Acre (Arb. ‘Akkā)
(2009) Pringle, Churches, 4:1–175.
(1997) Kedar, ‘The Outer Walls of Frankish Acre’, pp. 157–80.
(1997) Pringle, Secular Buildings, no. 5, pp. 15–17.
(1979) Jacoby, ‘Crusader Acre in the Thirteenth Century’, 1–45.
(1881) Conder and Kitchener, Survey of Western Palestine, 1:160–7.
(1871) Rey, Étude sur les monuments, pp. 171–2.
‘Ajlūn
(2008) Yovitchitch, ‘Die aiyibidisch Burg ‘Ağlūn, pp. 110–17.
(2006) Yovitchitch, ‘The Tower of Aybak in ‘Ajlun Castle’, pp. 225–42.
(1931) Johns, ‘Medieval ‘Ajlun’, pp. 21–33.
‘Akkār (Cr. Gibelacar)
(2000) Fournet and Voisin, ‘Le château de Aakkar al-Aatiqa’, pp. 149–63.
(1992) Kennedy, Crusader Castles, pp. 67–8.
(1973) Deschamps, La défense du comté de Tripoli et de la principauté d’Antioche, pp. 307–9.
Aleppo
(2008) Gonnella, ‘Die aiyubidische und mamlukische Zitadelle von Aleppo’, 139–47.
(2006) Gonnella, ‘The Citadel of Aleppo’, pp. 165–75.
(2006) Tabbaa, ‘Defending Ayyūbid Aleppo’, 176–83.
Antioch
(1871) Rey, Étude sur les monuments, pp. 183–204.
Arima (Arb. al-‘Urayma)
(1992) Kennedy, Crusader Castles, pp. 68–73.
(1973) Deschamps, La défense du comté de Tripoli et de la principauté d’Antioche, pp. 313–16.
Arsūf (Cr. Arsur)
(1997) Pringle, Secular Buildings, no.19, pp. 20–1.
(1993) Pringle, Churches, 1:59–61.
(1882) Conder and Kitchener, Survey of Western Palestine, 2:137–44.
Ascalon (Arb. ‘Asqalān)
(1997) Pringle, Secular Buildings, no. 20, p. 21.
(1993) Pringle, Churches, 1:61–9.
(1984) Pringle, ‘Richard I and the Walls of Ascalon’, pp. 133–47.
(1883) Conder and Kitchener, Survey of Western Palestine, 3:237–47.
(1871) Rey, Étude sur les monuments, pp. 205–10.
‘Atlit (Cr. Castrum Peregrinorum)
(1997) Pringle, Secular Buildings, no. 21, pp. 22–3.
(1993) Pringle, Churches, 1:69–80.
(1992) Kennedy, Crusader Castles, pp. 124–7.
(1947) Johns, Guide to ‘Atlit.
(1939) Deschamps, La défense du royaume de Jérusalem, pp. 24–34.
(1881) Conder and Kitchener, Survey of Western Palestine, 1:293–301, 309–10.
(1871) Rey, Étude sur les monuments, pp. 93–100.
Baghrās (Cr. Gaston)
(1990) Sinclair, Eastern Turkey, 4:266–71.
(1978) Lawrence, ‘The Castle of Baghras’, pp. 34–83.
(1973) Deschamps, La défense du comté de Tripoli et de la principauté d’Antioche, pp. 359–60.
Balātunūs
(1973) Deschamps, La défense du comté de Tripoli etde la principauté d’Antioche, pp. 339–40.
Bānyās (Cr. Belinas)
(1997) Pringle, Secular Buildings, no. 42, p. 30.
(1993) Pringle, Churches, 1:108.
(1881) Conder and Kitchener, Survey of Western Palestine, 1:109–13.
Baysān (Cr. Bethsan)
(1997) Pringle, Secular Buildings, no. 26, p. 25.
(1993) Pringle, Churches, 1:93.
(1882) Conder and Kitchener, Survey of Western Palestine, 2:101–14.
Beaufort (Arb. Shaqīf Arnūn)
(2008) Yasmine, ‘Die Burg Beaufort’, pp. 274–84.
(2004) Corvisier, ‘Les campagnes de construction’, pp. 243–66.
(1997) Pringle, Secular Buildings, no. 44, p. 31.
(1993) Pringle, Churches, 1:110.
