Notes

1. Smail, Crusading Warfare, p. 206.

2. Rey, Étude sur les monuments; Van Berchem and Fatio, Voyages en Syrie; Lawrence, Crusader Castles.

3. Deschamps, Les Châteaux des Croisés en Terre-Sainte.

4. Fedden and Thomson, Crusader Castles; Müller-Wiener, Burgen der Kreuzritter, trans. Brownjohn as Castles of the Crusaders; Kennedy, Crusader Castles; Biller et al., Der Crac des Chevaliers; Zimmer, Meyer and Boscardin, Krak des Chevaliers in Syrien.

5. Faucherre, Mesqui and Prouteau, eds., La fortification au temps des croisades; Kennedy, ed., Muslim Military Architecture in Greater Syria; Piana, ed., Burgen und Städte der Kreuzzugszeit; Yovitchitch, Forteresses du Proche-Orient.

6. Johns, Guide to ‘Atlit.

7. Pringle, Churches; idem, Secular Buildings.

8. Excavations at Arsūf, which have been ongoing since 1982, were led by the late Israel Roll and continue under Oren Tal. An overview of the finds to 2011 can be found in The Last Supper at Apollonia. Under Adrian Boas, surveying began at Montfort in 2006 and annual excavations have taken place since 2011. A fairly comprehensive report, Montfort, was published in 2016. Excavations in Syria and at Caesarea were undertaken by a team headed by Nicolas Faucherre and many results have been written up by Jean Mesqui. Excavation reports and much more can be found at http://castellorient.fr/. Work at Belvoir was renewed in 2013 and is currently led by Anne Baud and Jean-Michel Poisson. Excavations at Margat, under the direction of Balázs Major, which began in 2007, have continued despite the current conflict. For an introduction to their efforts, see Major and el-Ajji, ‘Al-Marqab Research Project.’

9. Tonghini, Shayzar I.

10. Rogers, Latin Siege Warfare; Marshall, Warfare in the Latin East.

11. Usāma ibn Munqidh, trans. Cobb, p. 115.

12. Fulcher of Chartres 3.37.3–5, ed. Hagenmeyer, pp. 748–9, trans. Ryan, pp. 271–2.

13. Smail, Crusading Warfare, p. 61.

14. John of Joinville 446–8, ed. and trans. Monfrin, pp. 218–21, trans. Shaw, pp. 274–5.

15. Nizām al-Mulk 5.1, trans. Darke, p. 32.

16. Ibn Jubayr, trans. Broadhurst, p. 258.

17. Oliver of Paderborn 6, ed. Hoogeweg p. 169, trans. Gavigan, p. 57.

18. Albert of Aachen 12.21, ed. and trans. Edgington, pp. 856–7.

19. Fulcher of Chartres 3.17.3, ed. Hagenmeyer, p. 663, trans. Ryan, p. 241.

20. Smail, Crusading Warfare, p. 106.

21. Eracles 23.24, RHC Oc 2, p. 34, ed. Morgan, p. 36.

22. Ibn al-Athīr, trans. Richards, 2:65.

23. Ambroise ll. 3,841–9, ed. Ailes and Barber, p. 62, trans. Ailes, p. 85.

24. Walter the Chancellor, trans. Asbridge and Edgington, p. 146.

25. Anonymous Syriac Chronicle, trans. Tritton, p. 85.

26. Fulcher of Chartres 3.26.2, ed. Hagenmeyer, p. 691, trans. Ryan, p. 253.

27. Fulcher of Chartres 3.14.3, ed. Hagenmeyer, pp. 656–7, trans. Ryan, p. 239.

28. John of Joinville 192, ed. and trans. Monfrin, pp. 94–5, trans. Shaw, p. 213.

29. William of Tyre 21.18 (19), ed. Huygens, 2:987, trans. Babcock and Krey, 2:426.

30. Adapted from Ibn ‘Abd al-Ẓāhir, trans. al-Khowayter, 2:749. See also Ibn al-Furāt, trans. Lyons and Lyons, 2:148.

31. William of Tyre 11.17, ed. Huygens, 1:521, trans. Babcock and Krey, 1:491.

32. Ibn al-Athīr, trans. Richards, 2:337.

33. Templar of Tyre 381, ed. Minervini, p. 140, trans. p. Crawford, p. 68.

34. Lawrence, Crusader Castles, p. 71.

35. Viollet-le-Duc, Dictionnaire raisonné, 1:341.

36. Lawrence, Crusader Castles, p. 35.

37. Fedden and Thomson, Crusader Castles, pp. 11–13.

38. Hillenbrand, The Crusades, pp. 467–8.

39. Müller-Wiener, Burgen der Kreuzritter, trans. Brownjohn as Castles of the Crusaders, p. 8.

40. Boase, ‘Military Architecture’, pp. 145–51, 156–7, 164.

41. Pringle, in Lawrence, Crusader Castles, pp. xxvii–xl.

42. Lawrence, Crusader Castles, p. 37.