Chapter 1
1P. Møller, “Gastrophysics in the Brain and Body,” Flavour 2, no. 8 (2013). Accessed July 11, 2016, doi: 10.1186/2044-7248-2-8.
2S. Komatsu, “Rice and Sushi Cravings: A Preliminary Study of Food Craving among Japanese Females,” Appetite 50, nos. 2–3 (2008): 353–58.
3R. Just et al., “Lower Buffet Prices Lead to Less Taste Satisfaction,” Journal of Sensory Studies 29, no. 5 (2014): 362–70.
4H. Parretti et al., “Efficacy of Water Preloading before Main Meals as a Strategy for Weight Loss in Primary Care Patients with Obesity: RCT,” Obesity 23, no. 9 (2015): 1785–91.
5D. Weigle et al., “A High-Protein Diet Induces Sustained Reductions in Appetite, Ad Libitum Caloric Intake, and Body Weight despite Compensatory Changes in Diurnal Plasma Leptin and Ghrelin Concentrations,” American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 82 (2005): 41–48.
6H. Leidy et al., “Beneficial Effects of a Higher-Protein Breakfast on the Appetitive, Hormonal, and Neural Signals Controlling Energy Intake Regulation in Overweight/Obese, ‘Breakfast-Skipping,’ Late-Adolescent Girls,” American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 97 (2013): 677–88.
7J. Alcock et al., “Is Eating Behavior Manipulated by the Gastrointestinal Microbiota? Evolutionary Pressures and Potential Mechanisms,” BioEssays 36 (2014): 940–49.
8C. S. Johnston, “Strategies for Healthy Weight Loss: From Vitamin C to the Glycemic Response,” Journal of the American College of Nutrition 24, no. 3 (2005): 158–65.
9M. Bertoia et al., “Dietary Flavonoid Intake and Weight Maintenance: Three Prospective Cohorts of 124,086 US Men and Women Followed for up to 24 Years,” British Medical Journal 352, no. 17 (2016). Accessed July 11, 2016, doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmj.i17.
10“Indole-3-Carbinol,” Linus Pauling Institute, Oregon State University, accessed June 6, 2016, http://lpi.oregonstate.edu/mic/dietary-factors/phytochemicals/indole-3-carbinol.
11H. Bjermo et al., “Effects of n26 PUFAs Compared with SFAs on Liver Fat, Lipoproteins, and Inflammation in Abdominal Obesity: A Randomized Controlled Trial,” American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 95 (2012): 1003–12.
12M. Lee et al., “Reduction of Body Weight by Dietary Garlic Is Associated with an Increase in Uncoupling Protein mRNA Expression and Activation of AMP-Activated Protein Kinase in Diet-Induced Obese Mice,” Journal of Nutrition 141 (2011): 1947–53.
13J. Higgins et al., “Resistant Starch Consumption Promotes Lipid Oxidation,” Nutrition & Metabolism 1, no. 8 (2004). Accessed July 11, 2016, doi: 10.1186/1743-7075-1-8.
14C. L. Bodinham et al., “Acute Ingestion of Resistant Starch Reduces Food Intake in Healthy Adults,” British Journal of Nutrition 103, no. 6 (2010): 917–22.
15“Does Caffeine Help with Weight Loss?” Mayo Clinic, accessed June 6, 2016, http://www.mayoclinic.org/healthy-lifestyle/weight-loss/expert-answers/caffeine/faq-20058459.
16A. L. Brown et al., “Health Effects of Green Tea Catechins in Overweight and Obese Men: A Randomised Controlled Cross-Over Trial,” British Journal of Nutrition 106 (2011): 1880–89.
17D. Weiss et al., “Determination of Catechins in Matcha Green Tea by Micellar Electrokinetic Chromatography,” Journal of Chromatography A 1011, nos. 1-2 (2003): 173–80.
18R. Green et al., “Common Tea Formulations Modulate In Vitro Digestive Recovery of Green Tea Catechins,” Molecular Nutrition & Food Research 51 (2007): 1152–62.
19S. Fowler et al., “Diet Soda Intake Is Associated with Long-Term Increases in Waist Circumference in a Biethnic Cohort of Older Adults: The San Antonio Longitudinal Study of Aging,” Journal of the American Geriatrics Society 63 (2015): 708–15.