(1992) Kennedy, Crusader Castles, pp. 43–5.
(1939) Deschamps, La défense du royaume de Jérusalem, pp. 176–208.
(1881) Conder and Kitchener, Survey of Western Palestine, 1:128–32.
(1871) Rey, Étude sur les monuments, pp. 127–39.
Beirut
(1997) Pringle, Secular Buildings, no. 45, p. 32.
(1993) Pringle, Churches, 1:111–19.
Belvoir (Arb. Kawkab)
(1997) Pringle, Secular Buildings, no. 46, pp. 32–3.
(1993) Pringle, Churches, 1:120–2.
(1992) Kennedy, Crusader Castles, pp. 59–61.
(1989) Biller, ‘Die Johanniterburg Belvoir’, pp. 105–36.
(1882) Conder and Kitchener, Survey of Western Palestine, 2:117–19.
Bethgibelin (Arb. Bayt Jibrīn)
(2004) Cohen, ‘The Fortification of the Fortress of Gybelin’, pp. 67–75.
(1997) Pringle, Secular Buildings, no. 32, p. 27.
(1993, 2009) Pringle, Churches, 1:95–101; 4:250–6.
(1883) Conder and Kitchener, Survey of Western Palestine, 3:257–8.
Blanchegarde (Arb. Tell al-Sāfī)
(2009) Boas and Maeir, ‘The Frankish Castle of Blanche Garde’, pp. 1–22.
(1997) Pringle, Secular Buildings, no. 194, p. 93.
(1882) Conder and Kitchener, Survey of Western Palestine, 2:440.
(1871) Rey, Étude sur les monuments, pp. 123–5.
Bosra (Arb. Busrā)
(2008) Yovitchitch, ‘Bosra’, pp. 169–77.
(2004) Yovitchitch, ‘La citadelle de Bosra’, pp. 205–17.
Bourzey (Arb. Barziyya)
(2008) Michaudel, ‘Burzaih’, pp. 178–87.
(2004) Mesqui, ‘Bourzeÿ’, pp. 95–113.
(1992) Kennedy, Crusader Castles, pp. 79–84.
(1973) Deschamps, La défense du comté de Tripoli et de la principauté d’Antioche, pp. 345–8.
Caesarea (Qaysāriyya)
(2006) Mesqui, ‘L’enceinte médiévale de Césaré’, pp. 83–94.
(1997) Pringle, Secular Buildings, no. 76, pp. 43–5.
(1993) Pringle, Churches, 1:166–83.
(1882) Conder and Kitchener, Survey of Western Palestine, 2:13–29.
(1871) Rey, Étude sur les monuments, pp. 221–7.
Cairo
(2012) Pradines, ‘Les murailles du Caire’, pp. 1027–63.
(1999) Warner, ‘The Fatimid and Ayyūbid Eastern Walls’, pp. 283–96.
(1952–59) Creswell, Muslim Architecture of Egypt.
Castellum Arnaldi (Arb. Yalu)
(1997) Pringle, Secular Buildings, no. 231, pp. 106–7.
Castellum Regis
(2013) Khamisy, ‘The History and Architectural Design’, pp. 13–51.
(1998) Pringle, Churches, 2:30–2
(1997) Pringle, Secular Buildings, no. 152, pp. 71–2.
(1881) Conder and Kitchener, Survey of Western Palestine, 1:190–1.
Cave of Tyron
(1939) Deschamps, La défense du royaume de Jérusalem, pp. 210–20.
Chastel Blanc (Arb. Sāfītā)
(2008) Piana, ‘Die Templerburg Chastel Blanc’. pp. 293–301.
(1992) Kennedy, Crusader Castles, pp. 138–41.
(1973) Deschamps, La défense du comté de Tripoli et de la principauté d’Antioche, pp. 249–58.
(1871) Rey, Étude sur les monuments, pp. 85–92.
Chastel Neuf (Arb. Hūnīn)
(1997) Pringle, Secular Buildings, no. 164, pp. 79–80.
(1992) Kennedy, Crusader Castles, pp. 42–3.
(1881) Conder and Kitchener, Survey of Western Palestine, 1:123–5.
Chastel Rouge (Arb. Yaḥmūr)
(1992) Kennedy, Crusader Castles, pp. 73–5.
(1973) Deschamps, La défense du comté de Tripoli et de la principauté d’Antioche, pp. 317–19.
