Primary Sources
Abū al-Fidāʾ, al-Mukhtasar fi taʾrīkh al-bashar
Ed. and trans. (Fr.) asRésumé des histoire des croisades tiré des annales d’Abou ’l-Fedâ. RHC Or 1. Paris: Imprimerie Nationale, 1872.
Trans. (Eng.) P.M. Holt. The Memoirs of a Syrian Prince: Abu’l-Fidāʾ, Sultan of Hamāh (672–732/ 1273–1331). Wiesbaden: Steiner, 1983.
Abū Shāma, Kitāb al-Rawdatayn
Ed. and trans. (Fr.) as Livre des deux Jardins RHC Or 4–5. Paris: Imprimerie Nationale, 1898–1906.
Albert of Aachen, Historia Ierosolimitana
Ed. as Historia Hierosolymitana. RHC Oc 4. Paris: Imprimerie Nationale, 1879.
Ed. and trans. (Eng.) Susan B. Edgington. Historia Ierosolimitana: History of the Journey to Jerusalem. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2007.
Chronique d’Amadi
Ed. René de Mas Latrie. In Chroniques d’Amadi et de Strambaldi. Vol. 1. Paris: Imprimerie Nationale, 1891.
Trans. (Eng.) Nicholas Coureas and Peter Edbury. The Chronicle of Amadi. Nicosia: Cyprus Research Centre, 2015.
Ambroise, Estoire de la guerre saint
Ed. Marianne Ailes and Malcolm Barber. The History of the Holy War: Ambroise’s Estoire de la Guerre Saint. Woodbridge: Boydell, 2003.
Trans. (Eng.) Marianne Ailes. The History of the Holy War: Ambroise’s Estoire de la Guerre Saint. Ed. Marianne Ailes and Malcolm Barber. Woodbridge: Boydell, 2003.
Anna Comnena, Alexiad
Trans. (Eng.) E.R.A. Sewter. The Alexiad of Anna Comnena. London: Penguin, 1969.
Annales sancti Rudberti Salisburgenses
Ed. D. Wilhelmus Wattenbach. Annales Sancti Rudberti Salisburgenses. MGH SS 9. Hanover, 1851.
Annales de Terre Sainte
Ed. Peter W. Edbury. ‘A New Text of the Annales de Terre Sainte’. In In Laudem Hierosolymitani. Ed. Iris Shagrir, Ronnie Ellenblum and Jonathan Riley-Smith. Aldershot: Ashgate, 2007, pp. 145–61.
Ed. Reinhold Rӧhricht and Gaston Raynaud. Annales de Terre Sainte. Paris: Ernest Leroux, 1884.
Anonymous Syriac Chronicle
Ed. J.-B. Chabot. Anonymi auctoris chronicon ad annum christi 1234 pertinens. 2 vols. CSCO Scr. Syri, ser. 3, vols. 14 and 15. Paris, 1916–20.
Part trans. (Eng.) Arthur S. Tritton. ‘The First and Second Crusade from an Anonymous Syriac Chronicle’. Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society 65 (1933), pp. 69–101, 273–305.
Ansbert, Historia de expeditione Friderici Imperatoris
Ed. Anton Chroust. Quellen zur Geschichte des Kreuzzuges Kaiser Friedrichs I. MGH SrG NS 5. Berlin, 1928.
Trans. (Eng.) Graham Loud. The Crusade of Frederick Barbarossa. Farnham: Ashgate, 2010.
Anselm of Ribemont, Letters
Ed. as Epistyolae Stephani, comitis Carnotensis, atque Anselm de Ribodi Monte. RHC Oc 3. Paris: Imprimerie Impériale, 1866.
Auctarium Affligemense
Ed. D.L.C. Bethmann. Auctarium Affligemense. MGH SS 6. Hanover, 1844.
Auctarium Aquicinense
Ed. D.L.C. Bethmann. Auctarium Aquicinense. MGH SS 6. Hanover, 1844.
Aymar the Monk (Haymarus Monachus), Expeditione Ierosolimitana
Ed. and trans. (It.) Sascha Falk and Antonio Placanica. Der ‘Rithmus de expeditione Ierosolimitana’ des sogenannten Haymarus Monachus Florentinus. Florence: SISMEL Edizioni del Galluzzo, 2006.
Al-ʿAynī, Badr al-Dīn, ʿIqd al-jumān
Ed. and trans. (Fr.) as Le collier de perles. RHC Or 2a. Paris: Imprimerie Nationale, 1887.
Bahāʾ al-Dīn Yūsuf ibn Shaddād, al-Nawādir al-sultāniyya wa al-mahāsin al-Yūsufiyya
Ed. and trans. (Fr.) as Anecdotes et beau traits de la vie du sultan Youssof (Salâh ed-Dȋn) RHC Or 3. Paris: Imprimerie Nationale, 1884.
Trans. (Eng.) D.S. Richards. The Rare and Excellent History of Saladin. Aldershot: Ashgate, 2001.
Bar Hebraeus, Makhtebhânuûth Zabhnê
Ed. and trans. (Eng.) Ernest A. Wallis Budge. The Chronography of Gregory Abū al-Faraj. 2 vols. London: Oxford University Press, 1932, reprinted Amsterdam: Philo Press, 1976.
Caffaro and cont., Annales
Ed. Luigi Tommaso Belgrano and Cesare Imperiale. In Annali genovesi di Caffaro e de’ suoi continuatori. 5 vols. SI. Genoa: Istituto Storico Italiano, 1890–1901, Rome: Tipografia del Senato, 1923–29.
Trans. (Eng.) Martin Hall and Jonathan Phillips. In Caffaro, Genoa and the Twelfth-Century Crusades. Farnham: Ashgate, 2013.
Caffaro, De liberatione civitatum orientis
Ed. Luigi Tommaso Belgrano. In Annali genovesi di Caffaro e de’ suoi continuatori. Vol. 1. SI. Genoa: Istituto Storico Italiano, 1890.
Trans. (Eng.) Martin Hall and Jonathan Phillips. In Caffaro, Genoa and the Twelfth-Century Crusades. Farnham: Ashgate, 2013.
Caffaro, Ystoria captionis Almarie et Turtuose
Ed. Luigi Tommaso Belgrano. In Annali genovesi di Caffaro e de’ suoi continuatori. Vol. 1. SI. Genoa: Istituto Storico Italiano, 1890.
Trans. (Eng.) Martin Hall and Jonathan Phillips. In Caffaro, Genoa and the Twelfth-Century Crusades. Farnham: Ashgate, 2013.
Chanson d’Antioche
Trans. (Eng.) Susan B. Edgington and Carol Sweetenham. The Chanson d’Antioche: An Old French Account of the First Crusade. Farnham: Ashgate, 2011.
De constructione castri Saphet
Ed. R.B.C. Huygens. In ‘Un nouveau texte du traité ‘De constructione castri Saphet’’. Studi medievali 3.6 (1965), pp. 355–87.
Trans. (Eng.) Hugh Kennedy. In Crusader Castles. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1994, pp. 190–8.
Cronica S Petri Erfordensis moderna
Ed. O. Holder-Egger. Cronica S. Petri Erfordensis Moderna. MGH SS 30, pt. 1. Hanover, 1896.
Ekkehard of Aura, Hierosolymita
Ed. Heinrich Hagenmeyer. Hierosolymita. Tubingen, 1877.
Eracles Continuation of William of Tyre
Ed. as L’Estoire de Eracles empereur et la conqueste de la terre d’Outremer: c’est la continuation de l’estoire de Guillaime arcevesque de Sur. RHC Oc 2. Paris: Imprimerie Impériale, 1859.
Part. trans. (Eng.) Janet Shirley. In Crusader Syria in the Thirteenth Century: The Rothelin Continuation of the History of William of Tyre with part of the Eracles or Acre text. Aldershot: Ashgate, 1999.
Ernoul, Chronique
Ed. M.L. de Mas Latrie. Chronique d’Ernoul et de Bernard le Trésorier. Paris: SHF, 1871.
Eustathius of Thessalonica, Capture of Thessalonica
Ed. and trans. (Eng.) John R. Melville Jones. Eustathios of Thessaloniki: The Capture of Thessaloniki. Canberra: Australian Association for Byzantine Studies, 1988.
Evagrius, Scholasticus, Ecclesiastical History
Ed. Henri de. Valois. Evagrii Scholastici epiphaniensis et ex praefectis, Ecclesiasticae histriae, libri sex. London, 1844.
Trans. (Eng.) as Evagrius’s Ecclesiastical History, From 431 to 594 A.D. Greek Ecclesiastical Historians of the First Six Centuries of the Christian Era. London: Samuel Bagster, 1846.
Excidium Aconis
Ed. R.B.C. Huygens. As Excidii Acconis Gestorum Collectio, in The Fall of Acre 1291. CCCM 202. Turnhout: Brepols, 2004.
De expugnatione Lyxbonensi
Ed. and trans. (Eng.) Charles Wendell David. De Expugnatione Lyxbonensi: The Conquest of Lisbon. New York: Columbia University Press, 1936.
De expugnatione terrae sanctae per Saladinum
Ed. Joseph Stevenson. De Expugnatione Terrae Sanctae per Saladinum. RS 66. London: Longman, 1875.
Part. trans. (Eng.) James Brundage. In The Crusades: A Documentary History. Milwaukee, WI: Marquette University Press, 1962, reprinted 1976.
Florence of Worcester, Chronicon ex chronicis
Ed. Benjamin Thorpe. Florentii Wigorniensis Monachi Chronicon ex Chronicis. 2 vols. London: Sumptibus Societatis, 1848–49.
Trans. (Eng.) Thomas Forester. The Chronicle of Florence of Worcester with the Two Continuations. London: Henry G. Bohn, 1854.
Fulcher of Chartres, Historia Hierosolymitana
Ed. Heinrich Hagenmeyer. Historia Hierosolymitana. Heidelberg: Carl Winter’s Universitaä tsbuchhandlung, 1913.
Trans. (Eng.) Frances Rita Ryan and ed. Harold S. Fink. A History of the Expedition to Jerusalem, 1095–1127. Knoxville: The University of Tennessee Press, 1969.
Geoffrey of Villehardouin, Conquête de Constantinople
Ed. and trans. (Fr.) M. Natalis de Wailly. Conquête de Constantinople, avec la continuation de Henri de Valenciennes. 3rd. ed. Paris: Firmin-Didot, 1882.
Trans. (Eng.) M.R.B. Shaw. In Chronicles of the Crusades. London: Penguin, 1963.
Gesta Francorum
Ed. and trans. (Eng.) Rosalind Hill. The Deeds of the Franks and the other Pilgrims. Edinburgh: Thomas Nelson & Sons, 1962, reprinted Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1972.
Guibert of Nogent, Die gesta per Francos
Ed. R.B.C. Huygens. Die Gesta per Francos. CCCM 127a. Turnhout: Brepols, 1996.
Trans. (Eng.) Robert Levine. The Deeds of God through the Franks. Woodbridge: Boydell, 1997.