20S. Fowler et al., “Fueling the Obesity Epidemic? Artificially Sweetened Beverage Use and Long-Term Weight Gain,” Obesity 16, no. 8 (2008): 1894–900.
21J. Suez et al., “Artificial Sweeteners Induce Glucose Intolerance by Altering the Gut Microbiota,” Nature 514 (2014): 181–86.
22K. Betts, “Potential Obesogen Identified: Fungicide Triflumizole Is Associated with Increased Adipogenesis in Mice,” Environmental Health Perspectives 120, no. 12 (2012): A474.
23B. Chassaing et al., “Dietary Emulsifiers Impact the Mouse Gut Microbiota Promoting Colitis and Metabolic Syndrome,” Nature 519 (2015): 92–96.
24V. Barry et al., “Early Life Perfluorooctanoic Acid (PFOA) Exposure and Overweight and Obesity Risk in Adulthood in a Community with Elevated Exposure,” Environmental Research 132 (2014): 62–69.
25A. Calafat et al., “Exposure of the U.S. Population to Bisphenol A and 4-Tertiary-Octylphenol: 2003–2004,” Environmental Health Perspectives 116, no. 1 (2008): 39–44.
Chapter 2
1M. Karnani et al., “Activation of Central Orexin/Hypocretin Neurons by Dietary Amino Acids,” Neuron 72, no. 4 (2011): 616–29.
2K. Blum et al., “Dopamine and Glucose, Obesity, and Reward Deficiency Syndrome,” Frontiers in Psychology 5, no. 919 (2014): 1–11.
3R. Mujcic, “Are Fruit and Vegetables Good for Our Mental and Physical Health? Panel Data Evidence from Australia,” Munich Personal RePEc Archive 59149, no. 8 (2014). Accessed July 11, 2016, https://mpra.ub.uni-muenchen.de/59149/1/MPRA_paper_59149.pdf.
4B. White et al., “Many Apples a Day Keep the Blues Away—Daily Experiences of Negative and Positive Affect and Food Consumption in Young Adults,” British Journal of Health Psychology 18 (2013): 782–98.
5F. Jacka et al., “Association of Western and Traditional Diets with Depression and Anxiety in Women,” American Journal of Psychiatry 167 (2010): 1–7.
6“Lack of Sleep Is Affecting Americans, Finds the National Sleep Foundation,” National Sleep Foundation, accessed June 7 2016, https://sleepfoundation.org/media-center/press-release/lack-sleep-affecting-americans-finds-the-national-sleep-foundation.
7P. Wirtz et al., “Dark Chocolate Intake Buffers Stress Reactivity in Humans,” Journal of the American College of Cardiology 63 (2014): 2297–99.
8D. Taubert et al., “Effects of Low Habitual Cocoa Intake on Blood Pressure and Bioactive Nitric Oxide: A Randomized Controlled Trial,” Journal of the American Medical Association 298, no. 1 (2007): 49–60.
9S. Patel et al., “Association between Reduced Sleep and Weight Gain in Women,” American Journal of Epidemiology 164, no. 10 (2006): 947–54.
10M. St-Onge et al., “Fiber and Saturated Fat Are Associated with Sleep Arousals and Slow Wave Sleep,” Journal of Clinical Sleep Medicine 12, no. 1 (2016): 19–24.
11E. Hanlon et al., “Sleep Restriction Enhances the Daily Rhythm of Circulating Levels of Endocannabinoid 2-Arachidonoylglycerol,” SLEEP 39, no. 3 (2016): 653–64.
12A. Liu et al., “Tart Cherry Juice Increases Sleep Time in Older Adults with Insomnia,” FASEB Journal 28, no. 1, Supplement 830.9 (2014): 579–83.
13R. J. Reiter et al., “Melatonin in Walnuts: Influence on Levels of Melatonin and Total Antioxidant Capacity of Blood,” Nutrition 21, no. 9 (2005): 920–24.
14A. M. Spaeth et al., “Resting Metabolic Rate Varies by Race and by Sleep Duration,” Obesity 23, no. 12 (2015): 2349–56.
15M. Beydoun et al., “Serum Nutritional Biomarkers and Their Associations with Sleep among US Adults in Recent National Surveys,” PLoS One 9, no. 8 (2014): e103490. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0103490.
