Seventy percent of Americans consider themselves part of the middle class: Emmie Martin, “70 Percent of Americans Consider Themselves Middle Class—but Only 50 Percent Are,” CNBC.com, June 30, 2017.
… 83 percent of jobs where people make less than $20 per hour will be subject to automation or replacement…: “Artificial Intelligence, Automation, and the Economy,” Executive Office of the President, December 2016.
Driving a truck is the most common occupation in 29 states: Barbara Kollmeyer, “Somewhere along the Way the U.S. Became a Nation of Truck Drivers,” Marketwatch, February 9, 2015.
Automation has already eliminated about 4 million manufacturing jobs in the United States since 2000: Federica Cocco, “Most US Manufacturing Jobs Lost to Technology, Not Trade,” Financial Times, December 2, 2016.
The U.S. labor force participation rate is now at only 62.9 percent: Data and table retrieved from the Bureau of Labor Statistics at https://data.bls.gov.
… 95 million working-age Americans are not in the workforce: Data and table retrieved from the Bureau of Labor Statistics at https://data.bls.gov.
… 40 percent percent of American children are born outside of married households: National Center of Health Statistics, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Data retrieved from https://www.cdc.gov/nchs/fastats/unmarried-childbearing.htm.
… overdoses and suicides have overtaken auto accidents as leading causes of death: Drug Overdose Deaths in the United States, 1999–2015, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. For suicides, see Alexander Abad-Santos, “3,026 More People Die from Suicide in America Each Year Than in Car Crashes,” The Atlantic, May 2, 2013.
More than half of American households already rely on the government for direct income in some form: George Will, “Our Mushrooming Welfare State,” The National Review, January 21, 2015.
… 20 percent of working-age adults are now on disability, with increasing numbers citing mood disorders: Brendan Greeley, “Mapping the Growth of Disability Claims in America,” Bloomberg Businessweek, December 16, 2016.
The budget for research and development in the Department of Labor is only $4 million: Email exchange with senior Obama official Thomas Kalil. Research and Development does not appear as a budget category on the Department of Labor website https://www.dol.gov/general/budget.
America is starting 100,000 fewer businesses per year than it was only 12 years ago: Ben Schiller, “Is This the Golden Age of Entrepreneurialism? The Statistics Say No,” Fast Company, June 1, 2017.
… a CNN article that detailed how automation had eliminated millions of manufacturing jobs…: Patrick Gillespie, “Rise of the Machines: Fear Robots, Not China or Mexico,” CNNMoney, January 30, 2017.
Most community banks were gobbled up by one of the mega-banks in the 1990s…: Rana Foroohar, Makers and Takers: The Rise of Finance and the Fall of American Business (New York: Crown Business, 2016), p. 14.
Union membership fell by 50 percent: Quoctrung Bui, “50 Years of Shrinking Union Membership, in One Map,” Planet Money, National Public Radio, February 23, 2015.
Real wages have been flat or even declining: Drew Desilver, “For Most Workers, Real Wages Have Barely Budged for Decades,” Pew Research Center, October 9, 2014.
Ninety-four percent of the jobs created between 2005 and 2015 were temp or contractor jobs without benefits: Dan Kopf, “Almost All the US Jobs Created since 2005 Are Temporary,” QZ.com, December 5, 2016.
The chances that an American born in 1990 will earn more than their parents are down to 50 percent…: Tim O’Reilly, WTF: What’s the Future and Why It’s Up to Us (New York: Harper Business, 2017), p. xxi.
The ratio of CEO to worker pay rose from 20 to 1 in 1965 to 271 to 1 in 2016: Lawrence Mishel and Jessica Schnieder, “CEO Pay Remains High Relative to the Pay of Typical Workers and High-Wage Earners,” Economic Policy Institute, July 20, 2017.
The securities industry grew 500 percent as a share of GDP between 1980 and the 2000s…: Rana Foroohar, Makers and Takers (New York: Crown Business, 2016), p. 9.
U.S. companies outsourced and offshored 14 million jobs by 2013: Sarah P. Scott, “Activities of Multinational Enterprises in 2013,” Bureau of Economic Analysis report, August 2015.
The share of GDP going to wages has fallen from almost 54 percent in 1970 to 44 percent in 2013…: Tim O’Reilly, WTF: What’s the Future and Why It’s Up to Us (New York: Harper Business, 2017), p. 246.
The top 1 percent have accrued 52 percent of the real income growth in America since 2009: Rana Foroohar, Makers and Takers (New York: Crown Business, 2016), p. 9. Citing Emmanuel Saez,“Striking It Richer: The Evolution of Top Incomes in the United States,” June 30, 2016.
The wealthy experience higher levels of depression and suspicion in unequal societies: Rutger Bregman, Utopia for Realists: The Case for a Universal Basic Income, Open Borders, and a 15-Hour Workweek (Boston: Little, Brown and Company, 2016), p. 67.
…“People are falling behind because technology is advancing so fast… and our organizations aren’t keeping up”: Alec Ross, The Industries of the Future (New York: Simon and Schuster, 2015), p. 40.
The average American achieves something between one credit of college and an associate’s degree…: Camille L. Ryan and Kurt Bauman, “Educational Attainment in the United States: 2015,” U.S. Census Bureau, Department of Commerce, Economics and Statistics Administration, March 2016.
The median household income was $59,309 in 2016: See Bureau of the Census for the Bureau of Labor Statistics, Current Population Survey, 2017 Annual Social and Economic Supplement, U.S. Census Bureau, 2017.
The median personal income in the U.S. was $31,099 in 2016 and the mean was $46,550: Median personal income retrieved from the Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis website at https://fred.stlouisfed.org. Also see Bureau of the Census for the Bureau of Labor Statistics, Current Population Survey, 2017 Annual Social and Economic Supplement, U.S. Census Bureau, 2017.
… only 26 percent of people identified their neighborhood as urban…: Jed Kolko, “How Suburban Are Big American Cities?” Fivethirtyeight.com, May 21, 2015.
In 2016, the District of Columbia had the highest per capita income at $50,567…: Data retrieved from the U.S. Census Bureau at https://www.census.gov/data/tables/time-series/demo/income-poverty/historical-income-households.html.