Coliath (Arb. al-Qulay‘āt)
(1992) Kennedy, Crusader Castles, pp. 78–9.
(1973) Deschamps, La défense du comté de Tripoli et de la principauté d’Antioche, pp. 311–12.
Crac des Chevaliers (Arb. Hiṣn al-Akrād)
(2011) Zimmer, Meyer and Boscardin, Krak des Chevaliers in Syrien.
(2006) Biller et al., eds., Der Crac des Chevaliers.
(1992) Kennedy, Crusader Castles, pp. 145–63.
(1934) Deschamps, Le Crac des Chevaliers.
(1871) Rey, Étude sur les monuments, pp. 39–67.
Cursat (Arb. al-Quṣayr)
(1992) Kennedy, Crusader Castles, p. 84.
(1990) Sinclair, Eastern Turkey, 4:261–6.
(1973) Deschamps, La défense du comté de Tripoli et de la principauté d’Antioche, pp. 351–7.
Damascus
(2008) Braune, ‘Die Stadtbefestigung von Damaskus’, pp. 202–10.
(2006) Berthier, ‘La citadelle de Damas’, pp. 151–64.
(1930) Sauvaget, ‘La citadelle de Damas’, pp. 59–90.
Damietta
(1993) Pringle, Churches, 1:202–3.
Edessa
(1990) Sinclair, Eastern Turkey, 4:2–15.
Gaza
(1993) Pringle, Churches, 1:208–20.
(1883) Conder and Kitchener, Survey of Western Palestine, 3:334–5, 248–51.
al-Ḥabis (Petra)
(1997) Pringle, Secular Buildings, no. 97, pp. 49–50.
(1992) Kennedy, Crusader Castles, pp. 28–30.
al-Ḥabis Jaldak (Cr. Cava de Suet)
(1997) Pringle, Secular Buildings, no. 10, p. 18.
(1992) Kennedy, Crusader Castles, pp. 52–4.
(1988) Nicolle, ‘Ain al-Ḥabis’, pp. 113–40.
(1939) Deschamps, La défense du royaume de Jérusalem, pp. 111–15.
Ḥārim (Cr. Harrenc)
(2016) Buck, ‘The Castle and Lordship of Harim’, pp. 113–31.
(2008) Gelichi, ‘Die Burg Ḥārim’, pp. 211–20.
(2006) Gelichi, ‘The Citadel of Harim’, pp. 184–200.
(1973) Deschamps, La défense du comté de Tripoli et de la principauté d’Antioche, p. 341.
Ḥarrān
(2004) Hanisch, ‘The Works of al-Malik al-ʿĀdil’, pp. 165–78.
(1990) Sinclair, Eastern Turkey, 4:29–42.
(1951) Lloyd and Brice, ‘Harran’, pp. 77–111.
Ibelin
(1998) Pringle, Churches, 2:379–84.
(1997) Pringle, Secular Buildings, no. 235, p. 109.
(1882) Conder and Kitchener, Survey of Western Palestine, 2:441–3.
Jacob’s Ford (Cr. Chastellet)
(1997) Pringle, Secular Buildings, no. 174, p. 85.
Jaffa
(2011) Peilstöcker and Burke, eds., The History and Archaeology of Jaffa 1.
(1997) Pringle, Secular Buildings, no. 110, p. 52.
(1993) Pringle, Churches, 1:264–73.
Jerusalem
(2007) Hawari, Ayyūbid Jerusalem.
(1950) Johns, ‘The Citadel of Jerusalem’, pp. 121–90.
Jubayl (Cr. Gibelet, Anc. Byblos)
(2018) Chaaya, ‘Results of the First Season of Excavation’, pp. 475–84.
(1992) Kennedy, Crusader Castles, pp. 64–6.
(1973) Deschamps, La défense du comté de Tripoli et de la principauté d’Antioche, pp. 203–15.
(1871) Rey, Étude sur les monuments, pp. 115–21, 217–19.
Kerak (Cr. Petra Deserti)
(2008) Milwrite, The Fortress of the Raven.
(1997) Pringle, Secular Buildings, no. 124, pp. 59–60.
(1993) Pringle, Churches, 1:286–95.
(1992) Kennedy, Crusader Castles, pp. 45–52.
(1939) Deschamps, La défense du royaume de Jérusalem, pp. 80–98.
