A
Aberhart, William, 138, 140-142
Aboriginal peoples, 24, 71-72, 74, 257, 319
Acadians, 43-44, 59-60, 90, 266
Agreement on Internal Trade (ATI), 289-290
Alberta
autonomy of, 321
control of natural resources in, 104, 111, 124-25, 232-234, 252, 261-262
creation of province, 103-106
separatist movement, 262
Social Credit Party, 141-142, 148
Allaire Report, 280
Annand, William, 46, 67-68
assimilation. See French-Canadian assimilation
Atlantic Accord, 270
Atlantic Manifesto, 178
B
Baby Bonus. See family allowance
Beige Paper, 244-245
Bélanger-Campeau Report, 280
Bennett, Richard Bedford, 128-136
Bennett, William Andrew Cecil, 181
Bertrand, Jean-Jacques, 221
bilingualism, 216-217, 259-260, 295
Blair, Andrew George, 86, 99
Blake, Edward, 65
Blakeney, Allan, 234-235, 246, 255-256, 262
Blanchard, Hiram, 67
Borden, Robert, 108-112, 115
Bouchard, Lucien, 278, 284, 292-293, 295, 297-299, 305, 308-309
Bourassa, Henri, 93, 221-226, 228-229, 271-272, 274, 276-278, 280, 284, 308
Britain
and Canadian identity, 26-27, 60
Canadian independence from, 38, 129-130, 165
federalism in, 37
financial assistance from, 37, 43, 48
governing of Canadian colonies by, 24-26, 38, 48-49, 51-52, 64, 74-75, 79, 98, 164, 209
relationship with lieutenant governors and governor generals, 84-85
role in Confederation, 26, 29, 31, 34, 37, 44-45, 47, 67, 159-160, 162
British Columbia
Chinese immigrants in, 94, 108
control of natural resources in, 104, 124-25, 181, 208
creation as a colony, 74
during the Great Depression, 132-133
joining Confederation, 74-76
subsidy agreement with federal government, 75, 108
unification with Vancouver Island, 48, 74
British North America Act
and federalism, 50-60
amendments and changes to, 51, 68-69, 86, 108, 124-25, 129-130, 149, 153, 155, 161-162, 164, 167, 207, 223-226, 246-259
division of responsibilities between provincial and federal governments in, 33, 40-42, 52-57 122, 137-140, 153, 158, 167-168, 188, 209-210, 218, 223-226, 228, 256
negotiation of, 36-37
patriation from Great Britain to Canada, 124, 207, 223-224, 227-228, 230, 246-259
protection of minority rights in, 89-90
Supreme Court ruling on, 137
Brown, George, 27-30, 33, 59-60, 65, 73
Bulyea, George, 105
C
Canada Assistance Plan (CAP), 200, 268, 286, 290
Canada Health and Social Transfer (CHST), 290
Canada Pension Plan (CPP), 189, 192-196, 330-331, 333
Canada-Wide Accord on Environment Harmonization, 312
Canadian-American Reciprocity Treaty, 31
Canadian constitution. See British North America Act
Canadian identity, 41, 184-185, 200-201, 231, 243-244
Cardwell, Edward, 44
Carnarvon (Lord), 77
Cartier, George Étienne, 27-28, 30, 33, 41, 59-60, 64-65, 75-76
Castonguay, Claude, 224, 226-227
Charest, Jean, 278, 305, 322, 325
Charlottetown Accord, 281-285, 302
Charlottetown Conference, 32-34
Charter of Rights and Freedoms, 221, 224, 235, 243, 246-248, 253-259, 276-278, 301
Chauveau, Pierre, 66
Chong, Michael, 323
Chrétien, Jean, 244-248, 253-255, 288-314
Clarity Act, 306-308
Clark, Christy, 337
Clark, Joe, 241-242, 281
Clark, William, 143-144
Collonette, David, 297
Confederation
adoption of, 30-50, 53-60
Compact Theory of, 91, 216-217
implementation of, 63-70
joining of Maritime provinces, 26-27, 31-35, 39, 42-46, 49, 51
joining of Newfoundland, 158-163
joining of Western provinces, 74-76
Confederation of Tomorrow Conference, 207
conscription, 148
Constitution Act of 1867. See British North America Act
Constitutional Act of 1791, 24, 60
Constitution Act of 1982
adoption of, 256-260
and Quebec signing of, 271-277
amendments to, 256, 300-301
division of responsibilities between provincial and federal governments, 256-258