… 59 percent of Americans don’t have the savings to pay an unexpected expense of $500: Jill Confield, “Bankrate Survey: Just 4 in 10 Americans Have Savings They’d Rely on in an Emergency,” Bankrate, January 12, 2017.
… 63.7 percent of Americans own their home, down from a high of 69 percent in 2004: U.S. Bureau of the Census, Homeownership Rate for the United States, retrieved from FRED, Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis, November 6, 2017.
Women-led households have 12 percent less wealth than male-led households…: Data retrieved from the U.S. Census Bureau at https://www.census.gov/data/tables/time-series/demo/income-poverty/historical-income-households.html.
… the median level of stock market investment is close to zero: Danielle Kurtzleben, “While Trump Touts Stock Market, Many Americans Are Left Out of the Conversation.” National Public Radio, March 1, 2017.
… between 64 and 69 percent of data collecting and processing tasks common in administrative settings are automatable: McKinsey Global Institute, A Future That Works: Automation, Employment, and Productivity, January 2017.
Rob estimates…: Rob LoCascio, “We Need a New Deal to Address the Economic Risks of Automation,” TechCrunch, March 31, 2017.
… 8,640 major retail locations are estimated to close in 2017: Tyler Durden, “‘The Retail Bubble Has Now Burst’: A Record 8,640 Stores Are Closing In 2017,” Zero Hedge, April 22, 2017.
Dozens and soon hundresds of malls are closing…: Sharon O’Malley, “Shopping Malls: Can They Survive in the 21st Century?” Sage Business Research, August 29, 2016.
… map of scheduled Macy’s, Sears and Kmart closures as of 2017: Hayley Peterson, “A giant wave of store closures is wreaking havoc on shopping malls,” Business Insider, January 9, 2017.
One declining Memphis-area mall reported 890 crime incidents…: Hayley Peterson, “Dying Shopping Malls Are Wreaking Havoc on Suburban America,” Business Insider, March 5, 2017.
… the plight of towns in upstate New York… offering some unrealistic solutions: Louis Hyman, “The Myth of Main Street,” New York Times, April 8, 2017.
On average, sellers’ income from Etsy contributes only 13 percent to their household income…: “Crafting the Future of Work: The Big Impact of Microbusinesses.” 2017 Seller census report. Etsy.com, 2017.
McDonald’s just announced an “Experience of the Future” initiative: Tae Kim, “McDonald’s Hits All-Time High as Wall Street Cheers Replacement of Cashiers with Kiosks,” CNBC, June 20, 2017.
The former CEO of McDonald’s suggested…: Tim Worstall, “McDonald’s Ex-CEO Is Right When He Says A $15 Minimum Wage Would Lead to Automation,” Forbes, May 26, 2016.
… food delivery robots…: Kat Lonsdorf, “Hungry? Call Your Neighborhood Delivery Robot,” National Public Radio, March 23, 2017.
More than 80 percent of the jobs lost… were due to automation: Federica Cocco, “Most US Manufacturing Jobs Lost to Technology, Not Trade,” Financial Times, December 2, 2016.
Men make up 73 percent of manufacturing workers: Natalie Schilling, “The Coming Rise of Women in Manufacturing,” Forbes, September 20, 2013.
About one in six working-age men in America is now out of the workforce: Derek Thompson, “The Missing Men,” The Atlantic, June 27, 2016.
… 41 percent of displaced manufacturing workers… were either still unemployed or dropped out of the labor market…: “Where Did All the Displaced Manufacturing Workers Go?” Manufacturers Alliance for Productivity and Innovation, May 21, 2013.
… 44 percent of 200,000 displaced transportation equipment and primary metals manufacturing workers…: Alana Semuels, “America Is Still Making Things,” The Atlantic, January 6, 2017.
Jobs in manufacturing for people with graduate degrees grew by 32 percent after 2000…: Alana Semuels, “America Is Still Making Things,” The Atlantic, January 6, 2017.
“The recession led to this huge wiping out of one-industry towns…”: Ben Schiller, “Is This the Golden Age of Entrepreneurialism? The Statistics Say No,” Fast Company, June 1, 2017.
5.2 percent of working-age Americans received disability benefits in 2017, up from only 2.5 percent in 1980…: Social Security Agency, “Selected Data from Social Security’s Disability Program,” Graphs of disabled worker data (number 2), Social Security Agency, August 2017.
… about half of the 310,000 residents who left the workforce in Michigan between 2003 and 2013 went on disability: Chad Halcon, “Disability Rolls Surge in State: One in 10 Workers in Michigan Collecting Checks,” Crain’s Detroit Business, June 26, 2015.
The average age of truck drivers is 49…: Sean Kilcarr, “Demographics Are Changing Truck Driver Management,” FleetOwner, September 20, 2017.
Morgan Stanley estimated the savings of automated freight delivery…: Autonomous Cars: Self-Driving the New Auto Industry Paradigm, Morgan Stanley Blue Paper, November 6, 2013.
Crashes involving large trucks killed 3,903 people…: Olivia Solon, “Self-Driving Trucks: What’s the Future for America’s 3.5 Million Truckers?” The Guardian, June 17, 2016.
… 88 percent of drivers have at least one risk factor for chronic disease: W. Karl Sieber et al., “Obesity and Other Risk Factors: The National Survey of U.S. Long-Haul Truck Driver Health and Injury,” American Journal of Industrial Medicine, January 4, 2014.
… ripple effects far and wide: Michael Grass, “What Will Happen to Truck Stop Towns When Driverless Truck Technology Expands?” Free Republic, May 18, 2015.
About 13% of truck drivers today are unionized: David McGrath, “Truckers Like My Friend Claude Are Extinct—and the Reason Is Sad,” Chicago SunTimes, September 1, 2017.
About 10 percent of truck drivers… own their own trucks: Owner Operator Independent Drivers Association, https://www.ooida.com/MediaCenter/trucking-facts.asp.
… about 5 percent of Gulf War veterans… worked in transportation in 2012: Linda Longton, “Fit for Duty: Vets Find New Life in Trucking,” Overdrive, August 9, 2012.
