Note: Italicized references in parentheses indicate citation abbreviations used in the Notes section.
ARCHIVES
Tamiment Library, New York University, New York City
District 65 UAW Papers, SCLC Correspondence
Federal Bureau of Investigation Reading Room, Washington, DC
Files on the Memphis Sanitation Strike, Memphis Field Office, series 157-1092, five files in chronological order (FBI/MSS)
Files on Martin Luther King, Jr., 100-106670, twenty sections, beginning April 25, 1962, after King signed a petition to free Morton Sobell (FBI/MLK)
Files on King’s murder, code-named MURKIN, starting at 44-1987-D. See: www.fbi.gov/foipa/poipa.htm. FBI files are also available on microfilm as David Garrow, ed., “Centers of the Southern Struggle: FBI Files on Montgomery, Albany, St. Augustine, Selma, and Memphis (University Microfilms, 1988); and “The Martin Luther King, Jr., FBI File, Part II: The King-Levison File” (1991).
Kenneth Hahn Papers
Huntington Library, San Marino, California
Library of Congress Manuscripts Collection (LC)
National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP Papers), includes: Series G, Branches, 1913–1939; and Part IV, Branch, General Office and Geographical Files, 1966–73
Martin Luther King, Jr., Center for Nonviolent Social Change, Atlanta, Georgia
Martin Luther King, Jr., Papers (MLK Papers)
Southern Christian Leadership Conference Papers (SCLC Papers)
Martin Luther King Papers Project, Stanford University (www.stanford.edu/group/King/mlk-papers/)
Memphis Public Library, Memphis, Tennessee
Frank Holloman Collection (Holloman Papers)
Papers of Henry Loeb III (Loeb Papers)
Papers of Maxine Smith (Smith Papers)
News clipping files
Ned R. McWherter Library, University of Memphis, Mississippi Valley Collection (MVC)
AFL–CIO Memphis Labor Council records, Ms. 346 AFL–CIO Memphis Labor Council records
Lt. E. H. Arkin, “Civil Disorders, Memphis, Tennessee,” 2/12/68 to 4/16/68, A Report to
Frank Holloman, Director of Fire and Police, Beaudoin Collection, box 3, folder 88 (Arkin
Report)
Memphis Commercial Appeal, clipping and photo files (CA)
Memphis Press-Scimitar, File 5700, photos and clippings (PS)
Sanitation Strike Collection (SSC): Memphis Multi-Media Archive Project: oral histories, documents, anecdotes, and audio film files, including A Film and Videotape Record, a compilation of film news sources from the WHBQ film archive (SSC Video)
Walter P. Reuther Archives of Labor and Urban Affairs, Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan
American Federation of State, County and Municipal Employees (AFSCME Papers)
United Auto Workers Union President’s Office (Reuther Papers)
Wisconsin Historical Society, University of Wisconsin, Madison (WHS)
Carl and Anne Braden Papers
United Packinghouse Workers Union of America (UPWA Papers)
Labor Leadership Assembly for Peace
ORAL HISTORIES AND COMMENTARIES
At the River I Stand (ATR), interviews (undated) by Alison Graham, David Applewhite, and Steve Ross, in MVC: Gwen Awsumb; Robert Beasley; Jerred Blanchard; Lucius Burch; Clinton Burrows; Alzada Clark; Lewis Donelson; Robert James; Jesse Jones; S. B. (Billy) Kyles; Joseph Lowery; J. L. Netters; James Orange; Bill Ross; Coby Smith; Maxine Smith; Taylor Rogers
Michael Honey personal interviews (partial list):
Fred Ashwell, July 20, 2005
Charles Cabbage, August 4, 2004, Memphis
Dorothy Crook, April 1, 1998, Memphis W. E. “Red” Davis, January 26–28, 1983, St. Louis, Missouri, and January 14, 1986, Memphis
Myles Horton, June 1–2, 1981, New Market, Tennessee
Hosea Hudson, May 28, 1985, Takoma Park, Maryland
Kathy Roop Hunninen, phone int., October 19, 2004
Karl Korstad, May 20, 1981, Greensboro, North Carolina
James Lawson, phone ints., March 24, 2000, and December 14, 2004; personal int., May 5, 2004, Santa Barbara, California; personal int. by Benji Peters, February 26, 2004, Tacoma, Washington
Jack O’Dell, February 10, 2004, Santa Barbara, California
Dan Powell, February 1, 1983, Memphis
Tommy Powell, August 6, 2004, Memphis
Matt Randle, phone int., August 5, 2004
Ed Redditt, phone int., January 2, 2006
Cleveland Robinson, phone int., October 15, 1983
Taylor Rogers, phone int., August 3, 2004
William Ross, March 2, 1983, Memphis
Jesse Ryan, phone int., August 7, 2004S. T. Thomas, phone int., August 6, 2004C. T. Vivian, November 8, 1997, Atlanta