Hetʿum, Flos historiarum terre orientis
Ed. and trans. (Fr.) as La flor des estoires de la terre d’orient. RHC Ar 2. Paris: Imprimerie Nationale, 1906.
Historia Nicaena vel Antiochena
Ed. as Historia Nicaena vel Antiochena. RHC Oc 5. Paris: Imprimerie Nationale, 1886.
History of the Patriarchs of the Egyptian Church
Ed. and trans. (Eng.) O.H.E. Khs-Burmester, et al. History of the Patriarchs of the Egyptian Church. 4 vols. Cairo: Publications de la Sociétés d’Archéologie Copte, Textes et Documents, 1942–74.
Ibn ‘Abd al-Ẓāhir, Muhyī al-Dīn, al-Rawd al-zāhir fi sīrat al-Malik al-Ẓāhir
Ed. and trans. (Eng.) Abdul Aziz al-Khowayter. A critical edition of an unknown source for the life of al-Malik al-Ẓāhir Baibars, with introduction, translation, and notes. SOAS, unpublished PhD thesis, 1960.
Ed. and trans. (Eng.) Syedah Fatima Sadeque. Baybars I of Egypt. Dacca: Oxford University Press, 1956.
Ibn al-ʿAdīm, Kamāl al-Dīn, Zubdat al-ḥalab
Ed. and trans. (Eng.) as Extraits de la Chronique d’Alep. RHC Or 3. Paris: Imprimerie Nationale, 1884.
Ibn al-ʿAmīd, al-Makīn, Kitāb al-majmūʿ al-mubārak
Trans. (Fr.) Anne-Marie Eddé and Françoise Micheau. Chronique des Ayyoubides (602–58/1205–6/ 1259–60). DRHC 16. Paris: L’Académie des Inscriptions et Belles-Lettres, 1994.
Ibn al-Athīr, al-Kāmil fi al-taʾrīkh
Trans. (Eng.) D.S. Richards. The Chronicle of Ibn al-Athīr for the Crusading Period from al-Kamil fi’l-taʾrikh. 3 vols. Aldershot: Ashgate, 2008.
Ibn al-Azraq, Taʾrīkh Mayyāfāriqīn wa Āmid
Trans. (Eng.) Carole Hillenbrand. In A Muslim Principality in Crusader Times. Istanbul: Nederlands Historisch-Archeologisch Instituut, 1990.
Ibn al-Furāt, Taʾrīkh al-duwal wa al-mulū k
Ed. and trans. (Eng.) U. and M.C. Lyons. Ayyūbids, Mamlukes and Crusaders: Selections from the Tārīkh al-Duwal wa al-Mulūk. 2 vols. Cambridge: Heffer, 1971.
Ibn Ishāq, Sīrat rasūl Allāh
Trans. (Eng.) A. Guillaume. The Life of Muhammad. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1955, reprinted 2004.
Ibn Jubayr, Rihla
Trans. (Eng.) R.J.C. Broadhurst. The Travels of Ibn Jubayr. London, 1952, reprinted New Delhi: Goodword Books, 2001.
Ibn Muyassar, Akhbār Misr
Ed. and trans. (Fr.) as Extraits d’Ibn Moyesser. RHC Or 3. Paris: Imprimerie Nationale, 1884.
Ibn al-Qalānisī, Dhayl Taʿrīkh Dimashq
Trans. (Eng.) H.A.R. Gibb. The Damascus Chronicle of the Crusades. London: Luzac, 1932, reprinted 1967.
Ibn Shaddād, ‘Izz al-Dīn, al-Aʿlāq al-khatīra fī dhikr umarāʾ al-Sham wa al-Jazīra
Trans. (Fr.) Anne-Marie Eddé-Terrasse. Description de la Syrie du nord. Damascus: Institut Français de Damas, 1984.
Ibn al-Suqāʿī, Tā lī kitāb wafayāt al-aʿyān
Ed. and trans. (Fr.) Jacqueline Sublet. Tali kitab wafayat al-aʿyan. Damascus: Institut Français de Damas, 1974.
Ibn Wāṣil, Jamāl al-Dīn Muhammad, Mufarrij al-kurū b fi akhbār banī Ayyūb
Part. trans. (Eng.) Peter Jackson. In The Seventh Crusade, 1244–1254. Aldershot: Ashgate, 1988.
ʿImād al-Dīn al-Isfahānī, Kitāb al-fath al-qussī fi al-fath al-qudsī
Trans. (Fr.) Henri Massé. Conquêtede la Syrie et de laPalestine par Saladin. DRHC 10. Paris: Académie des inscriptions et belles-lettres, 1972.
Itinerarium peregrinorum et gesta regis Ricardi
Ed. William Stubbs. Itinerarium Peregrinorum et Gesta Regis Ricardi. RS 38. Vol. 1. London: Longman, 1864.
Trans. (Eng.) Helen J. Nicholson. Chronicle of the Third Crusade: A Translation of the Itinerarium Peregrinorum et Gesta Regis Ricardi. Aldershot: Ashgate, 1997.
James of Vitry, Historia orientalis
Ed. and trans. (Fr.) Jean Donnadieu. Histoire orientale / Historia orientalis. Turnhout: Brepols, 2008.
James of Vitry, Lettres
Ed. R.B.C. Huygens. Lettres de Jacques de Vitry. Leiden: Brill, 1960.
John of Joinville, Vie de Saint Louis
Ed. and trans. (Fr.) Jacques Monfrin. Vie de Saint Louis. Paris: Classiques Garnier Multimédia, 1998.
John Kinnamos, Deeds of John and Manuel Comnenus
Trans. (Eng.) Charles M. Brand. Deeds of John and Manuel Comnenus. New York: Columbia University Press, 1976.
Ludolph of Suchem, De itinere terrae sanctae liber
Ed. Ferdinand Deycks. Ludolphi, rectoris ecclesiae parochialis in Suchem De itinere Terrae sanctae liber. Stuttgart: Litterarischen Vereins, 1851.
Trans. (Eng.) Aubrey Stewart. Ludolph von Suchem’s Description of the Holy Land and the Way Thither. London: PPTS, 1895.
Al-Maqrīzī, Ahmad ibn ʿAlī Taqī al-Dīn, al-Sulūk
Trans. (Eng.) R.J.C. Broadhurst. A History of the Ayyūbid Sultans of Egypt. Library of Classical Arabic Literature 5. Boston: Twayne Publishers, 1980.
Trans. (Fr.) É.M. Quatremère. Histoire des Sultans mamlouks. 2 Vols. Paris, 1837–45.
Al-Maqrīzī, Ahmad ibn ʿAlī Taqī al-Dīn, Khiṭaṭ
Trans. (Fr.) Urbain Bouriant and M. Paul Casanova. Description topographique et historique de l’Égypte. 4 vols. Mémoires publies par les Membres de la Mission Archéologique Française au Caire 17. Paris: Libraire de la Société Asiatique, 1895–1920.
Marino Sanudo Torsello, Liber secretorum fidelium crucis
Ed. J. Bongars. Liber Secretorum Fidelium Crucis. Hanover, 1611, reprinted with an introduction by Joshua Prawer, Jerusalem: Massada Press, 1972.
Trans. (Eng.) Peter Lock. The Book of the Secrets of the Faithful of the Cross – Liber Secretorum Fidelium Crucis. Farnham: Ashgate, 2011.
Maronite Chronicle
Part trans. (Eng.) Andrew Palmer. ‘Extract from the Maronite Chronicle (AD 664+)’. In The Seventh Century in the West-Syrian Chronicles. Liverpool: Liverpool University Press, 1993, pp. 29–35.
Matthew of Edessa, Patmowt‘iwn
Trans. (Eng.) Ara Edmond Dostourian. The Chronicle of Matthew of Edessa. Lanham: University Press of America, 1993.
Matthew Paris, Chronica maiora
Ed. Henry Richards Luard. Chronica Majora. RS 57. 7 vols. London: Longman, 1872–83.
Trans. (Eng.) J.A. Giles. Matthew Paris’s English History: From the Year 1235 to 1273. 3 vols. London: Henry G. Bohn, 1852–54.
Menkonis Chronicon
Ed. L. Weiland. Menkonis Chronicon. MGH SS 23. Leipzig, 1925.
Michael Psellus, Chronographia
Trans. (Eng.) E.R.A. Sewter. Fourteen Byzantine Rulers: The Chronographia of Michael Psellus. Harmondsworth: Penguin, 1966.
Michael the Syrian, Chronique
Ed. and trans. (Fr.) Jean B. Chabot. Chronique de Michel le Syrien, Patriarche Jacobite d’Antioche (1166– 1199). 4 vols. Paris, 1899–1910.
Ed. and trans. (Fr.) as La Chronique de Michel le Syrien. RHC Ar 1. Paris: Imprimerie Impériale, 1869.
Movsēs Dasxuranc‘i, Patmut‘iwn Aluanic‘
Trans. (Eng.) C.J.F. Dowsett. The History of the Caucasian Albanians. London: Oxford University Press, 1961.
Mufaddal ibn Abī al-Fadāʾil, al-Nahj al-sadīd wa al-durr al-farīd fīmā baʿda taʾrīkh Ibn al-ʿĀmīd
Ed. and trans. (Fr.) E. Blochet. Histoire des Sultans Mamlouks. 3 fascs. PO 12.3 (1919), pp. 345–550; 14.3 (1920), pp. 375–672; 20.1 (1929), pp. 3–270, reprinted 3 vols. Brepols, 2003.
Nerses Shnorhali, Voghb Yedesyo
Ed. and trans. (Fr.) as Elegie sur la prise d’Edesse. RHC Ar 1. Paris: Imprimerie Impériale, 1869.
Niketas Choniates, Historia
Trans. (Eng.) Harry J. Magoulias. O City of Byzantium: Annals of Niketas Choniates. Detroit: Wayne State University Press, 1984.
Oliver of Paderborn, Historia Damiatina
Ed. Hermann Hoogeweg. In Die Schriften des Kölner Domscholasters, spaäteren Bischofs von Paderborn und Kardinal-Bischofs von S. Sabina. Tubingen: Litterarischen Verein in Stuttgart, 1894.
Trans. (Eng.) John J. Gavigan. In Christian Society and the Crusades. Ed. Edward Peters. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 1971.
Orderic Vitalis, Historiae ecclesiasticae
Ed. and trans. (Eng.) Marjorie Chibnall. The Ecclesiastical History of Orderic Vitalis. 6 vols. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1969–80.
Peter Tudebode, Historia de Hierosolymitano itinere
Ed. John Hugh Hill and Laurita L. Hill. Historia de Hierosolymitano Itinere. DRHC 12. Paris: L’Académie des Inscriptions et Belles-Lettres, 1977.
Trans. (Eng.) John Hugh Hill and Laurita Hill. Historia de Hierosolymitano Itinere by Peter Tudebode. Memoirs of the American Philosophical Society 101. Philadelphia: American Philosophical Society, 1974.