Latrun (Cr. Toron des Chevaliers)
(1998) Pringle, Churches, 2:5–9.
(1997) Pringle, Secular Buildings, no. 136, pp. 64–5.
(1883) Conder and Kitchener, Survey of Western Palestine, 3:15–16, 135.
Maraclea (Arb. Maraqiyya)
(1973) Deschamps, La défense du comté de Tripoli et de la principauté d’Antioche, pp. 323–6.
Margat (Arb. Marqab)
(2009) Major and el-Ajji, ‘Al-Marqab Research Project’, pp. 263–83.
(1992) Kennedy, Crusader Castles, pp. 163–79.
(1973) Deschamps, La défense du comté de Tripoli et de la principauté d’Antioche, pp. 259–85.
(1871) Rey, Étude sur les monuments, pp. 19–38.
Mons Peregrinus (Arb. Sandjīl, Alt. Saint-Gilles)
(2016) Chaaya, ‘Les défenses et l’évolution du château Saint-Gilles de Tripoli’, pp. 281–312.
(1992) Kennedy, Crusader Castles, p. 63.
(1973) Deschamps, La défense du comté de Tripoli et de la principauté d’Antioche, pp. 293–5.
Montfort (Arb. al-Qurayn)
(2017) Boas, ed., Montfort.
(1998, 2009) Pringle, Churches, 2:40–3; 4:271–2.
(1997) Pringle, Secular Buildings, no. 156, pp. 73–5.
(1994) Pringle, ‘A Thirteenth-Century Hall’, pp. 52–81.
(1992) Kennedy, Crusader Castles, pp. 128–31.
(1927) Dean, ‘The Exploration of a Crusaders’ Fortress’, pp. 5–46.
(1881) Conder and Kitchener, Survey of Western Palestine, 1:186–90.
(1871) Rey, Étude sur les monuments, pp. 143–51.
Montreal (Arb. Shawbak)
(2004) Faucherre, ‘La forteresse de Shawbak’, pp. 43–66.
(1998) Pringle, Churches, 2:304–14.
(1997) Pringle, Secular Buildings, no. 157, pp. 75–8.
(1992) Kennedy, Crusader Castles, pp. 23–4.
Mount Tabor
(1998) Pringle, Churches, 2:63–85.
(1976) Battista and Bagatti, La fortezza saracena del Monte Tabor.
(1881) Conder and Kitchener, Survey of Western Palestine, 1:388–91.
Nephin (Arb. Anafa)
(1973) Deschamps, La défense du comté de Tripoli et de la principauté d’Antioche, pp. 297–301.
Qalʿat ṡadr (Al-Jundī)
(2010) Mouton, Sadr.
Raqqa
(2006) Heidemann, ‘The Citadel of al-Raqqa’, 122–50.
(1985) Al-Khalaf, Murhaf, ‘Die ʿabbāsidische Stadtmauer von ar-Raqqa/ar-Rāfiqa’, 123–31.
Safed (Cr. Saphet)
(2010) Barbé, ‘Le château de Safed’.
(2004) Barbé and Damati, ‘Le château de Safed’, pp. 77–93.
(1998) Pringle, Churches, 2:206–9.
(1997) Pringle, Secular Buildings, no. 191, pp. 91–2.
(1992) Kennedy, Crusader Castles, p. 40.
(1985) Pringle, ‘Reconstructing the Castle of Safed’, pp. 139–49.
(1965) Huygens, ‘Un nouveau text’, pp. 355–77.
(1881) Conder and Kitchener, Survey of Western Palestine, 1:248–50.
Saone (Arb. Sahyūn)
(2008) Mesqui, ‘Saoûne’, pp. 356–66.
(1992) Kennedy, Crusader Castles, pp. 84–96.
(1973) Deschamps, La défense du comté de Tripoli et de la principauté d’Antioche, pp. 217–47.
(1968) Saadé, ‘Histoire du château de Saladin’, pp. 980–1016.
(1871) Rey, Étude sur les monuments, pp. 105–13.
Scandelion (Arb. Iskandarūna)
(1997) Pringle, Secular Buildings, no. 106, p. 51.
(1993) Pringle, Churches, 1:251.
(1881) Conder and Kitchener, Survey of Western Palestine, 1:154, 176.
Shayzar
(2012) Tonghini, Shayzar I.
