Abraham. See Bible
Académie des Sciences Morales et Politiques
Académie française
Academy of Medicine
Action française
Aesthetics
Afterlife: biological version of; denial of
Agulhon, Maurice, (The Republic in the Village)
Algave, Emile
Alliance Nationale
Allix, Jules
Almanach de la libre pensée
American Bertillon Prison Bureau
American Journal of Physical Anthropology
American Public Health Association, international nomenclature for causes of death
Ammon, Otto (1842–1916); note to Lapouge
Anarchists
Andler, Charles (1866–1933)
Annales de démographie internationale
L’année philosophique
L’année sociologique
Anthony, Raoul (1874–1941)
L’anthropologie (Topinard)
Anthropology: debate over definition; early history in France; and politics
Anticlericalism. See Secularization and anticlericalism.
Anti-Semitism; and Lapouge; Mortillet’s critique of; and socialism
Aphasia: Bergson questions Broca’s research; L. A. Bertillon’s brain suspected of; Broca’s discovery; Chevalier on Broca and Bergson; Duval on; Freud’s On Aphasta; Keane questions Broca’s conclusion
Arcelin, Adrien
Archeology, first journal
L’Aryen: son rôle social (Lapouge)
Asseline, Louis (1829–1878); autopsy of; brain of; brain at World’s Fair 1889; as group leader; and Guyot; founding Society of Mutual Autopsy; as politician
Assézat, Jules (1832–1876): brain, see caption to figure 12; in Lefèvre’s toast; place in the group
Assire, A.
Atheist stories of awakening or early dedication
Axenfeld, Alexandre (1825–1876)
Bacon, Francis (1561–1626)
Bakunin, Mikhail (1814–1876)
Barot, Odysse (1830–1907)
Barrows, Susanna (Distorting Mirrors)
Beauquier, Deputy
Beddoe, John (1826–1911), The Races of Britain
Béjin, André
Belot, Gustave (1859–1929)
Bergson, Henri (1859–1941); audience of; on Broca’s materialist understanding of the brain; as Collège de France chair; L’évolution creatrice; on immortality; life and work of; Nobel Prize; Matter and Memory; in praise of Finot; in Revue scientifique; Time and Free Will; vitalist philosophy of
Bernard, Claude (1813–1878)
Bert, Paul (1833–1886); anticlericalism of; arranges for Charcot’s chair at Faculty of Medicine; and Gambetta’s brain; life and work; publishes Royer’s work in La république française (and later as a book); studied with Charles Robin; and women interns
Berthelot, Marcellin (1827–1907); life and work
Bertillon, Alphonse (1853–1914); admired by Sherlock Holmes; attends L’école d’anthropologie; “Bertillonage” and criminal identification, see also figure 11 caption; brain goes to Manouvrier; description by Tarbell; discusses criminal anthropology with Tarbell; discussion of; and the Dreyfus Affair; and the Drummond Castle; essay prize; filing system; General Register of Identification; life and work; mug shot; niece Suzanne’s biography; phrenological reading by Letourneau; portrait parlé, figure 11; Les races sauvage; relation to freethinkers; in Revue bleue
Bertillon, Amélie (née Notar): Alphonse’ wife and anthropometrical assistant
Bertillon, Caroline (née Schultze); admitted to Paris Faculty of Medicine; Jacques’s wife
Bertillon, Georges
Bertillon, Jacques (1851–1922); article on the anthropology museum; Broca’s influence; De la dépopulation de la France et des remèdes à apporter; life and work; discussion of; and Dreyfus Affair; essay prize; financial schemes for raising birth rate; Génération consciente; helps found the International Institute of Statistics; instates Mother’s Day; on “Monstrosities”; in La nature; phrenological reading by Letourneau; pronatalist; La question sexuelle; relation to freethinkers; and Society of Mutual Autopsy; leaves Society of Mutual Autopsy; Le temps; wife (née Caroline Schultze)
Bertillon, Louis-Adolphe (1821–1883); Academy of Medicine; autopsy report and suggestion of aphasia; brain of; civil funeral of wife Zoé; death and last words of; death mask and skull of; founds demography; “Etude statistique sur les nouveau-nés,”; founding of Society of Anthropology of Paris; founding of Society of Mutual Autopsy; freethinker; funeral of; home life; life and work; meets Michelet; Moscow conference; and pensée nouvelle; political career; Prix Bertillon; role in freethinking group; rue Bertillon; in “scientific trinity,”; skeleton of
Bertillon, Suzanne: biographer of her uncle Alphonse; women of the Bertillon family
Bertillon, Zoé; argues with Michelet about Spinoza and Comte; death and funeral of; family; freethinking
Bible; Abraham in
Bibliothèque des sciences contemporaines; proposal of
Bibliothèque matérialiste
La bien et la loi morale (Royer)
Le bien public
Binet, Alfred (1857–1911)
Blachette, Felix, questionnaire of
Blanckaert, Claude; on Royer
Bloch, Jean-Richard
Blumenberg, Hans
Bonnechose, Cardinal (1800–1883)
Bonvin
Bordier, Arthur-Alexandre (1841–1910); and Moscow conference
Bouglé, Célestin (1870–1940); “Anthropologie et démocratie,”; attacked by Lapouge; defense of democracy against Lapouge’s anthropological racism; La démocratie devant la science; Les doctrines égalitaires; Essais sur le régime des castes; group intelligence weaker than individual; in letter from Muffang to Lapouge; letter to Brunetière; life and work; and Muffang; Qu’ estce que la sociologie?; revival of philosophy; “scientific morality,”; “social spirit,”; and sociology; and solidarism
Boulanger, General Georges (1837–1891); in Les hommes d’aujourd’hui
Bourgeois, Léon (1851–1925); and solidarism
Bourget, Paul; Le disciple
Bourneville, Désire-Magliore (1839–1909); Bibliothèque diabolique; career and secularization campaigns; ejecting nuns from Paris hospitals; Iconographie photographique de la Salpêtrière; Louise Lateau; ou La stigmatisée belge; member of Society of Mutual Autopsy; On permanent hysterical contraction; or A scientific interpretation of the miracles of Saint Louis and Saint Medard; preface to Histoires disputes et discours des illusions et impostures des diables; school for lay nurses, Society for the Propagation of Cremation, on witches as hysterics
Bowler, Peter
Bradlaugh, Charles (1833–1891)
Brain studies: Manouvrier’s
Brés, Madeleine (née Gébelin)
Brisson, Henri (1835–1912)
Broca, Augustine (née Lugol, Paul’s wife)