Philip of Novara, Gestes des Chiprois
Ed. Gaston Raynaud. In Les Gestes des Chiprois. Recueil de Chroniques Françaises. Paris: Société de l’Orient Latin, 1887, reprinted Osnabruck: Otto Zeller, 1968.
Trans. (Eng.) John L. La Monte. The Wars of Frederick II against the Ibelins in Syria and Cyprus. New York: Columbia University Press, 1936.
Ralph of Caen, Gesta Tancredi
Ed. as Gesta Tancredi. RHC Oc. 3. Paris: Imprimerie Impériale, 1866.
Trans. (Eng.) Bernard S. Bachrach and David S. Bachrach. The Gesta Tancredi of Ralph of Caen, A History of the Normans on the First Crusade. Aldershot: Ashgate, 2005.
Ralph of Coggeshall, Chronicon Anglicanum
Ed. Joseph Stevenson. Chronicon Anglicanum. RS 66. London: Longman, 1875.
Ralph of Diceto, Ymagines historiarum
Ed. William Stubbs. In Opera Historica: The Historical Works of Ralph de Diceto, Dean of London. RS 68. 2 vols. London: Longman, 1876.
Rashīd al-Dīn Faḍl Allāh, Taʿrikh-i Ghazani, in Jāmiʿ al-tawārīkh
Trans. (Eng.) John Andrew Boyle. The Successors of Genghis Khan. New York: Columbia University Press, 1971.
Raymond of Aguilers, Historia Francorum qui ceperunt Iherusalem
Ed. as Historia Francorum qui Ceperunt Iherusalem. RHC Oc. 3. Paris: Imprimerie Impériale, 1866.
Trans. (Eng.) John Hill and Laurita Hill. Historia Francorum qui Ceperunt Iherusalem. Philadelphia: The American Philosophical Society, 1968.
Robert the Monk, Historia Iherosolimitana
Ed. as Historia Iherosolimitana. RHC Oc 3. Paris: Imprimerie Impériale, 1866.
Trans. (Eng.) Carol Sweetenham. Robert the Monk’s History of the Crusade: Historia Iherosolimitana. Aldershot: Ashgate, 2005.
Robert of Torigni, Chronique
Ed. Richard Howlett. In Chronicles of the Reigns of Stephen, Henry II, and Richard I. RS 82. Vol. 4. London: Her Majesty’s Stationery Office, 1889.
Roger of Howden, Chronica
Ed. William Stubbs. Chronica. RS. 51. 4 vols. London: Longman, 1868–71.
Trans. (Eng.) Henry T. Riley. The Annals of Roger de Hoveden: Comprising the History of England and of Other Countries of Europe, from A.D. 732 to A.D. 1201. 2 vols. London: H. G. Bohn, 1853.
Roger of Wendover, Flores historiarum
Ed. Henry Coxe. Chronica, sive Flores Historiarum: in qua lectionum varietas additionesque, quibus chronicon istud ampliavit et instruxit Matthaeus Parisiensis. 4 vols. London: Sumptibus Societatis, 1841–44.
Ed. Henry G. Hewlett. Rogeri de Wendover Liber qui Dicitur Flores Historiarum ab Anno Domini MCLIV. Annoque Henrici Anglorum Regis Secundi Primo / The Flowers of History by Roger de Wendover: From the Year of Our Lord 1154, and the First Year of Henry the Second, King of the English. RS 84. 3 vols. London: Her Majesty’s Stationery Office, 1886–89.
Trans. (Eng.) J.A. Giles. Roger of Wendover’s Flowers of History, comprising the History of England from the descent of the Saxons to A.D. 1235. 2 vols. London: Henry G. Bohn, 1849.
Rothelin Continuation of William of Tyre
Ed. as La continuation de Guillaume de Tyre de 1229 a 1261, dite du manuscrit de Rothelin. RHC Oc 2. Paris: Imprimerie Impériale, 1859.
Trans. (Eng.) Janet Shirley. Crusader Syria in the Thirteenth Century: The Rothelin Continuation of the History of William of Tyre with part of the Eracles or Acre text. Aldershot: Ashgate, 1999.
Stephen of Blois, Letters
Ed. as Epistyolae Stephani, Comitis Carnotensis, atque Anselm de Ribodi Monte. RHC Oc 3. Paris: Imprimerie Impériale, 1866.
Al-Tabarī, Taʾrīkh al-rusul wa al-mulū k
Trans. (Eng.) various. The History of al-Tabarī. Ed. Ehsan Yar-Shater. 40 vols. Albany: State University Press of New York, 1985–2007.
Al-Tarsūsī, Marḍī ibn ‘Alī, Tabṣirat arbā b al-albāb
Ed. Karen Sader. Dictionary of Ancient Weapons. Beirut: Dar Sader, 1998.
Part. ed. and trans. (Fr.) Antoine Boudot-Lamotte. Contribution à l’étude de l’archerie musulmane. Damascus: Institut Français de Damas, 1968.
Templar of Tyre, Gestes des Chiprois
Ed. Gaston Raynaud. In Les Gestes des Chiprois. Recueil de Chroniques Françaises. Paris: Sociétés de l’Orient Latin, 1887, reprinted Osnabruck: Otto Zeller, 1968.
Ed. and trans. (It.) Laura Minervini. Cronaca del Templare di Tiro (1243–1314). Naples: Liguori Editore, 2000.
Trans. (Eng.) Paul Crawford. The ‘Templar of Tyre’: Part III of the Deeds of the Cypriots. Aldershot: Ashgate, 2003.
Thadeus, Ystoria
Ed. R.B.C. Huygens. In The Fall of Acre 1291. CCCM 202. Turnhout: Brepols, 2004.
Theophylact Simocatta, History
Trans. (Eng.) Michael Whitby and Mary Whitby. The History of Theophylact Simocatta. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1986.
Al-‘Umari, Masālik al-absār
Trans. (Eng.) D.S. Richards. Egypt and Syria in the Early Mamluk Period. Abingdon: Routledge, 2017.
Usāma ibn Munqidh, Kitāb al-iʿtibā r
Trans. (Eng.) Paul M. Cobb. The Book of Contemplation: Islam and the Crusades. London: Penguin, 2008.
Vahram, Chronicle
Trans. (Eng.) Charles Fried Neumann. Vahram’s Chronicle of the Armenian Kingdom in Cilicia. London: Oriental Translation Fund, 1831.
Walter the Chancellor, Bella Antiochena
Ed. Heinrich Hagenmeyer, Galterii Cancellarii Bella Antiochena. Innsbruck: Wagner’schen universitaätsbuchhandlung, 1896.
Trans. (Eng.) Thomas S. Asbridge and Susan B. Edgington, Walter the Chancellor’s The Antiochene Wars. Aldershot: Ashgate, 1999.
Walter of Coventry, Memoriale
Ed. William Stubbs. Memoriale fratris Walteri de Coventria. RS 58. 2 vols. London: Longman, 1872–73.
Wilbrand of Oldenburg, Itinerarium terrae sanctae
Ed. Denys Pringle. In ‘Wilbrand of Oldenburg’s Journey to Syria, Lesser Armenia, Cyprus, and the Holy Land (1211–1212): A New Edition’. Crusades 11 (2012), pp. 109–37.
Trans. (Eng.) Denys Pringle. In Pilgrimage to Jerusalem and the Holy Land. Ashgate, 2012.
William of Malmesbury, De gestis regum Anglorum
Ed. Thomas Duffy Hardy. Gesta Regum Anglorum. 2 vols. London: Sumptibus Societatis, 1840.
Ed. William Stubbs. De Gestis Regum Anglorum. RS 90. 2 vols. London: Her Majesty’s Stationery Office, 1887–89.
Trans. (Eng.) J.A. Giles. Chronicle of the Kings of England. London: George Bell & Sons, 1904.
William of Tripoli, Tractatus de statu Saracenoroum
Ed. Hans Prutz. In Kulturgeschichte der Kreuzzuge. Berlin: Mittler, 1883.
William of Tyre, Cronique
Ed. R.B.C. Huygens. Cronique. CCCM 63. 2 vols. London: Brepols, 1986.
Trans. (Eng.) Emily Babcock and A.C. Krey. A History of Deeds Done Beyond the Sea. 2 vols. New York: Octagon Books, 1976.
Al-Yūnīnī, Quṭb al-Dīn Mūsā, Dhayl Mirʾāt al-zamān
Ed. and trans. (Eng.) Li Guo. Early Mamluk Syrian Historiography: Al-Yūnīnī’s Dhayl Mirʾā t al-zamā n. 2 vols. Leiden: Brill, 1998.
Ẓahīr al-Dīn Nīshāpūrī, Saljū q-nāma
Trans. (Eng.) Kenneth Allin Luther. The History of the Seljuq Turks. Ed. C. Edmund Bosworth. Richmond: Routledge, 2001.
Al-Zardkāsh, Ibn Aranbughā, Kitāb anīq fi al-manā jnīq
Ed. Fuat Sezgin. Armoury Manuel. Frankfurt: Institute for the History of Arabic-Islamic Science, 1883.
Edited Collections of Primary Sources
Barber, Malcolm and Keith Bate, eds. Letters from the East: Crusaders, Pilgrims and Settlers in the 12th–13th Centuries. Farnham: Ashgate, 2010.
Brundage, James, ed. The Crusades: A Documentary History. Milwaukee: Marquette University Press, 1962, reprinted 1976.
Delaville le Roulx, Joseph, ed. Cartulaire Général de l’ordre des Hospitaliers de S. Jean de Jérusalem (1100–1310). 3 vols. Paris: Ernest Leroux, 1894–99.
Eickelman, Dale F. and James Piscatori, eds. Muslim Travellers: Pilgrimage, Migration, and the Religious Imagination. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1990.
Gabrieli, Francesco, ed. Storici arabi delle Crociate. Turin: Giulio Einaudi, 1957. Trans. (Eng.) E.J. Costello as Arab Historians of the Crusades. New York: Dorset Press, 1989.
Hallam, Elizabeth, ed. Chronicles of the Crusades: Eyewitness Accounts of the Wars Between Christianity and Islam. London: George Weidenfeld & Nicolson, 1989.
Hoogeweg, Hermann, ed. Die Schriften des Kölner Domscholasters, spaä teren Bischofs von Paderborn und Kardinal-Bischofs von S. Sabina. Tubingen: Litterarischen Verein in Stuttgart, 1894.
Huygens, R.B.C., ed. The Fall of Acre 1291. Turnhout: Brepols, 2004.
Jackson, Peter, ed. The Seventh Crusade, 1244–54: Sources and Documents. Aldershot: Ashgate, 2007.
Lewis, Bernard, ed. Islam: From the Prophet Mohammad to the Capture of Constantinople. 2 vols. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1974, reprinted 1987.
Luard, Henry Richards, ed. Annales Monastici. RS 36. Vol. 3. London: Longman, 1866.
Mayer, Hans. E., ed. Die Urkunden der lateinischen Könige von Jerusalem. 4 vols. Hanover: MGH, 2010.
Palmer, Andrew, ed. The Seventh Century in the West-Syrian Chronicles. Liverpool: Liverpool University Press, 1993.