16P. Montgomery et al., “Fatty Acids and Sleep in UK Children: Subjective and Pilot Objective Sleep Results from the DOLAB Study—A Randomized Controlled Trial,” Journal of Sleep Research 23, no. 4 (2014): 364–88.
17Paul Montgomery, interviewed by author, June 24, 2014.
18St-Onge, “Fiber and Saturated Fat.”
19T. Satoh et al., “Effect of Bifidobacterium breve B-3 on skin photoaging induced by chronic UV irradiation in mice,” Beneficial Microbes 6, no. 4 (2015): 497–504.
20T. Levkovich et al., “Probiotic Bacteria Induce a ‘Glow of Health,’” PLoS One 8, no. 1 (2013): e53867. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0053867.
21C. Leung et al., “Soda and Cell Aging: Associations between Sugar-Sweetened Beverage Consumption and Leukocyte Telomere Length in Healthy Adults from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Surveys,” American Journal of Public Health 104, no. 12 (2014): 2425–31.
22R. Whitehead et al., “You Are What You Eat: Within-Subject Increases in Fruit and Vegetable Consumption Confer Beneficial Skin-Color Changes,” PLoS One 7, no. 3 (2012): e32988. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0032988.
Chapter 3
1M. Baranski et al., “Higher Antioxidant and Lower Cadmium Concentrations and Lower Incidence of Pesticide Residues in Organically Grown Crops: A Systematic Literature Review and Meta-Analyses,” British Journal of Nutrition 112 (2014): 794–811.
2M. Bertoia et al., “Changes in Intake of Fruits and Vegetables and Weight Change in United States Men and Women Followed for up to 24 Years: Analysis from Three Prospective Cohort Studies,” PLoS Medicine 12, no. 9 (2015): e1001878. doi:10.1371 ⁄ journal.pmed.1001878.
3I. Cho et al., “Antibiotics in Early Life alter the Murine Colonic Microbiome and Adiposity,” Nature 488, no. 7413 (2012): 621–26.
4“PCBS in Farmed Salmon: Wild Versus Farmed,” The Environmental Working Group, accessed June 7, 2016, http://www.ewg.org/research/pcbs-farmed-salmon/wild-versus-farmed.
5“Buying Fish? What You Need to Know,” Environmental Defense Fund, accessed June 7, 2016, http://seafood.edf.org/buying-fish-what-you-need-know.
6“Oceana Reveals Mislabeling of America’s Favorite Fish: Salmon,” Oceana, accessed June 7, 2016, http://usa.oceana.org/press-releases/oceana-reveals-mislabeling-americas-favorite-fish-salmon.
7L. Yanping et al., “Saturated Fats Compared with Unsaturated Fats and Sources of Carbohydrates in Relation to Risk of Coronary Heart Disease: A Prospective Cohort Study,” Journal of the American College of Cardiology 66, no. 14 (2015): 1538–48.
8M. Assuncao et al., “Effects of Dietary Coconut Oil on the Biochemical and Anthropometric Profiles of Women Presenting Abdominal Obesity,” Lipids 44 (2009): 593–601.
9A. Albertson et al., “Whole Grain Consumption Trends and Associations with Body Weight Measures in the United States: Results from the Cross Sectional National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2001–2012,” Nutrition Journal 15, no. 8 (2016). doi: 10.1186/s12937-016-0126-4.
10“CSPI Downgrades Sucralose from ‘Caution’ to ‘Avoid,’” Center for Science in the Public Interest, accessed June 7, 2016, http://www.cspinet.org/new/201602081.html.
Chapter 4
1E. Loucks et al., “Associations of Dispositional Mindfulness with Obesity and Central Adiposity: The New England Family Study,” International Journal of Behavioral Medicine 23, no. 2 (2016): 224–33.
2S. Fay et al., “Psychological Predictors of Opportunistic Snacking in the Absence of Hunger,” Eating Behaviors 18 (2015): 156–59.
3M. Shah et al., “Slower Eating Speed Lowers Energy Intake in Normal-Weight but Not Overweight/Obese Subjects,” Journal of the Academy of Nutrition and Dietetics 114 (2014): 393–402.
