²⁸ “Dark Hel” or Niflheim, the realm of Hel, the abode of the dead.

²⁹ A difficult line.

³⁰ The so-called fimbulvetr, “Chief of Winters,” foretold also in “Vǫluspá” St. 40, and “Vǫluspá hin skamma,” St. 14, as preceding the end of the world. It consists of three winters with no summer between.

³¹ “Life” and “Longing for Life” (?).

³² This tree is probably identical with the world-tree, Yggdrasil, (“Vǫluspá,” Sts. 2 and 19) and the “Tree of Mímir” (“Fjǫlsvinnsmál,” St. 14 and Note 15).

³³ See “Vǫluspá,” St. 39 and Note 54.

³⁴ “Alf-Beam,” a kenning for the sun.