Pringle, Denys, ed. Pilgrimage to Jerusalem and the Holy Land, 1187–1291. Farnham: Ashgate, 2012.
Prutz, Hans, ed. Kulturgeschichte der Kreuzzuge. Berlin: E.S. Mittler und Sohn, 1883.
Röhricht, Reinhold, ed. Regesta Regni Hierosolymitani. Innsbruck: Libraria Academica Wagneriana, 1893.
Röhricht, Reinhold, ed. Regesta Regni Hierosolymitani, Additamentum. Innsbruck: Libraria Academica Wagneriana, 1904.
Shaw, M.R.B., ed. Chronicles of the Crusades. London: Penguin, 1963.
Verci, Giambatista, ed. Storia degli Ecelini. 3 vols. Bassano: Stamperia Remondini, 1779.
Wilkinson, John, ed., with Joyce Hill and W.F. Ryan. Jerusalem Pilgrimage, 1099–1185. London: The Hakluyt Society, 1988.
Secondary Sources
Amitai, Reuven. ‘The Conquest of Arsūf by Baybars: Political and Military Aspects’. Mamlūk Studies Review 9.1 (2005), pp. 61–83.
Amitai, Reuven. ‘Foot Soldiers, Militiamen and Volunteers’. In Texts, Documents and Artefacts: Islamic Studies in Honour of D.S. Richards. Ed. Chase. F. Robinson. Leiden: Brill, 2003.
Amitai, Reuven. ‘Mongol Provincial Administration: Syria in 1260 as a Case-study’. In In Laudem Hierosolymitani. Ed. Iris Shagrir, Ronnie Ellenblum and Jonathan Riley-Smith. Aldershot: Ashgate, 2007, pp. 117–43.
Amitai, Reuven. Mongols and Mamluks: The Mamluk-Īlkhā nid War, 1260–1281. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1995.
Amitai, Reuven. ‘Notes on the Ayyūbid Inscriptions at al-Ṣubayba (Qalʿat Nimrū d)’. Dumbarton Oaks Papers 43 (1989), pp. 113–19.
Asbridge, Thomas. The Crusades: The Authoritative History of the War for the Holy Land. New York: Harper Collins Publishers, 2010.
Asbridge, Thomas. The First Crusade: A New History. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2004.
Ayalon, David. ‘Mamlūk: military slavery in Egypt and Syria’. In Ayalon, David. Islam and the Abode of War: Military slaves and Islamic adversaries. Aldershot: Ashgate, 1994, pp. 1–21.
Barbé, Hervé and Emanuel Damati. ‘Le château de Safed: sources historiques, problématique et premiers résultats des recherches archéologiques’. In La fortification au temps des croisades. Ed. Nicolas Faucherre, Jean Mesqui and Nicolas Prouteau. Rennes: Presses Universitaires des Rennes, 2004, pp. 77–93.
Barber, Malcolm. ‘Frontier Warfare in the Latin Kingdom of Jerusalem: The Campaign of Jacob’s Ford, 1178–79’. In The Crusades and Their Sources: Essays Presented to Bernard Hamilton. Ed. John France and William Zajac. Aldershot: Ashgate, 1998, pp. 9–22.
Bartlett, W.B. Islam’s War against the Crusaders. Stroud: The History Press, 2008.
Bauden, Frédéric. ‘Taqī al-Dīn Aḥmad ibn ʿAlī al-Maqrīzī’. In Medieval Muslim Historians and the Franks of the Levant Ed. Alex Mallet. Leiden: Brill, 2015, pp. 161–200.
Beffeyte, Renaud. Les machines de guerre au Moyen Age. Rennes: Ouest France, 2008.
Benvenisti, Meron. The Crusaders in the Holy Land. New York: The Macmillan Company, 1972.
Berkovich, Ilya. ‘The Battle of Forbie and the Second Frankish Kingdom of Jerusalem’. Journal of Military History 75 (2011), pp. 9–44.
Berthier, Sophie. ‘La Citadelle de Damas: Les apports d’une etude archéologique’. In Muslim Military Architecture in Greater Syria: From the Coming of Islam to the Ottoman Period. Ed. Hugh Kennedy. Leiden: Brill, 2006, pp. 151–64.
Biller, Thomas, et al. Der Crac des Chevaliers: Die Baugeschichte einer Ordensburg der Kreuzfahrerzeit. Regensburg: Schnell & Steiner, 2006.
Boas, Adrian J. ‘Archaeological Evidence for the Mamluk Sieges and Dismantling of Montfort: A Preliminary Discussion’. In Montfort. Ed. Adrian Boas. Leiden: Brill, 2017, pp. 41–55.
Boas, Adrian J. ‘Archaeological Sources for the History of Palestine: The Frankish Period: A Unique Medieval Society Emerges’. Near Eastern Archaeology, 61.3 (September 1998), pp. 138–73.
Boas, Adrian J. Archaeology of the Military Orders: A Survey of the Urban Centres, Rural Settlement and Castles of the Military Orders in the Latin East (c.1120–1291). Abingdon: Routledge, 2006.
Boas, Adrian J. Crusader Archaeology: The Material Culture of the Latin East. London: Routledge, 1999.
Boas, Adrian J. ‘Interpretation of the Parts’. In Montfort. Ed. Adrian Boas. Leiden: Brill, 2017, pp. 102–19.
Boas, Adrian J. Jerusalem in the Time of the Crusades: Society, Landscape and Art in the Holy City under Frankish Rule. London: Routledge, 2001.
Boas, Adrian J. ‘Stone, Metal, Wood and Worked Bone Finds from the 1926 Expedition’. In Montfort. Ed. Adrian Boas. Leiden: Brill, 2017, pp. 195–220.
Boas, Adrian J. and Rabei G. Khamisy. ‘Initial Thoughts on the Architectural Development of the Castle. In Montfort. Ed. Adrian Boas. Leiden: Brill, 2017, pp. 95–101.
Boase, T.S.R. Kingdoms and Strongholds of the Crusaders. London: Thames & Hudson, 1971.
Boase, T.S.R. ‘Military Architecture in the Crusader States in Palestine’. In A History of the Crusades. Vol. 4: The Art and Architecture of the Crusader States. Ed. Harry W. Hazard. Gen. ed. Kenneth M. Setton. Madison: University of Wisconsin Press, 1977, pp. 140–64.
Bonaparte, Louis-Napoléon. Études sur le passé et l’avenir de l’artillerie. 6 vols. Paris: Libraire Militaire de J. Dumaine, 1848–71.
Bosworth, C. Edmund. ‘The City of Tarsus and the Arab-Byzantine Frontiers in Early and Middle ‘Abbāsid Times’. Oriens 33 (1992), pp. 268–86.
Bradbury, Jim. The Medieval Siege. Woodbridge: Boydell, 1992.
Braune, Michael. ‘Die Stadtbefestigung von Damaskus’. In Burgen und Städte der Kreuzzugszeit. Ed. Mathias Piana. Petersburg: Michael Imhof Verlag, 2008, pp. 202–10.
Brown, Robin M. ‘Excavations in the 14th Century A.D. Mamluk Palace at Kerak’. Annual of the Department of Antiquities of Jordan 33 (1989), pp. 287–304.
Brown, Robin M. ‘Summary Report of the 1986 Excavations: Late Islamic Shobak’. Annual of the Department of Antiquities of Jordan 32 (1988), pp. 225–46.
Buck, Andrew D. The Principality of Antioch and its Frontiers in the Twelfth Century. Woodbridge: Boydell, 2017.
Bylinski, Janusz. ‘Exploratory Mission to Shumaymis’. In Muslim Military Architecture in Greater Syria: From the Coming of Islam to the Ottoman Period. Ed. Hugh Kennedy. Leiden: Brill, 2006, pp. 243–50.
Bylinski, Janusz ‘Three Minor Fortresses in the realm of Ayyūbid rulers of Homs in Syria: Shumaimis, Tadmur (Palmyra) and al-Raḥba’. In La fortification au temps des croisades. Ed. Nicolas Faucherre, Jean Mesqui and Nicolas Prouteau. Rennes: Presses Universitaires des Rennes, 2004, pp. 151–64.
Cahen, Claude. La Syrie du nord à l’époque des croisades et la principauté franque d’Antioche. Paris: Geuthner, 1940.
Cahen, Claude. ‘Un traité d’armurerie composé pour Saladin’. Bulletin d’études Orientales 12 (1947–48), pp. 103–63.
Carver, M.O.H. ‘Transition to Islam: Urban Roles in the East and South Mediterranean, Fifth to Tenth Centuries AD’. In Towns in Transition: Urban Evolution in Late Antiquity and the Early Middle Ages. Ed. N. Christie and S.T. Loseby. Aldershot: Scolar Press, 1996, pp. 184–212.
Cassas, Louis François, ed. Voyage pittoresque de la Syrie, de la Phoenicie, de la Palaestine et de la Basse Aegypte. 3 vols. Paris: Imprimerie de la République, 1800.
Chaaya, Anis. ‘Results of the First Season of Excavations at the Medieval Castle of Gbail/Byblos’. In Proceedings of the 10th International Congress on the Archaeology of the Ancient Near East. Ed. Barbara Horejs et al. Vol. 2. Wiesbaden: Harrassowitz Verlag, 2018, pp. 475–84.
Chevedden, Paul E. ‘Artillery in Late Antiquity: Prelude to the Middle Ages’. In The Medieval City Under Siege. Ed. Ivy A. Corfis and Michael Wolfe. Woodbridge: Boydell, 1995, pp. 131–73.
Chevedden, Paul E. ‘Artillery of King James I’. In Iberia and the Mediterranean World of the Middle Ages. Ed. Larry J. Simon et al. Vol. 2. Leiden: Brill, 1996, pp. 47–94.
Chevedden, Paul E. ‘Black Camels and Blazing Bolts: The Bolt-Projecting Trebuchet in the Mamluk Army’. Mamlūk Studies Review 8.1 (2004), pp. 227–77.
Chevedden, Paul E. ‘Fortifications and the Development of Defensive Planning in the Latin East’. In The Circle of War in the Middle Ages. Ed. Donald J. Kagay and L.J. Andrew Villalon. Woodbridge: Boydell, 1999 pp. 33–43.
Chevedden, Paul E. ‘The Hybrid Trebuchet: The Halfway Step to the Counterweight Trebuchet’. In On the Social Origins of Medieval Institutions. Ed. Donald J. Kagay and Teresa M. Vann. Leiden: Brill, 1998, pp. 179–222.
Chevedden, Paul E. ‘The Invention of the Counterweight Trebuchet: A Study in Cultural Diffusion’. Dumbarton Oaks Papers 54 (2000), pp. 71–116.
Chevedden, Paul E., et al. ‘The Traction Trebuchet: A Triumph of Four Civilizations’. Viator 31 (2000), pp. 433–86.
Chevedden, Paul E., et al. ‘The Trebuchet: Recent Reconstructions and Computer Simulations Reveal the Operating Principles of the Most Powerful Weapon of its Time’. Scientific American 273.1 (July 1995), pp. 66–71.