Broca, Paul (1824–1880), figure 5; accepts evolution; accused of materialist teaching at the Faculty of Medicine; aphasia; Bergson’s contradiction of aphasia; at the Bertillon home; brain autopsied by Society of Mutual Autopsy; Broca Affair; craniometrical theory and practice; and the Dictionnaire; with early freethinking society; extreme left politics; founding of anthropology with Bertillon; founding of Ecole d’anthropologie; Freud on Broca’s science of the brain; funding for conferences; as important freethinker; influence on Hovelacque; the “Institute,”; on Le Bon; letter to Vogt; life and work; and Manouvrier; Manouvrier on; Parisian skulls; performs first autopsy of Society of Mutual Autopsy; physical description; and polygenism; preface to L’anthropologie; Prix Broca; and revue scientifique; role among the freethinking anthropologists; rue Broca; scholarship on; in “scientific trinity,”; suppression of Royer article; and Topinard; Topinard on; traveling with anthropologists; on women’s intelligence
Brouillet, André (1857–1914): Un leçon clinique à la Salpêtrière (painting)
Brunetière, Ferdinand (1849–1906); “bankruptcy of science,” debate; and Bouglé; Brisson on; Catholic revival; and Finot, and Lapouge; life and work; Manouvrier’s response; response from Revue de métaphysique et de morale; Revue des deux mondes
Bruno, Giordano (1548–1600)
Bruno. See Guyau, Augustine
Buchner, Eduard
Büchner, Ludwig (1813–1897); in Pensée nouvelle
Buck, Carrie
Bulletin de la Société d’anthropologie de Paris Bulletins et mémoires de la Société d’anthropologie de Paris. See also Bulletin de la Société d’anthropologie de Paris
Camper, facial index of
Candolle, Alphonse de (1806–1893)
Cannibalism, and religion
Carr, Edward Hallett (The Romantic Exiles)
Catholic doctrine, material continuity
Cephalic index, in Germany
Chadwick, Owen; The Secularization of the European Mind in the Nineteenth Century
Champfleury
Chaptal, Claudius, testament of
Charcot, Jean-Martin (1825–1893); Démoniaques; Difformes dans l’art; faith cure; Freud describes; influence on Freud; government support; hostility towards religion; and hypnotism; and hysteria; Un leçon clinique à la Salpêtrière (painting); life and work; on Lourdes; and Manouvrier; nosography; physical description; school for lay nurses; secularization of religious experience; “Tuesday Lessons,”, and wife Augustine at reading party, figure 14
Chatterton-Hill, Georges
Chaumié, Joseph
Chavée, Honore Joseph
Chérin, Clara
Chervin, Arthur (1850–1921); Annales de démographie internationale; as disciple of LouisAdolphe Bertillon; and Society of Anthropology of Paris
Chevalier, Jacques, study of Broca and Bergson
Chevalier, Victor: testament of; “Under the Dome of the Foyer of Instruction-Site of the Autopsy Exhibit,”
Chudzinski
Civil burial laws
Clam, Major du Paty de
Clemenceau, Georges
Closson, Carl
Cole, Joshua (The Power of Numbers)
Collège de France
Collignon, René
“Combat” anthropology: accusation by La patrie; Dictionnaire des sciences anthropologique; Lefèvre’s; Letourneau’s; Thulié
Combes, Émile
Comte, Auguste (1798–1857); chair in the History of Science; disciples Littré and Wyrouboff; discussed by Z. Bertillon and Michelet; positivism and religion
Conan Doyle, Sir Arthur (1859–1930); “The Cardboard Box,”; “The Hound of the Baskervilles,”; “The Naval Treaty,”; Sherlock Holmes
Condorcet; on feminismn
Congrès libre pensée
Congrès scientifique international des Catholiques
Congress on Anthropology, Moscow (1879); figure 5
Congress on Criminal Anthropology, Brussels
Console and Classify (Goldstein)
Constans, Jean: authorization of Society of Mutual Autopsy; brings down Freycinet government
Conta, Madame
Coolidge, Calvin, immigration laws
Coudereau, Auguste: autopsy of; brain and skull of figure 12; founding of Society of Mutual Autopsy; mentioned at Duval dinner; role among the freethinking anthropologists; on science and religion
Courbet, Gustave (1819–77)
Craniometry: Bouglé on; Broca’s theories; Montessori on women’s superiority
Crespi, Angelo
Crime, Madness, and Politics in Modern France (Nye)
Criminal anthropology; Durkheim on; Manouvrier’s campaign against
Criminal identification using anthropological measurements; mug shot; portrait parlé
La critique philosophique (Renouvier)
Curie, Marie (1867–1934); and M. Curie
Cutilo, Don José Luis
Cuvier, Georges (1769–1832); fixity of the species
Dally, Eugène; on Asseline’s brain; and Moscow conference
Daniel, Glyn E. (A HundredYears of Archaeology)
Darlu, Alphonse; critical of Durkheim
Darwin, Charles (1809–1882) and Darwinism; Bergson’s critique; and Brunetière; and freethinking anthropologists; Garland admires; imagined in dialog with God; influence on Zola; and Lapouge; Lefèvre praises Royer in comparison to; L’homme d’aujourd’hui praises Royer in comparison to; Manouvrier on embracing; and morality; Origin of Species; rejects Royer’s translation; and Revue philosophique; and Revue scientifique; seen as one among many evolutionary theories; and Solidarism
Le Darwinism
Daudet, Alphonse (1840–1897); reading party at home of, figure 14
Daudet, Leon (1867–1942); Revue de l’Action francaise
Davenport, Charles (1866–1944)
Death: catholic; materialist; secularization laws
Les débuts de l’humanité
La démocratie devant la science (Bouglé)
Demography
De la dépopulation de la France et des remèdes à apporter
Deraismes, Maria (1828–1894)
Desmond, Adrian
d’Holbach, Baron Paul Thiry
Dias, Nélia
Dictionnaire des sciences anthropologique; origins
Dictionnaire philosophique
Diderot, Denis (1713–1784): and the Dictionnaire des sciences anthropologique; “Diderot Dinner,” hero of materialism; mentioned in Lefèvre’s speech; rue Diderot
Die Sonne
Dinner of Scientific Materialism
Diogenes
Discipline and Punish (Foucault)
Distorting Mirrors (Barrows)
Donnet, Cardinal
Dracula (Stoker)
Drago, Doctor
Dreiser, Theodore (1871–1945), Sister Carrie and naturalism
Dreyfus, Captain Alfred (1859–1935): Dreyfus Affair
Les droits de l’homme
Drummond Castle
Drumont, Edouard (1844–1917); figure 14
Drysdale, Charles
Drysdale, Elizabeth “Bessie” (1829–1907)
Dubois, Eugéne
Ducros, Aline
Duhem, Pierre (1861–1916)
Duilhé, Canon
Dumas, Alexander (fils)
Dupanloup, Bishop of Orléans; Life of Jesus
Dupaquier, Michel, on Louis-Adolphe Bertillon
Duprat, Pascal (1815–1885)
Durand, Marguerite (1864–1936)
Durkheim, Émile (1858–1917); antideterminism; and Bouglé; Elementary Forms of Religious Life; on God as an effect of society; on Kant; on Lapouge; Lapouge on; on Letourneau’s sociology; life and work; on Manouvrier; on pedagogy; position of sociology; Règles de la méthod sociologique; religion as bad at science; and Renouvier; on secularist campaigns; La sociologie en France; on soul as an effect of society; Suicide
