spittlehouse— a quarter might be saved (B. S. Capp, The Fifth-Monarchy Men: A Study in Seventeenth-Century English Millenarianism (1972), 173); Donne, one in three (Sermons, ed. G. R. Potter and E. M. Simpson (Berkeley UP, 1953–63), viii. 372); Muggleton —a half (C. Hill, B. Reay, and W. Lamont, The World of the Muggletonians (1983), 120).

⁶ A Few Sighs from Hell (1658), MW i. 245; GA, 21; The Resurrection of the Dead, MW iii. 274–81; Dent, The Ruine of Rome, 267; Bunyan, Come, and Welcome, to Jesus Christ (1678), MW viii. 243; The Greatness of the Soul (1682), MW ix. 105; The Strait Gate(1676), MW v. 103–21.

⁷ Mildred Campbell, The English Yeoman Under Elizabeth and the Early Stuarts (Yale UP, 1942), 152.

⁸ Midgley, Introd. to MW v. xiii-xxii; cf. Advice to Sufferers (1684), MW x. 59.

⁹ MW ii. 26–8, 88; Come, and Welcome, MW viii. 391; Justification by an Imputed Righteousness (posthumous), Offor, i. 304, 327–30; Christ a Complete Saviour (posthumous), Offor, ii. 332; Tyndale, Doctrinal Treatises, Parker Soc. (Cambridge UP, 1848), passim. For the blend of Lutheranism, Calvinism, and antinomianism in Bunyan’s covenant theology, see esp. R. L. Greaves, John Bunyan (Abingdon, 1969), 105–8; id., ‘The Origins and Early Development of English Covenant Thought’, The Historian (USA, 1968), 32–4.

¹⁰ MW ii. xxv-xxviii, 90, 94, 97–101, 186, 192, 196–8; Israel’s Hope Encouraged (posthumous), Offor, i. 618; cf. HW, 75, 78.

¹¹ The Acceptable Sacrifice (posthumous), Offor, i. 719; Law and Grace, MW ii. 31–44; cf. 57–61, 144, 147–51, 165–6, 170–1, 191–2, 199–201; A Defence of the Doctrine of Justification (1672), Offor, ii. 323, 330–1; cf. 278, 280–1, 333.

¹² A Holy Life (1683), MW ix. 251–4, 262, 326; The Barren Fig-tree, MW v.47; I Will Pray with the Spirit (1662), MW ii. 76, 179–80, 268–9. See ch. 24 (iii), below.

¹³ The Heavenly Foot-man, MW v. 140; cf. 153–5, 160–1; The Advocateship of Jesus Christ (1688), MW xi. 121; The Jerusalem Sinner (1688), 26–8; cf. 38–40. The Pharisee and the Publican (1685) picks up this theme.

¹⁴ GA, 21; Downame, Christian Warfare (1604), 120; Quarles, Divine Fancies (1632), in Complete Works, ed. A. B. Grosart (1880), ii. 223.

¹⁵ Denne, A Conference between a sick man and a minister (1643), 2; cf. Capp, Fifth-Monarchy Men, 94. Tobias Crisp and William Walwyn, among other antinomians, rejected Perkins’s principle (Walwyn, The Power of Love (1643), 19–22, in W. Haller (ed.), Tracts on Liberty in the Puritan Revolution, 1638–1647 (Columbia UP, 1933), ii. For Crisp see Religion and Politics in Seventeenth-Century England (Brighton, 1986), ch. 9. See also Burton, Anatomy of Melancholy (Everyman edn.), iii. 415, 421.

¹⁶ Zaret, Heavenly Contract, 159–60; Law and Grace, MW ii. 17, 97–101, 196–8; cf. pp. xxxi-xxxii, 163, 169–71, 173–88; Come, and Welcome (1678), MW viii. 255–6, 291.

¹⁷ Come, and Welcome, 352–3, 372, 391–2; The Jerusalem Sinner (1688), MW xi. 86–9; Ebal and Gerizzim (1665), Poems, 113; Saved by Grace (1675), MW viii. 225; A Confession of My Faith (1672), Offor, ii. 599–600; HW, 152.

¹⁸ MW ii.80–1, 198–9, 211, 224; cf. 300; The Jerusalem Sinner, MW xi. 89; HW, 54 and passim; cf. Poems, 109–10, 114–15, 154.

¹⁹ MW ii. 174–6, 201, 204; cf. 58–9, 66–8; The Barren Fig-tree (1673), title-page and MW v. 46–7; The Heavenly Foot-man (posthumous), MW v. 140; Poems, 30–1, 111–13, 281; Israel’s Hope Encouraged (posthumous), Offor, i. 588.

²⁰ Luther, Reformation Writings, i. 259; The Advocateship of Jesus Christ (1688), MW xi. 116, 188; Light for them that sit in Darkness (1675), MW viii. 157; The Strait Gate (1676), MW v. 81–6; A Holy Life (1683), MW ix. 347; cf. Justification by an Imputed Righteousness (posthumous), Offor, i. 332–3; The Pharisee and the Publican (1685), MW x. 183–5.

²¹ The Heavenly Foot-man, MW v. 148–9; Christian Behaviour (1663), MW iii. 52; A Holy Life, MW ix. 254, 257; PP, 79–80; Sharrock, 33; Talon, 102.

²² The Desire of the Righteous Granted (posthumous), Offor, i. 758–9; cf. 769.

²³ The Jerusalem Sinner (1688), MW xi. 69; cf. 8, 57, 84–9; Come, and Welcome (1678), MW viii. 255–6, 267, 270–1, 291, 340, 352–3, 391–2; cf. 372; PP, 143; Christ a Complete Saviour (posthumous), Offor, i. 222; cf. Talon, 144.

²⁴ A Defence of the Doctrine of Justification, Offor, ii. 312; The Heavenly Foot-man (posthumous), MW v. 165, 167; cf. PP, 295.

²⁵ HW, 75; Law and Grace, MW ii. 38–9, 58, 99–100, 128, 131, 189–90, 194; cf. 90, and Justification by an Imputed Righteousness (posthumous), Offor, i. 344; GA, passim; Light for them that sit in Darkness (1675), MW viii. 107–47, 194; cf. The Defence of the Doctrine of Justification (1672), Offor, ii. 301; The Pharisee and the Publican (1685), MW x. 214–15; Israel’s Hope Encouraged (posthumous), Offor, i. 605.

²⁶ The Greatness of the Soul (1682), MW ix. 210–15, 219, 222; Israel’s Hope Encouraged, Offor, i. 617; The Resurrection of the Dead, Offor, ii. 111, 123; A Treatise of the Fear of God (1679), MW ix. 121.

²⁷ See Zaret, Heavenly Contract, 15–16, 137–40.

²⁸ Dell, Several Sermons and Discourses (1709), 290–1; cf. p. 160 above.

²⁹ The Doctrine of the Law and Grace Unfolded (1659), MW ii. 97–101, 162, 196–8, 288; GA, 73. Bunyan used such metaphors in Ebal and Gerizzim (1665?), Poems, 112: he was to use them again in the posthumous The Saints’ Knowledge of Christ’s Love, Offor, ii. 34.

³⁰ Poems, 48; cf. 50–1 — the wise merchant.

³¹ PP, 139–40; MW, ix. 224; The Advocateship of Jesus Christ, MW xi. 132, 160. 183–6.

³² Paul’s Departure and Crown (posthumous), Offor, i. 729; Christ a Complete Saviour (posthumous), Offor, i. 214; The Greatness of the Soul (1682), MW ix. 201; Israel’s Hope Encouraged (posthumous), Offor, i. 583–4; The Jerusalem Sinner (1688), MW xi. 78–9; Poems, 286; HW, 283.

16. Social Uses of Hell-fire

¹ The Strait Gate (1676), MW v. 119.

² A Treatise of the Fear of God (1679), Offor, i. 439.

³ The Acceptable Sacrifice, Offor, i. 702, 712; A Few Sighs from Hell, MW i. 353–8; cf. 324–8; The Jerusalem Sinner (1688), MW xi. 84–7; Hobson, A Garden Inclosed, 8.

⁴ The Pharisee and the Publican (1685), MW x. 205–11; Law and Grace, MW ii. 226; cf. A Few Sighs from Hell, MW i. 266–7, 271–6, 300–3, 371–2; Justification by an Imputed Righteousness, Offor, i. 333–4; The Strait Gate (1676), MW v. 119, 121; The Resurrection of the Dead (1665), MW iii. 286; Poems, 30–1, 93–7; Owen, Works (1850–5), xii. 587.

⁵ Spufford, Small Books and Pleasant Histories, 207; Penington, Light or Darkness (1650), 7–9; Goodwin, op. cit. 10, 78; Bunyan, The Greatness ofthe Soul (1682), MW ix. 167–9, 172–5, 181–5, 205–6, 239–45; The Jerusalem Sinner (1688), MW xi. 70–4; cf. 20–4 and Instruction for the Ignorant (1675), MW viii. 14–15; Come, and Welcome (1678), ibid. 322.

⁶ The Resurrection of the Dead (1665), MW iii. 289, 291; The Greatness of the Soul, MW ix. 221–2; Walwin’s Wiles (1649), in The Leveller Tracts, ed. W. Haller and G. Davies (Columbia UP, 1944), 296–7.

⁷ Davie, A Gathered Church: The Literature of the English Dissenting Interest, 1700–1930 (1978), 9–10.

⁸ Muggleton, A true Interpretation of all the Chief Texts … of the whole Book of the Revelation (1665), 228.

⁹ Burton, The Anatomy of Melancholy (Everyman edn.), iii. 403–4; [Anon.], Tyranipocrit Discovered (Rotterdam, 1649), in British Pamphleteers, i, ed. G. Orwell and R. Reynolds (1948), 89; A. C. Underwood, A History of the English Baptists (1947), 134; B. S. Capp, Astrology and the Popular Press: English Almanacs, 1500–1800 (1979), 148; Joseph Alleyn, An Alarm to the Unconverted (repr. 1964), 59; Hobbes, Behemoth: The History of the Causes of the Civil Wars of England, English Works, ed. Sir W. Molesworth, (1839–45), vi. 194–6; Burroughs, The Rare Jewel of Christian Contentment (repr. 1964), 187.

¹⁰ GA, 49; MW v. 58, 151, 173; ix. 167; PP, 318.