Christie, Niall. ‘Ibn al-Qalānisī’. In Medieval Muslim Historians and the Franks of the Levant. Ed. Alex Mallet. Leiden: Brill, 2015, pp. 7–28.
Clermont-Ganneau, Charles. Archaeological Researches in Palestine During the Years 1873–1874. Trans. (Eng.) Aubrey Stewart. Vol. 1. London, Published for the Palestine Exploration Fund, 1899.
Cohen, Michael. ‘The Fortification of the Fortress of Gybelin’. In La fortification au temps des croisades. Ed. Nicolas Faucherre, Jean Mesqui and Nicolas Prouteau. Rennes: Presses Universitaires des Rennes, 2004, pp. 67–75.
Coldstream, Nicola. ‘Architects, Advisers and Design at Edward I’s Castles in Wales’. Architectural History 46 (2003), pp. 19–36.
Conder, C.R. and H.H. Kitchener. The Survey of Western Palestine: Memoirs of the Topography, Orography, Hydrography, and Archaeology. Ed. E.H. Palmer and Walter Besant. 3 vols. London: The Committee of the Palestine Exploration Fund, 1881–83.
Contamine, Philippe. La Guerre au moyen âge. Paris: Presses Universitaires de France, 1980. Trans. (Eng.) Michael Jones as War in the Middle Ages. Oxford: Basil Blackwell, 1984.
Cooper, John P. ‘‘‘Fear God; Fear the Bogaze’’: The Nile Mouths and the Navigational Landscapes of the Medieval Nile Delta, Egypt’. Al-Masaq 24.1 (2012), pp. 53–73.
Corvisier, Christian. ‘Les campagnes de construction du château de Beaufort (Qala’at as-Sharqif): une relecture’. In La fortification au temps des croisades. Ed. Nicolas Faucherre, Jean Mesqui and Nicolas Prouteau. Rennes: Presses Universitaires des Rennes, 2004, pp. 243–66.
Creswell, K.A.C. ‘Fortification in Islam Before A.D. 1250’. Proceedings of the British Academy. (1952), pp. 89–125.
Creswell, K.A.C. The Muslim Architecture of Egypt. 2 vols. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1952–59, reprinted New York: Hacker Art Books, 1978.
Dangles, Philippe. ‘La refortification d’Afamiyya – Qal’at al-Mudiq sous le sultanat ayyoubide d’Alep (fin XIIe-mi XIIIe siècle)’. In La fortification au temps des croisades. Ed. Nicolas Faucherre, Jean Mesqui and Nicolas Prouteau. Rennes: Presses Universitaires des Rennes, 2004, pp. 189–204.
De Meulemeester, Johnny and Denys Pringle. ‘Al-‘Aqaba Castle, Jordan’. Château Gaillard 22 (2006), pp. 97–102.
Dean, Bashford. ‘The Exploration of a Crusaders’ Fortress (Montfort) in Palestine’. The Metropolitan Museum of Art Bulletin 22.9 (September 1927), pp. 5–46.
Dennis, George. ‘Byzantine Heavy Artillery: The Helepolis’. Greek, Roman, and Byzantine Studies 39 (1998), pp. 99–115.
Deschamps, Paul. Les Châteaux des Croisés en Terre-Sainte. 3 vols. Bibliothèque Archéologique et historique 19, 34, 90; (1) Le Crac des Chevaliers. Paris: Geuthner, 1934; (2) La Défense du royaume de Jérusalem. Paris: Geuthner, 1939; (3) La Défense du comté de Tripoli et de la Principauté d’Antioche. Paris: Geuthner, 1973.
Description de l’Eégypte. 2nd ed. 37 vols. Paris: C.L.F. Panckoucke, 1821–26.
D’Souza, Andreas. ‘The Conquest of ‘Akka (690/1291): A Comparative Analysis of Christian and Muslim Sources’. The Muslim World 80 (1990), pp. 234–50.
DeVries, Kelly and Robert Douglas Smith. Medieval Military Technology. 2nd ed. Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 2012.
Dotti, Francesca.Qalʿat Al-Shawbak: An Interpretation on the Basis of the Epigraphic Data. In ICAANE: Proceedings of the 6th International Congress of the Archaeology of the Ancient Near East. Vol. 3. Ed. Paolo Matthiae et al. Wiesbaden: Harrassowitz Verlag, 2010, pp. 23–36.
Edbury, Peter W. ‘Ernoul, Eracles and the Fifth Crusade’. In The Fifth Crusade in Context: The Crusading Movement in the Early Thirteenth Century. Ed. E.J. Mylod et al. Abingdon: Routledge, 2017, pp. 163–74.
Edbury, Peter W. ‘The French Translation of William of Tyre’s Historia: the Manuscript Tradition’. Crusades 6 (2007), pp. 69–105.
Edbury, Peter W. The Kingdom of Cyprus and the Crusades, 1191–1374. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1991.
Edbury, Peter W. ‘Making Sense of the Annales de Terre Sainte: Thirteenth-century Vernacular Narratives from the Latin East’. In Crusader Landscapes in the Medieval Levant: The Archaeology and History of the Latin East. Ed. Micaela Sinibaldi et al. Cardiff: University of Wales Press, 2016, pp. 403–13.
Eddé, Anne-Marie. ‘Kamāl al-Dīn ‘Umar Ibn al-ʿAdīm’. In Medieval Muslim Historians and the Franks of the Levant. Ed. Alex Mallet. Leiden: Brill, 2015, pp. 109–35.
Eddé, Anne-Marie. Saladin. Paris: Flammarion, 2008. Trans. (Eng.) Jane Marie Todd. Saladin. Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 2011.
Edwards, Robert W. The Fortifications of Armenian Cilicia. Washington: Dumbarton Oaks Research Library & Collection, 1987.
Elisséeff, Nikita. Nūr ad-Dīn: Un grand prince musulman de Syrie au temps des Croisades (511–569 h./ 1118–1174). 3 vols. Damascus: Institut français de Damas, 1967.
Ellenblum, Ronnie. Crusader Castles and Modern Histories. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2007.
Ellenblum, Ronnie. Frankish Rural Settlement in the Latin Kingdom of Jerusalem. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1998.
Ellenblum, Ronnie. ‘Who Built Qal‘at al-Ṣubayba?’ Dumbarton Oaks Papers 43 (1989), pp. 103–12.
Ellenblum, Ronnie, et al. ‘Crusader Castle Torn Apart by Earthquake at Dawn, 20 May 1202’. Geology 26.4 (April 1998), pp. 303–6.
Ewart, Gordon and Denys Pringle. ‘Dundonald Castle Excavations 1986–93’. Scottish Archaeological Journal 26.1–2 (2004).
Faucherre, Nicolas, et al. [Caesarea, 2007] Mission archéologique a Césarée. Ministère des Affaires Etrangères Français, 2007.
Faucherre, Nicolas, et al. [Caesarea, 2008] Césarée: Fortifications Médiévales. Ministère des Affaires Etrangères Français, 2008.
Faucherre, Nicolas, et al. [Caesarea, 2009] Caesarea Maritima: Fortifications Médiévales. Ministère des Affaires Etrangères Français, 2009.
Faucherre, Nicolas, et al. [Caesarea, 2010] Caesarea Maritima: Fortifications Médiévales. Ministère des Affaires Etrangères Français, 2010.
Faucherre, Nicolas. ‘La forteresse de Shawbak (Crac de Montréal), une des premières forteresses Franques sous son corset mamelouk’. In La fortification au temps des croisades. Ed. Nicolas Faucherre, Jean Mesqui and Nicolas Prouteau. Rennes: Presses Universitaires des Rennes, 2004, pp. 43–66.
Fedden, Robin and John Thomson. Crusader Castles. London: John Murray Publishers, 1957.
Fournet, Thibaud and Jean-Claude Voisin. ‘Le Château de Aakkar al-Aatiqa (Nord-Liban)’. Bulletin d’archéologie et d’architecture libanaises 4 (2000), pp. 149–63.
France, John. The Crusades and the Expansion of Catholic Christendom, 1000–1714. Abingdon: Routledge, 2005.
France, John. ‘Fortifications East and West’. In Muslim Military Architecture in Greater Syria: From the Coming of Islam to the Ottoman Period. Ed. Hugh Kennedy. Leiden: Brill, 2006, pp. 281–94.
France, John. Hattin. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2015.
France, John. ‘Technology and the Success of the First Crusade’. In War and Society in the Eastern Mediterranean, 7th–15th Centuries. Ed. Yaacov Lev. Leiden: Brill, 1997, pp. 163–76.
France, John. Victory in the East: a Military History of the First Crusade. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1994.
France, John. Western Warfare in the Age of the Crusades, 1000–1300. Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 1999.
Freeman, A. Z. ‘Wall-Breakers and River-Bridgers: Military Engineers in the Scottish Wars of Edward I’. Journal of British Studies 10.2 (May, 1971), pp. 1–16.
Friedman, Yvonne. ‘Peacemaking: Perceptions and practices in the medieval Latin East’. In The Crusades and the Near East. Ed. Conor Kostick. Abingdon: Routledge, 2011, pp. 229–57.
Fulton, Michael S. ‘Anglo-Norman Artillery in Narrative Histories, from the Reign of William I to the Minority of Henry III’. Journal of Medieval Military History 14 (2016), pp. 1–31.
Fulton, Michael S. Artillery in the Era of the Crusades: Siege Warfare and the Development of Trebuchet Technology. Leiden: Brill, 2018.
Fulton, Michael S. ‘Development of Prefabricated Artillery during the Crusades’. Journal of Medieval Military History 13 (2015), pp. 51–72.
Fulton, Michael S. ‘Diffusion of Artillery Terminology’. SHARE 3.1 (2016), pp. 1–27. Fulton, Michael S. ‘The Myth of the Hybrid Trebuchet’. Viator 48.2 (2017), pp. 49–70.
Fulton, Michael S. ‘A Ridge Too Far: The Siege of Saone/Sahyun in 1188 and Contemporary Trebuchet Technology’. Crusades 16 (2017), pp. 33–53. Gelichi, Sauro. ‘Die Burg Ḥārim’. In Burgen und Städte der Kreuzzugszeit. Ed. Mathias Piana. Petersburg: Michael Imhof Verlag, 2008, pp. 211–20.
Gelichi, Sauro. ‘The Citadel of Ḥārim’. In Muslim Military Architecture in Greater Syria: From the Coming of Islam to the Ottoman Period . Ed. Hugh Kennedy. Leiden: Brill, 2006, pp. 184–200.
Genequand, Denis. ‘From ‘‘desert castle’’ to medieval town: Qasr al-Hayr al-Sharqi (Syria)’. Antiquity 79 (2005), pp. 350–61.
Genequand, Denis. ‘Umayyad Castles: The Shift from late Antique Military Architecture to early Islamic Palatial Building’. In Muslim Military Architecture in Greater Syria: From the Coming of Islam to the Ottoman Period. Ed. Hugh Kennedy. Leiden: Brill, 2006, pp. 3–25.