Duval, Mathias (1844–1907): accused of materialism by La patrie; on Asseline’s brain; caricature of, figure 2; Le Darwinism; dinner for; on Gambetta’s brain; in Les hommes d’aujourd’hui; professor at the Ecole d’anthropologie; in Revue scientifique; role among the freethinking anthropologists; Salpêtrière painting; on Society of Mutual Autopsy and aphasia
L’echo de Paris
Ecole d’anthropologie; Bertillon (Jacques) professorship; courses taught; denounced as atheist; founding and description; and Society of Mutual Autopsy; Topinard ousted
Elementary Forms of Religious Life (Durkheim)
Ellis, Havelock (1859–1939)
Encyclopédique générale
Epicurus
Esprit des lois
Essais sur le régime des castes (Bouglé)
Eugenics; American sterilization laws; “degeneration,” and pronatalism; and Royer; and Sanger; and Society of Mutual Autopsy. See also Lapouge, Georges Vacher de
Eusapia
Evolution; Broca on; Darwinian vs. Lamarckian political science; “dialogue” between God and Darwin; freethinking anthropologists’ linear social evolution, Lamarckian and eugenics; Manouvrier’s contribution; Mortillet’s pre-Quaternary man
L’évolution creatrice (Bergson)
Evolution de l’education dans les diverses races humaines (Letourneau)
Evolution de l’esclavages dans les diverses races humaines (Letourneau)
Evolution du mariage et de la famille (Letourneau)
L’évolution de la morale (Letourneau)
L’évolution de la propriété (Letourneau)
Evolution du commerce dans les diverses races humaines (Letourneau)
Evolution religeuse dans les diverses races humaines (Letourneau)
Faculty of Medicine (Paris); and atheism; Bert arranges acceptance of women interns; Bert arranges for Charcot’s chair; Caroline Bertillon admitted; chair of histology; Laborde heads department of physiology; as less radical than the anthropologists; Manouvrier attends; professor joins autopsy society; Royer delivers speech on evolution
Faidherbe, General Léon (1818–1889)
Family Allowance Act
Farr, William (1807–1883)
Fauvelle, Jean-Louis: accused of materialism by La patrie; on Broca and Topinard; rejection of philosophy
Fédération Internationale de la Libre Pensée (Brussels)
La femme: Essai de sociologie physiologique (Thulié)
Ferry, Jules (1832–1893); and anthropology; authorization of Society of Mutual Autopsy; chair in the History of Science; Hovelacque locks out of National Assembly; life and work; secularization of primary education
Fewkes, J. Walter (1850–1930)
Finklehaus, Jean. See Finot, Jean
Finot, Jean (1858–1922) (Finklehaus):; on balance between science and “spiritual needs,”; books on longevity; cites Manouvrier; “Finklehaus”; founder of La revue des revues; on Fouillée; the “Infinite,”; life of; on longevity; morality; Le préjugé des races; La préjugé et problème des sexes; Progrès et bonheur; pseudonyms; on racist anthropology; La science du bonheur; on the soul; tolerance of religion
Flaubert, Gustave (1821–1880);M. Homais of Madame Bovary
Foley, M.
Foucault, Michel; Discipline and Punish
Fouillée, Alfred (1838–1912); “fin-de-siècle national character studies,”; Finot on; Humanitaires et libertaires au point de vue sociologique; influence on Manouvrier; against Lapouge and anthroposociology; La liberté et le déterminisme; life and work; Manouvrier’s influence on; and national character types; and solidarism
Fourier, Charles (1772–1837)
France, Anatole (1844–1924)
France Faces Depopulation (Spengler)
Franco-Prussian war
Freemasons: materialism of; and women
Freethinkers’ Dinners: for Diderot; Duval’s celebration; for Lamarck; for Voltaire; Topinard’s description
Freethinking anthropologists: accused of metaphysics; accused of mysticism; atheist definition of anthropology; careers; description of Institute; on free will; friendships outside work; influence on Zola; and Lapouge; memorials to; mood; on nationalism; origins and growth of; against philosophy; praised as national treasures; secularization campaigns; and Society of Anthropology; theory; Topinard’s version of; traveler’s questionnaires; theory of unilinear progress; visitors; on Voltaire’s deism; on women
Freethinkers society, Broca’s of 1848
French Revolution
Freppel, Archbishop Charles (1827–1891)
Freud, Sigmund: on Broca’s science of the brain; Charcot’s influence; on “deliria of nuns,”; On Aphasia; path from linking religious possession with somatic hysteria to repression; on replacing religion; on witches
Freycinet, Charles (1828–1923)
Frick, Wilhelm (1877–1946)
Functionaries; Lapouge on
Future: Finot’s vision of progress; Manouvrier on; Lapouge’s dystopia; Letourneau’s utopia; Richet’s predictions
Gadille, Jacques
Galileo Galilei (1564–1642)
Gall, Franz Joseph (1758–1828)
Galton, Francis (1822–1911): book on A. Bertillon’s shelf; contributor to Revue philosophique; contributor to Revue scientifique; and eugenics; Günther compares Lapouge; importance to Liard and Lapouge
Gambetta, Léon (1838–1882): anticlericalism of; autopsy of; brain of figure 12; and Charcot; and Constans; death and funeral of; importance to freethinking movement; life and work; politics as a branch of physiology; Panthéon tomb of; at reading party, figure 14; La république française; skull of
Garland, Hamlin (Hannibal) (1860–1940); credits Véron with verism
Gaultier, Paul
Gavarret, Jules (1809–1890); report on Society of Mutual Autopsy; sponsors Royer
Génération consciente (J. Bertillon)
Gillet-Vital; bust of
Girardin, Emile de (1806–1881)
Giraud, Marie-Louise
Gobineau, Count Arthur de (1816–1882); Broca on; Günther on; Manouvrier on; atarin-Tarnheyden on
Goldstein, Jan (Console and Classify)
Gould, Steven J.; on Manouvrier; Mismeasure of Man
La grande revue
Grant, Madison (1865–1937):; The Passing of the Great Race and Lapouge
Gras, Charles
Gratiolet, Louis-Pierre (1815–1865), on women’s brains
Guède, Dr. Alfred, questionnaire of
Guillard, Achille
Günther, Hans: merican approval; and Lapouge; Racial Elements of European History; Rasse: Monatsschrift der nordischen Bewegung
Guyau, Augustine (Bruno), Le tour de France par deux enfants
Guyau, Jean-Marie (1854–1888)
Guyot, Yves (1843–1928): caricature in Les hommes d’aujourd’hui; Chamber of Deputies speech on cremation; and Dreyfus Affair; founding Society of Mutual Autopsy; political career; role in freethinking group; La science économique; wrote for Libre pensée and Pensée nouvelle; testament of
Hacking, Ian
Haeckel, Ernst (1834–1919); Le monisme: Lien entre la religion et la science; The Riddle of the Universe
Halévy, Elie (1870–1937), founder of Revue de métaphysique et de morale (RMM)
Hamilton, Sir William
Hammond, Michael
Hamy, Ernest-Théodore (1842–1908); photo, figure 5
Hanau, Marthe, financial scandal
Harmignies, Léonce
Harvey, Joy
Hayward, J. E. S.
