Maps
Regional Maps
Key
1.The Jazīra
2.The Upper Euphrates
3.The Middle Euphrates
4.Cilicia and Western Syria
5.Western Syria and Northern Lebanon
6.Lebanon and Northern Palestine
7.Southern Palestine
8.Sinai
9.Egypt
10.Cyprus
The First Crusade
The Frankish principalities at about their largest
‘Desert castles’
Region around the Hula Valley
Jabal ʿAwf
Reynald of Châtillon’s Arabian campaigns, 1181, 1182–83
Templar towers on the road from Jaffa to Jericho
Castles around Ascalon
Strongholds slighted by Saladin (1190–91) and al-Muʿaẓẓam ʿĪsā(1218–19)
Strongholds preserved and slighted by the Mamlūks, 1260–91
Major battle
Baybars’ campaign against Safed, 1266
Saladin’s campaign in Palestine, 1187
Saladin’s campaign in western Syria, 1188
Plans
‘Desert castles’
Damascus, citadel
Bosra, theatre-citadel
Kerak (with topography)
Crac des Chevaliers and Jacob’s Ford in the twelfth century
Bānyās (with topography)
Tyre (with topography)
Jerusalem, siege of 1099, final deployments (with topography)
Arsūf (with topography)
Antioch, town defences and siege forts of the First Crusade (with topography)
ʿAtlit, outer wall embrasure
ʿAjlūn, level 2 with exposed sections of level 1
Tortosa, keep
Caesarea, defences improved by Louis IX and earlier Roman wall (with topography)
Sidon, sea castle
Bent entrances
Cairo, Bāb al-Barqiyya
Aleppo, citadel gatehouse
Crac des Chevaliers (with topography)
Saone (with topography)
Twelfth-century quadriburgium enclosure castles
Belvoir
Cairo, citadel
Cairo, citadel towers Burj al-Ramla and Burj al-Ḥaddād
Ṣubayba
Montfort
ʿAtlit, second level of the outer defences, first level of the inner defences
Mamlūk towers with central pillars
Ṣubayba, outer southwestern tower
Edwardian castles
Acre, siege of 1291
Images
Jerusalem
Antioch, town walls as seen in the eighteenth century
Crac des Chevaliers
Apamea
Qaṣr al-Ḥayr al-Sharqī, entrance of the smaller enclosure
Montreal
Beaufort
Caesarea
ʿAjlūn
ʿAjlūn and region to the immediate south
Ṣubayba
Aleppo, citadel gatehouse
Castellum Regis, in the centre of Miʿilya
Montfort
Ṣubayba, from the east
Le Destroit
Kerak
Jacob’s Ford, northeastern corner of the castle and the river to the right
Margat
Qalʿat Jaʿbar
Montfort, mine in the outer southwestern tower
Montfort, mine in the southern wall of the upper ward
Siege tower
Counterweight trebuchet, Cardiff castle
Traction trebuchet, Caerphilly castle
Al-Ṭarsūsī’s Persian trebuchet
Arsūf, outer southern tower, featuring artillery damage inflicted during the siege of 1265 before the tower was destroyed by the Mamlūk sappers
Arsūf, artillery projectiles from the siege of 1265
Maṣyāf
Al-Ḥabis, from the great temple of Petra
Subayba, reservoir
Saone, cistern
Crac des Chevaliers, western end of the outer southern defences
Ṣubayba, casemates and embrasures of the southern rounded tower
Belvoir, embrasures of one of the inner towers
Belvoir, exterior of one of the embrasures of the inner enclosure
Saone, embrasures along the outer eastern wall
Kerak, line of casemates built by the Mamlūks along the outer western wall
Chastel Neuf, fosse
Kerak, northern fosse
Saone, eastern fosse
Caesarea, talus around the town defences
Shayzar, northern glacis
Kerak, eastern glacis
ʿAjlūn, slot machicolation over the inner gate of the outer gateway
Montfort, machicolation over the inner northwestern gate
Montfort, looking down through the machicolation over the outer northwestern gate
Crac des Chevaliers, Mamlūk box machicolations
Bānyās, through column
Arsūf, through column
Caesarea, outer gate of the eastern gateway, featuring a slot machicolation, portcullis groove, lower socket for a leaf door and pocket in the wall for a locking bar
ʿAjlūn, outer gate and barbican
ʿAjlūn, inside the outer barbican
Safed, southwestern gate and barbican
Caesarea, closed postern in the northern town wall
Belvoir, staircase to the postern in the western mural tower
Belvoir, postern in the outer southwestern tower
Ṣubayba, postern in tower 11
Chastel Blanc
Belvoir
Crac des Chevaliers, eastern side of the outwork from the outer wall
Al-Raḥba
Montreal, inscription on the north tower
Le Destroit, with ʿAtlit in the background
Ṣubayba, topmost northeastern shooting chamber of the outer southwestern tower
Montreal, from the west
Ṣubayba, upper castle from the outer southwestern tower
Fort Saint-André (Villeneuve-lès-Avignon), main gate
Chepstow, Marten’s Tower and straight eastern entrance
Graphs and Tables
Use of siege towers, 1097–1200
Use of Frankish siege towers by decade
Maritime forces at twelfth-century Frankish sieges of coastal Mediterranean towns
Terms of surrender after the battle of Hattin
Belligerents of sieges
Distribution of sieges, before and after Hattin and Saladin’s death
Sieges against coreligionists
Length of sieges
Distribution of twelfth-century sieges
Distribution of thirteenth-century sieges
Length and success rates of sieges by period