Joe Warren, August 7, 2004, Memphis; phone int., August 19, 2004
Additional personal interviews from Honey, Black Workers Remember:
Evelyn Bates, May 25, 1989, Memphis
Leroy Boyd, February 6, 1983, Memphis
Irene Branch, May 25, 1989, Memphis
Alzada Clark, May 24, 1989, Memphis
Leroy Clark, March 27, 1983, Memphis
Clarence Coe, May 28, 1989, Memphis
Matthew Davis, October 30, 1984, Memphis
George Holloway, March 23, 1990, Baltimore, Maryland
George Isabell, February 7, 1983, Memphis
Ida Leachman, April 9, 1996, and May 10, 1997, Memphis
William Lucy, April 3, 1993, Memphis
Rebecca McKinley, phone int., March 27, 1983
James Robinson, April 10, 1996, Memphis
Taylor Rogers, April 10, 1996
Sanitation Strike Collection (SSC), interviews conducted between 1968 and 1972 by Joan Beifuss, William Thomas, Anne Trotter, David Yellin, and Carol Lynn Yellin: Frank Ahlgren; Walter (Bill) Bailey; Walter Bailey (attorney); Ezekial Bell; Malcolm Blackburn; Taylor Blair; Ben Branch; Lucius Burch; P. J. Ciampa; Edward (Ned) Cook; William Dimmick; Myra Dreifus; Joseph Durick; Jesse Epps; Ed Gillis; Frank Holloman; Benjamin Hooks H. Ralph Jackson; Eddie Jenkins; T. O. Jones; James Jordan; Dan Kuykendall; Gwen Kyles; S. B. (Billy) Kyles; James Lawson; C. Eric Lincoln; Henry Loeb; William Lucy; James Lyke; Frank McRae; Harold Middlebrook; Frank Miles; Richard Moon; James L. Netters; J. O. Patterson, Jr.; Dan Powell; Mr. and Mrs. L. C. Reed; James Reynolds; Bill Ross; Anthony Sabella; Al Sampson; Sengstacke family and Ed Harris; Pete Sisson; Maxine Smith; Henry Starks; Russell and Gina Sugarmon; Joe Sweat; Calvin Taylor; Jesse Turner; James Wax; Roy Wilkins; Jacques Wilmore; Jerry Wurf
Civil Rights Documentation Project, Ralph J. Bunche Oral History Collection, Moorland-Spingarn Research Center, Howard University, Washington, DC (Bunche); interviews by James Mosby, Jr., or anonymous:
Charles Cabbage, 1968
Cornelia Crenshaw, July 1968H. Ralph Jackson, July 10, 1968
Maxine Smith, July 11, 1968
Russell Sugarmon, Jr., May 25, 1968
Jerry Wurf, undated
Behind the Veil Project, Center for Documentary Studies, Duke University
Lanetha Jewel Branch, int. by Doris Dixon, June 16, 1995
Ortha B. Strong Jones, int. by Laurie Green, August 8, 1995
ORAL COMMENTARIES
“March On: Twenty-Five Years Since King,” conference held at the National Civil Rights Museum, Memphis, April 2–3, 1994. Speeches of Hattie Jackson, Jesse Epps, Harold Middlebrook, Coby Smith, Thomas Collins, James Orange, Dorothy Cotton, and Bill Lucy; notes and tapes in author’s possession.
“Memphis Strike Roundtable,” April 2, 2003, at Rhodes College. Comments by Ezekial Bell, Charles Cabbage, Mattie Bailey Daniels, Hattie Jackson, Otis Higgs, John T. Fisher, Walter Bailey, Jesse Epps, Frank McRae, Lance Watson (Sweet Willie Wine); Honey handwritten notes.
MARTIN LUTHER KING, JR.: RELEVANT SPEECHES AND ARTICLES (CHRONOLOGICAL)
MIA Mass Meeting at Holt Street Baptist Church, December 5, 1955, The Papers of Martin Luther King, vol. III, pp. 71–79.
“The Look to the Future,” 25th Anniversary of Highlander Folk School, September 2, 1957, Monteagle, Tennessee.
“Address by Reverend Martin Luther King,” The Fourth Biennial Wage and Contract Conference and the Third National Anti-Discrimination Conference and the Third National Conference on Women’s Activities of the United Packinghouse Workers of America, AFL-CIO, September 30 to October 4, 1957, Chicago (UPWA Conferences, UPWA Papers, box 526).
“If the Negro Wins, Labor Wins,” Fourth Constitutional Convention, AFL–CIO, Bal Harbour, Florida, December 11, 1961, reprinted in Washington, ed., Testament, pp. 208–16.
Address before the United Packinghouse Workers of America, May 21, 1962, Chicago, in MLK Papers, Atlanta.
“I Have a Dream,” August 28, 1963, in Washington, ed., Testament, pp. 217–20.
Closing Address, European Baptist Assembly, Amsterdam, Holland, August 16, 1964, in District 65 Papers, Box 24, SCLC Correspondence, Tamiment Library, New York.
Address (untitled) before District 65, UAW, New York, September 17, 1965, in MLK Papers.
“Dr. King’s Speech,” Frogmore, South Carolina, staff retreat, November 14, 1966, in MLK Papers.
“A Time to Break Silence,” April 4, 1967, reprinted in Washington, ed., Testament of Hope, pp. 231–44.