… Narrative Science produces thousands of earnings previews and stock updates…: Joe Fassler, “Can the Computers at Narrative Science Replace Paid Writers?” The Atlantic, April 12, 2012.
… Moore’s Law, which states that computing power grows exponentially…: Annie Sneed, “Moore’s Law Keeps Going, Defying Expectations,” Scientific America, May 19, 2015.
People didn’t think that Moore’s Law could hold for the past 50 years…: Russ Juskalian, “Practical Quantum Computers: Advances at Google, Intel, and Several Research Groups Indicate That Computers with Previously Unimaginable Power Are Finally within Reach,” MIT Technical Review, 2017.
By 2020 about 1.7 megabytes of information will be created every second for every human being on the planet: Bernard Marr, “Big Data: 20 Mind-Boggling Facts Everyone Must Read,” Forbes, September 30, 2015.
… financial services… are already being transformed to take advantage of new technologies…: Claer Barrett, “Wealth Management Industry in Disruption” Financial Times, May 6, 2016.
Goldman Sachs went from 600 NYSE trader…: Nanette Byrnes, “As Goldman Embraces Automation, Even the Masters of the Universe Are Threatened,” MIT Technology Review, February 7, 2017.
In 2016 the president of the financial services firm State Street predicted…: Deirdre Fernandes, “State Street Corp. Eyes 7,000 Layoffs by 2020,” Boston Globe, March 29, 2016.
A new AI for investors platform called Kensho has been adopted by the major investment banks…: Nathaniel Popper, “The Robots Are Coming for Wall Street,” New York Times, February 28, 2016.
… Bloomberg reported that Wall Street reached “peak human” in 2016…: Hugh Son, “We’ve Hit Peak Human and an Algorithm Wants Your Job. Now What?” Bloomberg Markets, June 8, 2016.
The insurance industry, which employs 2.5 million Americans…: “Number of Employees in the Insurance Industry in the United States from 1960 to 2015 (in millions).” Statista, 2016.
McKinsey predicts a massive diminution in insurance staffing…: Sylvain Johansson and Ulrike Vogelgesang, “Automating the Insurance Industry,” McKinsey Quarterly, January 2016.
There are 1.7 million bookkeeping accounting and auditing clerks…: Bureau of Labor Statistics, “Bookkeeping, Accounting, and Auditing Clerks,” U.S. Occupational Outlook Handbook, 2016–2017 edition (Washington, DC: Bureau of Labor Statistics, U.S. Department of Labor, 2017).
… 39 percent of jobs in the legal sector will be automated…: Deloitte Insight, “Developing Legal Talent: Stepping into the Future Law Firm,” Deloitte, February 2016.
… Google’s neural network… has produced art…: Jane Wakefield” Intelligent Machines: AI Art Is Taking on the Experts,” BBC News, September 18, 2015.
Yuval Harari in Homo Deus makes the point that our cab driver…: Yuval Harari, Homo Deus: A Brief History of Tomorrow (New York: HarperCollins, 2017), p. 315.
… Terry Gou… comparing humans to animals : Henry Blodget, “CEO of Apple Partner Foxconn: ‘Managing One Million Animals Gives Me a Headache,’” Business Insider, January 19, 2012.
Only 13 percent of workers worldwide report being engaged with their jobs: Employee Engagement Insights and Advice for Global Business Leaders: State of the Global Workplace, Gallup Research, October 8, 2013.
“Purpose, meaning, identity, fulfillment, creativity, autonomy—all these things that positive psychology has shown us to be necessary for well-being are absent in the average job” : Derek Thompson, “A World without Work,” The Atlantic, July–August 2015.
4 in 10 Americans reported working more than 50 hours…: Bob Sullivan, “Memo to Work Martyrs: Long Hours Make You Less Productive, CNBC, January 26, 2015.
“You have to recognize realistically that AI is qualitatively different…”: Andrew Ross Sorkin, “Partisan Divide over Economic Outlook Worries Ben Bernanke,” New York Times, April 24, 2017.
Fifty-eight percent of cross-sector experts polled by Bloomberg in 2017…: Shift: The Commission on Work, Workers, and Technology, “Report of Findings,” May 16, 2017.
… employers think you’re a major risk if you haven’t been unemployed for six months…: Nicholas Eberstadt, Men without Work: America’s Invisible Crisis (West Conshohocken, PA: Templeton Press, 2016), p. 95.
The field has a high rate of turnover…: Alana Semuels, “Who Will Care for America’s Seniors?” The Atlantic, April 27, 2015.
“Some would call it a dead-end job”: Alana Semuels, “Who Will Care for America’s Seniors?” The Atlantic, April 27, 2015.
… Mathematica Policy Research compared TAA recipients…: Ronald D’Amico and Peter Z. Schochet, “The Evaluation of the Trade Adjustment Assistance Program: A Synthesis of Major Findings,” Mathematica Policy Research, December 2012.
A similar evaluation of Michigan’s No Worker Left Behind program…: Victor Tan Chen, Cut Loose: Jobless and Hopeless in an Unfair Economy (Berkeley: University of California Press, 2015), pp. 63–71.
“I still haven’t got a job in my skill”: Victor Tan Chen, Cut Loose: Jobless and Hopeless in an Unfair Economy (Berkeley: University of California Press, 2015), pp. 63–71.
The unemployment rate also doesn’t take into account people who are underemployed…: Nicholas Eberstadt, Men without Work: America’s Invisible Crisis (West Conshohocken, PA: Templeton Press, 2016), p. 39.
… underemployment rate of recent college graduates…: “The Labor Market for Recent College Graduates,” Federal Reserve Bank of New York, October 4, 2017.
The U6 unemployment rate was 8.3 percent in September 2017: “Unemployment Rate—U6 (2000–2017),” PortalSeven.com, September 2017.
The data presented in Tables 9.1. and 9.2. was retrieved from those universities’ Career Services Offices or their reports on the students’ destinations after graduation. The sources of information used are noted below:
Harvard Crimson Report: Harvard Crimson Report, “The Graduating Class of 2016 by the numbers,” http://features.thecrimson.com/2016/senior-survey/post-harvard/, retrieved May 15, 2017.