Gillmor, Carroll. ‘The Introduction of the Traction Trebuchet into the Latin West’. Viator 12 (1981), pp. 1–8.
Gonnella, Julia. ‘The Citadel of Aleppo: Recent studies’. In Muslim Military Architecture in Greater Syria: From the Coming of Islam to the Ottoman Period. Ed. Hugh Kennedy. Leiden: Brill, 2006, pp. 165–75.
Guérin, M. V. Description géographique, historique et archéologique de la Palestine. 3 vols. (in 7 parts). Paris: Imprimerie Impériale/Nationale, 1868–80.
Guo, Li. ‘Mamluk Historiographic Studies: The State of the Art’. Mamlūk Studies Review 1 (1997), pp. 15–43.
Haarmann, Ulrich. ‘L’édition de la chronique mamelouke syrienne de Sˇ ams ad-Dīn Muhammad al-Ğ azarī’. Bulletin d’études orientales 27 (1974), pp. 195–203.
Hamblin, William. The Fatimid Army During the Early Crusades. University of Michigan, unpublished PhD thesis, 1985.
Hamblin, William. ‘The Fatimid Navy During the Early Crusades: 1099–1224’. The American Neptune 46 (1986), pp. 77–83.
Hamilton, Bernard. ‘The Elephant of Christ: Reynald of Châtillon’. Studies in Church History, 15 (1978), pp. 97–108.
Hamilton, Bernard. The Leper King and His Heirs: Baldwin IV and the Crusader Kingdom of Jerusalem. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2000.
Hanisch, Hanspeter. ‘Der Langturm als neuer Turmtypus im aiyū bidischen Wehrbau, dargestellt an einem Linienturm der Zitadelle von Damaskus’. In Egypt and Syria in the Fatimid, Ayyūbid and Mamluk Eras V. Ed. U. Vermeulen and K. D’Hulster. Leuven: Peeters, 2007, pp. 183–234.
Hanisch, Hanspeter. ‘The works of al-Malik al-‘Adil in the Citadel of Harrân’. In La fortification au temps des croisades. Ed. Nicolas Faucherre, Jean Mesqui and Nicolas Prouteau. Rennes: Presses Universitaires des Rennes, 2004, pp. 165–78.
Hanisch, Hanspeter. ‘Die Zitadelle von Damaskus, 14/635 – 1410/1995’. In Egypt and Syria in the Fatimid, Ayyūbid and Mamluk Eras V. Ed. U. Vermeulen and K. D’Hulster. Leuven: Peeters, 2007, pp. 235–305.
Harper, Richard P. and Denys Pringle. Belmont Castle: The Excavation of a Crusader Stronghold in the Kingdom of Jerusalem. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2000.
Hartal, Moshe. ‘Banyas, the Southwestern Tower’. Hadashot Arkheologiyot 119 (2007), 16/4/2007.
Hartal, Moshe. The al-Subayba (Nimrod) Fortress: Towers 11 and 9. IAA Reports 11. Jerusalem: Israel Antiquities Authority, 2001.
Hartmann-Virnich, Andreas. ‘Les portes ayyoubides de la citadelle de Damas: le regard de l’archéologie du bâti’. In La fortification au temps des croisades. Ed. Nicolas Faucherre, Jean Mesqui and Nicolas Prouteau. Rennes: Presses Universitaires des Rennes, 2004, pp. 287–311.
Hawari, Mahmoud K. Ayyūbid Jerusalem (1187–1250): An Architectural and Archaeological Study. Oxford: British Archaeological Reports, 2007.
Heidemann, Stefan. ‘The Citadel of al-Raqqa and Fortifications in the Middle Euphrates Area’. In Muslim Military Architecture in Greater Syria: From the Coming of Islam to the Ottoman Period. Ed. Hugh Kennedy. Leiden: Brill, 2006, pp. 122–50.
Hill, Donald. ‘Trebuchets’. Viator 4 (1973), pp. 99–114.
Hillenbrand, Carole. The Crusades: Islamic Perspectives. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press, 1999.
Hillenbrand, Carole. A Muslim Principality in Crusader Times. Istanbul: Nederlands Historisch-Archaeologisch Instituut, 1990.
Hinz, Walther. Islamische Masse und Gewichte. Trans. (Eng.) M. Ismail Marcinkowski as Measures and Weights in the Islamic World. Kuala Lumpur: International Islamic University of Malaysia, 2003.
Hirschler, Konrad. ‘Ibn Wāsil: An Ayyūbid Perspective on Frankish Lordships and Crusades’. In Medieval Muslim Historians and the Franks of the Levant. Ed. Alex Mallet. Leiden: Brill, 2015, pp. 136–60.
Hirschler, Konrad. Medieval Arabic Historiography: Authors as actors. London: Routledge, 2006.
Holmes, Urban Tignor. ‘Life among the Europeans in Palestine and Syria in the Twelfth and Thirteenth Centuries’. In A History of the Crusades. Vol. 4: The Art and Architecture of the Crusader States. Ed. Harry W. Hazard. Gen. ed. Kenneth M. Setton. Madison: University of Wisconsin Press, 1977, pp. 3–35.
Holt, P.M. ‘Baybars’s Treaty with the Lady of Beirut in 667/1269’. In Crusade and Settlement. Ed. Peter W. Edbury. Cardiff: University of Cardiff Press, 1985, pp. 243–5.
Holt, P.M. ‘Qalāwūn’s Treaty with Acre in 1283’. English Historical Review 91 (1976), pp. 802–12.
Humphreys, R. Stephen. From Saladin to the Mongols: The Ayyūbids of Damascus, 1193–1260. Albany: State University of New York Press, 1977.
Huuri, Kalervo. Zur Geschichte des mittelalterlichen Geschützwesens aus orientalischen Quellen. Studia Orientalia 9.3. Helsinki: Druckerei A.G. der Finnischen Literaturgesellschaft, 1941.
Huygens, R.B.C. ‘Un nouveau texte du traité ‘‘De constructione castri Saphet’’’. Studi medievali 3.6 (1965), pp. 355–87.
Irwin, Robert. ‘The Mamluk Conquest of the County of Tripoli’. In Crusade and Settlement. Ed. Peter W. Edbury. Cardiff: University College Cardiff Press, 1985, pp. 246–50.
Irwin, Robert. The Middle East in the Middle Ages: The Early Mamluk Sultanate 1250–1382. Beckenham: Croom Helm, 1986.
Irwin, Robert. ‘Usamah ibn Munqidh: An Arab-Syrian Gentleman at the Time of the Crusades Reconsidered’. In The Crusades and Their Sources: Essays Presented to Bernard Hamilton. Ed. John France and William Zajac. Aldershot: Ashgate, 1998, pp. 71–87.
Jackson, Peter. ‘Crisis in the Holy Land in 1260’. English Historical Review 95.376 (July 1980), pp. 481–513.
Jacoby, David. ‘Crusader Acre in the Thirteenth Century: Urban Layout and Topography’. Studi medievali 3.20 (1979), pp. 1–45.
Jacoby, David. ‘Montmusard, Suburb of Acre: The First Stage of its Development’. In Outremer: Studies in the History of the Crusading Kingdom of Jerusalem. Ed. B.Z. Kedar, et al. Jerusalem: Izhak Ben-Zvi Institute, 1982, pp. 205–17.
Jacoby, David. ‘Three Notes on Crusader Acre’. Zeitschrift des Deutchen Palaästina-Vereins 109.1 (1993), pp. 83–96.
Johns, C.N. ‘The Citadel, Jerusalem: A Summary of Work since 1934’. Quarterly of the Department of Antiquities in Palestine 14 (1950), pp. 121–90.
Johns, C.N. Guide to ‘Atlit: The Crusader Castle, Town and Surroundings. Jerusalem: Government of Palestine, Department of Antiquities, 1947, reprinted in Pilgrims’ Castle (‘Atlit), David’s Tower (Jerusalem) andQalʿat ar-Rabad (‘Ajlun): Three Middle Eastern Castles from the Time of the Crusades. Ed. Denys Pringle. Aldershot: Ashgate, 1997.
Johns, C.N. ‘Medieval ‘Ajlun’. Quarterly of the Department of Antiquities in Palestine 1 (1931), pp. 21–33.
Kalayan, Haroutune. ‘The Sea Castle of Sidon’. Bulletin du Musée de Beyrouth 26 (1973), pp. 81–90.
Kedar, Benjamin Z. ‘The Battle of Hattin Revisited’. In The Horns of Hattin. Ed. Benjamin Kedar. (Jerusalem: Yad Izhak Ben-Zvi, 1992), pp. 190–207.
Kedar, Benjamin Z. ‘The Outer Walls of Frankish Acre’. ‘Atiqot 31 (1997), pp. 157–80.
Kennedy, Hugh. Crusader Castles. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1994.
Khamisy, Rabei G. ‘Some Notes on Ayyūbid and Mamluk Military Terms’. Journal of Medieval Military History 13 (2015), pp. 73–92.
Khamisy, Rabei G. ‘The Treaty of 1283 between Sultan Qalāwūn and the Frankish Authorities of Acre: A New Topographical Discussion’. Israel Excavation Journal 64.1 (2014), pp. 72–102.
Khamisy, Rabei G. and Michael S. Fulton, ‘Manjaniq Qarabugha and Thirteenth-Century Trebuchet Nomenclature’. Studia Islamica 111.2 (2016), pp. 179–201.
Khowaiter, Abdul-Aziz. Baibars the First: His Endeavours and Achievements. London: Green Mountain Press, 1978.
King, D.J. Cathcart. ‘The Taking of Le Krak des Chevaliers in 1271’. Antiquity 23.90 (June 1949), pp. 83–92.
King, D.J. Cathcart. ‘The Trebuchet and other Siege-Engines’. Château Gaillard 9–10 (1982), pp. 457–69.
Köhler, G. Die Entwickelung des Kriegswesens und der Kriegführung in der Ritterzeit von Mitte des II. Jahrhunderts bis zu den Hussitenkriegen. 3 vols. Breslau: Wilhelm Koebner, 1887–89.
Lawrence, A.W. ‘The Castle of Baghras’. In The Cilician Kingdom of Armenia. Ed. T.S.R. Boase. Edinburgh: Scottish Academic Press, 1978, pp. 34–83.
Lawrence, A.W. ‘A Skeletal History of Byzantine Fortification’. The Annual of the British School at Athens 78 (1983), pp. 171–227.
Lawrence, T.E. Crusader Castles. London: Golden Cockerel Press, 1936. Ed. Denys Pringle. Crusader Castles. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1988.
Le Strange, Guy. Palestine under the Muslims: A Description of Syria and the Holy Land from A.D. 650 to 1500. Boston: Houghton, Mifflin & Company, 1890.
Leiser, Gary La Viere. ‘The Crusader Raid in the Red Sea in 578/1182–83’. Journal of the American Research Centre in Egypt 14 (1977), pp. 87–100.
Lev, Yaacov. Saladin in Egypt. Leiden: Brill, 1999.