“Civil Rights at the Crossroads,” address to the shop stewards of Local 815, Teamsters and Allied Trades Council, New York, May 2, 1967, in MLK Papers.
“Black Power Defined,” New York Times, June 11, 1967, reprinted in Washington, ed., Testament, pp. 303–12.
“The Domestic Impact of the War in America,” Address to the National Labor Assembly for Peace, University of Chicago, November 11, 1967. Labor Leadership Assembly for Peace, WHS.
“The State of the Movement,” Frogmore, South Carolina, staff retreat, November 28, 1967, in MLK Papers.
Interview with ABC News, Chicago, January 5, 1968, in MLK Papers.
“What Are Your New Year’s Resolutions?” Ebenezer Baptist Church, Atlanta, Georgia, January 7, 1968, in MLK Papers.
“Why We Must Go to Washington,” Ebenezer Baptist Church, January 15, 1968, in MLK Papers.
Press conference, Ebenezer Baptist Church, January 16, 1968, in MLK Papers.
“See You in Washington,” Ebenezer Baptist Church, January 17, 1968, and Poor People’s Campaign talks to SCLC staff, January 15–17, 1968, in MLK Papers.
“The Future of Integration,” Kansas State University, January 19, 1968, in MLK Papers.
“The Drum Major Instinct,” Ebenezer Baptist Church, February 4, 1968, in Carson and Holloran, A Knock at Midnight, pp. 169–86.
[Untitled speech], Chicago, February 6, 1968, in MLK Papers.
“In Search of a Sense of Direction,” Vermont Avenue Baptist Church, Washington, DC, February 7, 1968, in MLK Papers.
“Mississippi Leaders on the Washington Campaign,” speech at St. Thomas AME Church, Birmingham, February 15, 1968, in MLK Papers.
“Pre-Washington Campaign,” Selma, Alabama, February 16, 1968 [Untitled speech] at mass meeting, Montgomery, Alabama, February 16, 1968, in MLK Papers.
“Who Is My Neighbor?” Ebenezer Baptist Church, February 18, 1968, in MLK Papers.
“To Minister to the Valley,” Miami, Florida, February 23, 1968, in MLK Papers.
“Unfulfilled Dreams,” Ebenezer Baptist Church, March 3, 1968, in MLK Papers and in Carson and Holloran, A Knock at Midnight, pp. 187–90, 191–200.
“The Other America,” Address to Local 1199 Salute to Freedom, Hunter College, New York, March 10, 1968, in MLK Papers.
[Untitled speech], Grosse Pointe High School, Michigan, March 14, 1968, UAW Papers.
“Address of Rev. Martin Luther King, Jr.,” Mason Temple Mass Meeting, Memphis, Tennessee, March 18, 1968, in MLK Papers.
Poor People’s Campaign Rally Speech, Grenada, Mississippi, March 19, 1968, in MLK Papers.
Poor People’s Campaign Rally Speech, Laurel, Mississippi, March 19, 1968, in MLK Papers.
Poor People’s Campaign Rally Speech, Clarksdale, Mississippi, March 19, 1968, in MLK Papers.
King, Martin Luther, Jr., “Honoring Dr. Du Bois,” Freedomways 8:2 (spring 1968), pp. 104–11.
“Conversation with Martin Luther King,” March 23, 1968, Conservative Judaism 22:3, pp. 1–19.
“Remaining Awake Through a Great Revolution,” National Cathedral, Washington, DC, March 31, 1968, in Carson and Holloran, A Knock at Midnight, pp. 205–24.
“Mountaintop Speech,” Mason Temple, Memphis, Tennessee, April 3, 1968, in MLK Papers, SSC; and Washington, ed., Testament, pp. 279–86.
“Showdown for Nonviolence,” Look 32:8 (April 16, 1968), pp. 23–25.
“A Testament of Hope,” January 1969, in Washington, ed., Testament, pp. 313–28.
NEWSPAPERS
AFL-CIO News (Washington, DC)
American Federationist (AFL–CIO, Washington, DC)
Birmingham News (Alabama)
Clarion Ledger (Jackson, Mississippi)
Commercial Appeal (Memphis) (CA)
The Daily Worker (New York City)
The Guardian (New York City)
Hattiesburg American (Mississippi)
I. F. Stone’s Weekly
Montgomery Advertiser (Alabama)
Newsweek
New York Times
Press-Scimitar (Memphis) (PS)
The Public Employee (AFSCME)
RWDSU Record (New York City)
Selma Times (Alabama)
Southern Patriot (Louisville)
Time
Tri-State Defender (Memphis) (TSD)
Union News (Memphis AFL–CIO)
Vicksburg Evening Post (Mississippi)
Washington Post
GOVERNMENT DOCUMENTS
“Civil Disorders, Memphis, Tennessee: February 12 through April 16, 1968” (Arkin Report), in SSC/MVC.
Federal Bureau of Investigation. Report of the Department of Justice Task Force to Review the FBI Martin Luther King, Jr., Security and Assassination Investigations, January 11, 1977.
Report of the National Advisory Commission on Civil Disorders. New York: E. P. Dutton, 1968.