¹¹ M. Spufford, Small Books and Pleasant Histories, 203, 215–18; The Jerusalem Sinner, MW xi. 57, 89. But see Michael MacDonald, Mystical Bedlam: Madness, Anxiety and Healing in Seventeenth-Century England (Cambridge UP, 1981), esp. chs. 3 and 4.

¹² Downame, The Christian Warfare: the Devill, World and Flesh (4th edn., enlarged, 1634), Pt. I, Bks 11 and 111; Bayly, 120.

¹³ Seaver, Wallington’s World, 16–25, 60, 204; cf. 222; William Orme, Remarkable Passages in the Life of William Kiffin (1823), 10–11; R. Abbott, The Young Mans Warning-piece (1652), passim; E. Rogers, The Life and Opinions of a Fifth-Monarchy Man (1867), 12–20; [Anon.], The Life and Death of Mr. Vavasor Powell (1671), 9–12; L. Muggleton, Acts of the Witnesses (1764), 10–35 (1st pub. 1699, relating to 1651); [Anna Trapnel], The Cry of a Stone (1654), 8–10; B. S. Capp, The Fifth Monarchy Men: A Study in Seventeenth-Century Millenarianism (1972), 95–8; M. R. Watts, The Dissenters: From the Reformation to the French Revolution (Oxford UP, 1978), 177. See p. 68 above.

¹⁴ Fox, Journal, ed. N. Penney (1901), i. 4; A Journal of the Life of … John Gratton (1720), 5; A Short History of the Life of John Crook (1706), 10; Thomas Wight, A History of the Rise and Progress of the … Quakers in Ireland (4th edn., 1811), 155–6.

¹⁵ Some Gospel-truths, MW i. 14; A Vindication, ibid. 185; Profitable Meditations (1661), in Poems, 19–21; The Saints’ Knowledge of Christ’s Love (posthumous), Offor, ii. 37; Come, and Welcome, MW viii. 340–2; The Jerusalem Sinner, MW xi. 63–6; The Advocateship of Jesus Christ, ibid. 188; Justification by an Imputed Righteousness, Offor, i. 317; PP, 115; HW, 167, 170, 186–7, 203, 211, 220; MCPW, vi. 659, quoting Gen. 4: 13.

17. Antinomianism

¹ Of the Building of the House of God (1688), Poems, 294.

² See my ‘Protestantism and the Rise of Capitalism’, in Change and Continuity in Seventeenth-Century England (1975), passim; Law and Grace (1659), MW ii. 71; I Will Pray with the Spirit (1662?), ibid. 247–50, Offor, i. 65; A Treatise of the Fear of God (1679), Offor, i. 448, 483; cf. A Defence of the Doctrine of Justification (1672), Offor, ii. 325.

³ The Building of the House of God (1688), Poems, 299; Mr. B., Offor, iii. 627, 641; Bayly, 110.

⁴ OED has ‘antinomist’ in 1632: David S. Lovejoy, Religious Enthusiasm in the New World: Heresy to Revolution (Harvard UP, 1985), 238; C. B. Cockett, ‘George Cokayn’, Trans. Congregational Historical Soc., 12 (1933–6), 225–6; Crisp, Christ Alone Exalted (1643), i. 83 (Crisp died in 1643); Clarkson, The Lost sheep Found, 9–10. Wilson’s widow became Bulstrode Whitelocke’s third wife. Cokayne, who helped to bring about the marriage, was her chaplain (Spalding, The Improbable Puritan, 122, 142).

⁵ Reliquiae Baxterianae, 111; Edwards, Gangraena, i. 90; Hobson, Practical Divinity (1646), 86–7; MW ii. p. xxxi; Wallace, Puritans and Predestination: Grace in English Protestant Theology, 1528–1695 (N. Carolina UP, 1982), 120. For Eyre see my Religion and Politics in Seventeenth-Century England (Brighton, 1986), 153, 163.

⁶ Law and Grace, MW ii. 169–71, 186, 192; Ebal and Gerizzim (1665?), in Poems, 110; cf. ibid. 68.

⁷ The Advocateship of Jesus Christ, MW xi. 121, 130; A Caution to Stir Up to Watch against Sin (1684), in Poems, 179; Of the Building of the House of God (1688), ibid. 293–5, and epigraph to this chapter. But see p. 304: against those who say we have no sin. Cf. Milton: ‘the practice of the saints interprets the commandments’ (MCPW, vi. 368).

⁸ Christian Behaviour (1663), MW iii. 9; The Jerusalem Sinner, MW xi. 82; Crisp, Christ Alone Exalted, 6, 16–17, 28, 60, 89, 146–7, 452–3.

⁹ Christ a Complete Saviour (posthumous), Offor, i. 217; Saved by Grace (1676), MW viii. 221; The Desire of the Righteous Granted (posthumous), Offor, i. 755; J. Trapp, Commentaries on the New Testament (Evansville, 1958), 501 (1st pub. 1647); Norwood, A Declaration or Testimony (1651), p. 4.

¹⁰ I Will Pray with the Spirit (1662?), MW ii. 259, 281; Advice to Sufferers (1684), MW x. 29–34, 44–50.

¹¹ [E. Fowler], Dirt wipt off (1672), 17, 40, 45, 66–7; Baxter, The Scripture Gospel Defended (1690), sig. A2, published after Bunyan’s death.

¹² Sibbes, Works (Edinburgh, 1862–4), ii. 316; my Religion and Politics in Seventeenth-Century England, 170, 174–5; Richard Baxters Confession of Faith (1655), 3; Lamont, Richard Baxter and the Millennium, 128, 143; Hobson, Practical Divinity (1646), 31.

18. The Pilgrim’s Progress

¹ An Exposition of the Second Chapter of the Epistle to the Ephesians in Works (Edinburgh, 1861–3), ii. 29.

² The Pharisee and the Publican (1685), MW x. 183–4.

³ Cf. Sharrock, 74, 92, and chap. 24 below.

⁴ Brown, 272–6; J. B. Wharey, A Study of the Sources of Bunyan’s Allegories (Baltimore, 1904), esp. 67–77, 102–3. For Golder see following note. G. R. Owst, Literature and Pulpit in Medieval England (Cambridge UP, 1933), 109.

⁵ H. Golder, ‘Bunyan’s Valley of the Shadow’, Modern Philology, 27 (1929), 65–6; id., ‘Bunyan’s Giant Despair’, Journal of English and Germanic Philology, 30 (1931), esp. 374; cf. id., ‘John Bunyan’s Hypocrisy’, North American Review, 223 (1926), 326–32.

⁶ Nayler, Sauls Errand to Damascus (1654), 30; [R. Hubberthorne], A True Testimony of Obedience to the Heavenly Call (1654), 4–6.

⁷ L. B. Wright, Middle-Class Culture in Elizabethan England (North Carolina UP, 1935), ch. 4, passim; M. Spufford, Small Books and Pleasant Histories, chs. 7–9, passim; Perry Miller, The New England Mind: The Seventeenth Century (New York, 1939), 86; A Few Sighs from Hell, MW i. 332–3. The note in MW i. 400 suggests that George on horseback is likely to refer to Richard Johnson’s The Seven Champions of Christendom (1597, and many later edns.).

⁸ Spufford, Small Books and Pleasant Histories, 7–8, 74; Golder, ‘Bunyan’s Valley of the Shadow’, 65–8; Reliquiae Baxterianae, 2; GA, 14.

⁹ L. B. Wright, Middle-Class Culture in Elizabethan England (N. Carolina UP, 1935), 100.

¹⁰ I have drawn on Golder’s writings here (see p. 201 n. 5 above); Davis, ‘The Problem of Misfortune in The Pilgrim’s Progress’, Newey, 186, 188, 190, 195–7; Nick Shrimpton, ‘Bunyan’s Military Metaphor’, ibid. 211–14. The notes to PP give parallels for many other details from Richard Johnson.

¹¹ I am grateful to Bob Owens for drawing my attention to this point.

¹² HW, 146.

¹³ Poems, 257–9.

¹⁴ G. C. Coulton, Medieval Panorama: The English Scene from Conquest to Reformation (Cambridge UP, 1945), 543, 553.

¹⁵ H. C. White, Social Criticism in Popular Religious Literature (New York, 1944), Ch. 1, ‘The Piers Plowman Tradition’, passim, esp. 24–32; J. N. King, English Reformation Literature: The Tudor Origins of the Protestant Tradition (Princeton UP, 1982), 37, 51–2, 322–47, 446–7. and passim; Newey, 229.

¹⁶ Sermons or Homilies (1802), 78–9; Select Poetry … of the Reign of Queen Elizabeth, ed. E. Farr, Parker Soc. (Cambridge UP, 1845), i. 205, 209–10, 218–21; ii. 388–90; Thynn, 7–10, 65–6. Thynn defended the profitability of his apparently frivolous subject-matter, rather as Bunyan did in his Prologue to PP.

¹⁷ [H.N.], Terra Pacis, A True Testification of the Spiritual Land of Peace (1649), 11, 21–2, 185, and passim; R. M. Jones, Studies in Mystical Religion (1909), 43; J. Moss, ‘Godded with God’: Hendrik Niclaes and His Family of Love, Trans. American Philosophical Soc., 71 (1981), 32.

¹⁸ Perkins, Works (1616–18) iii. 227, 245, 465–6, 366–7 (2nd pagination); Preston, The New Covenant, or the Saints Portion (5th edn., 1630), 181–208; Downame, The Christian Warfare against the Devill, World and Flesh (4th edn., enlarged, 1634), sig. §. 2.

¹⁹ Browne, Bk. 1, song 5; Bk. 11, song 1; S. C. Chew, The Crescent and the Rose (New York, 1937), 34; cf. William Pulling, The Christians Trade (1619), 150.

²⁰ [Sir William Denny], Peleconicidium; or the Christian Adviser against Self-Murder. Together with A Guide, and the Pilgrims Passe to the Land of The Living (1653), sig. A 4v, 35–6, 194, and passim; my The Experience of Defeat, 234–9.

²¹ Op. cit. (2nd. edn., corrected and enlarged, 1662), 26–46.

²² Arnold Kettle, ‘The Precursors of Defoe: Puritanism and the Rise of the Novel’, in B. S. Benedikz (ed.), On the Novel: A Present for Walter Allen (1971), 211–13.