Copps, Sheila, 294, 297
Couillard, Philipe, 340
Crerar, Thomas, 152, 154
Cross, James, 222
Cullen-Couture agreement of 1978, 272, 285-286
D
Davis, Bill, 236, 255
de Gaulle, Charles, 210-211
Department of Regional Economic Expansion (DREE), 218
Department of Urban Affairs and Housing, 218-219
Diefenbaker, John, 177-183, 187
Dion, Stéphane, 302-308
disallowance, 41, 51-52, 60, 85, 88-89, 90-95, 97, 100-103, 108, 142, 180, 258
division of responsibilities between federal and provincial governments
air travel, 119
alcohol regulation, 87-89
control of natural resources, 104, 123-125, 136, 154, 180-181, 230, 232-236, 261-263, 270, 302, 331
during World War I, 113-115
economic policy, 142, 147-148, 327-328
economic development, 217-219, 264-265
education, 89-90, 100-101, 104-105, 115, 165-166, 172-173, 182, 188, 198, 206, 238-239, 302-304, 311-312, 315-316
environmental issues and policy, 303, 331-332, 335-338
health and welfare, 114-115, 119-122, 128-133, 143-144, 149, 150-155, 167-169, 174, 176-177, 188, 192-196, 199, 202-205, 220-221, 223-226, 311-313, 318-319, 330-331, 339-341
housing, 115, 154, 302-303
Indian Reserves, 319
international affairs, 209-210, 137-138
management of provincial finances, 139-140
telecommunications, 119, 238
trade and commerce, 85-86, 102, 117-118, 135, 137, 154, 246-247, 261-263, 285
transportation, 115, 154, 169-170
Dorian, Antoine-Aimé, 28, 40
Douglas, Tommy, 156
Drapeau, Jean, 222
Drew, George, 153, 156-157, 164
Dryden, Ken, 318-319
Duceppe, Gilles, 322
Duncan Commission, 126
Dunning, Charles Avery, 144
Dufferin (Lord), 77
Dumont, Mario, 284, 292-293
Duplessis, Maurice, 138, 140, 143, 147-148, 154, 156-157, 165, 167-168, 171-173, 181-182, 208
Durham (Lord) 25-26
E
Enbridge Northern Gateway Pipelines, 334-335
English-Canadian nationalism, 139, 150, 164, 171, 215, 243-244, 264, 274-275, 331-332
equalization payments, 150, 175, 178, 183, 186, 206, 211, 233, 256, 261, 263, 270, 286, 317-318, 325-326
Established Programs Financing (EPF), 264, 286, 290
F
family allowance, 152-153, 198, 217, 268
Favreau, Guy, 207
federal grants and loans to provinces, 112, 115, 128, 130-133, 155-157, 168-169
federal subsidies and transfer
payments to provinces, 107-108, 127-128, 264-265, 286, 290-291, 313-316, 322-330, 338-341. See also equalization payments and shared cost programs
federalism
adoption in Canada, 21-24, 27-30, 32-37, 41, 50
assymetrical federalism, 73, 77, 80, 97, 116, 121, 170, 201, 230-231, 258-259, 313
centralization of, 91-92, 97-98, 140, 170-172, 191, 201-202, 205, 215, 230-231, 236, 238-240, 244-246, 253, 259, 261, 276, 280, 282, 289-290, 303-304, 310
classical federalism, 99-100, 309, 320-321, 329
co-operative federalism, 189-192
in the British North America Act of 1867, 51-60
misinterpretation of, 201, 228
style practised in Canada, 83, 97, 109-110
Fenians, 45
Ferguson, Howard, 123, 129
Filmon, Gary, 277, 282
First Nations. See Aboriginal peoples
fiscal imbalance, 14, 58, 69, 114, 128, 138-140, 322, 324-326, 353-354
Fisher, Charles, 36
Flaherty, Jim, 324, 327, 330
Flemming, Hugh John, 178
Foreign Investment Review Act (FIRA), 271
Forget, Amédée, 106
Francophone-Anglophone relations, 23-29, 40, 59, 151-154, 184-185, 199, 200-201, 216-217, 227, 260, 277-278
Francophonie, La, 269
French-Canadian assimilation, 23-25, 27, 57-58, 184, 192, 199-201, 226, 243, 251, 260, 319-320
French-Canadian nationalism, 23, 91, 93, 184, 190, 200, 202, 205, 207-210, 212, 217, 221-222, 229, 280, 284-285, 291-299, 330, 351-352
French-Canadian survivance, 23-24, 28, 36, 40-42, 57-58, 91, 172, 192, 199, 226, 272-273
French language
in government, 25
in Quebec, 207, 307-309
laws, 277-278