U.S. Civil Rights Commission. Hearings Before the United States Commission on Civil Rights. Hearings held in Memphis, Tennessee, June 25–26, 1962. Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office.
U.S. Congress, Senate Select Committee to Study Governmental Operations with Respect to Intelligence Activities. Supplementary Detailed Staff Reports on Intelligence Activities and the Rights of Americans. Book III, Final Report of the Select Committee. Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office, 1976 (referred to as the Church Report).
U.S. House of Representatives. The Final Assassinations Report, House Select Committee on Assassinations. New York: Bantam, 1979 (referred to as HSCA—House Select Committee on Assassinations).
MAJOR BOOKS AND ARTICLES
Abernathy, Ralph. And the Walls Came Tumbling Down: An Autobiography. New York: Harper & Row, 1989.
Anderson, Carol. Eyes Off the Prize: The United Nations and the African American Struggle for Human Rights, 1944–1955. New York: Cambridge University Press, 2003.
Arnesen, Eric. Brotherhoods of Color: Black Railroad Workers and the Struggle for Equality. Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 2001.
Arsenault, Raymond. Freedom Riders: 1961 and the Struggle for Racial Justice. New York: Oxford University Press, 2006.
Bass, S. Jonathan. Blessed Are the Peacemakers: Martin Luther King, Jr., Eight White Religious Leaders, and the “Letter from Birmingham Jail.” Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press, 2001.
Beifuss, Joan. At the River I Stand. Memphis: B & W Press, 1985.
Bijlefeld, Marjolijn, ed. The Gun Control Debate: A Documentary History. Westport, CT: Greenwood Press, 1997.
Billings, Richard N., and John Greenya. Power to the Public Worker. Washington, DC: Robert B. Luce, 1974.
Biondi, Martha. To Stand and Fight: The Struggle for Civil Rights in Postwar New York City. Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 2003.
Bishop, Jim. The Days of Martin Luther King. New York: G. P. Putnam’s Sons, 1971.
Blight, David W. Race and Reunion. Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 2001.
Boyer, Richard O., and Herbert M. Morais. Labor’s Untold Story. New York: Cameron Associates, 1955.
Boyle, Kevin. The UAW and the Heyday of American Liberalism, 1945–1968. Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 1995.
Braden, Anne. HUAC: Bulwark of Segregation. Los Angeles: National Committee to Abolish HUAC, 1963.
————. “The Southern Freedom Movement in Perspective.” Monthly Review 17:3 (July–August 1965).
Branch, Taylor. Parting the Waters: America in the King Years 1954–63. New York: Touchstone, 1989.
————. Pillar of Fire: America in the King Years 1963–65. New York: Simon and Schuster, 1998.
————. At Canaan’s Edge: America in the King Years, 1965–68. New York: Simon and Schuster, 2006.
Brinkley, Douglas. Rosa Parks. New York: Viking, 2000.
Brown-Melton, Gloria. “Blacks in Memphis, Tennessee, 1920–1955.” Ph.D. dissertation, Washington State University, 1992.
Burns, Stuart. To the Mountaintop: Martin Luther King, Jr.’s Sacred Mission to Save America: 1955–1968. San Francisco: Harper, 2004.
Carbado, Devon W., and Donald Weise. Time on Two Crosses: The Collected Writings of Bayard Rustin. San Francisco: Cleis Press, 2003.
Carmichael, Stokely, with Ekwueme Michael Thelwell. Ready for Revolution: The Life and Struggles of Stokely Carmichael (Kwame Ture). New York: Scribner, 2003.
Carney, Court. “The Contested Image of Nathan Bedford Forrest.” The Journal of Southern History 67:3 (August 2001): 601–30.
Carson, Clayborne. In Struggle: SNCC and the Black Awakening of the 1960s. Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1981.
————. “Martin Luther King, Jr., and the African-American Social Gospel,” in Paul E. Johnson, ed., African-American Christianity: Essays in History. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1994.
————. The Autobiography of Martin Luther King. New York: Time Warner Books, 1998.
————, et al., eds., The Papers of Martin Luther King, Jr. Vol. I: Called to Serve, January 1929–June 1951. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1992. Vol. II: Rediscovering Precious Values, July 1951–November 1955 (1995); Vol. III: Birth of a New Age, December 1955–December 1956 (1997); Vol. IV: Symbol of the Movement, January 1957–December 1958 (2000); Vol. V: Threshold of a New Decade, January 1959–December 1960 (2005).
Carson, Clayborne, and Peter Holloran, eds. A Knock at Midnight: Inspiration from the Great Sermons of Martin Luther King, Jr. New York: Warner Books, 1998.
Carter, Dan T. The Politics of Rage: George Wallace, the Origins of the New Conservatism, and the Transformation of American Politics. Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press, 1995.
Carter, Deborah Brown. “The Local Labor Union as a Social Movement Organization: Local 282, Furniture Division—IUE, 1943–1988.” Ph.D. dissertation, Vanderbilt University, 1988.
Chappell, David L. A Stone of Hope: Prophetic Religion and the Death of Jim Crow. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 2004.