Yale Office of Career Strategy, “First Destination Report: Class of 2016,” http://ocs.yale.edu/sites/default/files/files/OCS, retrieved May 15, 2017.
Princeton Career Services, “Annual Report 2014–2015,” https://careerservices.princeton.edu/sites/career/files/Career Services, retrieved May 15, 2017.
University of Pennsylvania Career Services, “Class of 2016 Career Plans Survey Report,” http://www.vpul.upenn.edu/careerservices/files/CAS_CPSurvey2016.pdf, retrieved May 15, 2017.
Massachusetts Institute of Technology, “Students after Graduation,” http://web.mit.edu/facts/alum.html, retrieved May 15, 2017.
Office of the Provost, MIT Institutional Research, “2016 MIT Senior Survey,” http://web.mit.edu/ir/surveys/senior2016.html, retrieved May 15, 2017.
Stanford BEAM, “Class of 2015 Destinations Report,” https://beam.stanford.edu/sites/default/files/stanford-_destinations_final_web_view.pdf, retrieved May 15, 2017.
Brown University Center for Careers, “CareerLAB by the Numbers, 2015–2016 Academic Year,” https://www.brown.edu/campus-life/support/careerlab/sites/brown.edu.campus-life.support.careerlab/files/uploads/15166_CLAB_By the Numbers Flyer_FNL_0.pdf, retrieved May 15, 2017.
Dartmouth Office of Institutional Research, “2016 Senior Survey,” https://www.dartmouth.edu/~oir/2016seniordartmouth.html, retrieved May 15, 2017.
Dartmouth Office of Institutional Research, “2016 Cap and Gown Survey—Final Results,” https://www.dartmouth.edu/~oir/2016_cap_and_gown_survey_results_infographic_final.pdf, retrieved May 23, 2017.
Cornell Career Services, “Class of 2016 Postgraduate Report,” http://www.career.cornell.edu/resources/surveys/upload/2016_PostGrad-Report_New.pdf, retrieved May 15, 2017.
Columbia University Center for Career Education, “2016 Graduating Student Survey Results,” https://www.careereducation.columbia.edu/sites/default/files/2016 GSS—CC %26 SEAS-UG.pdf, retrieved May 15, 2017.
Johns Hopkins University Student Affairs, “Post Graduate Survey Class of 2013 Highlights,” https://studentaffairs.jhu.edu/careers/wp-content/uploads/sites/7/2016/03/JHU-PGS-2013-Copy.pdf, retrieved May 15, 2017.
University of Chicago College Admissions, “Class of 2016 Outcomes Report,” http://collegeadmissions.uchicago.edu/sites/default/files/uploads/pdfs/uchicago-class-of-2016-outcomes.pdf, retrieved May 15, 2017.
Georgetown Cawley Career Education Center, “Class of 2016 Class Summary,” https://georgetown.app.box.com/s/nzzjv0ogpr7uwplifb4w20j5a43jvp3a, retrieved May 15, 2017.
Duke University Student Affairs, “Class of 2011 Statistics,” https://studentaffairs.duke.edu/career/statistics-reports/career-center-senior-survey/class-2011-statistics, retrieved May 15, 2017.
The use of prescription drugs is at an all-time high among college students…: Isabel Kwai, “The Most Popular Office on Campus,” The Atlantic, October 9, 2016.
In 2014, an American College Health Association survey…: American College Health Association, “National College Health Assessment, Spring 2014, Reference Group Executive Summary.”
Gender imbalances on many campuses…: Lisa Wade, American Hookup: The New Culture of Sex on Campus (New York: W. W. Norton Company, 2017), p. 15.
… private company ownership is down more than 60 percent among 18-to 30-year-olds…: Ruth Simon and Caelainn Barr, “Endangered Species: Young U.S. Entrepreneurs. New Data Underscore Financial Challenges and Low Tolerance for Risk among Young Americans,” Wall Street Journal, January 2, 2015.
“The message wasn’t explicit…”. J. D. Vance, Hillbilly Elegy: A Memoir of a Family and Culture in Crisis (New York: Harper Collins, 2016), pp. 56–57.
The meritocracy was never intended to be a real thing…: David Freedman, “The War on Stupid People,” The Atlantic, July–August 2016.
“The way we treat stupid people in the future…”: Yuval Harari, Homo Deus: A Brief History of Tomorrow (New York: HarperCollins, 2017), p. 100.
A UK study found that the most common shared trait across entrepreneurs…: David G. Blanchflower and Andrew J. Oswald, “What Makes an Entrepreneur?” 1998, retrieved from http://www.andrewoswald.com/docs/entrepre.pdf.
A U.S. survey found that in 2014 over 80 percent of startups were initially self-funded…: Carly Okyle, “The Year in Startup Funding (Infographic),” Entrepreneur, January 3, 2015.
… the majority of high-growth entrepreneurs were white (84 percent) males (72 percent…: Jordan Weissman, “Entrepreneurship: The Ultimate White Privilege?” The Atlantic, August 16, 2013.
Barbara Corcoran and Daymond John both described growing up dyslexic and being told that school wasn’t going to be their route to success: Kim Lachance Shandrow, “How Being Dyslexic and ‘Lousy in School’ Made Shark Tank Star Barbara Corcoran a Better Entrepreneur,” Entrepreneur, September 19, 2014.
A study of tens of thousands of JPMorgan Chase customers saw average monthly income volatility of 30–40 percent per month…: Patricia Cohen, “Steady Jobs, with Pay and Hours That Are Anything But,” New York Times, May 31, 2017.
The average worker dreads schedule volatility so much…: Alexandre Mas and Amanda Pallais, “Valuing Alternative Work Arrangements,” National Bureau of Economic Research, September 2016.
Eldar Shafir… and Sendhil Mullainathan conducted a series of studies…: Sendhil Mullainathan and Eldar Shafir, Scarcity: Why Having Too Little Means So Much (New York: Times Books, 2013), pp. 49–56. Also see Amy Novotney, “The Psychology of Scarcity,” Monitor on Psychology 45, no. 2 (February 2014).
Many of the facts about Youngstown’s rise and fall are from Sean Posey, “America’s Fastest Shrinking City: The Story of Youngstown, Ohio,” Hampton Institute, June 18, 2013.