Front de Libération du Québec (FLQ), 202, 222
Fulton, Davie, 207
Fundamental Rights Act, 307-308
G
Galt, Alexander Tilloch, 27-28, 30, 33, 39-40
Gang of Eight, 250-255
Gardiner, Stuart, 125
Gérin-Lajoie, Paul, 202
Godbout, Adélard, 148
Gordon, Arthur Hamilton, 31, 44-45
Gordon, Walter, 192
governor generals, role in provincial governments, 84-87
Great Depression, 125-144, 150
Great Recession of 2008, 328
Greenway, Thomas, 100-101
H
Hardy, Arthur, 102
Harper, Elijah, 279
Harper, Stephen, 318-319, 320-335
Harris, Mike, 299-300
Hart, John, 156
Hatfield, Richard, 255, 277
Haultain, Frederick, 103, 106
Haythorne, Robert, 78-79
Health Care Accord, 325, 327
Heaps, Abraham Albert, 120
Hepburn, Mitch, 140, 143, 149-150
Hill, Phillip, 69
Hospital and Diagnostic Services Act, 176-177
House of Commons
allocation of seats in, 51, 69-70, 72-73, 80, 93, 126
Quebec representation in, 295
Howe, Clarence Decatur, 152, 154
Howe, Joseph, 47, 67-68, 71
I
Ilsley, James, 147-148, 150, 152, 157
J
Johnson, Daniel, 202, 205-206, 208-209, 269, 293-299, 305, 308
Johnson, Pierre-Marc, 269
Judicial Committee of the Private Council (JCPC), 81, 124, 165
K
Kent, Tom, 195
Kierens, Eric, 199, 203
Kinder Morgan Trans Mountain Pipeline, 334-335
King, George, 70
Kirby, Michael, 247
Klein, Ralph, 321
Korean War, 157, 176
L
Lalonde, Marc, 223-224, 230, 260
LaMarsh, Judy, 192-196
Langevin, Hector-Louis, 41, 48
Laporte, Pierre, 222
Laurier, Wilfred, 88, 99-103, 105, 107, 109
Leitch, Merv, 262
Lesage, Jean, 185-186, 190-198, 202, 204-205, 208
Letellier de St. Just, Luc, 84-85
Lévesque, René, 199, 202-203, 217, 221-222, 244-245, 250-251, 253-256, 269
lieutenant governors, role in provincial governments, 84-87
London Conference, 48
Lougheed, Peter, 228, 232-233, 246, 252, 261-262
Loyalists, 24
Lyon, Sterling, 248, 256
M
MacDonald, Angus Lewis, 156
MacDonald, John Alexander, 27-30, 33, 35-37, 40, 44-45, 48-49, 60, 64-65, 68, 75-78, 84-85, 88, 90-97, 100
MacDonald, John Sandfield, 64-65
MacDonnell, Richard, 47
MacEachen, Allan, 242
MacKenzie, Alexander, 77
Mackenzie King, William Lyon, 117, 120-121, 123, 125-126, 128, 135-139, 142-144, 147-158, 164
Manitoba
and railway charters, 93
control of natural resources in, 104, 109, 111, 124-25
education in, 100-101
joining Confederation, 70-74
provincial boundaries of, 73, 96, 103-104, 109, 111
representation in the House of Commons, 72-73
Manitoba Act of 1870, 73
Manning, Ernest, 156, 203
Maritime Rights Movement, 126
Marsh, Leonard, 152
Martin, Paul, 289-290, 295-296, 303-304, 311-320
Massé, Marcel, 303-304
Massey Commission, 165-166, 171
Massey, Vincent, 165-166
McBride, Richard, 108, 112
McCarthy Act, 88
McCreight, John Foster, 76
McDougall, William, 71-72
McGee, D’Arcy, 32
McKenna, Frank, 277, 279
McMurtry, Roy, 254-255
Medical Care Act, 204
Medicare, 182-183, 189, 202-205, 265-266, 313, 338-341
Meech Lake Accord, 273-280, 302
Mercier, Honoré, 90-92
Millennium Scholarship Program, 312
Miller, William, 47-48
Monck, Charles Stanley, 30-31, 64
money supply, 132, 135, 141-143, 147-148
Morin, Claude, 202, 226-227
Mowat, Oliver, 30, 84-86, 88, 91, 94-96, 99
multiculturalism, 216-217
Mulroney, Brian, 267-279, 281, 284-287, 292-293
Municipal Development and Loan Plan, 192
municipalities, federal assistance to, 192, 265, 268, 316-317, 334
Murray, Lowell, 272-273
Musgrave, Anthony, 75
N
National Child Benefit (NCB), 311-312
National Employment Commission (NEC), 136, 139, 143
National Energy Program (NEP), 261-263
nationalism. See English-Canadian nationalism and French-Canadian nationalism
New Brunswick
economic development in, 178-179
education in, 89-90
finances of, 68-70, 108, 126