Churchill, Ward, and Jim Vander Wall. The COINTELPRO Papers: Documents from the FBI’s Secret Wars Against Political Dissent. Boston: South End Press, 1990.
Collins, Thomas W. “An Analysis of the Memphis Garbage Strike of 1968,” in Johnetta B. Cole, ed., Anthropology for the Eighties: Introductory Readings. New York: The Free Press, 1982, pp. 353–62.
“Conversation with Martin Luther King.” Transcript reprinted in Conservative Judaism 22:3 (spring 1968): 1–19.
Cornfield, Daniel B. Becoming A Mighty Voice: Conflict and Change in the United Furniture Workers of America. New York: Russell Sage, 1989.
Cowie, Jefferson. Capital Moves: RCA’s Seventy-Year Quest for Cheap Labor. Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 1999.
Daniel, Pete. Lost Revolutions: The South in the 1950s. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 2000.
D’Emilio, John. Lost Prophet: The Life and Times of Bayard Rustin. New York: The Free Press, 2003.
Dinnerstein, Leonard. “Southern Jewry and the Desegregation Crisis, 1954-1968.” American Jewish Historical Quarterly 62:3 (1973): 231–41.
————, and Mary Dale Palsson, eds. Jews in the South. Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press, 1973.
Douglass, Jim. “The Martin Luther King Conspiracy Exposed in Memphis.” Probe Magazine 7:4 (May–June 2000): 1, 9–15.
Du Bois, W. E. B. Black Reconstruction in America. New York: The Free Press, 1998.
Dudziak, Mary L. Cold War Civil Rights: Race and the Image of American Democracy. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 2000.
Dyson, Michael Eric. I May Not Get There With You: The True Martin Luther King, Jr. New York: The Free Press, 2000.
Estes, Steve. “I Am a Man!”: Race, Manhood, and the Struggle for Civil Rights. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 2005.
————. “‘I Am A Man!’ Race, Masculinity, and the 1968 Memphis Sanitation Strike.” Labor History Spring 2000, 41(2): 153–170.
Fager, Charles. Uncertain Resurrection: The Poor People’s Washington Campaign. Grand Rapids, MI: Eerdmans, 1969.
Fairclough, Adam. Martin Luther King, Jr. Athens: University of Georgia Press, 1995.
————. To Redeem the Soul of America: The Southern Christian Leadership Conference and Martin Luther King, Jr. Athens: University of Georgia Press, 1987.
Fariello, Griffin. Red Scare: Memories of the American Inquisition: An Oral History. New York: W. W. Norton, 1995.
Fine, Sidney. Violence in the Model City: The Cavanagh Administration, Race Relations, and the Detroit Riot of 1967. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press, 1989.
Fink, Leon, and Brian Greenberg. Upheaval in the Quiet Zone. Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 1999.
Foner, Philip S. Organized Labor and the Black Worker, 1619–1981. New York: International Publishers, 1982.
————. The Black Worker Since the AFL-CIO Merger, 1955-1980. Philadelphia: Temple University Press, 1984.
Frank, Gerold. An American Death: The True Story of the Assassination of Martin Luther King, Jr., and the Greatest Manhunt of Our Time. Garden City: Doubleday, 1972.
Friedly, Michael, and David Gallen. Martin Luther King, Jr.: The FBI File. New York: Carroll and Graf, 1993.
Garrow, David. Bearing the Cross. New York: William Morrow, 1986.
————. The FBI and Martin Luther King, Jr.: From “Solo” to Memphis. New York: W.W. Norton, 1981.
————. “The FBI and Martin Luther King, Jr.” Atlantic Monthly (July–August 2002): 80–88.
Gilbert, Ben. Ten Blocks From the White House: Anatomy of the Washington Riots of 1968. New York: Frederick A. Praeger, 1968.
Goings, Kenneth W., and Gerald L. Smith. “‘Unhidden’ Transcripts: Memphis and African American Agency, 1862–1920.” Journal of Urban History 21 (March 1995): 372–94.
Gordon, Robert. Can’t Be Satisfied: The Life and Times of Muddy Waters. New York: Little, Brown, 2002.
Goulden, Joseph C. Jerry Wurf: Labor’s Last Angry Man. New York: Atheneum, 1982.
Grant, Joanne. Ella Baker: Freedom Bound. New York: John Wiley, 1998.
Green, Earl, Jr. “Labor in the South: A Case Study of Memphis, the 1968 Sanitation Strike and Its Effects on the Urban Community.” Ph.D. dissertation, New York University, 1980.
Green, James R. The World of the Worker: Labor in Twentieth-Century America. Champaign: University of Illinois Press, 1980.
Green, Laurie Beth. “Battling the Plantation Mentality: Consciousness, Culture and the Politics of Race, Class and Gender in Memphis, 1940–1968.” Ph.D. dissertation, University of Chicago, 1999.
————. “Race, Gender, and Labor in 1960s Memphis: ‘I Am A Man’ and the Meaning of Freedom.” Journal of Urban History 30:3 (March 2004): 465–89.
Griffith, Barbara. The Crisis of American Labor: Operation Dixie and the Defeat of the CIO. Philadelphia: Temple University Press, 1988.