Hegel, Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel (1770–1831)
Hervé, George (1855–1932); Précis d’anthropologie
Herzen, Alexander (1812–1870)
Herzen, Alexander (1839–1906); Physiology of the Will
Histoire: Entretiens sur l’évolution historique
Histoire naturelle
A History of the Devil (Rèville)
Hitler, Adolph; and Lapouge
Holmes, Oliver Wendell
Holmes, Sherlock
Homais, M. See Flaubert, Gustave
L’homme: Journal illustré des sciences anthropologiques; founding
L’homme libre
Les hommes d’aujourd’hui
Hough, Walter
Hovelacque, Abel (1843–1896); on anthropology as atheist and anticlerical; caricature in Les hommes d’aujourd’hui, figure 1; Les débuts de l’humanité; differentiates humans from animals; ejecting the nuns from the convents; founding Society of Mutual Autopsy; in Les hommes d’aujourd’hui; invites Topinard to “Dinner of Free-Thought,” and Lapouge; life and work of; linguistics, La linguistique; locks Ferry out of National Assembly; Moscow conference; on “Nationalism,”; Plus les laiques sont éclairés moins les prêtres pouront faire du mal; Précis d’anthropologie; role among the freethinking anthropologists; rue Abel Hovelacque
Hovelacque, Madame Abel
Hrdlička, Aleš; American Association of Physical Anthropologists; American Journal of Physical Anthropology; influenced by Manouvrier; life and work; on Manouvrier; The Skeletal Remains of Early Man
Huerta, Luis
Hugo, Jeanne
Hugo, Victor (1802–1885); and Society of Mutual Autopsy
Humanity’s place among the animals; Brunetière on; Hovelacque’s linguistic idea of; Letourneau on; Mortillet on (in Topinard’s book)
Hume, David (1711–1776)
A Hundred Years of Archaeology (Daniel)
Huxley, Thomas (1825–1895): Dally translates; influence on Broca
Huysmans, Joris-Karl
Hypnotism; Freud on; as hysteria
Hysteria; description of; fairground hypnotism acts; and the faith cure; Freud on; as scientific explanation of ecstasy and demonic possession by Charcot; as scientific explanation of witches by Bourneville; as scientific explanation of witches by Charcot; as scientific explanation of witches by Richet; as scientific explanation of witches by Weir; as scientific explanation of witches and the “deliria” of nuns by Freud
Iconographie photographique de la Salpêtrière (Bourneville)
International Congress of Archaeology and Prehistoric Anthropology (1865)
International Institute of Statistics
International Neo-Malthusian and Birth Control Conference (1921)
Issaurat, Charles
Janet, Pierre (1859–1947)
Jaurés, Jean (1859–1914)
Jeannolle, Charles
Jesuits (Society of Jesus): banned; Mortillet on
La jeune France
Jewish population in France
Jomard, Edme-François (1777–1862)
Joyeux, Johann, testament of
Kant, Immanuel (1724–1804): Durkheim on; “neocriticism” championed by Renouvier; noumenal world and belief in God; Revue philosophique’s neo-Kantian critique of Lefèvre; Revue scientifique’s neo-Kantian critique of Letourneau; understood in France as mystical
Keane, A. H., translator of La philosophie (Lefèvre)
Kelvin, Lord
Kincade, Warren (aka Du Pont)
Klumpke, Augusta Marie (1859–1927): Dejerine-Klumpke’s Paralysis; first woman intern in France
Kselman, Thomas
Laboratory of Anthropology; description of practices; influence on A. Bertillon; Manouvrier enters
Laborde, Jean-Baptiste Vincent (1830–1903); against absinthe; autopsy of; death of; discussion of his light brain; end of tenure at the Laboratory of Anthropology; on Gambetta’s light brain; life and work; made head of Laboratory of Anthropology; president of Society of Mutual Autopsy
Laffitte, Pierre (1823–1903)
Laguerre, Georges, testament of
Lalouette, Jacqueline (La libre pensée en France 1848–1940)
Lamarck, Jean-Baptiste (1744–1829), “Lamarck Dinner,” Lefèvre on. See also Lamarckianism
Lamarckianism: autopsy society’s use of; compared to Darwinian political science; and eugenics; and Manouvrier; political nature of reception; “Red Lamarckians,” and Royer. See also Lamarck
Lanessan, Jean-Marie De
Lapouge, Claude Vacher de; letter from his father
Lapouge, Georges Vacher de (1854–1936); on America; Ammon’s note to; and anthroposociology; anti-Semitism; L’Aryen: son rôle social, figure 13; atheism, attack by Bouglé; attack on Manouvrier, Bouglé, Finot, et al.; cephalic index; critique by Finot; critique by Fouillée; critique by Manouvrier; death and burial of; Durkheim on; on Durkheim; dystopian future; eugenics and socialism; and freethinking anthropologists of Paris; on French democracy; German translation of L’Aryen; and Günther and Nazi race theory; influence in Germany; influence on history of racism and racialist politics; and Hindré, Marie-Albertine (wife); “Law of Lapouge,”; and Liard; life and work; Manouvrier “is fuming,” network of disciples; nihilism and antimorality; as “pessimist monist,”; Race et milieu social; Reinach on; salary; rejects sociology as metaphysics; and Sanger; scandal with young girls; Les sélections sociales; and Society of Mutual Autopsy; on the soul; studies at the Ecole d’anthropologie; success of theories in the United States; telegenesis; and Topinard; utopian ideas; and women
Lapparent, Albert de (1839–1908)
Lavasseur, Emile (1828–1911)
Le Bon, Gustave (1841–1931), figure 5; corresponded with Lapouge; Godard Award to; on group intelligence; as popularizer of science; resigns from Society of Anthropology; on women’s brains
Lebovics, Herman
Un leçon clinique à la Salpêtrière (painting, Brouillet)