joining Confederation, 26-27, 31-35, 39, 42-46, 49, 51
representation in the House of Commons, 51, 70, 126
separation from Nova Scotia, 24
subsidy agreement with federal government, 43, 69-70
New Deal for Cities and Communities, 317
New Deal program, 135-138, 142
Newfoundland
control of natural resources, 161, 263, 270
joining Confederation, 26-27, 39, 49, 158-163
labour relations in, 179-180
subsidy agreement with federal government, 161, 179
Night of the Long Knives, 255-256
Norquay, John, 91, 93
North-West Rebellion, 90
Northwest Territory, 257
Nova Scotia
control of natural resources in, 263
economic development in, 178-179
finances of, 67-69, 108, 126
joining Confederation, 26-27, 31-35, 39, 46-49, 51, 66-68
representation in the House of Commons, 51, 126
separation from New Brunswick, 24
subsidy agreement with federal government, 46-47
O
October Crisis, 222
Old Age Pension Plan, 119-122
Oliver, Frank, 106
Ontario
and alcohol regulation, 87-89
and private insurance plans, 193, 196, 203-204
autonomy of, 140, 150, 153-154, 169
control of natural resources in, 94-95, 102-104, 123, 140, 169
provincial boundaries of, 95-96, 111
provision of welfare in, 153, 156, 169, 193-196
representation in the House of Commons, 51
subsidy agreement with federal government, 65, 140
P
Parizeau, Jacques, 202, 280, 284, 292-299, 305, 308
Pawley, Howard, 277
Pattullo, Duff, 132-133, 140, 143-144
Pearson, Lester Bowles, 189-212, 216
Peckford, Brian, 255, 270, 278
Pepin, Jean-Luc, 230
Philpott, Jane, 339-341
Pickersgill, Jack, 163
Pope, James, 80
Prince Edward Island
absentee land ownership in, 79-80
communication with the mainland, 80
control of natural resources in, 104
economic development in, 178-179
joining Confederation, 26-27, 31-35, 39, 49, 78-81
railway development in, 79
representation in the House of Commons, 80, 126
separation from Nova Scotia, 24
subsidy agreement with federal government, 79-81, 108, 126
Proclamation Act of 1763, 23
Purvis, Arthur, 143
Q
Quebec Act of 1774, 23
Quebec Conference, 34-39, 42, 44, 95
Quebec Pension Plan (QPP), 193-196
Quebec Referendum of 1980, 244-246
Quebec Referendum of 1995, 291-299
Quebec Resolutions, 37-49, 53
Queen’s Counsels, 84
Quiet Revolution, 57, 172-173, 185-186, 210, 351
Quebec
and international affairs, 209-211, 322
and World War II, 148-149
as a distinct society, 23-24, 171-172, 198-199, 207-209, 253, 260, 272-273, 277, 284, 296-297, 299, 301-302, 322-323
autonomy of, 57-58, 116, 122, 140, 168-173, 184-186, 190-192, 197-199, 208-210, 219, 226-227, 229, 250-251, 264, 272, 307-308, 310-311
British constitutions of, 23-24
control of natural resources in, 104, 123
education in, 66, 165-166, 182, 190-191
immigration in, 236-237, 272, 285-286
joining Confederation, 40-42
joining Constitution Act of 1982, 260, 271-282
provincial boundaries of, 111
provision of welfare in, 119, 151-152, 156, 168-169, 193-196, 199, 217, 224-226, 312-313
representation in the House of Commons, 51, 93
separatism, 190, 200, 202, 205, 226-227, 229, 244-246, 280-281, 291-299, 302, 304-309
taxation agreement with federal government, 172-173, 197-198, 205-206
veto power on constitutional amendments, 228, 250-251, 256, 272, 296-297, 300-301, 310
R
railway expansion, 34, 37, 42-44, 48, 69, 73, 75-78, 93-94
Red River Colony, 70-74
Red River Rebellion, 70-72, 74
Rémillard, Gil, 271-272
representation by population, 27-30, 33, 41, 51, 73, 75, 80, 106
Riel, Louis, 71-72, 75, 90
Rivers and Streams Act, 94-95
Robarts, John, 191, 193-196, 203-204, 207, 230
Robertston, Gordon, 223-224, 227-228, 275
Robillard, Lucienne, 294
Roblin, Dufferin, 186
Roblin, Rodmond, 109
Rogers, Norman, 143-144