Halberstam, David. The Children. New York: Random House, 1998.
————. “The Second Coming of Martin Luther King,” Harper’s 235:1407 (August 1967): 39–55.
Halpern, Martin. Unions, Radicals, and Democratic Presidents: Seeking Social Change in the Twentieth Century. Westport, CT: Praeger, 2003.
Halpern, Rick, and Roger Horowitz. Meatpackers: An Oral History of Black Packinghouse Workers and Their Struggle for Racial and Economic Equality. New York: Twayne Publishers, 1996.
Hamburger, Robert. Our Portion of Hell, Fayette County, Tennessee: An Oral History of the Struggle for Civil Rights. New York: Links Books, 1973.
Hampton, Henry, and Steve Fayer, eds. Voices of Freedom: An Oral History of the Civil Rights Movement from the 1950s through the 1980s. New York: Bantam Books, 1990.
Haney Lopez, Ian F. Racism on Trial: The Chicano Fight for Justice. Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 2003.
Hill, Lance. Deacons for Defense: Armed Resistance and the Civil Rights Movement. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 2004.
Honey, Maureen. Bitter Fruit: African American Women in World War II. Columbia: University of Missouri Press, 1999.
Honey, Michael. Black Workers Remember: An Oral History of Segregation, Unionism, and the Freedom Struggle. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1999.
————. Southern Labor and Black Civil Rights: Organizing Memphis Workers. Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 1993.
————. “Martin Luther King., Jr., the Crisis of the Black Working Class, and the Memphis Sanitation Strike,” in Robert H. Zieger, ed., Southern Labor in Transition, 1940–1995. Knoxville: University of Tennessee Press, 1997, pp. 146–75.
————. “The Power of Remembering: Black Factory Workers and Union Organizing in the Jim Crow Era,” in Charles M. Payne and Adam Green, Time Longer Than Rope: A Century of African American Activism, 1850–1950. New York: New York University Press, 2003, pp. 302–35.
————. “Operation Dixie, the Red Scare, and the Defeat of Southern Labor Organizing,” in Cherny, Issel, and Taylor, American Labor and the Cold War: Grassroots Politics and Postwar Political Culture. New Brunswick, NJ: Rutgers University Press, 2004.
————. “Class, Race, and Power in the New South: Racial Violence and the Delusions of White Supremacy,” in Tyson and Cecelski, eds., Democracy Betrayed: The Wilmington Race Riot of 1898 and Its Legacy. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1998.
Hooper, Hartwell and Susan. “The Scripto Strike: Martin Luther King’s ‘Valley of Problems,’ Atlanta, 1964–1965.” In author’s possession.
Horne, Gerald. Communist Front? The Civil Rights Congress, 1946–1956. Rutherford, NJ: Fairleigh Dickinson University Press, 1988.
————. The Fire This Time: The Watts Uprising and the 1960s. Charlottesville: University Press of Virginia, 1995.
Huie, William Bradford. He Slew the Dreamer: My Search for the Truth about James Earl Ray and the Murder of Martin Luther King. Rev. ed. Montgomery, AL: Black Belt Press, 1997.
Hunter, Guy, ed. Industrialization and Race Relations: A Symposium. New York: Oxford University Press, 1965.
Huntley, Horace, and David Montgomery. Black Workers’ Struggle for Equality in Birmingham. Champaign: University of Illinois Press, 2004.
Jackson, Thomas F. “Recasting the Dream: Martin Luther King, Jr., African American Political Thought and the Third Reconstruction.” Ph.D. dissertation, Stanford University, 1994.
Kelley, Robin D. G. Race Rebels: Culture, Politics, and the Black Working Class. New York: The Free Press, 1994.
King, Coretta Scott. My Life with Martin Luther King, Jr. New York: Holt, Rinehart, and Winston, 1969.
King, Martin Luther, Sr. Daddy King: An Autobiography. New York: William Morrow, 1980.
King, Martin Luther, Jr. Stride Toward Freedom. New York: Harper and Row, 1958.
————. Where Do We Go From Here? Chaos or Community? New York: Harper & Row, 1967.
King, Richard H. Civil Rights and the Idea of Freedom. New York: Oxford University Press, 1992.
Korstad, Robert. Civil Rights Unionism: Tobacco Workers and the Struggle for Democracy in the Mid-Twentieth-Century South. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 2003.
————, and Nelson Lichtenstein, “Opportunities Found and Lost: Labor, Radicals, and the Early Civil Rights Movement.” Journal of American History 75:3 (1988): 786–811. Kotz, Nick. Judgment Days: Lyndon Baines Johnson, Martin Luther King, Jr., and the Laws That Changed America. Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 2005.
————, and Mary Lynn Kotz. A Passion for Equality: George A. Wiley and the Movement. New York: W. W. Norton, 1997.
Lapsley, Joe. “Portrait of the Mayor as a Young Man: Henry Loeb as Public Works Commissioner, 1956–1960,” University of Memphis, unpublished. In author’s possession.
Lentz, Richard. “Sixty-five Days in Memphis: The Commercial Appeal, the Press-Scimitar, and the 1968 Garbage Strike.” M.A. thesis, Southern Illinois University, 1976.