The history of Youngstown is from Sherry Lee Linkon and John Russo, Steeltown U.S.A.: Work and Memory in Youngstown, Culture America (Lawrence: University Press of Kansas, 2002), pp. 47–53.
The city was transformed by a psychological and cultural breakdown: Derek Thompson, “A World without Work,” The Atlantic, July–August 2015.
“I thought we were rich”: PBS News Hour, “How Rust Belt City Youngstown Plans to Overcome Decades Of Decline,” https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=IKuGNt1w0tA.
“I started off working with a shovel and pick…”: Chris Arnade, “White Flight Followed Factory Jobs out of Gary, Indiana. Black People Didn’t Have a Choice,” The Guardian, March 28, 2017.
“I really would like to move someplace more beautiful…”: Chris Arnade, “White Flight Followed Factory Jobs out of Gary, Indiana. Black People Didn’t Have a Choice,” The Guardian, March 28, 2017.
“Between 1950 and 1980… patterns of social pathology emerged…”: Howard Gillette, Jr., Camden after the Fall: Decline and Renewal in a Post-Industrial City (Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 2006), pp. 12–13.
…“a major metropolitan area run by armed teenagers with no access to jobs or healthy food”…: Matt Taibbi, “Apocalypse, New Jersey: A Dispatch from America’s Most Desperate Town,” Rolling Stone, December 11, 2013.
… since 1970 the difference between the most and least educated U.S. cities has doubled…: Tyler Cowen, Average Is Over: Powering America beyond the Age of the Great Stagnation (New York: Penguin Books, 2013), pp. 172–173.
Fifty-nine percent of American counties saw more businesses close than open…: “Dynamism in Retreat: Consequences for Regions, Markets and Workers,” Economic Innovation Group, February 2017.
California, New York, and Massachusetts accounted for 75 percent of venture capital in 2016…: Richard Florida, “A Closer Look at the Geography of Venture Capital in the U.S.” CityLab, February 23, 2016.
A series of studies by the economists Raj Chetty and Nathaniel Hendren…: Raj Chetty and Nathaniel Hendren, “The Impacts of Neighborhoods on Intergenerational Mobility: Childhood Exposure Effects and County-Level Estimates,” Equality of Opportunity, May 2015.
David Brooks described such towns vividly…: David Brooks, “What’s the Matter with Republicans?” New York Times, July 4, 2017.
… when manufacturing work becomes less available…: David Autor, David Dorn, and Gordon Hanson, “When Work Disappears: Manufacturing Decline and the Falling Marriage-Market Value of Men,” National Bureau of Economic Research, February 2017.
Average male wages [for working-class men] have declined since 1990 in real terms: Jared Bernstein, “Real Earnings, Real Anger,” Washington Post, March 9, 2016.
A Pew research study showed that many men are foregoing or delaying marriage…: Kim Parker and Renee Stepler, “As U.S. Marriage Rate Hovers at 50 percent, Education Gap in Marital Status Widens,” Pew Research Center, September 14, 2017. Also see Wendy Wang and Kim Parker, “Record Share of Americans Have Never Married,” Pew Research Center, September 24, 2014.
… one in six men in America of prime age (25–54) are either unemployed or out of the workforce…: Derek Thompson, “The Missing Men,” The Atlantic, June 27, 2016.
Young men without college degrees have replaced 75 percent of the time they used to spend…: Ana Swanson, “Study Finds Young Men Are Playing Video Games Instead of Getting Jobs,” Chicago Tribune, September 23, 2016.
Women are now the clear majority of college graduates: Alex Williams, “The New Math on Campus,” New York Times, February 5, 2010.
Marriage has declined for all classes in the past 40 years…: Anthony Cilluffo, “Share of Married Americans Is Falling, but They Still Pay Most of the Nation’s Income Taxes,” Pew Research Center, April 12, 2017.
Of the 11 million families with children under age 18 and no spouse present, 8.5 million are single mothers: “2016 Current Population Survey Annual Social and Economic Supplement,” U.S. Census Bureau.
… growing up with stably married parents makes one more likely to succeed at school, but that an absent father had a bigger impact on boys…: William J. Doherty, Brian J. Willoughby, and Jason L. Wilde, “Is the Gender Gap in College Enrollment Influenced by Nonmarital Birth Rates and Father Absence?” Family Relations, September 24, 2015.
“As a child, I associated accomplishments in school with femininity…”: J. D. Vance, Hillbilly Elegy: A Memoir of a Family and Culture in Crisis (New York: Harper Collins, 2016), pp. 245–246.
… one 2015 U.S. Centers for Disease Control study finding as many as 14 percent of boys received a diagnosis: National Center of Health Statistics, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, “Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD),” https://www.cdc.gov/nchs/fastats/adhd.htm.
70 percent of valedictorians were girls in 2012: Jon Birger, Date-onomics: How Dating Became a Lopsided Numbers Game (New York: Workman, 2015), p. 32.
… 50 percent of Americans live within 18 miles of their mother…: Quoctrung Bui and Claire Cain Miller, “The Typical American Lives Only 18 Miles from Mom,” New York Times, December 23, 2015.
“[W]e thought it must be wrong… we just couldn’t believe that this could have happened…: Jessica Boddy, “The Forces Driving Middle-Aged White People’s ‘Deaths of Despair,’” National Public Radio, March 23, 2017.
Coroners’ offices in Ohio have reported being overwhelmed…: Kimiko de Freytas-Tamura, “Amid Opioid Overdoses, Ohio Coroner’s Office Runs Out of Room for Bodies,” New York Times, February 2, 2017.
The five states with the highest rates of death linked to drug overdoses…: Josh Katz, “Drug Deaths in America Are Rising Faster Than Ever,” New York Times, June 5, 2017. Also see Center for Behavioral Health Statistics and Quality, “2015 National Survey on Drug Use and Health: Detailed Tables,” Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration, Rockville, MD, 2016.
Addiction is so widespread that in Cincinnati hospitals now require universal drug testing for pregnant mothers…: Laura Newman, “As Substance Abuse Rises, Hospitals Drug Test Mothers, Newborns,” Clinical Laboratory News, March 1, 2016.