Lewis, Kevin James. The Counts of Tripoli and Lebanon in the Twelfth Century: Sons of Saint-Gilles. Abingdon: Routledge, 2017.
Little, Donald P. ‘The Fall of ‘Akkā in 690/1291: The Muslim Version’. In Studies in Islamic History and Civilization in Honour of Professor David Ayalon. Ed. M. Sharon. Jerusalem: Cana, 1986, pp. 159–81.
Little, Donald P. ‘Historiography of the Ayyūbid and Mamlūk epochs’. In The Cambridge History of Egypt, Volume 1: Islamic Egypt, 640–1517. Ed. Carl F. Petry. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1998, pp. 412–44.
Little, Donald P. An Introduction to Mamlūk Historiography: An Analysis of Arabic Annalistic and Biographical Sources for the Reign of al-Malik an-Nāṣir Muḥammad ibn Qalāʾū n. Montreal: McGill-Queen’s University Press, 1970.
Lloyd, Seton and William Brice. ‘Harran’. Anatolian Studies 1 (1951), pp. 77–111.
Lot, F. L’art militaire et les armées au moyen age en Europe et dans le Proche Orient. Vol. 1. Paris: Payot, 1946.
Lyons, Malcolm C. and D.E.P. Jackson. Saladin: The Politics of the Holy War. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1982.
Maalouf, Amin. Les croisades vues par les Arabes. Paris: Jean-Claude Lattès, 1983. Trans. (Eng.) Jon Rothschild as The Crusades Through Arab Eyes. London: Al Saqi Books, 1984.
McGeer, Eric. ‘Byzantine Siege Warfare in Theory and Practice’. In The Medieval City Under Siege. Ed. Ivy A. Corfis and Michael Wolfe. Woodbridge: Boydell, 1995, pp. 123–9.
Major, Balázs and Edmond el-Ajji. ‘Al-Marqab Research Project of the Syro-Hungarian Archaeological Mission (a brief report on the activities of 2009)’. Chronique Archéologique en Syrie 5 (2011), pp. 263–83.
Mallett, Alex. ‘The battle of Inab’. Journal of Medieval History 39.1 (2013), pp. 48–60.
Mallett, Alex. ‘Sibt Ibn al-Jawzī’. In Medieval Muslim Historians and the Franks of the Levant. Ed. Alex Mallett. Leiden: Brill, 2015, pp. 84–108.
Mallett, Alex. ‘A trip down the Red Sea with Reynald of Châtillon’. Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society of Great Britain & Ireland 18.2 (2008), pp. 141–53.
Marino, Luigi, et al. ‘The Crusader Settlement in Petra’. Fortress 7 (November 1990), pp. 3–13.
Marsden, E.W. Greek and Roman Artillery: Historical Development. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1969.
Marsden, E.W. Greek and Roman Artillery: Technical Treatises. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1971.
Marshall, Christopher. Warfare in the Latin East, 1192–1291. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1992.
Mayer, Hans Eberhard. ‘The Origins of the Lordships of Ramla and Lydda in the Latin Kingdom of Jerusalem’. Speculum 60.3 (July 1985), pp. 537–52.
Mayer, Hans Eberhard. ‘Two Unpublished Letters on the Syrian Earthquake of 1202’. In Medieval and Middle Eastern Studies in Honour of Aziz Suryal Atiya. Ed. Sami A. Hanna. Leiden: Brill, 1972, pp. 295–310.
Mesqui, Jean. ‘La ‘barbacane’ du Crac des Chevaliers (Syrie) et la signification du terme dans le bassin méditerranéen’. Bulletin monumental 176.3 (2018), pp. 215–34.
Mesqui, Jean. ‘Bourzeÿ, une forteresse anonyme de l’Oronte’. In La fortification au temps des croisades. Ed. Nicolas Faucherre, Jean Mesqui and Nicolas Prouteau. Rennes: Presses Universitaires des Rennes, 2004, pp. 95–133.
Mesqui, Jean. ‘L’enceinte médiévale de Césaré’. Bulletin monumental 164.1 (2006), pp. 83–94. Mesqui, Jean and Nicolas Faucherre. ‘La fortification des Croisés au temps de Saint Louis au Proche- Orient’. Bulletin monumental 164.1 (2006), pp. 5–29.
Michaudel, Benjamin. ‘Burzaih’. In Burgen und Städte der Kreuzzugszeit. Ed. Mathias Piana. Petersburg: Michael Imhof Verlag, 2008, pp. 178–87.
Michaudel, Benjamin. ‘The Development of Islamic Military Architecture during the Ayyūbid and Mamluk Reconquest of Frankish Syria’. In Muslim Military Architecture in Greater Syria: From the Coming of Islam to the Ottoman Period. Ed. Hugh Kennedy. Leiden: Brill, 2006, pp. 106–21.
Michaudel, Benjamin. ‘Les refortifications ayyoubides et mameloukes en Syrie du nord (fin XIIe–début XIVe siècle)’. In La fortification au temps des croisades. Ed. Nicolas Faucherre, Jean Mesqui and Nicolas Prouteau. Rennes: Presses Universitaires des Rennes, 2004, pp. 179–88.
Micheau, Françoise. ‘Ibn al-Athīr’. In Medieval Muslim Historians and the Franks of the Levant. Ed. Alex Mallet. Leiden: Brill, 2015, pp. 52–83.
Milwright, Marcus. The Fortress of the Raven: Karak in the Middle Islamic Period (1100–1650). Leiden: Brill, 2008.
Mokary, Abdalla and Moshe Hartal. ‘Tiberias’. Hadashot Arkheologiyot 122 (2010), 17/11/2010.
Müller-Wiener, Wolfgang. Burgen der Kreuzritter. Munich, Deutscher Kunstverlag, 1966. Trans. (Eng.) J. Maxwell Brownjohn as Castles of the Crusaders. London: Thames & Hudson, 1966.
Needham, Joseph. ‘China’s Trebuchets, Manned and Counterweighted’. In On Pre-Modern Technology and Science. Ed. Bert S. Hall and Delno C. West. Malibu: Undena Publications, 1976, pp. 107–45.
Nicolle, David. Arms and Armour in the Crusading Era, 1050–1350. 2 vols. White Plains: Kraus International Publications, 1988.
Nicolle, David. ‘The Early Trebuchet: Documentary and Archaeological Evidence’. In La fortification au temps des croisades. Ed. Nicolas Faucherre, Jean Mesqui and Nicolas Prouteau. Rennes: Presses Universitaires des Rennes, 2004, pp. 269–78.
Northrup, Linda S. From Slave to Sultan: The Career of al-Manṣūr Qalāwūn and the Consolidation of Mamluk Rule in Egypt and Syria (678–689 A.H./1279–1290 A.D.). Stuttgart: Steiner, 1998.
Oman, Sir Charles William Chadwick. A History of the Art of War: The Middle Ages from the Fourth to the Fourteenth Century. London: Methuen, 1889.
Omran, Mahmud Said. ‘King Amalric and the Siege of Alexandria, 1167’. In Crusade and Settlement. Ed. Peter W. Edbury. Cardiff: University of Cardiff Press, 1985, pp. 191–6.
Piana, Mathias. ‘The Crusader Castle of Toron: First Results of its Investigation’. Crusades 5 (2006), pp. 173–91.
Piana, Mathias. ‘Die Kreuzfahrerstadt Tortosa (Tarṭūs) in Syrien’. In Burgen und Städte der Kreuzzugszeit. Ed. Mathias Piana. Petersburg: Michael Imhof Verlag, 2008, pp. 408–21.
Piana, Mathias. ‘Die Templerburg Chastel Blanc (Burğ aṣ-ṡāfītā)’. In Burgen und Städte der Kreuzzugszeit. Ed. Mathias Piana. Petersburg: Michael Imhof Verlag, 2008, pp. 293–301.
Powell, James M. Anatomy of a Crusade, 1213–1221. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 1986.
Prawer, Joshua. The Crusaders’ Kingdom: European Colonialism in the Middle Ages. London: Phoenix Press, 1972.
Prawer, Joshua. ‘The Jerusalem the Crusaders Captured: a Contribution to the Medieval Topography of the City’. In Crusade and Settlement. Ed. Peter W. Edbury. Cardiff: University of Cardiff Press, 1985, pp. 1–14.
Pringle, Denys. ‘A Castle in the Sand: Mottes in the Crusader East’. Château Gaillard 18 (1998), pp. 187–91.
Pringle, Denys. ‘The Castle of Ayla (al-‘Aqaba) in the Crusader, Ayyūbid and Mamluk Periods’. In Egypt and Syria in the Fatimid, Ayyūbid and Mamluk Eras IV. Ed. U. Vermeulen and J. Van Steenbergen. Leuven: Peeters, 2005, pp. 333–53, reprinted in Pringle, Denys. Churches, Castles and Landscapes in the Frankish East. Farnham: Ashgate, 2013.
Pringle, Denys. The Churches of the Crusader Kingdom of Jerusalem. 4 vols. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1993–2009.
Pringle, Denys. ‘Crusader Castles and Fortifications: The Armenian Connection’. In La Méditerranée des Arméniens, XIIe –XVe siècle. Ed. Claude Mutafian. Paris: Geuthner, 2014, pp. 353–72.
Pringle, Denys. ‘Edward I, Castle-building and the Tower of the English in Acre’. In A Fresh Approach: Essays Presented to Colin Platt in Celebration of his Eightieth Birthday, 11 November 2014. Ed. Clair Donavan. Bristol: Trouser Press, 2014, pp. 48–56.
Pringle, Denys. ‘Reconstructing the Castle of Safad’. Palestine Exploration Quarterly 117 (1985), pp. 139–49.
Pringle, Denys. The Red Tower (al-Burj al-Ahmar): Settlement in the Plain of Sharon at the Time of the Crusaders and Mamluks, A.D. 1099–1516. London: British School of Archaeology in Jerusalem, 1986.
Pringle, Denys. ‘Richard I and the Walls of Ascalon’. Palestine Exploration Quarterly 116 (1984), pp. 133–47.
Pringle, Denys. Secular Buildings in the Crusader Kingdom of Jerusalem: An Archaeological Gazetteer. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1997.
Pringle, Denys. ‘Templar Castles between Jaffa and Jerusalem’. The Military Orders 2: Welfare and Warfare. Ed. Helen Nicholson. Aldershot: Ashgate, 1998, pp. 89–109.
Pringle, Denys. ‘Templar Castles on the Road to the Jordan’. In The Military Orders: Fighting for the Faith and Caring for the Sick. Ed. Malcolm Barber. Aldershot: Ashgate, 1994, pp. 148–66.
Pringle, Denys. ‘Towers in Crusader Palestine’. Château Gaillard 16 (1994), pp. 335–50.
Pringle, Denys. ‘Town Defences in the Crusader Kingdom of Jerusalem’. In The Medieval City Under Siege. Ed. Ivy A. Corfis and Michael Wolfe. Woodbridge: Boydell, 1995, pp. 69–121.