————. Symbols, the News Magazines and Martin Luther King. Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press, 1990.
Levine, David. Bayard Rustin and the Civil Rights Movement. New Brunswick, NJ: Rutgers University Press, 2000.
Lewis, David. King: A Biography. Champaign: University of Illinois Press, reprinted 1978.
Lewis, Selma. “Southern Religion and the Memphis Sanitation Strike.” Ph.D. dissertation, Memphis State University, 1976.
Lichtenstein, Nelson. State of the Union: A Century of American Labor. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 2003.
————. The Most Dangerous Man in Detroit: Walter Reuther and the Fate of American Labor. New York: HarperCollins, 1995.
Ling, Peter. Martin Luther King, Jr. London and New York: Routledge, 2002.
MacLean, Nancy. Freedom Is Not Enough: The Opening of the American Workplace. Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 2006.
Marshall, F. Ray, and Arvil Van Adams. “The Memphis Public Employee Strike,” part three of W. Ellison Chalmers and Gerald W. Cormick, eds., Racial Conflict and Negotiations: Perspectives and First Case Studies. Ann Arbor: Institute of Labor and Industrial Relations, University of Michigan/Wayne State University, 1971.
McCartin, Joseph A. “‘Fire the Hell Out of Them’: Sanitation Workers’ Struggles and the Normalization of the Striker Replacement Strategy in the 1970s.” Labor: Studies in Working-Class History of the Americas 2:3 (fall 2005): 67–92.
McKee, Margaret, and Fred Chisenhall. Beale Black and Blue: Life and Music on Black America’s Main Street. Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press, 1981.
McKnight, Gerald. The Last Crusade: Martin Luther King, Jr., the FBI and the Poor People’s Campaign. Boulder, CO: Westview Press, 1998.
McWhorter, Diane. Carry Me Home: Birmingham, Alabama, the Climactic Battle of the Civil Rights Revolution. New York: Simon and Schuster, 2001.
Memphis Commercial Appeal. I Am A Man: Photographs of the 1968 Memphis Sanitation Strike and Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr. Memphis: Memphis Publishing Co., 1993.
Miller, William D. Mr. Crump of Memphis. Memphis: Memphis State University Press, 1957.
Montgomery, David. The Fall of the House of Labor: The Workplace, the State, and American Labor Activism, 1865–1925. New York: Cambridge University Press, 1987.
Murray, Gail S. “White Privilege, Racial Justice, Women Activists in Memphis,” in Murray, ed., Throwing Off the Cloak of Privilege: White Southern Women Activists in the Civil Rights Era. Gainesville: University Press of Florida, 2005.
Needleman, Ruth. Black Freedom Fighters in Steel: The Struggle for Democratic Unionism. Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 2003.
Nelson, Bruce. Divided We Stand: American Workers and the Struggle for Equality. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 2001.
O’Neill, William L. Coming Apart: An Informal History of America in the 1960’s. Chicago: Quadrangle Books, 1971.
O’Reilly, Kenneth. “Racial Matters”: The FBI’s Secret File on Black America, 1960–1972. New York: The Free Press, 1989.
————. Hoover and the Un-Americans. Philadelphia: Temple University Press, 1983.
Payne, Charles M. I’ve Got the Light of Freedom: The Organizing Tradition and the Mississippi Freedom Struggle. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1995.
————, and Green, Adam. Time Longer Than Rope: A Century of African-American Activism, 1850–1950. New York: New York University Press, 2003.
————, and Steven F. Lawson. Debating the Civil Rights Movement, 1945–1968. New York: Rowman and Littlefield, 1998.
Pepper, William F. An Act of State: The Execution of Martin Luther King. London: Verso, 2003.
————. Orders to Kill: The Truth Behind the Murder of Martin Luther King, Jr. New York: Warner Books, 1995.
Perlstein, Rick. Before the Storm: Barry Goldwater and the Unmaking of the American Consensus. New York: Hill and Wang, 2001.
Perrucci, Robert, and Marc Pilisuk. The Triple Revolution: Social Problems in Depth. Boston: Little, Brown, 1968.
Pohlman, Marcus D., and Michael P. Kirby. Racial Politics at the Crossroads: Memphis Elects Dr. W. W. Herenton. Knoxville: University of Tennessee Press, 1996.
Posner, Gerald. Killing the Dream: James Earl Ray and the Assassination of Martin Luther King, Jr. New York: Random House, 1998.
Pyle, Christopher H. Military Surveillance of Civilian Politics 1967–1970. New York: Garland Publishing, 1986.
Rachleff, Peter. Hard-Pressed in the Heartland: The Hormel Strike and the Future of the Labor Movement. Boston: South End Press, 1993.
Ralph, James R, Jr. Northern Protest: Martin Luther King, Jr., Chicago, and the Civil Rights Movement. Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1993.
Ransby, Barbara. Ella Baker and the Black Freedom Movement: A Radical Democratic Vision. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 2003.
Roedigger, David R. The Wages of Whiteness: Race and the Making of the American Working Class. London: Verso, 1991.