… Purdue Pharma, which was fined $635 million in 2007 for misbranding the drug…: Mike Mariani, “How the American Opiate Epidemic Was Started by One Pharmaceutical Company,” The Week, March 4, 2015.
“[W]e know of no other medication routinely used for a nonfatal condition that kills patients so frequently”: Sonia Moghe, Opioid History: From ‘Wonder Drug’ to Abuse Epidemic,” CNN, October 14, 2016.
“We are seeing an unbelievably sad and extensive heroin epidemic…”: “The Heroin Business Is Booming in America,” Bloomberg Businessweek, May 11, 2017.
The lifetime value of a disability award is about $300K for the average recipient: Steve Kroft, “Disability, USA,” CBS News, October 10, 2013.
About 40 percent of claims are ultimately approved…: “Annual Statistical Report on the Social Security Disability Insurance Program, 2015,” U.S. Social Security Administration.
One law firm generated $70 million in revenue in one year alone…: Chana Joffe-Walt, “Unfit for Work: The Startling Rise of Disability in America,” National Public Radio, http://apps.npr.org/unfit-for-work, retrieved November 8, 2017.
… Social Security Disability Insurance today essentially serves as unemployment insurance…: David H. Autor and Mark G. Duggan, “The Growth in the Social Security Disability Rolls: A Fiscal Crisis Unfolding,” Journal of Economic Perspectives, Summer 2006.
“If the American public knew what was going on in our system, half would be outraged and the other half would apply for benefits.”: Steve Kroft, “Disability, USA,” CBS News, October 10, 2013.
In 2013, 56.5 percent of prime-age men 25–54 who were not in the workforce reported receiving disability payments: Nicholas Eberstadt, Men without Work: America’s Invisible Crisis (West Conshohocken, PA: Templeton Press, 2016), p. 118.
… 22 percent of men between the ages of 21 and 30 with less than a bachelor’s degree reported not working at all in the previous year…: Ana Swanson, “Study Finds Young Men Are Playing Video Games Instead of Getting Jobs,” Chicago Tribune, September 23, 2016.
… young men without college degrees have replaced 75 percent of the time…: Peter Suderman, “Young Men Are Playing Video Games Instead of Getting Jobs. That’s OK. (For Now.),” Reason, July 2017.
More U.S. men aged 18–34 are now living with their parents…: Kim Parker and Renee Stepler, “As U.S. Marriage Rate Hovers at 50 Percent, Education Gap in Marital Status Widens,” Pew Research Center, September 14, 2017.
The Annual Time Use survey in 2014 indicated high levels of time spent “attending gambling establishments”…: Nicholas Eberstadt, Men without Work: America’s Invisible Crisis (West Conshohocken, PA: Templeton Press, 2016), p. 93.
Membership in organizations… has declined by between 25 to 50 percent since the 1960s: Robert D. Putnam, “The Strange Disappearance of Civic America,” American Prospect, winter 1995.
… approximately 2,500 leftist bombings in America between 1971 and 1972…: Bryan Burrough, “The Bombings of America That We Forgot,” Time, September 20, 2016.
… approximately 270 to 310 million firearms in the United States…: “A Minority of Americans Own Guns, but Just How Many Is Unclear,” Pew Research Center, June 4, 2013.
… Peter Turchin proposes a structural-demographic theory of political instability…: Peter Turchin, Ages of Discord: A Structural-Demographic Analysis of American History (Chaplin, CT: Beresta Books, 2016), pp. 200–202.
Alec Ross… described the Freddie Gray riots in 2015 as partially a product of economic despair: Alec Ross, The Industries of the Future (New York: Simon and Schuster, 2015), p. 38.
… about one-third of Californians supported secession in a recent poll…: Sharon Bernstein, “More Californians Dreaming of a Country without Trump: Poll,” Reuters, January 23, 2017.
Peter Frase… points out that work encompasses three things…: Derek Thompson, “A World without Work,” The Atlantic, July–August 2015.
Thomas Paine, 1796: Simon Birnbaum and Karl Widerquist, “History of Basic Income,” Basic Income Earth Network, 1986.
Martin Luther King Jr., 1967: Martin Luther King Jr., “Final Words of Advice,” Address made to the Tenth Anniversary Convention of the SCLC, Atlanta, on August 16, 1967.
Richard Nixon, August 1969: Richard Nixon, “324—Address to the Nation on Domestic Programs,” American President Project, August 8, 1969.
Milton Friedman, 1980: “Brief History of Basic Income Ideas,” Basic Income Earth Network, 1986.
Bernie Sanders, May 2014: Scott Santens, “On the Record: Bernie Sanders on Basic Income,” Medium, January 29, 2016.
Stephen Hawking, July 2015: “Answers to Stephen Hawking’s AMA Are Here,” Wired, July 2015.
Barack Obama, June 2016: Chris Weller, “President Obama Hints at Supporting Unconditional Free Money Because of a Looming Robot Takeover,” Business Insider, June 24, 2016.
Barack Obama, October 2016: Scott Dadich, “Barack Obama, Neural Nets, Self-Driving Cars, and the Future of the World,” Wired, November 2016.
Warren Buffett and Bill Gates, January 2017: Charlie Rose, interview with Bill Gates and Warren Buffett, Columbia University, January 2017.
Elon Musk, February, 2017: Chris Weller, “Elon Musk Doubles Down on Universal Basic Income: ‘It’s Going to Be Necessary,’” Business Insider, February 13, 2017.
Mark Zuckerberg, May 2017: Mark Zuckerberg, commencement speech, Harvard University, May 2017.
… adopting it would permanently grow the economy by 12.56 to 13.10 percent…: Michalis Nikiforos, Marshall Steinbaum, and Gennaro Zezza, “Modeling the Macroeconomic Effects of a Universal Basic Income,” Roosevelt Institute, August 29, 2017.
… technology companies are excellent at avoiding taxes: “Fortune 500 Companies Hold a Record $2.6 Trillion Offshore,” Institute on Taxation and Economic Policy, March 2017.
“UBI… is not shaming…”: https://www.facebook.com/basicincomequotes/videos/1365257523593155.