²³ Sharrock, 104; PP, p. xxxiv. Most of the examples that follow are drawn from Sharrock’s notes.

²⁴ O. Lutaud, Les Deux révolutions d’Angleterre: Documents politiques, sociaux, religieux (Paris, 1978), 80; Bunyan, The Holy City (1665), MW iii. 151.

²⁵ I owe this point to Bob Owens.

²⁶ ‘Sir John’ was the familiar contemptuous nickname for an inadequate priest of the episcopalian Church of England, and so particularly offensive here, suggesting that new Presbyter was but old priest writ large. Cf. p. 131 above.

²⁷ Overton, The Araignement, 1–3, in Tracts on Liberty in the Puritan Revolution, ed. W. Haller (Columbia UP, 1933), iii; Marie Gimelfarb-Brack, Liberté, Égalité, Fraternité, Justice! La Vie et l’œuvre de Richard Overton, Niveleur (Berne, 1979), 513.

²⁸ Bernard, The Isle of Man; Overton, 1, 3, 31, 40. Cf. pp. 162, 164, 166 above.

²⁹ Ibid. 20, 26–7, 11–13, 15, 22–3, 28–30.

³⁰ Cf. R. T. Kendall, Calvin and British Calvinism to 1649 (Oxford UP, 1979), 123–4, 134, for the theory: preparationism; P. S. Seaver, Wallington’s World, 104, 232, for examples of the practice.

³¹ Poems, 11, 15; A Vindication, MW i. 186–7; Law and Grace, MW ii. 107–8, 124; A Defence of the Doctrine of Justification (1672), Offor, ii. 330–1; Light for them that sit in Darkness (1675), MW viii. 100, 151–3; Israel’s Hope Encouraged, Offor, i. 610–15; Newey, 24: cf. 30–2.

³² Offor, ii. 484; Paradise Lost, xii. 566–9.

³³ Paradise Lost, iii. 98, vi. 911, vii. 24, viii. 640–1; cf. Satan’s emphasis on his constancy in Bk. I; Sonnet XVI; Paradise Regained, iv. 560. Cf. A. Sinfield, Literature in Protestant England, 1560–1660 (1983), 40–3.

³⁴ GA, 59; Sedgwick, A Second View of the Army Remonstrance (1649), 12–18.

³⁵ Tibbutt, Minutes, 21; Offor, iii. 526; Advice to Sufferers, MW x. 77–8.

³⁶ MW i. 304.

³⁷ The Pepys Ballads, ed. H. E. Rollins, i. (Harvard UP, 1929), 102–8; Mr. B., Offor, iii. 595.

³⁸ The Roxburghe Ballads, viii. 93–4, 98; Fletcher, Reform in the Provinces, 211; W. T. MacCaffrey, Queen Elizabeth and the Making of Policy, 1572–1588 (Princeton UP, 1981), 484.

³⁹ GA, 113; Trevelyan, Clio, A Muse and other Essays (1930), 52; Gifford, Poems (1580). I cite from Miscellanies of the Fuller Worthies Library, ed. A.B. Grosart (1870), 94.

⁴⁰ GA, 10, 45, 50; Taylor, Highway to Happiness (1633), quoted by Greaves, MW viii. p. xlvi.

⁴¹ GA, 119–24. On the other hand, when Bunyan visited ‘an honest woman’ at her house, and she called him ‘Goodman Bunyan’, this was equal talking to equal (The Acceptable Sacrifice, Offor, i. 701).

⁴² MW iii. 69–72.

⁴³ ‘None but mean persons’ were Puritans, Mary Springett testified from her own experience (M. Webb, Penns and Penningtons of the Seventeenth Century (1867) 13, 18).

⁴⁴ Offor, iii. 664. He was quoting Ps. 73.

⁴⁵ MW iii. 169; Offor, ii. 54. See pp. 127 above and 332 below.

⁴⁶ MW iii. 104.

⁴⁷ Turner, ‘Bunyan’s Sense of Place’, in Newey, 91–110. Unless otherwise stated, quotations in this and the following four paragraphs are from Turner’s article; Golder, ‘Bunyan’s Giant Despair’, 374.

⁴⁸ ‘Ralph Austen, proposing radical land reforms in the light of the coming “gospel days” of 1653, used these very words to describe the poor clamouring for land (Preface to A Treatise of Fruit Trees, 1653)’—Turner’s note (Newey, 109). Mr Turner is developing here a point made by Edward Thompson in The Making of the English Working Class (Penguin edn.), 35. Cf. The House of the Forest of Lebanon (posthumous), Offor, iii. 515.

⁴⁹ [Anon.], The Gentry rule the nation.

⁵⁰ Turner, in Newey, 99–100.

⁵¹ MW iii. 185–6; cf. A Discourse of the Building ofthe House of God (1688), ‘rent-free’.

⁵² The Saints’ Knowledge of Christ’s Love (posthumous), Offor, ii. 8.

⁵³ Newey, 109; cf. chapter 29 below.

⁵⁴ D. and S. Lysons, Magna Britannia for Bedfordshire (1978), 110; Wither, Brittans Remembrancer, Spenser, Soc. (1880), i. 236; Coppe, A Fiery Flying Roll (1649), in N. Smith (ed.), A Collection of Ranter Writings from the Seventeenth Century (1983), 103.

⁵⁵ e.g. Progress Notes of Warden Woodward for the Wiltshire Estates of New College, Oxford, 1659–1675, ed. R. L. Rickard, Wiltshire Archaeological and Natural History Soc., Records Branch, 13 (1957), passim.

⁵⁶ GA, 37–8.

⁵⁷ W. M. Kaufmann, The Pilgrim’s Progress and Traditions of Puritan Meditation (Yale UP, 1966), 112–16; S. Fish, Self-Consuming Artifacts: The Experience of Seventeenth-Century Literature (California UP, 1972), esp. 229–60; Turner, in Newey, 106–9; 114 (P. Edwards, ‘The Journey in The Pilgrim’s Progress’).

⁵⁸ Earl Miner, ‘The Restoration: Age of Faith, Age of Satire’, in Poetry and Drama, 1570–1700: Essays in Honour of Harold F. Brooks, ed. A. Coleman and A. Hammond (1981), esp. 104–5; B. Hammond, ‘The Pilgrim’s Progress: Satire and Social Comment’, in Newey, 118–31; cf. Brown, 25–6; John Nicholson, John Bunyan and the Visionary Search for an English Conscience (1983), sect. 6.

⁵⁹ A Few Sighs from Hell, MW i. 304.

⁶⁰ MW ix. 236; cf. Of Antichrist and his Ruin, Offor, ii. 78: kingdoms, crowns, places, preferments, offices, put up to sale thanks to Antichristian covetousness. In Bernard’s The Isle of Man the character Covetousness ‘propoundeth offices to sale, and so maketh the buyers to sell their duties for profit to make their monies’ (160).

⁶¹ Cf. Winstanley, ‘your laws’ (A New-years Gift for the Parliament and Army (1650), in The Law of Freedom and Other Writings (Cambridge UP, 1983), 168). Describing Faithful’s beliefs as ‘notions’ is no doubt intended to recall Ranter ‘notionists’.

⁶² Paradise Lost, i. 680–4, 690–2, 713–37; cf. Milton, Poems (1968), 503 n. I owe this point to Bridget Hill.

⁶³ Kettle, An Introduction to the English Novel, i. (1951), 42–5.

⁶⁴ GA, 97–9; Lindsay, Bunyan, 192–3; Thomas Ward and Valentine Evans, Two Witnesses to the Midnight Cry (1691), 10.

⁶⁵ This seems to me a more likely interpretation of ‘guilt … would have drawn me into the pond’ than Sharrock’s, who refers it to the Slough of Despond. The Slough was not a pond, and anyway Christiana had not yet encountered it (205, 343). Cf. Giant Despair’s wife, who urged suicide for the imprisoned pilgrims (114–15).

⁶⁶ Newey, 11.

⁶⁷ GA, 126–9.

⁶⁸ I owe this point to the unpublished Alberta D.Phil. thesis of Aileen Ross, ‘Millenarianism in the Works of John Bunyan’ (1986), 267.

⁶⁹ Sharrock, Casebook, 184; MW viii. 237.

⁷⁰ Cf. H. Gohaim, Tradition and Paradise Lost (Gauhati, Assam, 1977), 247.

19. The Life and Death of Mr. Badman

¹ Mr. B., The Author to the Reader, Offor, iii. 590.

² As Sharrock suggests (p. 98).

³ A. West, The Mountain in the Sunlight (1958), ch. 1.

⁴ ‘H.S.’ was not named when Bunyan first used this anecdote in GA.

⁵ J. Ray, A Collection of Proverbs (Cambridge UP, 1670), 74; M. P. Tilley, A Dictionary of the Proverbs in England in the Sixteenth and Seventeenth Centuries (Michigan UP, 1950), 126. I owe this reference to the kindness of Bernard Capp. Tilley gives two examples from 1659, one from 1670. Since Ray’s Collection was published in the latter year, this may suggest an interregnum origin for the proverb — perhaps in the army.

⁶ J. Reeve, A Remonstrance from the Eternal God (1653), 4–5. (I cite from the reprint of 1719.) For Tany see WTUD, 225–6.

⁷ MW i. 333, 343; cf. Leyborne—Popham MSS (Historical MSS Commission, 1899), 57.

⁸ Dent, 408; PP, 7.

⁹ P. S. Seaver, Wallington’s World, ch. 4; Tibbutt, Minutes, 24: a collection made for ‘our several distressed friends’. This practice became institutionalized after 1660.

¹⁰ The Building of the House of God (1688), Poems, 290, 301–2, 305–6; Fenstanton Records, passim.

¹¹ Tibbutt, Minutes, 20, 63, 76, 83; Poems, 290–1; cf. Solomon’s Temple Spiritualized (1688), Offor, iii. 493; The Jerusalem Sinner, MW xi. 27–30: necessity of having a good reputation.

¹² Perkins, A Fruitful Dialogue concerning the end of the world, Works, (1616–18), iii. 465–6, 471. This was Perkins’s first published work. Note that considerations of commercial morality come into a discussion of the end of the world.

¹³ George Fox, Gospel-Truth Demonstrated in a Collection of Books (1706), 74.

¹⁴ M. Hussey, ‘John Bunyan and the Book of God’s Judgments: A Study of The Life and Death of Mr. Badman’, English, 7 (1948–9), 165–6.