Ross, Arthur M., and Herbert Hill. Employment, Race and Poverty. New York: Harcourt, Brace, 1967.
Royster, Jacqueline Jones, ed. Southern Horrors and Other Writings: The Anti-Lynching Campaign of Ida B. Wells, 1892–1900. New York: St. Martin’s Press, 1996.
Rustin, Bayard. Down the Line: The Collected Writings of Bayard Rustin. Chicago: Quadrangle Books, 1971.
Seeger, Pete. Where Have All the Flowers Gone: A Singer’s Stories, Songs, Seeds, Robberies. Bethlehem, Pa.: A Singout Publication, 1993.
Simonelli, Frederick J. American Fuhrer: George Lincoln Rockwell and the American Nazi Party. Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 1999.
Sivananda, Mantri. “Controversial Memphis Mayor Henry Loeb III, 1920–1992: A Biographical Study.” Ph.D. dissertation, University of Memphis, 2002.
————. “Henry Loeb III As Public Works Commissioner, 1956-1959.” West Tennessee Historical Society Papers 66, pp. 67–80.
Smith, John Burl. “The Dish,” an online newsletter at www.thedish.org/THEDISHv2no1.htm#Johnv2no1, and other editions.
Sokol, Jason. “Dynamics of Leadership and the Memphis Sanitation Strike of 1968.” Tennessee Historical Quarterly LX:4 (Winter 2001): 258–83.
Spero, Sterling D., and John M. Cappozzola. The Urban Community and Its Unionized Bureaucracies: Pressure Politics in Local Government Relations. New York: Dunellen, 1973.
Stanfield, J. Edwin, “In Memphis: More Than a Garbage Strike” “In Memphis: Mirror to America?” (March 22, 1968); “In Memphis: Tragedy Unaverted” (April 3, 1968); reprinted by Southern Regional Council, 67-1, SSC, and included on AFSCME “Memphis: We Remember” Website: www.afscme.org/about/jes03tc.htm, unpaginated.
Stanton, Mary. Freedom Walk: Mississippi or Bust. Jackson: University Press of Mississippi, 2003.
Sugrue, Thomas J. The Origins of the Urban Crisis: Race and Inequality in Postwar Detroit. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1996.
Taylor, Kieran. “Martin Luther King’s Early Ties to Progressive Movements.” The Dispatcher (February 2001): 8–9.
————. “‘We Have Just Begun’: Black Organizing and White Response in the Arkansas Delta, 1919.” Arkansas Historical Quarterly 58:3 (autumn 1999): 264–84.
Trotter, Anne. “The Memphis Business Community and Integration,” in Elizabeth Jacoway and David R. Colburn, eds., Southern Businessmen and Desegregation. Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press, 1982, pp. 282–300.
Tucker, David M. Memphis Since Crump: Bossism, Blacks, and Civic Reformers 1948–1968. Knoxville: University of Tennessee Press, 1980.
Tyson, Timothy B. Blood Done Sign My Name: A True Story. New York: Crown Publishers, 2004.
————. Radio Free Dixie: Robert F. Williams and the Roots of Black Power. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1999.
Unger, Irwin, and Debi Unger. America in the 1960s. New York: Brandywine Press, 1988.
Van Deburg, William L., ed. Modern Black Nationalism: From Marcus Garvey to Louis Farrakhan. New York and London: New York University Press, 1997.
Wailoo, Keith. Dying in the City of the Blues: Sickle Cell Anemia and the Politics of Race and Health. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 2001.
Ward, Brian. Radio and the Struggle for Civil Rights in the South. Gainsville: University Press of Florida, 2004.
Washington, James M., ed. A Testament of Hope: The Essential Writings and Speeches of Martin Luther King, Jr. New York: Harper and Row, 1986.
Webb, Clive. Fight Against Fear: Southern Jews and Black Civil Rights. Athens: University of Georgia Press, 2001.
White, John. “‘Nixon Was the One’: Edgar Daniel Nixon, the MIA and the Montgomery Bus Boycott,” in Brian Ward and Tony Badger, eds. The Making of Martin Luther King and the Civil Rights Movement. London: Macmillan, 1996, pp. 45–66.
Williams, Juan. Eyes on the Prize: America’s Civil Rights Years, 1954–1965. New York: Viking Press, 1987.
Withers, Ernest C., with contributions by Jack F. Hurley, Brooks Johnson, and Daniel J. Wolff. Pictures Tell the Story: Ernest C. Withers, Reflections in History. Norfolk, Va.: Chrysler Museum of Art, 2000.
Woodruff, Nan. American Congo: The American Freedom Struggle in the Delta. Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 2003.
Wright, Gavin. Old South, New South: Revolutions in the Southern Economy Since the Civil War. New York: Basic Books, 1986.
Wright, Sharon. Race, Power, and Political Emergence in Memphis. New York: Garland Publishing, 2000.
Young, Andrew. An Easy Burden: The Civil Rights Movement and the Transformation of America. New York: HarperCollins, 1996.
Zieger, Robert H. The CIO: 1935–1955. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1995.
————, ed. Southern Labor in Transition, 1940–1995. Knoxville: University of Tennessee Press, 1997.