In 1969, President Nixon proposed the Family Assistance Plan…: Lila MacLellan, “That Time When Dick Cheney and Donald Rumsfeld Ran a Universal Basic Income Experiment for Nixon,” Quartz, March 13, 2017.
The New Jersey Graduated Work Incentive Experiment gave cash payments: Mike Albert and Kevin C. Brown, “Guaranteed Income’s Moment in the Sun,” Remapping Debate, April 24, 2013.
… the most rigorous and generous study in Denver and Seattle…: Gary Christophersen, Final Report of the Seattle-Denver Income Maintenance Experiment (Washington, DC.: U.S. Dept. of Health and Human Services, 1983).
“Politically, there was a concern…”: Rutger Bregman, Utopia for Realists: The Case for a Universal Basic Income, Open Borders, and a 15-hour Workweek (Boston: Little, Brown and Company, 2016), p. 37.
Each Alaskan now receives a petroleum dividend…: Brian Merchant, “The Only State Where Everyone Gets Free Money,” Motherboard Vice, September 4, 2015.
… the dividend has increased average infant birthweight…: Wankyo Chung, Hyungserk Ha, and Beomsoo Kim, “Money Transfer and Birth Weight: Evidence from the Alaska Permanent Fund Dividend,” Economic Inquiry 54 (2013).
… helped keep rural Alaskans solvent: Scott Goldsmith, “The Alaska Permanent Fund Dividend: A Case Study in the Direct Distribution of Resource Rent,” Alaska Permanent Fund Dividend Program, January 2011.
… one reason that Alaska has the second-lowest income inequality in the country: Rachel Waldholz, “Alaska’s Annual Dividend Adds Up for Residents,” Marketplace, March 16, 2016.
In 1995, a group of researchers began tracking the personalities of 1,420 low-income children…: Roberto A. Ferdman, “The Remarkable Thing That Happens to Poor Kids When You Give Their Parents a Little Money,” Washington Post, October 8, 2015.
… GiveDirectly has raised more than $120 million…: Annie Lowrey, “The Future of Not Working,” New York Times, February 26, 2017.
“GiveDirectly… has sent shockwaves through the charity sector…”: Claire Provost, “Charity Begins on Your Phone: East Africans Buoyed by Novel Way of Giving,” The Guardian, December 31, 2013.
Canada is giving 4,000 participants in Ontario grants of up to $12,570…: Ashifa Kassam, “Ontario Plans to Launch Universal Basic Income Trial Run This Summer,” The Guardian, April 24, 2017.
Iran implemented a full-blown equivalent of UBI in 2011…: Jeff Ihaza, “Here’s What Happened When Iran Introduced a Basic Income,” Outline, May 31, 2017.
“A man… with no means of filling up time, is as miserable out of work as a dog on the chain”: George Orwell, Down and Out in Paris and London (New York: Mariner Books, 1972), p. 129.
Teach for America spends approximately $51,000 per corps member…: Rachel M. Cohen, “The True Cost of Teach for America’s Impact on Urban Schools,” American Prospect, January 5, 2015.
The U.S. Military spends approximately $170,000 per soldier per year…: “Growth in DoD’s Budget from 2000 to 2014,” Congressional Budget Office, November 2014.
The Peace Corps has over 1,000 full-time employees supporting 7,200 volunteers…: “Performance and Accountability Report,” Peace Corps, November 15, 2015.
During the Great Depression in the 1930s, the U.S. government hired 40,000 recreation officers and artists…: Susan Currell, The March of Spare Time: The Problem and Promise of Leisure in the Great Depression (Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 2005), pp. 51–53.
… 315 members of the local time bank members have exchanged 64,000 hours of mutual work…: Time Banks Brattleboro Time Trade, Time Banks, accessed on September 8, 2017.
Amanda Witman, a 40-year-old single mother, wrote about her experience…: “Real Women’s Stories: ‘We Make Ends Meet without Money,’” AllYou.com.
Americans face at least three interlocking sets of problems…: Edgar Cahn and Jonathan Rowe, Time Dollars: The New Currency That Enables Americans to Turn Their Hidden Resource—Time—into Personal Security and Community Renewal (Emmaus, PA: Rodale Press, 1992).
The concept of GDP and economic progress didn’t even exist until the Great Depression: The Federal Reserve of St. Louis, Discover Economic History, National Income, 1929–32. Letter from the Acting Secretary of Commerce Transmitting in Response to Senate Resolution No. 220 (72D CONG.) A Report on National Income, 1929–32 (Washington, DC: Government Printing Office, 1934).
Steve Ballmer set up a series of measurements and facts at www.USAFacts.org that is a treasure trove of social metrics and pulls from many public and private sources.
When Harry Truman left the office of the presidency in 1953…: Jeff Jacoby, “Harry Truman’s Obsolete Integrity,” New York Times, March 2, 2007.
This practice started changing with Gerald Ford joining the boards…: Scott Wilson, “In Demand: Washington’s Highest (and Lowest) Speaking Fees,” ABC News, July 14, 2014.
Sheila Bair…, the former head of the Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation, lived through this conflict herself…: Ben Protess, “Slowing the Revolving Door between Public and Private Jobs,” New York Times, November 11, 2013.
The family that owns Purdue Pharma… is now the 16th richest family in the country…: Alex Morrell, “The OxyContin Clan: The $14 Billion Newcomer to Forbes 2015 List of Richest U.S. Families,” Forbes, July 1, 2015.
The big banks eventually settled with the Department of Justice for billions of dollars…: Kate Cox, “How Corporations Got the Same Rights as People (but Don’t Ever Go to Jail),” Consumerist.com, September 12, 2014.
Elon Musk in 2017 called for proactive regulation of AI…: Samuel Gibbs, “Elon Musk: Regulate AI to Combat ‘Existential Threat’ before It’s Too Late,” The Guardian, July 17, 2017.
Tristan Harris… has written compellingly about how apps are designed to function like slot machines…: Tristan Harris, “How Technology Is Hijacking Your Mind—from a Magician and Google Design Ethicist,” Thrive Global, May 18, 2016.