¹⁵ John Davies of Hereford, Complete Works, ed. A. B. Grosart (1878), 11. iv, 78; MW i. 269–70; GA, 99–100; PP, 157, 162, 338; Helen Darbishire, Early Lives of Milton (1932), 33. In the posthumous Paul’s Departure and Crown Bunyan discusses the prospects of an easy death for the faithful (Offor, i. 741–2). Bob Owens kindly pointed out to me the relevance of the passage from A Few Sighs. He compares Dent’s Sermon of Repentance (1582).

20. The Holy War

¹ HW, 4, 165.

² M. Mullet, ‘The Internal Politics of Bedford, 1660–1688’, PBHRS 59 (1980), 35; Tindall, 156--9, 268.

³ P. Salzman, English Prose Fiction, 1558–1700:A Critical History (Oxford UP, 1985), 263–4.

⁴ Sharrock, 118. Does this make the Odyssey a better poem than the Iliad?

⁵ For the Norman Yoke see my Puritanism and Revolution (Penguin edn.), 58–125; cf. Offor, ii. 270.

⁶ Mark Rutherford, John Bunyan (n.d., 1923?), 217; Cf. PP, 23: Mr Worldly Wiseman is an alien; 53: Christ ‘turned to flight the armies of the aliens’; 244: England is the Pope’s kingdom. Popery was often associated with the Norman Yoke in the myth. Cf. pp. 37–8, 135 above.

⁷ Cf. The Doctrine of Law and Grace (1659), MW ii. 141–2.

⁸ C. H. Firth, Cromwell’s Army (1902), 64–6.

⁹ [Anon.], Trial of the Regicides (1661), 55–6, printed by Simon Dover.

¹⁰ A Treatise of the Fear of God (1679), MW ix. 124–7.

¹¹ R. Ashcraft, Revolutionary Politics and Locke’s TWO Treatises of Government (Princeton UP, 1986), 176; Christopher Ness, A Distinct Discourse and Discovery of the Person and Period of Antichrist. I owe this reference to Dr W. R. Owens’s thesis. If there is anything in my tentative surmise that Lord Willbewill may hint at Shaftesbury, then an obvious candidate for Mr. Mind would be John Locke. This would imply that Bunyan knew more about Shaftesbury’s entourage than there is yet any reason to suppose. But Owen was in contact with this entourage (Ashcraft, op. cit. ch. 3, passim; 369). I am indebted to Professor Kenneth Haley for guidance on Shaftesbury.

¹² Offor, i. 213,

¹³ R. B. Schlatter, The Social Ideas of Religious Leaders, 1660–1688 (Oxford UP, 1940), 110.

¹⁴ Lyle Koehler, ‘The Case of the American Jezebels: Anne Hutchinson and Female Agitation During the Years of the Antinomian Turmoil, 1636–40’, William and Mary Quarterly, 3rd Ser. 31 (1974); Brown, 206–7; The Works of Gerrard Winstanley ed. G. H. Sabine (Cornell UP, 1941), 622; Hobbes, English Works, ed. Sir W. Molesworth (1839–45) iv. 235–6; MCPW, vi. 461.

¹⁵ Francis Thynn, The Debate between Pride and Lowliness, 44–8; cf. 32–3; S. Bolde, A Sermon against Persecution (1682), 23; cf. [Anon.], The Character of an Informer (1675), passim, and F. Bate, The Declaration of Indulgence: A Study in the Rise of Organized Dissent (Liverpool UP, 1908), 32, 46, 49, 69, 131–4; PP, 93–5; The Pharisee and the Publican (1685), MW x. 118; G. R. Cragg, Puritanism in the Period of the Great Persecution 1660–1688 (Cambridge UP, 1957), 60–3; B. S. Capp, The Fifth Monarchy Men: A Study in Seventeenth-Century Millenarianism (1972), 205; cf. 209–10, 243; R. L. Greaves, Deliver Us from Evil (Oxford UP, 1985), 14–16; C. E. Whiting, Studies in English Puritanism, 1660–1688 (1937), 435–7.

¹⁶ I owe this point to a personal communication which Dr Rivers was kind enough to send me.

¹⁷ Tindall, 53, 154, 239.

¹⁸ Sharrock, 118.

¹⁹ See my The Experience of Defeat, 97–106.

²⁰ Jack Lindsay drew the parallel with Samson Agonistes (John Bunyan, 221–2); cf. MER, ch. 31.

²¹ Bayly, 21; J. Preston, The New Covenant (5th edn., 1630), Sermons 1–5, passim, esp. 37–8, 98, 107. Richard Montagu counterposed El Shaddai and Emanuel in a sermon preached before James I (Immediate Addresse unto God alone (1624), 10). He is a most unlikely source for Bunyan.

²² J. B. Wharey, A Study of the Sources of Bunyan’s Allegories (Baltimore, 1904), 89–90; Tindall, 195, 200; Talon, 240–2; The Isle of Man, 74–5, 89–90, 133, and passim; Bernard, The Bible-Battels: Or, The Sacred Art Military. For the rightly waging of warre according to Holy Writ (1629), sig. §. 5; Sir William Denny, Peleconicidium, 171, 184. My attention was drawn to Denny by Turner, ‘Bunyan’s Sense of Place’, in Newey, 102.

²³ Dent, 107; Bernard, The Isle of Man, 74.

²⁴ See Sharrock, 137; Wither, Brittans Remembrancer (1628), Spenser Soc. (1880), i. 230–1.

²⁵ Milton, Paradise Lost, ix. 27–33; Paradise Regained, iii. 74–8.

²⁶ Clarkson, The Lost sheep Found, 28–9, 33.

²⁷ E. M. W. Tillyard, The English Epic and its Background (1954), 390–1.

²⁸ The Minute Book of Bedford Corporation, 1647–1660, ed. G. Parsloe, PBHRS 26 (1949), pp. viii, xxxii.

²⁹ Id., ‘The Corporation of Bedford’, 1647–60’, TRHS, 4th Ser. 29 (1947), 154–7; id., Minute Book, pp. ix. 19–21, 28–9. We have met the names of Gibbs and Eston as members of the Bedford congregation.

³⁰ Id., ‘The Corporation of Bedford’, 155, 158–60; id., Minute Book, p. xiii; Joyce Godber, The Story of Bedford: An Outline History (Luton, 1978), 68, 72; P. Clark and P. Slack, English Towns in Transition, 1500–1700 (Oxford UP, 1976), 137.

³¹ Parsloe, ‘The Corporation of Bedford’, 161, 164–5; id., Minute Book, pp. xxiii, 95–9.

³² R. Hutton, The Restoration: A Political and Religious History of England and Wales, 1658–1667 (Oxford UP, 1985), 159–61.

³³ Parsloe, ‘The Corporation of Bedford’, 161; id., Minute Book, pp. ix, 147–9, 162–3, 174; Brown, 82–3, 102, 182; M. Mullet, ‘The Internal Politics of Bedford, 1660–1688’, PBHRS 59 (1980), 8–9.

³⁴ Mullet, ‘The Internal Politics of Bedford, 1660–1688’, 9–11, 13–14, 16–18; Brown, 295.

³⁵ Mullet, ‘The Internal Politics of Bedford, 1660–1685’, 21, 24; Brown, 330.

³⁶ Mullet, ‘The Internal Politics of Bedford, 1660–1685’, 38.

³⁷ Ibid. 20–5, 38; Brown, 311, 316–21.

21. Music, Singing, and Poetry

¹ Light for them that sit in Darkness (1675), MW viii. 130.

² PP, 295: Mr. Valiant-for-the-truth’s song.

³ F. Osborne, Advice to a Son (1656), in Miscellaneous Works, i. 12; Collier, A Short View of the Immorality and Profaneness of the Stage (4th edn., 1699), 278; Locke, Some Thoughts Concerning Education (1693), quoted in P. Scholes, The Oxford Companion to Music (1939), 282.

⁴ Scholes, The Puritans and Music (Oxford UP, 1934), 5, 384–7; my Antichrist in Seventeenth-Century England (Oxford UP, 1971), 75; P. Toon, God’s Statesman: The Life and Work of John Owen (Exeter, 1971), 6; see p. 63 above.

⁵ Augustine, Confessions (Everyman edn.), 186–7; Jewell, Apology for the Church of England, Parker Soc. (1848–50), ii. 1231 (1st pub. 1562); W. M. Southgate, John Jewel and the Problem of Doctrinal Authority (Harvard UP, 1962), 39–40; W.J. Sheils, The Puritans in the Diocese of Peterborough, 1558–1610, Publications of the Northamptonshire Record Soc., 30 (1979), 28; B. Manning, The English People and the English Revolution, 1640–1649 (1976), 32.

⁶ [Ford?], Felo De Se: or the Bishops Condemned Out of Their Own Mouths (1668), cited MW i. p. xliv; Calamy Revised, ed. A. G. Matthews (Oxford UP, 1934), 303. In my Economic Problems of the Church (Oxford UP, 1956) I wrongly referred to him as Edward Ford.

⁷ M. R. Watts, The Dissenters: From the Reformation to the French Revolution (Oxford UP, 1978), 309; Scholes, Puritans and Music, 381; The Short Journal and Itinerary Journals of George Fox, ed. N. Penney (Cambridge UP, 1925), 214–15; J. Frank, Hobbled Pegasus: A Descriptive Bibliography of Minor English Poetry, 1641–1660 (New Mexico UP, 1968), 268–9, 283: John Goodwin.

⁸ A. Fletcher, Reform in the Provinces: The Government of Stuart England (Yale UP, 1986), 340; Biographical Dictionary of British Radicals in the Seventeenth-Century, ‘Keach’.

⁹ I have drawn largely here and in the preceding paragraph on W. T. Whitley, Congregational Hymn-Singing (1933), esp. chs. 4–6. I have been unable to identify Rogers’s book.

¹⁰ My Puritanism and Revolution (Penguin edn.), ch. 12; Watts, The Dissenters, 308.

¹¹ Fenstanton Records, 339; B. R. White, Hanserd Knollys and Radical Dissent in the Seventeenth Century (Friends of Dr Williams’s Library, 1977), 23. Knollys published an early defence of congregational hymn-singing in his preface to Katherine Sutton’s A Christian Womans Experiences (Rotterdam, 1663), ibid. 28. For disagreements among Baptists about congregational singing, see Scholes, The Oxford Companion to Music, 74–5.