Romanow, Roy, 254-255
Rowell-Sirois Commission, 139-140, 144, 150
Royal Commission on Bilingualism
and Biculturalism, 216
Rupert’s Land, 21, 37, 43, 47-48, 70, 73
Rutherford, Alexander, 105
Ryan, Claude, 222, 231, 244-246, 305
S
St. Laurent, Louis, 121, 137, 153-154, 156-157, 164-168, 172-177
St. Lawrence Seaway development, 169
Saskatchewan
control of natural resources in, 104, 111, 124-25, 180-181, 235
creation of province, 103-107
education in, 104-105
provincial boundaries of, 111
provision of welfare in, 156
Sauvé, Maurice, 195
Sauvé, Paul, 182
Scott Act, 87
Scott, Thomas, 72, 74
Scott, Walter, 104, 106
Senate of Canada
allocation of seats in, 36, 51, 58, 281-282
appointment to, 36, 51, 91, 228, 273-274, 281-282, 341-342
reform of, 281-282
shared-cost programs
and provincial autonomy, 184-187, 190-200, 203-207, 219-221, 225-231, 237, 250-251, 258, 289-291, 309-314
for education, 182, 190, 206-, 290, 303, 311-312
for health programs, 182-183, 203-205, 290
for infrastructure development, 169-171, 183
for pension plans, 120-122, 166-167, 192-196, 330-331, 333
for social welfare, 155-158, 168-169, 200, 290, 311-313
Sharp, Mitchell, 204
Shaw, Walter, 186
Sifton, Clifford, 99, 101, 105
Smallwood, Joey, 159-163, 179
180
Smith, Albert, 43-45
social credit, 141-143
Social Union Framework Agreement (SUFA), 310-311
spending power, 121-122, 137, 153, 167, 196, 204, 220-221, 239, 250-251, 256, 309-310, 313-314, 320-321, 323-325
Sponsorship Scandal, 319-320
Stanfield, Robert, 178
subsidies to provinces. See federal subsidies and transfer payments to provinces
Sullivan, William Wilfred, 80-81
Supreme Court of Canada
appointment to, 208, 223, 228, 272, 273-274
as instrument of federal government, 81, 124, 165, 208, 229, 234-235, 238, 248-249, 253
establishment of, 81
T
Taché, Bishop, 71, 75
Taché, Étienne Pascal, 30, 41
Taschereau, Louis-Alexandre, 116, 121, 123, 129, 131
Task Force on Canadian Unity, 230-231
taxation agreements between provincial and federal governments, 37, 55-56, 154-157, 169, 172-174, 182, 187-188, 191, 194, 196-198, 205-206, 220
taxes
federal collection of, 113-114, 116, 132-133, 140, 149, 232-235, 261-262, 270, 324-325
provincial collection of, 55, 113, 182-183, 324-325, 336-337
Thatcher, Margaret, 250
Tilley, Samuel Leonard, 43, 45-46, 64, 69
Tobin, Brian, 297
Towers, Graham, 143
trade agreements, 44, 285, 289-290, 328
Trans-Canada Highway construction, 169-170
transfer payments. See federal subsidies and transfer payments to provinces
Tremblay Report, 171-172
Trudeau, Justin, 332-
Trudeau, Pierre Elliot, 208-209, 215-257, 259-263, 265-267, 274-276, 283-284, 301-302
Trutch, Joseph, 76
Tupper, Charles, 31, 46-47, 64, 66-68
Turner, John, 223, 267, 275
U
Unemployment and Farm Relief Act of 1931, 130
unemployment insurance, 130-133, 135, 149, 154, 174, 238, 268, 303, 312-313, 326-327
unitary government, 27-30, 33-36, 40, 147
United Kingdom. See Britain
United States of America
annexation of provinces to, 38, 41, 81
cultural influence of, 165-166, 258, 285
federalism in, 22, 29, 33, 49, 58, 97, 104, 239, 249, 343, 345
trade with, 31, 43-44, 78, 101-102, 109, 181, 232, 284-285, 295
V
Victoria Charter, 223-226, 300
W
Walkem, George, 77
Wall, Brad, 336-337
War Measures Act, 113, 118, 147-148, 150, 222
Watson (Lord), 89
welfare state, development of, 150-157, 168-169, 176, 182, 188, 190-191
Wells, Clyde, 278-280, 282
Western Accord, 270
Wetmore, Andrew Rainsford, 69
Whitney, James, 102
Williams, Danny, 317, 327
Williams, Sir Fenwick, 47
Woodsworth, James Shaver, 120
World War I, 112-115, 150
World War II, 133, 142, 147-156
Wynne, Kathleen, 331-332
Y
Yukon Territory, 257