Lefèvre, André (1834–1904); at Asseline’s civil funeral; at Duval’s dinner; on “Fées” among the freethinking anthropologists; on the freethinking anthropologists as the originators of the free-thought movement; on the freethinking group’s origins under the Second Empire; on going beyond Voltaire; Histoire: Entretiens sur l’évolution historique; on Hovelacque; in La jeune France; life and work; against metaphysics; La philosophie; poetry and literary prose; against positivism; La religion; La renaissance du matérialisme; on Robinson suisse; serves on Paris Municipal Council; testament of; and Zola
Legoyt, Alfred (1815–1885)
Lemonnier, Charles
Lemonnier, Elisa (1805–1865)
Léon, Xavier (1868–1935): and Durkheim; founder of Revue de métaphysique et de morale (RMM)
Leroux, Pierre (1797–1871)
Leroy-Beaulieu, Paul (1843–1916)
Letourneau, Charles (1831–1902), figure 6; on Bertillon’s brain; at Bertillon’s funeral; La biologie; “combat” articles; courses at the Ecole d’anthropologie; Dally critiques his methodology; Evolution de l’éducation dans les diverses races humaines; Evolution de l’esclavages dans les diverses races humaines; L’évolution de la morale; L’évolution de la propriété; Evolution du commerce dans les diverses races humaines; Evolution du mariage et de la famille; Evolution religeuse dans les diverses races humaines; family vacations with Royer and Duprat, the Herzens, Brocas, etc.; founds Society of Mutual Autopsy; among freethinking anthropologists; on humans as animal; influence on Zola; and Lapouge; and Liza Herzen; leadership roles in the Société d’anthropologie; to Le Bon; obituary; La physiologie des passions; phrenological examination of young Bertillon brothers; praise of Royer; in Revue scientifique; Science et matérialisme; La sociologie d’après l’enthnographie; theory of unilinear progress; utopian ideas; on women
Lévy-Bruhl, Lucien (1857–1939); and Durkheim
Liard, Louis (1846–1917): bias against Catholic scientists; and Durkheim; and Lafitte; and Lapouge; life and work
Liberalism
Libre pensée; and Bertillon; as defining the core group; founding and history of; Issaurat; Lefèvre’s articles collected as a book; Lefèvre on; and Mortillet. See also La pensée nouvelle
Ligue de l’enseignement (Paris)
Ligue de la régénération humaine
Ligue d’union républicaine des droits de Paris
Linguistics
La linguistique; review of
Littré, Emile (1801–1881); founded Philosophie positive; in Society of Anthropology
Locard, Edmond (1877–1966)
Lodge, Sir Oliver
Logue, William
Lombroso, Cesare (1835–1909); book on A. Bertillon’s shelf; contributor to Revue des revues; contributor to Revue scientifique; contributor to Revue scientifique; criminal anthropology; “duel” with Manouvrier; and spiritualism
Longevity
Louise Lateau; ou La stigmatisée belge (Bourneville)
Lourdes shrine
Löwith, Karl
Lubbock, John
Lucretius (On the Nature of Things)
Lugol, Augustine
Lyell, Charles
MacMahon, Marshal, abdication of
Madame Bovary. See Flaubert, Gustave
Mallarmé, Stéphane (1842–1898)
Manouvrier, Léonce (1850–1927); “L’anthropologie et le droit,”; applications to Collège de France; “L’atavisme et le crime,”; attack by Lapouge; autopsy of Laborde; and A. Bertillon’s brain; on brains and women’s intelligence; cited by Bouglé; on Brunetière’s “bankruptcy of science,” and Charcot; and Congresses on Criminal Anthropology; contributor to Ribot’s La revue philosophique; on the “conversion” to Darwinism; death; description; and the Dictionnaire; “duel” with Lombroso; Durkheim cites to refute Lapouge; at Ecole d’anthropologie; on evolution; Finot cites to refute Lapouge; Fouillée cites to refute Lapouge; and freethinking anthropologists; on Gambetta’s brain; lecture card, figure 10; “L’indice céphalique et la pseudo-sociologie,”; “L’individualité de l’anthropologie,”; influence on Hrdlička; judicial anthropology; on Lapouge; against Le Bon; Legion of Honor; life and work; with Marey at the Station physiologique; on morality; photo, figure 6; rebuttal to Tarde; redefinition of anthropology; Reinach cites to refute Lapouge; rejection of Topinard’s limitations on anthropology; on religion and clergy; rue du Docteur Manouvrier; science as a “positive religion,”; Second French Conference on the Rights of Women; speech at 1904 St. Louis World’s Fair; on the supposed declining height of the French; taught Lapouge; on Topinard; on women; defense of women interns
Mantegazza, Paolo (1831–1910)
Marey, Etienne-Jules (1830–1904)
Martindale, Don
Marx, Karl (1818–1883); “religious” eschatology of Marxism
Materialism: Bouglé on; compared to positivism, metaphysics, and Idealism; definition; Diderot as hero; Dinner of Scientific Materialism; Durkheim’s compromise; Finot on; Lefèvre on; Pillon on; rejection of metaphysics; Reinach on Lapouge’s; Réville on E. Véron’s “antireligious faith,”; Richet on; Royer on; Schemann responds to Lapouge’s
Matériaux pour l’histoire positive de l’homme, founding;
Matériaux pour l’histoire primitive et naturelle de l’homme
Le matin
Matsuda, Matt (Memory of the Modern)
Matter and Memory (Bergson)
Mayeur, Jean-Marie
McClure’s Magazine
McManners, John, study of death in Enlightenment France
Mémoires de la Société d’anthropologie. See also Bulletins et mémoires de la Société d’anthropologie de Paris
Memory of the Modern (Matsuda)
Mesmer, Anton (1734–1815), and mesmerism
Michaud, Régis
Michelet, Jules (1798–1874); and L.-A. Bertillon; discusses Comte and Spinoza with Z. Bertillon; on witches; on women and priests
Mill, John Stuart (1806–1873)
Milne-Edwards, Henri (1800–1885)
Miracle cult: and Catholic revival; Charcot on; Dictionnaire des sciences anthropologique; rise of; Zola on
Mismeasure of Man (Gould)
Moleschott, Jacob (1822–1893)
Monism: Bergson’s vitalism; and Lapouge; origins in Spinoza and Hegel; Royer’s