¹² Tibbutt, Minutes, 92–3, 100, 113, 122, 209.

¹³ Ibid. 92–113; Law and Grace, MW ii. 124; The Holy City, MW iii. 121; PP, 234–5, 238, 242, 259, 277, 338; Scholes, Puritans and Music, 154; Poems, 337–8.

¹⁴ Tindall, 66–7, 243; PP, 204, 222, 341 – all in Part II; Solomon’s Temple Spiritualized (1688), Offor, iii. 496; Light for them that sit in Darkness (1675), MW viii. 130.

¹⁵ GA, 13–14; Scholes, Puritans and Music, 303–4; Z. N. Roginsky, London, 1645–1646 (Yaroslavl, 1960), 11 (in Russian).

¹⁶ Bailey, ‘Bayly’, 20.

¹⁷ GA, 14; PP, 222, 233, 253, 283, 303, 309, 311; HW, 92, 105–16, 138, 149, 218, 223, 225, 275.

¹⁸ A Vindication (1657), MW i. 185; PP, 52, 56, 60, 262 (wine —which is of course Biblical); 216–17, 234, 251, 262, 283 (spirits); HW, 113–16, 149, 200, and passim. Cf. aqua vitae in The Holy City (1665), MW iii. 179, and The Water of Life (1688), Offor, iii. 542.

¹⁹ My Writing and Revolution in Seventeenth-Century England (Brighton, 1985), 4, 326.

²⁰ Barbara Lewalski, Protestant Poetics and the Seventeenth-Century Religious Lyric (Princetown UP, 1979), ch. 6, passim, esp. 192; Jonson, Works, ed. C.H. Herford and P. and E. Simpson (Oxford UP, 1925–52), vii. 659; Phillips, Theatrum Poetarum (1674), Pt. II, 56–7; P. W. Thomas, Sir John Berkenhead, 1617–1679, 182; A. Wood, Athenae Oxonienses, ed. P. Bliss (1817), iii. 684; my Writing and Revolution, ch. 6.

²¹ PP, 29–37, 199–203, 208–9.

²² Francis Cheynell, A Plot for the Good of Posterity (1646), 25–8.

²³ I will Pray with the Spirit (1662), MW ii. 268–9; Mr. B., Offor, iii. 597, 605–6; Christian Behaviour (1663), MW iii. 30; Brown, 389; Patricia Bell, ‘John Bunyan and Bedfordshire’, in The John Bunyan Lectures, 1978 (published by the Bedfordshire Education Service), 35–6.

²⁴ Cf. The Heavenly Foot-man (posthumous): ‘Some professors do not go on so fast in the way of God as a snail doth go on the wall’ (MW v. 149).

22. Self-denial and Humility

¹ Luke 1:46.

² The Heavenly Foot-man, MW v. 158–61; Dent, 33–4; Lady Brooke, quoted in J.T. Cliffe, The Puritan Gentry: The Great Puritan Families of Early Stuart England (1984), 50.

³ The Resurrection of the Dead, MW iii. 278–80; PP, 151–2; cf. Christian Behaviour, MW iii, 44, 48–9.

⁴ The Jerusalem Sinner, MW xi. 80–1; Christ a Complete Saviour, Offor, i. 213; Genesis, Offor, ii. 430–1; Offor, i. 734; cf. The Barren Fig-tree, MW v. 25; The Strait Gate (1676), ibid. 91.

⁵ The Pharisee and the Publican, MW x. 113–18, 196–7; Instruction for the Ignorant, MW viii. 38–43. Esau and Lot’s wife are cited as characters lacking in self-denial.

⁶ GA, 54; The Jerusalem Sinner, MW xi. 69; PP, 237–8.

⁷ The Works of the … Author of The Whole Duty of Man (1704), i, 62–3 (1st pub. 1658).

⁸ Ebal and Gerizzim (1665?), in Poems, 114; The Building of the House of God (1688), ibid. 295–6.

⁹ Turner, ‘Bunyan’s Sense of Place’, in Newey, 98–9; PP, 237; MW v. 91; The Barren Fig-tree (1673), ibid. 25.

¹⁰ PP, 238; cf. GA, 27–8.

¹¹ Downame, The Christian Warfare, 267–8; T. Taylor, Works (1653), 410; Marvell, Historical Essay on General Councils, in Works, ed. A. B. Grosart (1868–75), iv. 142; Upon Appleton House, st. vi and viii.

¹² Sir William Denny, Peleconicidium, 95, 94 (should be 104); Bridget Hill (ed.), The First English Feminist: Mary Astell’s Reflections on Marriage and Other Writings (1986), 188–9.

¹³ MW i. 256–7; The Saints’ Privilege and Profit (posthumous), Offor, i. 677.

23. Bunyan’s Printers

¹ An Account of the Injurious Proceedings of Sir George Jeffreys Knight … against Francis Smith, Bookseller (n.d., 1680?), 11.

² But see now J. Sears McGee in MW iii. 3–4, 199, 296–7.

³ Brown, 123; J. N. King, English Reformation Literature: The Tudor Origins of the Protestant Tradition (Princeton UP, 1979), 101.

⁴ Smith, An Account, 11, 20; Reliquiae Baxterianae, 123; F. S. Siebert, Freedom of the Press in England, 1476–1776 (Illinois UP, 1952), 253, 262. The sixth edition of Come, and Welcome (1688) was the only one declared to be ‘licensed and entered according to order’ (MW viii. 236).

⁵ F.S. Siebert, Freedom of the Press in England, ch. 12, passim; [Anon.], A Treatise of the execution of justice wherein it is clearly proved that the execution of judgment and justice is as well the people’s as the magistrate’s duty, and if the magistrate pervert judgment the people are bound by the law of God to execute judgment without them and upon them (1663).

⁶ J. G. Muddiman, The King’s Journalist, 1659–1689 (1923), 158. For Smith I have drawn on his own Account of the Injurious Proceedings of Sir George Jeffreys … against Francis Smith (1680?), and on the article by R. Zaller and H. T. Blethen in Biographical Dictionary of British Radicals: The Seventeenth Century, iii. (1984). Smith is not in DNB.

⁷ MW viii. 3; Smith, An Account, 8; MW iii. 296–7; Brown, 168.

⁸ Muddiman, The King’s Journalist, 243; Smith, Profitable Meditations (1660); id., An Account, 8–9, 17–20, and passim; Brown, 172.

⁹ Brown, 208; Smith, An Account, 11; Muddiman, The King’s Journalist, 161.

¹⁰ Smith, An Account, Dedication and p. 21; Muddiman, The King’s Journalist, 211–14, 228, 246. The speech was reissued on 19 September 1681.

¹¹ D. F. McKenzie (ed.), Stationers’ Company Apprentices, 1641–1700, Oxford Bibliographical Soc. (1974), 153; K. H. D. Haley, The First Earl of Shaftesbury (Oxford UP, 1968), 648; R. L. Greaves, ‘The Tangled Careers of two Stuart Radicals: Henry and Robert Danvers’, Baptist Quarterly, 29 (1981), 38; Muddiman, 236–7; R. Ashcraft, Revolutionary Politics and Locke’s Two Treatises of Government (Princeton UP, 1986), 347.

¹² F. M. Harrison, A Bibliography of the Works of John Bunyan (Oxford UP, for the Bibliographical Soc., 1932), xx; Greaves, Deliver Us from Evil (Oxford UP, 1986), 212, 215, 221–5, 267; Brown, 228. For Larkin, see Michael Treadwell, ‘A New List of English Master Printers, c. 1686, The Library, 6th Ser. 4 (1982), 60.

¹³ L. H. Silver, ‘Bunyan’s Barren Fig-tree’, The Library, 5th Ser. 5 (1951), 61; C. E. Whiting, Studies in English Puritanism 1660–1688 (1937), 551; N. Penney (ed.), Extracts from State Papers relating to Friends, 1654 to 1672 (1913), 229–30. Joan Dover printed Fifth-Monarchist and Quaker books.

¹⁴ Harrison, A Bibliography, pp. xxii, xxiv; [Anon.], A Short but Just Account of the Tryal of Benjamin Harris (1679), 2–7; MW viii. 231; Muddiman, The King’s Journalist, 250; Whiting, Studies in English Puritanism, 570–1; MW x. 107.

¹⁵ Harrison, ‘Nathaniel Ponder: The Publisher of The Pilgrim’s Progress’, The Library, 4th Ser. 15 (1934), 257–63, 282, 286–90; Marvell, The Rehearsal Transpros’d, p. xxiv; Brown, 248–9.

¹⁶ Harrison, ‘Nathaniel Ponder’, 289–92; GA, p. xxxvi.

¹⁷ Harrison, A Bibliography, xxiii-xxiv.

¹⁸ Siebert, Freedom, 269; Harrison, A Bibliography, passim; Muddiman, The King’s Journalist, 242–3; McKenzie, Stationers’ Company Apprentices, 142. Newman may have had connections with the Wright family of printers (see p. 283). Joseph Wright was apprenticed to Dorman Newman in 1669 (ibid. 120).

¹⁹ J. S. McGee, Introduction to Christian Behaviour, MW iii. 3–5. I am very grateful to Professor McGee for allowing me to read this in advance of publication.

²⁰ See e.g. MW ix. 162, 359n.

24. The Palace Beautiful

¹ Israel’s Hope Encouraged (posthumous), Offor, i. 619.

² Samuel Fisher, Baby Baptism meer Babism (1653), 491. Fisher, later a Quaker, was still a Baptist in 1653. In his dialogue a ‘Baptist’ opposes the views of the ‘Ranterist’.

³ Henry Danvers, Treatise of Baptism (2nd. edn., 1674); John Denne, Truth Outweighing Error (1673), both quoted in R. L. Greaves, Saints and Rebels: Seven Nonconformists in Stuart England (Mercer UP, 1985), 169–70. See also id., ‘The Tangled Careers of two Stuart Radicals: Henry and Robert Danvers’, Baptist Quarterly, 29 (1981), 32–43; Dell, Several Sermons and Discourses (1709), 440–58; GA, 163; Greaves, John Bunyan (Abingdon, 1969), 138; id., ‘John Bunyan’s The Holy War’, Baptist Quarterly, 26 (1975), 164; M. F. Hewett, ‘John Gibbs, 1627–1699’, 320. For Henry Denne see Dictionary of Seventeenth-Century Radicals.