Shughr-Bakās
(1973) Deschamps, La défense du comté de Tripoli et de la principauté d’Antioche, pp. 349–50.
Sidon
(1998, 2009) Pringle, Churches, 2:317–29; 4:272.
(2008) Piana, ‘Die Kreuzfahrerstadt Sidon’, 367–83.
(1997) Pringle, Secular Buildings, no. 201, pp. 94–5.
(1992) Kennedy, Crusader Castles, pp. 121–4.
(1973) Kalayan, ‘The Sea Castle of Sidon’, pp. 81–90.
(1939) Deschamps, La défense du royaume de Jérusalem, pp. 224–33.
(1924) Contenau, ‘Deuxième mission archéologique à Sidon’, pp. 261–81.
(1871) Rey, Étude sur les monuments, pp. 153–9.
Ṣubayba
(2001) Hartal, The al-Subayba (Nimrod) Fortress.
(1989) Ellenblum, ‘Who Built Qal’at al-Subayba?’ pp. 103–12.
(1881) Conder and Kitchener, Survey of Western Palestine, 1:125–8.
Tiberias
(2008) Stepansky, ‘Das kreuzfahrerzeitliche Tiberias’, pp. 384–95.
(2004) Stepansky, ‘The Crusader Castle of Tiberias’, pp. 179–81.
(1998) Pringle, Churches, 2:351–66.
(1997) Pringle, Secular Buildings, no. 222, pp. 101–2.
(1881) Conder and Kitchener, Survey of Western Palestine, 1:418–20.
Toron (Arb. Tibnīn)
(2008) Piana, ‘Die Burg Toron’, pp. 396–407.
(2006) Piana, ‘The Crusader Castle of Toron’, pp. 173–91.
(1998) Pringle, Churches, 2:367–8.
(1997) Pringle, Secular Buildings, no. 223, p. 102.
(1992) Kennedy, Crusader Castles, pp. 40–2.
(1881) Conder and Kitchener, Survey of Western Palestine, 1:133–5.
(1871) Rey, Étude sur les monuments, pp. 141–2.
Tortosa (Arb. Tartūs)
(2008) Piana, ‘Die Kreuzfahrerstadt Tortosa’, pp. 408–21.
(1992) Kennedy, Crusader Castles, pp. 132–8.
(1973) Deschamps, La défense du comté de Tripoli et de la principauté d’Antioche, pp. 287–92.
(1871) Rey, Étude sur les monuments, pp. 69–83, 211–14.
Tyre
(2009) Pringle, Churches, 4:177–230.
(1997) Pringle, Secular Buildings, no. 227, pp. 103–4.
(1871) Rey, Étude sur les monuments, pp. 167–9.
Wādī Mūsā (Arb. al-Wu‘ayra, Cr. Li Vaux Moyses)
(1998, 2009) Pringle, Churches, 2:373–7; 4:272.
(1997) Pringle, Secular Buildings, no. 230, pp. 105–6.
(1997) Vannini and Tonghini, ‘Medieval Petra’, pp. 371–84.
(1992) Kennedy, Crusader Castles, pp. 25–7.
Baronial Towers and Tower-Forts of the Military Orders
(1998) Pringle, ‘Templar Castles between Jaffa and Jerusalem’, pp. 89–109.
(1997) Pringle, Secular Buildings, passim.
(1994) Pringle, ‘Templar Castles on the Road to the Jordan’, pp. 148–66.
(1992) Kennedy, Crusader Castles, pp. 33–9, 54–9.
(1986) Pringle, The Red Tower.
Studies of Fortifications
(2011) Yovitchitch, Forteresses du Proche-Orient.
(1993–2009) Pringle, Churches, 2:373–7; 4:272.
(2008) Piana, ed., Burgen und Städte der Kreuzzugszeit.
(2006) Kennedy, ed., Muslim Military Architecture in Greater Syria.
(2004) Faucherre, Mesqui and Prouteau, eds., La fortification au temps des croisades.
(1997) Pringle, Secular Buildings.
(1995) Pringle, ‘Town Defences’, pp. 69–121.
(1992) Kennedy, Crusader Castles.
(1934–1973) Deschamps, Les Châteaux des Croisés en Terre-Sainte.
(1966) Müller-Wiener, Burgen der Kreuzritter
(1871) Rey, Eétude sur les monuments.