Le monisme: Lien entre la religion et la science (Haeckel)
Monnot, Paul, testament of
Monod, Gabriel (1844–1912), Revue historique
Monogenism and polygenism
Montandon, Georges (1879–1944), autopsy of Papillault
Montessori, Maria (1870–1952); Pedagogical Anthropology
La morale (E. Véron)
Morality; Bouglé on; Darwinism and; Durkheim and; Finot on; Fouillée on; Günther on Lapouge; Keane on; Lapouge on; and Letourneau on; Manouvrier on; Renouvier on; Richet on; Royer on; Sanger and Lapouge on; Véron on
Morning News
Mortillet, Adrien de (1853–1931)
Mortillet, Gabriel de (1821–1898); on anti-Semitism; and cannibalism; and Catholic conference on evolution; cautioned by Vogt; cemetery cross at Saint-Germain; and Charcot; death of; founded Ecole d’anthropologie with Broca; and founding of Society of Mutual Autopsy; and freethinking anthropologists; and Hrdlička; inserted line in Topinard’s book; Les jésuites; and Lapouge; lasting influence on archeology and anthropology; life and work; Matériaux pour l’histoire primitive et naturelle de l’homme; Moscow conference; nomenclature and system; photo, figure 5; physical description; Le préhistorique; pre-Quaternary man; on religious belief of early humans; rue Gabriel de Mortillet; secularization of street signs; speech before Chamber of Deputies; in Switzerland; theory of unilinear, progressive, evolution; on Topinard
Mortillet, Grunevald de
Mosse, George
Muffang, Henri
Musée de l’homme
Museum of Anthropology; engravings, figures 8, 9
Museum of Natural History (Paris)
Muybridge, Eadweard (1830–1904)
Nadaillac, Marquis de (1818–1904)
Napoleon III; and the church; liberal empire; museum
Naquet, Alfred Joseph (1834–1916)
National Museum of Antiquities at Saint-Germain
La nature
Nazism; German translation of L’Aryen; and Lapouge; and social sciences.
Neo-Malthusianism; origin of term
Nikitine, Barbe: testament of
Nord, Philip (The Republican Moment: Struggles for Democracy in Nineteenth-Century France)
Nordau, Max (1849–1923)
Nosography
Numbers, attraction of
Nye, Robert (Crime, Madness and Politics in Modern France); on Manouvrier
Offen, Karen
Ogarev, Liza
On Aphasia (Freud)
On permanent hysterical contraction; or A scientific interpretation of the miracles of Saint Louis and Saint Medard (Bourneville)
On the Nature of Things (Lucretius)
On the Origin of Species (Darwin)
Papillault, Georges; autopsy of; church marriage
Paray-le-Monial shrine
The Passing of the Great Race (Grant): Lapouge on
Pasteur, Louis (1822–1895)
La patrie
Paul, Harry
Paulhan, Frédéric (1856–1931)
Paxton, Robert Owen
Pedagogical Anthropology (Montessori)
Péguy, Charles (1873–1914)
Pelletier, Madeleine (1874–1939)
La pensée nouvelle: and anthropology; and Assézat; and Bertillon; as defining the core group; founding and supression; Issaurat; Lefèvre’s articles collected as a book; Lefèvre on; and Mortillet. See also Libre pensée
Perrier, Dr. Regnauth, questionnaire of
Pétain, Marshal Henri-Philippe (1856–1951)
La petite république (newspaper)
Peukert, Detlev (The Genesis of the “Final Solution” from the Spirit of Science)
La philosophie (Letourneau); english translation of
La philosophie positive
Philosophy journals, character of: L’année philosophique; La critique philosophique; Revue de métaphysique et de morale; La revue philosophique
Photography: A. Bertillon’s mug shot; A. Bertillon’s portrait parlé, figure 11; Marey and Manouvrier’s motion studies
Phrenology; as “implicit atheism,”; Letourneau reads Bertillon boys’ skulls; Manouvrier on
Physiologie des passions (Letourneau)
Physiology of the Will
Pichon, Stéphen (1857–1933)
Pillon, François (1830–1914): L’année philosophique; Critique philosophique; “The struggle against clericalism,”
Polygenism. See Monogenism and polygenism
Pope Leo XIII: “Ralliement,”
Pope Pius IX: “Syllabus of Errors,”
Positivism; accused of religiosity by materialists; and the Collège de France; compared to materialism; definition of; Finot on; opinion of freethinkers; La philosophie positive; Revue de métaphysique et de morale on; Ribot; in Society of Anthropology
Pre-Quaternary man
Précis d’anthropologie
La préhistorique
Le préjugé des races (Finot)
Prix Bertillon and Prix Broca
Progress; Broca on; condemned by “Syllabus of Errors,”; in the Dictionnaire des sciences anthropologique; Hovelacque on; Lapouge on; Lefèvre on; Letourneau on; Mortillet on; Royer on; walking among “future fossils,”
Pronatalism: discussion of population scare; Guillard on; real birth rate; Royer’s article. See also Neo-Malthusianism
Protestantism: compared to Catholicism; population in France
Proudhon, Pierre-Joseph (1758–1838)
Proust, Marcel (1871–1922)
Quatrefages, Armand de (1810–1892); Lapouge on; Manouvrier on; monogenism of; photo, figure 5; physical description; professor to L.-A. Bertillon; report on Society of Mutual Autopsy
Qu’ est-ce que la sociologie? (Bouglé)
Questions scientifique
La question sexuelle (P. Robin)
Race; and anthropology; caste system in India; Finot’s critique of racism; racism between British and French; weaker than custom
Race et milieu social (Lapouge)
The Races of Britain (Beddoe)
The Races of Europe (Ripley)
Les races sauvage (A. Bertillon)
Rayer, Pierre (1793–1867)
Le réalisme (Thulié)
Règles de la méthod sociologique (Durkheim)
Reinach, Salomon (1858–1932): career and family; dismissal of Lapouge; Mortillet eulogy
Reinwald (publisher)
La religion (Lefèvre)
Religion: belief and dogma as sweet; clergy as cruel
Religion, history of: Durkheim on; Keane on; Jean Réville on; E. Véron on
Religious belief of early humans; Hovelacque on; Lefèvre on; Mortillet on; in Revue des questions scientifique