⁴ Tibbutt, Minutes, 19, 26; GA, 87; The Pharisee and the Publican, MW x. 221–3. Hobson contrasted ‘external ordinances’ with ‘God in his ordinances’ (A Garden Inclosed, 17).

⁵ MW v. 191; Tibbutt, Minutes, 203; cf. T. Richards, Wales under the Indulgence (1928), 195–6, 203, 207.

⁶ Offor, ii. 602–15; A Holy Life (1683), MW ix. 326–8; cf. The Heavenly Foot-man, MW v. 151–3; See also The Saints’ Knowledge of Christ’s Love (posthumous), Offor, ii. 32 — against disagreements about the extent of Christ’s love.

⁷ GA, 171; MW ii. 182; Differences in Judgment, Offor, ii. 626, 635; W. Pierce, An Historical Introduction to the Marprelate Tracts (1908), 78; PP, 189–90.

⁸ A Holy Life (1683), MW ix. 258–9; The Desire of the Righteous Granted (posthumous), Offor, i. 757; Greaves, John Bunyan, 137–43; Offor, ii. 524.

⁹ Offor, iii. 244–5.

¹⁰ My Change and Continuity in Seventeenth-Century England (1975), ch. 3; Offor, ii. 629–30; W. Urwick, Bible Truth and Church Errors (1888), ch. 5: ‘John Bunyan not a Baptist’, passim — the best treatment of this question.

¹¹ Bunyan, Genesis, Offor, ii. 438.

¹² G.F., The Great Mistery of the Great Whore Unfolded (1659), 286. The point had been made by Mary Cole and Priscilla Cotton in 1655, apparently before Fox. I owe this information to the kindness of Valerie Drake.

¹³ PP, 349 n; Greaves, ‘John Bunyan and Nonconformity in the Midlands and East Anglia’, Journal of the United Reformed Church History Soc, 1 (1976), 189–90; Patricia Bell, ‘John Bunyan and Bedfordshire’, in The John Bunyan Lectures, 1978 (published by the Bedfordshire Education Service), 38–9; Tibbutt, Minutes, 84; id., ‘John Crook’, 115–16. See also K. V. Thomas’s pioneering article, ‘Women and the Civil War Sects’, P. and P. 13(1958).

¹⁴ Christian Behaviour (1663), MW iii. 32–6, 26–8; PP 114–17.

¹⁵ Poems, 291.

¹⁶ A Case of Conscience Resolved (1683), Offor, ii. 660–1.

¹⁷ Ibid. 659, 661–2.

¹⁸ Ibid. 659–66.

¹⁹ Genesis, Offor, ii. 431, 438–9; A Case of Conscience, ibid. ii. 665, 673–4; [Anon.], A Discovery of Six Women Preachers (1641), 1 — 5. I owe this reference to Valerie Drake.

²⁰ Offor, ii. 660; MW xi. 145–6.

²¹ MW iii. xxix.

²² PP, 196, 202, 207, 212, 259–61, 313–14; cf. 220, and Sharrock, Casebook, 180.

²³ G. B. Harrison (ed.), The Narrative of the Persecution of Agnes Beaumont in 1674 (n.d.), passim.

²⁴ Brown, 400.

²⁵ Mr. B., Offor, iii, 622.

²⁶ Come, and Welcome, MW viii. 345–6, 349–50; Offor, iii. 522–3; cf. The Desire of the Righteous Granted (posthumous), Offor, i. 757.

²⁷ GA, 7, 90–7; MW xi. 81.

²⁸ Burton, Anatomy of Melancholy (Everyman edn.), iii. 8–9; A Book for Boys and Girls, Poems, 213–14; Mr. B., Offor, iii. 645, 610. See pp. 121–2 above.

²⁹ Bunyan, A Holy Life (1683), MW ix. 258.

³⁰ A Vindication, MW i. 126–7; Some Gospel-truths, MW i. 85; v. 9, 20, 30, 50, 62–3, and passim; cf. Paul’s Departure and Crown (posthumous), Offor, i. 733.

³¹ Brown, 193, 304–6; Tibbutt, Minutes, 17, 40, 63–86, 88–90, 121–2.

³² MW iii. 32, 44–6; MW v. 82, 84, 89, 99; cf. 69, 78, 83, 85, 90, 92–4, 103, 111–12, 119, 124, 127. On p. 89 ‘saint’ should read ‘suit’. Milton had made a similar jibe in Areopagitica thirty years earlier (MCPW, ii. 544–5).

³³ MW v. 149, 154–5, 161.

³⁴ Mr. B., Offor, iii. 644; cf. A Treatise of the Fear of God (1680), MW ix. 27; HW 216–17, 244, 112.

³⁵ MW viii. 354–5; ix. 130–2; Offor, iii. 632; Poems, 248, 253–4.

³⁶ MW ix. 254–60, 281, 283, 290, 296–7, 307–8, 317–18, 323, 329, 342; MW x. 14–15; cf. 6, 58, 101; cf. also Solomon’s Temple Spiritualized (1688), Offor, iii. 484, 489, and Christ a Complete Saviour (posthumous), Offor, i. 238. Note the word ‘notions’ again: ungrounded opinions.

³⁷ MW x. 128–34; cf. 205–6; A Holy Life, MW ix. 260, 290, 345; cf. Israel’s Hope Encouraged (posthumous), Offor, i. 588; The Jerusalem Sinner (1688), MW xi. 14–15, 26, 47–8; The Advocateship of Jesus Christ (1688), MW xi. 99; Of Antichrist and his Ruin (posthumous), Offor, ii. 45. ‘Twenty years’ would suggest that Of Antichrist was written in the early ’80s.

³⁸ MW v. 149, 161; The Acceptable Sacrifice, Offor, i. 718–19; ibid. i. 765–6, 722–3, 739–40.

³⁹ Offor, ii. 38; i. 214, 238, 587–8, 619–20; cf. 617, and The House in the Forest of Lebanon, Offor, iii. 535.

⁴⁰ Offor, i. 213; Israel’s Hope Encouraged, ibid. i. 600; cf. 619–20; The Acceptable Sacrifice (posthumous), ibid. i. 718–19; Paul’s Departure and Crown (posthumous), ibid. i. 439–40; Justification by an Imputed Righteousness (posthumous), ibid. i. 308; cf. The Saints’ Knowledge of Christ’s Love (posthumous), ibid. ii. 38.

⁴¹ G. S. de Krey, A Fractured Society: The Politics of London in the First Age of Party, 1688–1715 (Oxford UP, 1985), esp. 106–12.

⁴² Goodwin, A Being Filled with the Spirit, 103 (1st pub. (posthumously) 1670). I quote from the reprint of 1867. Cf. Cragg, Puritanism in the Period of the Great Persecution, 1660–1688 (Cambridge UP, 1957), 256–8.

⁴³ The House of the Forest of Lebanon (posthumous), Offor, iii. 524–5.

⁴⁴ HW, 112.

25. Kings and Antichrist: Seeming Delays

¹ PP, Pt. II, 231. Italics in the original.

² The History of My Own Time, ed. O. Airy (Oxford UP, 1897), i. 266: discussing 1680.

³ The Pharisee and the Publican (1685), MW x. 114.

⁴ Offor, ii. 702, 220–1; Israel’s Hope Encouraged (posthumous), Offor, i. 585; Tibbutt, Minutes, 85–8.

⁵ MW ix. xxiv; Brown, 330; HW, 275; PP, 244–5.

⁶ R. L. Greaves, Deliver Us from Evil (Oxford UP, 1986), passim; R. Ashcraft, Revolutionary Politics and Locke’s Two Treatises of Government (Princeton UP, 1986), passim.

⁷ Ashcraft, Revolutionary Politics, 37–8; cf. 28–9.

⁸ Ibid. 31, 34, 104, 119–20; cf. 230.

⁹ Samuel Freeman, A Sermon, 20–3; Ashcraft, Revolutionary Politics 292. For Bunyan see pp. 328–9 below.

¹⁰ Ashcraft, Revolutionary Politics, 55, 74, 112–13, 369; D. D. Wallace, Puritans and Predestination: Grace in English Protestant Theology, 1525–1695 (N. Carolina UP, 1982), 168.

¹¹ Charles Doe, ‘The Struggler’, Offor, iii. 766–7; Tindall, 211; Tibbutt, Minutes, 92; P. Earle, Monmouth the Rebel: The Road to Sedgmoor, 1685 (1977), 65; Ashcraft, Revolutionary Politics, 366, 369, 436, 471.

¹² Newcome, Autobiography, ed. R. Parkinson (Chetham Soc., 1852), 249–50; Neville, Plato Redivivus, in Two English Republican Tracts, ed. C. Robbins (Cambridge UP, 1969), 132.

¹³ Tindall, 271; Dent, The Ruine of Rome, 259; Burton, The Seven Vials (1628), 102.

¹⁴ See my The Experience of Defeat, ch. 4.

¹⁵ Edward Burrough and Richard Hubberthorne, An Answer to a Declaration put forth by the People called Anabaptists in and about the City of London, 4.

¹⁶ Danvers, The Mystery of Magistracy Unveiled (1663), quoted in Greaves; ‘The Tangled Careers of two Stuart Radicals: Henry and Robert Danvers’, Baptist Quarterly, 29 (1981), 35.

¹⁷ The Holy City, MW iii. 165–9.

¹⁸ Genesis, Offor, ii. 449. See p. 324 below.

¹⁹ MW x. 5, 8, 32–41, 45–9, 59, 99–103.

²⁰ MW x. 45–9, 73–5; A Holy Life, MW ix. 260, 290; cf. Israel’s Hope Encouraged and Paul’s Departure and Crown (both posthumous), Offor, i. 606, 726–7; ii. 219, 221; MCPW, vi. 605.

²¹ Brown, 323, and ch. 15, passim; Mullet, 31; HW, 18–27. In 1662 one of Bunyan’s fellow-prisoners had assigned all his property to his son (Joyce Godber, History of Bedfordshire, 1066–1888 (Bedfordshire County Council, 1969), 234–5).