4B. Wansink et al., “Slim by Design: Kitchen Counter Correlates of Obesity,” Health Education & Behavior (2015): pii: 1090198115610571.
5B. Wansink et al., “The Clean Plate Club: About 92 Percent of Self-Served Food Is Eaten,” International Journal of Obesity 39 (2015): 371–74.
6L. Ledochowski et al., “Acute Effects of Brisk Walking on Sugary Snack Cravings in Overweight People, Affect and Responses to a Manipulated Stress Situation and to a Sugary Snack Cue: A Crossover Study,” PLoS One 10, no. 3 (2015): e0119278. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0119278.
7C. Morewedge et al., “Thought for Food: Imagined Consumption Reduces Actual Consumption,” Science 330 (2010): 1530–33.
8E. Van Kleef et al., “Just a Bite: Considerably Smaller Snack Portions Satisfy Delayed Hunger and Craving,” Food Quality and Preference 27 (2013): 96–100.
1“Facts & Statistics: Physical Activity,” President’s Council on Fitness, Sports & Nutrition, accessed June 7, 2016, http://www.fitness.gov/resource-center/facts-and-statistics/.
2M. Case et al., “Accuracy of Smartphone Applications and Wearable Devices for Tracking Physical Activity Data,” Journal of the American Medical Association 313, no. 6 (2015): 625–26.
3J. Kulinski et al., “Association between Cardiorespiratory Fitness and Accelerometer-Derived Physical Activity and Sedentary Time in the General Population,” Mayo Clinic Proceedings 89, no. 8 (2014): 1063–71.
4A. Biswas et al., “Sedentary Time and Its Association with Risk for Disease Incidence, Mortality, and Hospitalization in Adults: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis,” Annals of Internal Medicine 162, no. 2 (2015): 123–32.
5“Fitness and Health Calculators by HealthStatus,” HealthStatus, accessed June 7, 2016, https://www.healthstatus.com/perl/calculator.cgi. (Based on a 50-year old, 160-pound woman.)
6C. Werle et al., “Is It Fun or Exercise? The Framing of Physical Activity Biases Subsequent Snacking,” Marketing Letters 26 (2015): 691–702.
Chapter 6
1“Top Tips for Safer Products,” EWG’s Skin Deep Cosmetics Database, accessed June 7, 2016, http://www.ewg.org/skindeep/top-tips-for-safer-products/.
2“Lipstick & Lead: Questions & Answers,” US Food and Drug Administration, accessed June 7, 2016, http://www.fda.gov/cosmetics/productsingredients/products/ucm137224.htm.
3H. S. Brown et al., “The Role of Skin Absorption as a Route of Exposure for Volatile Organic Compounds (VOCs) in Drinking Water,” American Journal of Public Health 74, no. 5 (1984): 479–84.
4M. Robinson et al., “The Importance of Exposure Estimation in the Assessment of Skin Sensitization Risk,” Contact Dermatitis 42 (2000): 251–59.
5“Volatile Organic Compounds (VOCs),” NIH Tox Town, accessed June 7, 2016, https://toxtown.nlm.nih.gov/text_version/chemicals.php?id=31.
6J. L. Tang-Peronard et al., “Endocrine-Disrupting Chemicals and Obesity Development in Humans: A Review,” Obesity Reviews 12, no. 8 (2011): 622–36.
7J. Legler et al., “Obesity, Diabetes, and Associated Costs of Exposure to Endocrine-Disrupting Chemicals in the European Union,” Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism 1000, no. 4 (2015): 1278–88.
8“Cleaning Supplies: Secret Ingredients, Hidden Hazards,” Environmental Working Group, accessed June 7, 2016, http://www.ewg.org/guides/cleaners/content/weak_regulation.
9E. Clayton et al., “The Impact of Bisphenol A and Triclosan on Immune Parameters in the U.S. Population, NHANES 2003–2006,” Environmental Health Perspectives 119, no. 3 (2011): 390–96.
10“Ingredients,” IFRA International Fragrance Association, accessed June 7, 2016, http://www.ifraorg.org/en-us/ingredients#.V1aqhzY4lAY.
11M. Silva et al., “Urinary Levels of Seven Phthalate Metabolites in the US Population from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) 1999–2000,” Environmental Health Perspectives 112, no. 3 (2004): 331–38.