Rémond, René
La renaissance du matérialisme
Renan, Ernest (1823–1892); death of; The Future of Science; influence on Brunetière; Life of Jesus; praise of Royer; in Society of Anthropology
Renouvier, Charles (1815–1903); Critical Essays; La critique philosophique; Science of Morals
The Republican Moment: Struggles for Democracy in Nineteenth-Century France (Nord)
Republican mystique
La république française (newspaper)
Retzius, Anders (1796–1860)
Réville, Jean (1855–1908); A History of the Devil
Revue d’anthropologie
Revue des cours littéraires. See Revue politique et littéraire
Revue des deux mondes
Revue encyclopédique
Revue international de sociologie
Revue de linguistique
Revue de métaphysique et de morale (RMM), and Bouglé; and Durkheim; founding; response to Brunetière
Revue occidentale
Revue pédagogique
La revue philosophique; and Manouvrier
Revue politique et littéraire (aka Revue bleue); Durkheim’s articles against anthroposociology; (under temporary name Revue des cours littéraires) and Véron
Revue des questions scientifique
La revue des revues
Revue scientifique (aka Revue rose); on Brunetière’s “bankruptcy of science”; debate over women interns; publication of Society of Mutual Autopsy questionnaire; reviews of freethinker’s works
Rhodes, Henry
Ribot, Théodule (1839–1916): life and work; and Manouvrier; La revue philosophique
Richer, Paul (1849–1933), artist and disciple of Charcot
Richet, Charles (1850–1935); anticipates Freud; articles on hysteria and somnambulism; on Brunetière’s “bankruptcy of science,”; coins “ectoplasm,”; Dans cent ans; description of hysteria; hysterics as female Diogeneses; Nobel Prize; Revue scientifique reviews of freethinker’s works; and spiritualism; “witches” as hysterics
Ringer, Fritz
Ripley, William (The Races of Europe)
The Rising Tide of Color (Stoddard)
Robin, Charles (1821–1885)
Robin, Paul (1837–1912); leaves Society of Mutual Autopsy; testament of
Rojas, Francisca
The Romantic Exiles (Carr)
Röntgen Wilhelm
Rouanet, Gustave (1855–1927): asks Manouvrier to critique Lapouge; reviews Manouvrier’s critique
Rousseau, Jean-Jacques (1712–1778)
Roussel Law of 1874
Roussel, Nelly (1827–1908)
Royer, Clémence (1830–1902); atheist conversion story; on being a woman scientist; La bien et la loi morale; on Brunetière’s “bankruptcy of science,”; calls the group “a little church,”; caricature, figure 3; contributor to Revue scientifique; on creationism; Darwin’s first French translator; Darwin rejects translation; death, last words, and burial of; determinism; Dreyfusard; and eugenism; on evolution (at the Paris School of Medicine); on evolution; evolution and progress; and the freethinking anthropologists; influence on Brés; influence on Jeanne Véron; joins Society of Anthropology; legion of honor; Letourneau calls “doubly revolutionary,”; life and work; on Manouvrier; and monism; physical description; private life; religious language; Renan calls “almost a man of genius,”; represents France at freethinkers’ conference; rue Clémence Royer; Second Congress of Criminal Anthropology; and Society of Mutual Autopsy; and substantialism; suppressed article on natality; vacations with Duprat, Letourneau, and Herzen; and Zola
Ruggiero, Kristin
Russett, Cynthia Eagle: on Manouvrier; Sexual Science
Rutherford, Ernest
Saint-Hilaire, Etienne Geoffroy (1772–1844)
Saint-Hilaire, Isidore Geoffroy (1805–1861)
La Salette shrine
Salpêtrière, hospital; Un leçon clinique à la Salpêtrière (painting)
Sanger, Margaret (1879–1966); and Lapouge
Sangnier, Marc (1873–1950), and the Sillon movement
Sarton, George (1884–1956)
Schemann, Ludwig (1852–1938)
Schopenhauer, Arthur
La science du bonheur (Finot)
Scientific Society of Brussels
Second Congress of Criminal Anthropology (1889)
Second Congress on Free Thought, “Rights of Women” (1893)
Second French Conference on the Rights of Women (1889)
Secular ceremonies: civil marriage in Europe; Diderot dinner; Duval dinner; Marseillaise as secular rite; religiosity as feminine; secular burial; secular marriage; Topinard on the Freethinker’s Dinners and civic ceremonies; Voltaire celebrations. See also Secularization and anticlericalism
Secularization and anticlericalism: Bourneville; “Broca Affair,”; Charcot; discussion of; distinguished from irreligion; and doctors; Durkheim on; Ferry; freethinking anthropologists’ various campaigns; Freud; Germanic materialists; history of; Mortillet; myth of early French piety; and nuns; Pillon on; progressive secularization of church and state; Proudhon on; Renan, “to not be a dupe,”; and teachers
Secular marvel at scientific paradox: Durkheim on determinism; Finot on the infinite; Lapouge on time and relativism; Lefèvre
Sée, Germain (1818–1896)
Les sélections sociales (Lapouge)
Sexual Science (Russet)
Le siècle (newspaper)
The Skeletal Remains of Early Man (Hrdlička)
Skulls: Broca’s collection of Parisian skulls; Broca’s craniometry; Duval caricature figure 2; Duval caricature discussed; freethinkers’ at Museum of Natural History of Paris; heads mailed to anthropologists; in Lapouge’s L’Aryen, figure 13; Manouvrier measures visitors to lab; measured at Bertillon home; nougat; phrenology; shaped skulls, figure 9; Smithsonian collection; Valéry measures, with Lapouge
Smithsonian
Social Darwinism; Bouglé; Finot; Fouilée; Lamarckian versus Darwinian; Lapouge, see chapter 5; Manouvrier on; Spencer
Social science as inherently political
Société d’anthropologie. See Society of Anthropology of Paris
Société d’autopsie mutuelle. See Society of Mutual Autopsy
Société de psychologie physiologique; and Manouvrier; origin