²² Brown, 350–4; Mullet, ‘The Internal Politics of Bedford, 1660–1688’, PBHRS 59 (1980), 26–31; Fletcher, Reform in the Provinces: The Government of Stuart England (Yale UP, 1986), 25; Memoirs of Sir John Reresby, ed. A. Browning (Glasgow UP, 1936), 494; Autobiography of Sir John Bramston, Camden Soc. (1845), 326.

²³ Brown, 348–54; Mullet, ‘The Internal Politics of Bedford, 1660–1688’, 26–7, 31; GA, 109; HW, 18–27;A Confession of my Faith (1672), Offor, ii. 601; i. 63. Foster, who had been active against Bunyan in 1661 and 1676, was one of Bedford’s richer citizens (Godber, History of Bedfordshire, 238; ead., The Story of Bedford: An Outline History (Luton, 1978), 81).

²⁴ A Continuation of Mr Bunyan’s Life, in GA, 169–70.

²⁵ Aylesbury, Memoirs, i. 167, 175, 181; Godber, History of Bedfordshire, 256. The Bruce family, of Scottish origin, had never been popular in the county.

²⁶ Mullet, ‘The Internal Politics of Bedford, 1660–1688’, 34–5.

²⁷ B. R. White, Hanserd Knollys and Radical Dissent in the Seventeenth Century, 28–9; Mr. B., Offor, iii. 592–4; MW ix. 334, 340, 345–6; xi. 47–8. Isaac Newton too ‘seems to have been particularly preoccupied’ in the 1680s with millenarian studies (M. C. Jacob, The Cultural Meaning of the Scientific Revolution, 91, 94).

²⁸ The House of the Forest of Lebanon (posthumous), Offor, iii. 536.

²⁹ Poems, 284, 289–90, 292–5, 302–3. Cf. the similar approach in The Holy City (1665), MW iii. 96–8; Advice to Sufferers (1684), Offor, ii. 705–6; Of Antichrist and his Ruin (posthumous), Offor, ii. 45; The House of the Forest of Lebanon (posthumous), Offor, iii. 526–7.

³⁰ The Advocateship of Jesus Christ, MW xi. 196.

³¹ Of Antichrist and his Ruin, Offor, ii. 74: still unpublished when Bunyan died. See next chapter for further evidence from Bunyan’s posthumous writings.

26. Posthumous Writings: ‘Who bid the boar come here?’

¹ Paul’s Departure and Crown (posthumous), Offor, i. 728–9.

² The Right Devil Discovered (1659), 73–4.

³ Tindall, 134.

⁴ Sedgwick, op. cit. 1–146, passim. I have discussed this work briefly in my The Experience of Defeat, 109–11.

⁵ Exposition on … Genesis, Offor, ii. 447; Keith Thomas, ‘Another Digger Broadside’, P. and P., 42 (1969), 61; WTUD, 146; Tindall, 111, 141, 266; Bauthumley, The Light and Dark Sides of God (1650), 81–2.

⁶ Offor, ii. 449–51, 460, 475.

⁷ Ibid. 450, 454–5, 461, 478, 487–9.

⁸ Ibid. 467–8, 477–8, 483.

⁹ The Works of Gerrard Winstanley, ed. G. H. Sabine (Cornell UP, 1941), 659; The Saints’ Knowledge of Christ’s Love (posthumous), Offor, ii. 8; The Water of Life, Offor, iii. 541–5; The Holy City, MW iii. 118, 305; cf. Mr. B., Offor, iii. 590–4.

¹⁰ It is difficult to think of Bunyan having read or seen Henry Glapthorne’s heroic drama, The Lady’s Privilege (1640), which contains a similar image (IV. ii). It must have been in common use.

¹¹ Offor, ii. 465–6, 477–8, 480, 483, 495–6.

¹² Ibid. 497–8.

¹³ Paradise Lost, xii. 24–37; W. Erbery, Testimony (1658), 207; Rogers, Jegar-Sahadotha: An Oiled Pillar Set up for Posterity (n.d., 1657–8?), 68; Feake, Preface to Mr. Tillinghast’s Eight Last Sermons (1655), sig. A 2V.

¹⁴ Tindall, 266; HW, 228–9. Tindall gives other examples.

¹⁵ MW v. 133–4; cf. 153, 178.

¹⁶ MW xi. xx; Offor, i. 311, 330, 333, 688.

¹⁷ Offor, ii. 45, 50, 54–5, 58, 61–2, 72–4; cf. 68 — bad news from foreign parts.

¹⁸ Ibid. 74.

¹⁹ Ibid. iii. 516, 526–7, 536.

²⁰ Ibid. ii. 43–4, 50–2, 74–9.

²¹ Ibid. ii. 50, 78–82. For the antichristianity of the Church of England and its prayer book see also I will pray with the Spirit (1662), MW ii. 285; A Reason of my Practice in Worship (1672), Offor, ii. 615–16.

²² Offor, ii. 59, 63, 68.

²³ Ibid. iii. 513–36. Cf. MW i. 258, quoted on p. 89 above for ‘walking the streets without control’.

²⁴ Offor, i. 721, 723, 725, 727.

²⁵ Ibid. i. 219, 222–3; cf. 236; i. 581–2, 585, 602, 606; cf. The House of the Forest of Lebanon, Offor, iii. 533.

²⁶ Offor, ii. 8–9, 13, 22.

²⁷ I Will Pray with the Spirit (1662?), MW ii. 253; cf. 284; Offor, ii. 593, 601.

²⁸ Offor, iii. 404, 410, 430, 444, 446.

²⁹ Winstanley, The Law of Freedom in a Platform (1652), in The Law of Freedom and Other Writings (Cambridge UP, 1983), 285; Of Antichrist and his Ruin, Offor, ii. 54. Bunyan had used the word ‘pet’ about local gentry persecutors (p. 127 above).

³⁰ See p. 326 above. Contrast the assurance in The Holy City that the church was not destructive to kings or their revenues (MW v. 96).

³¹ Offor, ii. 478–9.

³² See pp. 330–1 above.

27. Bunyan and Dissent

¹ A Confession of my Faith (1672), MW v. 191.

² McFarlane (1952); now brilliantly supported by Maurice Keen in ‘The Influence of Wyclif’, in Wyclif in his Times, ed. A. Kenny (Oxford UP, 1986), 127–45.

³ I owe this point, and much of the following paragraph, to P. W. Jackson’s unpublished Exeter D.Phil. thesis, Nonconformists and Society in Devon, 1660–1689 (1986), esp. 127, 134, 151, 192, 243, 336–40, 351. Dr Jackson points out that any surviving information about the social composition of nonconformist congregations is liable to overemphasize those of higher social status (313).

⁴ Abbott, Writings and Speeches of Oliver Cromwell, ed. W. C. Abbott (Harvard UP, 1937–47), iii. 459. Neither Cromwell nor Monmouth would have extended this right to Catholics.

⁵ E. Burrough, To The Parliament and Commonwealth of England (1659), 3.

⁶ See Appendix.

⁷ R. L. Greaves, Deliver Us from Evil (Oxford UP, 1986), passim.

⁸ H. C. Porter, Reformation and Reaction in Tudor Cambridge (Cambridge UP, 1958), 282–3, 386–9; R. Tuck, Natural Rights Theories: Their Origin and Development (Cambridge UP, 1979), 52, 64.

⁹ See pp. 20, 68 above.

¹⁰ Donald Davie, A Gathered Church: The Literature of the English Dissenting Interest, 1700–1930, esp. 15–17, 27, 52, and Lecture 2, passim.

¹¹ Offor, iii. 594, 632–3, 644; Blake to William Hayley, 4 Dec. 1804, in The Letters of William Blake, ed. G. Keynes (1968), 108. I am indebted for this reference to Dr Michael Tolley of the University of Adelaide.

¹² For an example from Wiltshire see my Religion and Politics in Seventeenth-Century England (Brighton, 1986), 151–3, 176. Many more could be given e.g. chap. 8 (i) above.

¹³ The words are E. P. Thompson’s: The Making of the English Working Class (Penguin edn.), 36. See also Alick West, ‘“The Holy War” and “The Pilgrim’s Progress”’, Modern Quarterly, NS 8 (1953), 169–82.

28. Bunyan and Popular Culture

¹ Magna Britannia et Hibernia, i. (1720), 153. Cox listed Bunyan among six Bedfordshire authors, one of whom was William Sedgwick.

² ‘Of the standard of Taste’, Essays: Moral, Political and Literary (1741–2). I cite from the World’s Classics edition, p. 235.

³ Life of Dr Johnson (Everyman edn.), i. 470–1.

⁴ Keith Thomas, Religion and the Decline of Magic (1971); D.P. Walker, The Decline of Hell (Chicago UP, 1964). See now M. McKeon, ‘Politics of Discourse and the Rise of the Aesthetic in Seventeenth-Century England’, in Politics of Discourse: The Literature and History of Seventeenth-Century England, ed. K. Sharpe and S. N. Zwicker (California UP, 1987), esp. 50–1.

⁵ Burke, Popular Culture in Early Modern Europe (1978), 255–6; cf. 161, and chs. 8 and 9, passim.

⁶ Seaver, Wallington’s World, pp. viii, 190–2, 251.

⁷ Brown, 5; J. S. Purvis (ed.), Tudor Parish Documents of the Diocese of York (Cambridge UP, 1948), 160–1; Joyce Godber, History of Bedfordshire, 1066–1888 (Bedfordshire County Council, 1969), 292.

⁸ Underdown, Revel, Riot and Rebellion, 63–4, 275–84; Thompson, ‘Patrician Society, Plebeian Culture’, Journal of Social History, 7 (1974), passim.

⁹ See my People and Ideas in Seventeenth-Century England (Brighton, 1986), ch. 12; Walzer, The Revolution of the Saints, 134.

¹⁰ Burke, Popular Culture, 241.

¹¹ For the especial appeal of plays to the poor see Underdown, Revel, Riot and Rebellion, pp. 50, 57–8, 69.

¹² Slack, The Impact of Plague in Tudor and Stuart England (1985), 231–40, 250–2, 298–309. The quotation is from p. 302.

¹³ Nehemiah Wallington, Historical Notices (1869), i. 193; MW iii. 43–50; Underdown, Revel, Riot and Rebellion, 67–8, 143, 198. For Grant see my Economic Problems of the Church (Oxford UP, 1956), 171, 297, 301.

¹⁴ GA, 29–31.

¹⁵ Bernard, The Isle of Man, 80–4; Seaver, Wallington’s World, 173; GA, 16.