12L. Parlett et al., “Women’s Exposure to Phthalates in Relation to Use of Personal Care Products,” Journal of Exposure Science & Environmental Epidemiology 23, no. 2 (2013): 197–206.
13R. Brown et al., “Secular Differences in the Association between Caloric Intake, Macronutrient Intake, and Physical Activity with Obesity,” Obesity Research & Clinical Practice (2015): pii: S1871-403X(15)00121-0, doi: 10.1016/j.orcp.2015.08.007.
14Ibid.
15“Top Tips for Safer Products,” EWG’s Skin Deep Cosmetics Database.
16Y. Song et al., “Urinary Concentrations of Bisphenol A and Phthalate Metabolites and Weight Change: A Prospective Investigation in US Women,” International Journal of Obesity 38, no. 12 (2014): 1532–37; T. James-Todd et al., “Urinary Phthalate Metabolite Concentrations and Diabetes among Women in the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) 2001–2008,” Environmental Health Perspectives 120, no. 9 (2012): 1307–13; L. Lopez-Carrillo et al., “Exposure to Phthalates and Breast Cancer Risk in Northern Mexico,” Environmental Health Perspectives 118 (2010): 539-44.
17“Parabens,” Campaign for Safe Cosmetics, accessed June 7, 2016, http://www.safecosmetics.org/get-the-facts/chemicals-of-concern/parabens/.
18“Draft Toxicological Profile for Toluene,” US Department of Health and Human Services Public Health Service Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry, September 2015.
19US Congress, House of Representatives, Committee on Energy and Commerce, “Cleaning Product Right to Know Act of 2014.” 113th Cong., 2nd sess., April 10, 2014.
20US Congress, Senate, Committee on Environment and Public Works, “Safe Chemicals Act of 2014.” 113th Cong., 2013–2014.
21J. Lankester et al., “Urinary Triclosan Is Associated with Elevated Body Mass Index in NHANES,” PLoS One 8, no. 11 (2013): e80057, doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0080057.
22“Triclosan: What Consumers Should Know,” US Food and Drug Administration, accessed June 7, 2016, http://www.fda.gov/ForConsumers/ConsumerUpdates/ucm205999.htm.
Chapter 7
1J. A. Wolfson et al., “Is Cooking at Home Associated with Better Diet Quality or Weight-Loss Intention?” Public Health Nutrition 18, no. 8 (2015): 1397–406.
2“Larger Portion Sizes Contribute to US Obesity Problem,” National Institutes of Health, accessed June 7, 2016, http://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/health/educational/wecan/news-events/matte1.htm.
3R. R. Wing et al., “Benefits of Recruiting Participants with Friends and Increasing Social Support for Weight Loss and Maintenance,” Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology 67, no. 1 (1999): 132–38.
Chapter 9
1H. Leidy et al., “Beneficial Effects of a Higher-Protein Breakfast on the Appetitive, Hormonal, and Neural Signals Controlling Energy Intake Regulation in Overweight/Obese, ‘Breakfast-Skipping,’ Late-Adolescent Girls,” American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 97 (2013): 677–88.
2“NWCR Facts,” The National Weight Control Registry, accessed June 12 2016, http://nwcr.ws/research/default.htm.
Chapter 11
1R. Sebastian et al., “Snacking Patterns of US Adults: What We Eat In America, NHANES 2007-2008,” Food Surveys Research Group Dietary Data Brief No. 4, June 2011.
2“Overweight and Obesity Statistics,” NIH Publication No. 04-4158.
3“Snack Attack: What Consumers Are Reaching for around the World,” Nielsen Global Snacking Report, September 2014.
Chapter 12
1A. V. Nedeltcheva et al., “Insufficient Sleep Undermines Dietary Efforts to Reduce Adiposity,” Annals of Internal Medicine 153, no. 7 (2010): 453–41.
2S. Racette et al., “Influence of Weekend Lifestyle Patterns on Body Weight,” Obesity 16, no. 8 (2008): 1826–30.
3G. A. O’Reilly et al., “Mindfulness-Based Interventions for Obesity-Related Eating Behaviours: A Literature Review,” Obesity Reviews 15, no. 6 (2014): 453–61.