Société de statistique de Paris
Society for the Propagation of Cremation
Society of Anthropology of Paris; A. Bertillon joins; J. Bertillon joins, Broca discusses founding with L.-A. Bertillon; collections; environment; founding under Broca; freethinkers join; funding; Manouvrier and; public utility
Society of Mutual Autopsy; and Bert; L.-A. Bertillon’s brain; and Bourneville; brains of Gambetta and Laborde; caricature of Thulié performing autopsy, figure 4; and Charcot; 1903 circular; declining scientific ambitions regarding autopsies; discussion of Thulié caricature; distinction of core group from later members; Gavarret cautions Ferry about; in Les hommes d’aujourd’hui; and journal editors; and Lapouge; Manouvrier on, in Revue philosophique, Monnot’s suicide; museum; 1904 questionnaires; official authorization; origins; poem for; statutes, figure 15; utopianism; E. Véron on; J. Véron and. See chapter 1
La sociologie d’après l’enthnographie
Socrates
Solidarism; civil; and liberalism; natural-competition; natural-cooperation
Sorbonne
Sorel, Georges (1847–1922)
Soul; Clemenceau’s doctoral thesis disproving; compared to cell; Durkheim’s “collective soul,”; Ecole d’anthropologie denounced as dedicated to disproving; Finot on; Foucault on; freethinkers on; Archbishop Freppel on; German vs. French materialism; human compared to animal; Lapouge on; Littré and Robin on the physiological nature of; Tatarin-Tarnheyden on Lapouge; Vogt on; Zola on
Spencer, Herbert (1820–1903); and social Darwinism
Spengler, Joseph (France Faces Depopulation)
Spinoza, Baruch (1632–1677)
Spontaneous generation
Spurzheim, Johann (1776–1832)
State of nature
Station physiologique, Marey and Manouvrier’s photographic laboratory
Statistique générale de France
Stepan, Nancy (The Idea of Race in Science)
Stocking, George
Stoddard, Lothrop (1883–1950); The Rising Tide of Color
Stoker, Bram (1847–1912); Dracula
Stoler, Ann Laura
Suicide (Durkheim)
Swiss Family Robinson (Wyss)
Taguieff, Pierre-André
Taine, Hippolyte (1828–1893)
Tannery, Paul (1843–1904)
Tarbell, Ida (1857–1944)
Tarde, Gabriel (1843–1904); empiricism and metaphysics; Les lois d’imitation
Tatarin-Tarnheyden, Edgar
Télégraphe (newspaper)
Le temps (newspaper)
Teratology
Third left frontal circumvolution; Keane on Lefèvre
Thulié, Henri (1832–1916); anticlerical conferences; assists Broca with autopsy of Asseline’s brain and pens report; caricature, figure 4; co-founded Le réalisme; “combat brochures,”; La femme: Essai de sociologie physiologique; and founding of Society of Mutual Autopsy; and the freethinking anthropologists; in Les hommes d’aujourd’hui; life and work; president of Society of Mutual Autopsy; speech at Mortillet’s funeral; on Tolstoy; on women and families
Time and Free Will (Bergson)
Topinard, Paul (1830–1911); L’anthropologie; on Asseline’s brain; and Catholic scientists under a positivist regime; and the Ecole d’anthropologie; feud with freethinkers; and Lapouge; Lapouge compares his situation to; Manouvrier on; at Moscow conference; negative descriptions of; photo, figure 5; physical description; Second Congress on Criminal Anthropology (1889)
Tour d’Auvergne, Princess de la
Tourette, Gilles de La (1857–1904); biography of Charcot; “syndrome” and career
Toussenel, Alphonse (1803–1885)
La tribune médicale
Trocadéro (Ethnological Museum)
Turgeon, Charles (Le féminisme français)
Ujfalvy-Huszar, Charles de; photo, figure 5
Vacanard, Abbé Elphege (1849–1927)
Vacher de Lapouge, Georges. See Lapouge, Georges Vacher de
Valéry, Paul (1871–1945); on Lapouge
Verism
Verlaine, Paul (1844–1896)
Verne, Jules (1828–1905)
Véron, Eugène Victor (1825–1889); Les assocations ouvrières; death of; L’esthétique; exhumation of; and founding of Society of Mutual Autopsy; and the freethinking anthropologists; influence on Garland; La morale; on race theory; rejects academia under the Empire; La religion; skull of; testament of; theory of aesthetics
Véron, Jeanne; on her husband’s autopsy; on Royer; Society of Mutual Autopsy membership and testament; works. See also figure 15, caption
Vichy France
Victoria, Queen
La vie littéraire
Virchow Rudolf; against anti-Semitism; politics and anthropology
Virgin Mary. See Miracle cult
Vogt, Carl (1817–1895): advice to Mortillet; career; contributor to Revue scientifique; influence on Herzen; Lefèvre on; letter from Broca; materialism of; and Mortillet; in Pensée nouvelle
Vogt, W. Paul
Voltaire (1694–1778); and anticlericalism; centenary celebrations; influence on Ferry; influence on Royer; Lefèvre on; “Voltaire Dinner,”
Vucetich, Juan (1864–1925)
Vulpian, Edmé Félix Alfred (1826–1887)
Wallace, Alfred (1823–1913)
Weir, Jean: Histoires disputes et discours des illusions et impostures des diables; witches as hysterics
Wharton, Edith (1862–1937)
Whitman, Blanche
Williams, Elizabeth
Woltmann, Ludwig (1871–1907)
World Health Organization
World’s Fair of 1867 (Paris)
World’s Fair of 1878 (Paris), demography conference
World’s Fair of 1889 (Paris): Second Congress of Criminal Anthropology; Second French Conference on the Rights of Women; Society of Mutual Autopsy display
World’s Fair of 1904 (Saint Louis), Congress of Arts and Science
Worms, René (1869–1926); Revue international de sociologie
Wyrouboff, Grégoire: and the history of science at the Collège de France; founded Philosophie positive; life and work
Wyss, Johann David (Swiss Family Robinson)
Yung, Eugene
Zeldin, Theodore; on anticlericalism
Zola, Emile (1840–1902); Garland’s opinion; influenced by Letourneau; influenced by Royer; and Lourdes; naturalist movement; at reading party, figure 14; Rougon-Macquart series