¹⁶ Underdown, Revel, Riot and Rebellion, 41–2; see my Society and Puritanism in Pre-Revolutionary England (Penguin edn.), chs. 14 and 15.

¹⁷ Underdown, Revel, Riot and Rebellion, 61–2, 178.

¹⁸ Seaver, Wallington’S World, 96–7, 132, 141, 173.

¹⁹ B. Reay (ed.), Popular Culture in Seventeenth-Century England (1985), 23, 43.

²⁰ Osborne, Traditional Memoirs of the Reigns of Queen Elizabeth and King James I (1658), Epistle.

²¹ Joyce Appleby, Economic Thought and Ideology in Seventeenth-Century England (Princeton UP, 1978), passim; D. Zaret, The Heavenly Contract: Ideology and Organization in Pre-Revolutionary Puritanism (Chicago UP, 1985), passim.

²² Underdown, Revel, Riot and Rebellion, 61–3, 67; Seaver, Wallington’s World, 246; J. Sharpe, ‘The People and the Law’, in Reay, Popular Culture, 261–4; Buchanan Sharp, ‘Popular Protest in Seventeenth-Century England’, ibid. 290–6; Reay, ‘Introduction’, ibid. 17 and passim.

²³ Sharrock, ‘The Trial of Vices in Puritan Fiction’, Baptist Quarterly, NS 14 (1951–2), passim.

²⁴ GA, 27–8; PP, 2.

²⁵ The Barren Fig-tree, Offor, iii. 580.

²⁶ The Greatness of the Soul, MW ix. 193.

²⁷ Advice to Sufferers, Offor, ii. 702.

²⁸ Contrast his occasional self-consciously flowery prose: ‘Now also will the pretty robins and little birds in the Lord’s field so sweetly send forth their pleasant notes’ (The Holy City (1665), MW iii. 94–7; cf. Come, and Welcome (1678), MW viii. 392).

²⁹ The Water of Life (1688), Offor, iii. 544; The Heavenly Foot-man, MW v. 169; The Holy City, MW iii. 77.

³⁰ The Holy City, 71; GA, 3–4 and passim; PP, 168; Shaw, Man and Superman (1907), pp. xxviii-xxxiii.

³¹ See pp. 362–3 below.

³² D. Trotter, The Poetry of Abraham Cowley (1979), chs. 2 and 5; L. B. Wright, Middle-Class Culture in Elizabethan England (N. Carolina UP, 1935), 224; cf. my Writing and Revolution in Seventeenth-Century England (Brighton, 1985), 324–5.

³³ Appleby, Economic Thought and Ideology, passim; Agnew, Worlds Apart: The Market and the Theatre in Anglo-American Thought, 1550–1750 (Cambridge UP, 1986), passim; P. Salzman, English Prose Fiction, 1558–1700: A Critical History (Oxford UP, 1985), ch. 13. See now Michael McKeon, The Origins of the English Novel, 1600–1740 (Johns Hopkins UP, 1987).

³⁴ Thompson, Whigs and Hunters: The Origin of the Black Act (1975), chs. 9 and 10.

³⁵ Hobbes, English Works, i. pp. viii, 69; Tom Sorell, Hobbes (1986), 60.

³⁶ Capp, in Reay, Popular Culture, 231–2; L’Estrange, Considerations and Proposals in Order to the Regulation of the Press (1663), 10; Barber, The Theme of Honour’s Tongue: A Study of Social Attitudes in the English Drama from Shakespeare to Dryden (Göteborg, 1985), 22; Dryden, Of Dramatic Poesy and other Critical Essays (Everyman edn.), i. 181; Newman, in Newey, 234–5, 241.

³⁷ J. R. Jacob, Roger Boyle and the English Revolution: A study in Social and Intellectual Change (New York, 1977), passim; M. C. Jacob, The Newtonians and the English Revolution, 1689–1720 (Hassocks, 1976), passim; J. R. Jacob, “‘By an Orphean charm”: Science and the Two Cultures in Seventeenth-Century England’, in P. Mack and M. C. Jacob (edd.), Politics and Culture in Early Modern Europe: Essays in Honour of H. G. Koenigsberger (Cambridge UP, 1987), 245–9 and passim. See now M. C. Jacob, The Cultural Meaning of the Scientific Revolution, esp. 19–23, 105.

³⁸ Thomas, Religion and the Decline of Magic, 638. Owen mocked the Royal Society (The Experience of Defeat, 175, 177).

³⁹ See p. 266 above.

⁴⁰ A. L. Lloyd, Folk-Song in England (Paladin edn., 1975), 123–6; my Religion and Politics in Seventeenth-Century England (Brighton, 1986), 265; Reformation to Industrial Revolution (Penguin edn.), 284–5.

⁴¹ Milton, Reason of Church-Government (1642), MCPW, i. 804: Brown, 462–3; R. L. Greaves, ‘Bunyan Through the Centuries: Some Reflections’, English Studies, 64 (The Netherlands, 1983), 113–14.

⁴² E. M. W. Tillyard, The English Epic and its Background (1954), 390–1.

29. Bunyan and the World

¹ Advice to Sufferers (1684), MW x. 43, 93.

² Autobiography of One of the Chartist Rebels of 1848, in the Christian Socialist (1851), quoted in David Vincent, Testaments of Radicalism: Memoirs of Working-Class Politicians, 1790–1885 (1977), 167. I owe this quotation to the generosity of Bob Owens.

³ Brown, chs. 16 and 17; GA, 174; F. M. Harrison, ‘Nathaniel Ponder: The Publisher of The Pilgrim’s Progress’, The Library, 4th Ser. 15 (1934), 266 and passim. Snow Hill was famous for ballads and ballad-mongers.

⁴ The Pharisee and the Publican, MW x. 127; PP, 168; cf. GA, 32. He did attack millenarians who set dates.

⁵ MER, 315; GA, passim; MW i. 164.

⁶ GA, 93; Some Gospel-truths (1656), MW i. 73, 85–6; A Vindication (1657), ibid. 185; Tindall, 217–22; Tibbutt, ‘John Bunyan and the Witch’, Bedfordshire Magazine, 9 (1963–4), 89–90; HW, 144–5.

⁷ GA, 91–2; Cokayne’s Preface to Bunyan’s posthumous The Acceptable Sacrifice (1689), Offor, i. 686; PP, 58; cf. 236, 347 n.; Mr. B., Offor, iii. 642–6.

⁸ Paradise Lost, iii. 210; HW, 9, 23, 256; cf. pp. 178–9 above.

⁹ Offor, i. 216; Poems, 191.

¹⁰ See pp. 105–7, 111, 131–3, 312–17, 331–2 above.

¹¹ See pp. 214–6, 324, 326, 333–4 above.

¹² S. Wesley, A Defence of A Letter concerning the Dissenters Academies (1704), 26, 37, 48. Samuel Palmer queried Wesley’s recollections of Morton’s academy ([Palmer], A Defence of the Dissenters Education in their Private Academies in answer to Mr. W—y’s Reflections (1703), 10–12). The argument came to turn mainly on definitions of monarchy, Palmer saying that the students were opposed only to absolute monarchy and the dispensing power: they supported ‘the good old English monarchy’.

¹³ See ch. 23, pp. 149–50, 168 above.

¹⁴ Diane Ravitch and Chester E. Finn, jun., What do our 17-years-olds know? (New York, 1987).

¹⁵ E. P. Thompson, The Making of the English Working Class (Penguin edn.), 34.

¹⁶ F. M. Harrison, ‘Nathaniel Ponder’, 267–70; M. Spufford, Small Books and Pleasant Histories, 198; Harrison, ‘Editions of The Pilgrim’s Progress’, The Library, 4th Ser. 22 (1942), 75–6; Brown, 451.

¹⁷ PP, 169, 339 n.; G. H. Jenkins, Literature, Religion and Society in Wales, 1660–1730 (Wales UP, 1978), 129–30.

¹⁸ Wiktor Weintraub, ‘Bunyan in Poland’, Canadian Slavonic Papers, 4 (1959), 36–41. I am indebted to Geoff Eley for drawing my attention to this article.

¹⁹ D. Blagoy, ‘John Bunyan and Leo Tolstoy’, From Kantemir to our Days (in Russian, Moscow, 1972), i. 334–65. I am deeply grateful to Professor Valentine Boss for sending me a photocopy of these pages.

²⁰ Baring, With the Russians in Manchuria (1905), 23–4; A Year in Russia (1907), 147–9; Valentine Boss, Russian Popular Culture and John Milton (forthcoming), 142–4, 147, 523–5. Professor Boss tells me that there were also at least eighteen manuscript versions between 1747 and 1791. I have learnt a great deal from discussing Bunyan and Milton with him, and am most grateful for his help and guidance.

²¹ Joyce Godber, John Bunyan of Bedfordshire (Bedfordshire County Council, 1972), 9.

²² R. G. Wagner, Re-enacting the Heavenly Vision: The Role of Religion in the Taiping Rebellion (Institute of East Asian Studies, University of California, Berkeley, 1982), 16, 59–60, 102, 109.

²³ Ibid., 108; PP, 94. Carlo Ginzburg’s The Cheese and the Worms gives fascinating evidence of a sixteenth-century Italian miller reading his own sense into other people’s books.

²⁴ Boss, Russian Popular Culture; for Shaw, see pp. 3–4 above.

²⁵ Charles Knight, Memories of a Working Man (c. 1830?), quoted in A. E. Dobbs, Educational and Social Movements (1919), 98. For Bunyan in cottages see for example Samuel Bowden, The Paper Kite (1733), in The New Book of Eighteenth-Century Verse, ed. R. Lonsdale (Oxford UP, 1984), 273, and John Clare, The Midsummer Cushion, ed. A. Tibble (Ashington, 1979), 148, 178, 257 — written before 1832.

²⁶ See epigraph to this chapter.

²⁷ Wagner, Taiping, 41–2.

²⁸ Cf. Michael McKeon, The Origins of the English Novel, 1600–1740 (Johns Hopkins UP, 1987), 304.

²⁹ MCPW, iv. 554; Winstanley, The Law of Freedom and Other Writings (Cambridge UP, 1983), 107.

APPENDIX

¹ D’Ewes, quoted L. Kaplan, Politics and Religion during the English Revolution: The Scots and the Long Parliament, 1643–1645 (New York UP, 1976), 122.