Prouteau, Nicolas. ‘‘‘Beneath the Battle?’’: Miners and Engineers as ‘‘Mercenaries’’ in the Holy Land (XII–XIII siècles)’. In Mercenaries and Paid Men: The Mercenary Identity in the Middle Ages. Ed. John France. Leiden: Brill, 2008, pp. 105–17.
Prutz, Hans. Kulturgeschichte der Kreuzzuge. Berlin: E.S. Mittler und Sohn, 1883.
Pryor, John and Michael Jeffreys. ‘Alexios, Bohemond, and Byzantium’s Euphrates Frontier: A Tale of Two Cretans’. Crusades 11 (2012), pp. 31–86.
Purton, Peter. Early Medieval Siege c. 450–1200. Woodbridge: Boydell, 2009.
Rabbat, Nasser. ‘The Militarization of Taste in Medieval Bilād al-Shām’. In Muslim Military Architecture in Greater Syria: From the Coming of Islam to the Ottoman Period. Ed. Hugh Kennedy. Leiden: Brill, 2006, pp. 84–105.
Rabie, Hassanein. The Financial System of Egypt: A.H. 564–741/A.D. 1169–1341. London: Oxford University Press, 1972.
Raphael, Kate. ‘Mighty Towers and Feeble Walls: Ayyūbid and Mamluk Fortifications in the Late Twelfth and Early Thirteenth Centuries in the Light of the Decline of Crusader Siege Warfare’. Crusades 9 (2010), pp. 147–58.
Raphael, Kate. Muslim Fortresses in the Levant: Between Crusaders and Mongols. Abingdon: Routledge, 2011.
Raphael, Kate. ‘A Thousand Arrowheads from the Crusader Fortress at Vadum Iacob’. In In the Hill-Country, and in the Shephelah, and in the Arabah. Ed. Shay Bar. Jerusalem: Ariel House, 2008, pp. 252–61.
Raphael, Kate and Yotam Tepper. ‘The Archaeological Evidence from the Mamluk Siege of Arsuf’. Mamlūk Studies Review 9.1 (2005), pp. 85–100.
Rey, E.-G. Les colonies Franques de Syrie aux XIIme et XIIIme siècles. Paris: Alph. Picard, 1883.
Rey, E.-G. Étude sur les monuments de l’architecture militaire des croisés en Syrie et dans l’ile de Chypre. Collection de documents inédits sur l’histoire de France. Paris: Imprimerie Nationale, 1871.
Richard, Jean. ‘Les causes des victoires mongoles d’après les historiens occidentaux du XIIIe siècle’. Central Asiatic Journal 23 (1979), pp. 104–17.
Richard, Jean. Le comté de Tripoli sous la dynastie Toulousaine (1102–1187). Paris: Geuthner, 1945.
Richard, Jean. Le royaume latin de Jérusalem. Paris: Presses Universitaires de France, 1953.
Richards, D. S. ‘A Consideration of Two Sources for the Life of Saladin’. Journal of Semitic Studies 25.1 (1980), pp. 46–65.
Richter-Bernburg, Lutz. ‘‘Imād al-Dīn al-Iṣfahā nī’. In Medieval Muslim Historians and the Franks of the . Ed. Alex Mallet. Leiden: Brill, 2015, pp. 29–51.
Riley-Smith, Jonathan. The Crusades: A History. 2nd ed. New Haven: Yale University Press, 2005.
Rogers, Randall. Latin Siege Warfare in the Twelfth Century. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1992.
Roll, Israel and Oren. ‘Introduction: History of the Site, Its Research and Excavations’. In Apollonia- Arsuf: Final Report of the Excavations, Vol. I: The Persian and Hellenistic Periods. Ed. Israel Roll and Oren Tal. Tel Aviv: Emery & Claire Yass Publications in Archaeology, 1999, pp. 1–62.
Runciman, Steven. A History of the Crusades. 3 vols. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1951–54.
Saadé, Gabriel. ‘Histoire du Château de Saladin’. Studi Medievali 3.9 (1968), pp. 980–1,016.
Salame-Sarkis, Hassan. ‘Chronique archéologique du Liban-Nord’. Bulletin de Musée de Beyrouth 2 (1938), pp. 91–8.
Satō , Tsugitaka. State and Rural Society in Medieval Islam: Sultans, Muqta[ and Fallahun. Leiden: Brill, 1997.
Sauvaget, Jean. ‘La citadelle de Damas’. Syria 11 (1930), pp. 59–90.
Schneider, Rudolf. Die Artillerie des Mittelalters. Berlin: Weidmannsche Buchhandlung, 1910.
Smail, R.C. Crusading Warfare (1097–1193). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1956.
Smith, Caroline. Crusading in the Age of Joinville. Aldershot: Ashgate, 2006.
Stager, Lawrence and Douglas Esse. ‘Ashkelon, 1985–1986’. Israel Exploration Journal 37 (1987), pp. 68–72.
Stepansky, Yosef. ‘The Crusader Castle of Tiberias’. Crusades 3 (2004), pp. 179–81.
Stepansky, Yosef. ‘Das kreuzfahrerzeitliche Tiberias Neue Erkenntnisse’. In Burgen und Städte der Kreuzzugszeit. Ed. Mathias Piana. Petersburg: Michael Imhof Verlag, 2008, pp. 384–95.
Stewart, Angus. ‘Qalʿat al-Rūm/ Hṙomgla / Rumkale and the Mamluk Siege of 691AH/1292CE’. In Muslim Military Architecture in Greater Syria: From the Coming of Islam to the Ottoman Period. Ed. Hugh Kennedy. Leiden: Brill, 2006, pp. 269–80.
Tabbaa, Yasser. ‘Defending Ayyūbid Aleppo: The fortifications of al-Ẓāhir Ghāzī (1186–1216)’. In Muslim Military Architecture in Greater Syria: From the Coming of Islam to the Ottoman Period Ed. Hugh Kennedy. Leiden: Brill, 2006, pp. 176–83.
Tal, Oren. ‘Apollonia-Arsuf, 2006 and 2009’. Israel Exploration Journal 60.1 (2010), pp. 107–14.
Tarver, W.T.S. ‘The Traction Trebuchet: A Reconstruction of an Early Medieval Siege Engine’. Technology and Culture 36.1 (January 1995), pp. 136–67.
Thompson, A. Hamilton. Military Architecture in England during the Middle Ages. London: Oxford University Press, 1912.
Thorau, Peter. ‘The Battle of ‘Ayn Jālūt: a Re-examination’. In Crusade and Settlement. Ed. Peter W. Edbury. Cardiff: University of Cardiff Press, 1985, pp. 236–42.
Thorau, Peter. Sultan Baibars I. von Ägypten: Ein Beitrag zur Geschichte des Vorderen Orients im 13. Jahrhundert. Wiesbaden: Ludwig Reichert, 1987. Trans. (Eng.) P.M. Holt as The Lion of Egypt: Sultan Baybars I & the Near East in the Thirteenth Century. Harlow: Longman, 1992.
Tibble, Steve. The Crusader Armies. New Haven: Yale University Press, 2018.
Tibble, Steve. Monarchy and Lordships in the Latin Kingdom of Jerusalem, 1099–1291. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1989.
Tonghini, Cristina. Shayzar I: The Fortification of the Citadel. Leiden: Brill, 2012.
Tsugitaka, Sato. State and Rural Society in Medieval Islam: Sultans, Muqtaʿs and Fallahun. Leiden: Brill, 1997.
Vachon, Véronique. ‘Les châteaux Ismâ‘îliens du Djabal Bahrâ’’. In La fortification au temps des croisades. Ed. Nicolas Faucherre, Jean Mesqui and Nicolas Prouteau. Rennes: Presses Universitaires des Rennes, 2004, pp. 219–41.
Van Berchem, Max and Edmond Fatio. Voyages en Syrie. 2 vols. Cairo: L’institut français d’archéologie orientale, 1914–15.
Vannini, Guido and Cristina Tonghini. ‘Medieval Petra. The stratigraphic evidence from recent archaeological excavations at al-Wu’ayra’. Studies in the History and Archaeology of Jordan 6 (1997), pp. 371–84.
Viollet-le-Duc, Eugene-Emmanuel. Dictionnaire Raisonne de l’Architecture Franc¸aise du XI au XVI Siècle. 10 vols. Paris: Librairies-Imprimeries Réunies, 1860.
Whitcomb, Donald. ‘The Walls of early Islamic Ayla: Defence or Symbol?’ In Muslim Military Architecture in Greater Syria: From the Coming of Islam to the Ottoman Period. Ed. Hugh Kennedy. Leiden: Brill, 2006, pp. 61–74.
White, Lynn Jr. ‘The Crusades and the Technological Thrust of the West’. In War, Technology and Society in the Middle East. Ed. V.J. Parry and M.E. Yapp. London: Oxford University Press, 1975, pp. 97–112.
White, Lynn Jr. Medieval Technology and Social Change. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1962.
Yasmine, Jean. ‘Die Burg Beaufort (Qal‘at Šaqif ‘Arnūn) – Neue Bauaufnahme, neue Erkenntnisse’. In Burgen und Städte der Kreuzzugszeit. Ed. Mathias Piana. Petersburg: Michael Imhof Verlag, 2008, pp. 274–84.
Yovitchitch, Cyril. ‘Die aiyubidische Burğ Ağlūn’. In Burgen und Städte der Kreuzzugszeit. Ed. Mathias Piana. Petersburg: Michael Imhof Verlag, 2008, pp. 118–25.
Yovitchitch, Cyril. ‘Die Befestigung der Tore Aiyubidischer Burgen – Herausbildung eines Standards’. In Burgen und Städte der Kreuzzugszeit. Ed. Mathias Piana. Petersburg: Michael Imhof Verlag, 2008, pp. 110–17.
Yovitchitch, Cyril. ‘Bosra: Eine Zitadelle des Fürstentums Damaskus’. In Burgen und Städte der Kreuzzugszeit. Ed. Mathias Piana. Petersburg: Michael Imhof Verlag, 2008, pp. 169–77.
Yovitchitch, Cyril. ‘La citadelle de Bosra’. In La fortification au temps des croisades. Ed. Nicolas Faucherre, Jean Mesqui and Nicolas Prouteau. Rennes: Presses Universitaires des Rennes, 2004, pp. 205–17.
Yovitchitch, Cyril. Forteresses du Proche-Orient: l’architecture militaire des Ayyoubides. Paris: Presses de l’Université Paris-Sorbonne, 2011.
Yovitchitch, Cyril. ‘The Tower of Aybak in ʿAjlun Castle: An example of the spread of an architectural concept in early 13th century Ayyūbid fortification’. In Muslim Military Architecture in Greater Syria: From the Coming of Islam to the Ottoman Period. Ed. Hugh Kennedy. Leiden: Brill, 2006, pp. 225–42.
Zimmer, John, Werner Meyer and Letizia Boscardin. Krak des Chevaliers in Syrien: Archaäologie und Bauforschung 2003 bis 2007. Braubach: Europäisches Burgeninstitut, 2011.