…“the best minds of my generation are thinking about how to make people click ads”: Drake Baer, “Why Data God Jeffrey Hammerbacher Left Facebook to Found Cloudera,” Fast Company, April 18, 2013.
Health care bills were the number one cause of personal bankruptcy in 2013…: Dan Mangan, “Medical Bills Are the Biggest Cause of US Bankruptcies: Study,” CNBC.com, June 24, 2013.
… we are last among major industrialized nations in efficiency, equity, and health outcomes attributable to medical care…: Courtney Baird, “Top Healthcare Stories for 2016: Pay-for-Performance,” Committee for Economic Development, March 8, 2016.
“Unless you are protected by Medicare, the health care market is not a market at all”: Steven Brill, “Bitter Pill: Why Medical Bills Are Killing Us: How Outrageous Pricing and Egregious Profits Are Destroying Our Health Care,” Time, March 4, 2013.
“We do waste money on insurance, but we also pay basically twice as much for everything”: Joshua Holland, “Medicare-for-All Isn’t the Solution for Universal Health Care,” The Nation, August 2, 2017.
… doctors today see themselves not as “pillars of any community” but as “technicians on an assembly line”…: Meghan O’Rourke, “Doctors Tell All—and It’s Bad,” The Atlantic, November 2014.
A 2016 survey of American doctors by the Physicians Foundation…: “Survey: Many Doctors Looking to Leave Profession amid Burnout, Low Morale,” Advisory Board, September 26, 2016.
The average educational debt load for a medical school graduate is $180,000…: Aaron E. Carroll, “A Doctor Shortage? Let’s Take a Closer Look,” New York Times, November 7, 2016.
About 65 million Americans live in what one expert called basically “a primary care desert”: Emma Court, “America’s Facing a Shortage of Primary-Care Doctors,” MarketWatch, April 4, 2016.
The Association of American Medical Colleges estimated that the number of additional doctors necessary…: “The Complexities of Physician Supply and Demand: Projections from 2014 to 2025,” Association of American Medical Colleges, April 5, 2016.
In one study, IBM’s Watson made the same recommendation as human doctors did in 99 percent of 1,000 medical cases…: Dom Galeon, “IBM’s Watson AI Recommends Same Treatment as Doctors in 99 percent of Cancer Cases,” Futurism.com, October 28, 2016.
The best approach is what they do at the Cleveland Clinic…: Megan McArdle, “Can the Cleveland Clinic Save American Health Care?” Daily Beast, February 26, 2013.
The Southcentral Foundation… treats health problems and behavioral problems as tied together…: Joanne Silberner, “The Doctor Will Analyze You Now,” Politico, August 9, 2017.
“Character is the main object of education”: David Brooks, “Becoming a Real Person,” New York Times, September 8, 2014.
… William James wrote around the same time that character and moral significance are built…: David Brooks, “Becoming a Real Person,” New York Times, September 8, 2014.
SAT scores have declined significantly in the last 10 years: Nick Anderson, “SAT Scores at Lowest Level in 10 Years, Fueling Worries about High Schools,” Washington Post, September 3, 2015.
… smartphone use has caused a spike in depression and anxiety…: Jean M. Twenge, iGen: Why Today’s Super-Connected Kids Are Growing Up Less Rebellious, More Tolerant, Less Happy—and Completely Unprepared for Adulthood—and What That Means for the Rest of Us (New York: Atria Books, 2017).
…“the worst use of software in [education] is in replacement of humans…”: John Battelle, “Max Ventilla of AltSchool: The Full Shift Dialogs Transcript,” NewCo Shift, July 13, 2016.
The United States is one of only four out of 196 countries in the world… that does not have federally mandated time off from work for new mothers: Matt Phillips, “Countries without Paid Maternity Leave: Swaziland, Lesotho, Papua New Guinea, and the United States of America,” Quartz, January 15, 2014.
… Denmark gives parents 52 weeks of paid leave they can split between them…: Chris Weller, “These 10 Countries Have the Best Parental Leave Policies in the World,” Business Insider, August 22, 2016.
Studies have shown that robust family leave policies improve children’s health and heighten women’s employment rates…: Barbara Gault et al., “Paid Parental Leave in the United States: What the Data Tell Us about Access, Usage, and Economic and Health Benefits,” U.S. Department of Labor Women’s Bureau, Institute for Women’s Policy Research, January 23, 2014.
… 11.4 million single mothers raising 17.2 million children in the United States…: “Table C2, Household Relationship and Living Arrangements of Children Under 18 Years, by Age and Sex: 2016,” U.S. Census Bureau, 2017.
Communal living arrangements have been shown to increase social cohesion…: Saskia De Melker, “Cohousing Communities Help Prevent Social Isolation,” PBS News Hour, February 12, 2017.
Only 6 percent of American high school students were enrolled in a vocational course of study in 2013…: Dana Goldstein, “Seeing Hope for Flagging Economy, West Virginia Revamps Vocational Track,” New York Times, August 10, 2017.
A Georgetown center estimated that there are 30 million good-paying jobs that don’t require a college degree…: Anthony P. Carnevale et al., “Good Jobs That Pay without a BA,” Georgetown University Center on Education and the Workforce, 2017.
The most recent graduation rate for first-time, full-time undergraduate students…: “Undergraduate Retention and Graduation Rates,” Condition of Education 2017. National Center for Education Statistics, April 2017.
The main reasons cited for dropping out are being unprepared for the rigors of academic work…: Lou Carlozo, “Why College Students Stop Short of a Degree,” Reuters, March 27, 2012.
We are up to a record $1.4 trillion in educational debt that serves as an anchor…: Kerry Rivera, “The State of Student Loan Debt in 2017,” Experian.com, August 23, 2017.
… college tuition has risen at several times the rate of inflation the past 20 years…: Steve Odland, “College Costs out of Control,” Forbes, March 24, 2012.
Average college tuition has risen as much as 440 percent in the last 25 years: Lynn O’Shaughnessy, “Higher Education Bubble Will Burst,” U.S. News and World Report, May 3, 2011.
… administrative positions at colleges and universities grew by 60 percent between 1993 and 2009…: John Hechinger, “The Troubling Dean-to-Professor Ratio,” Bloomberg Businessweek, November 21, 2012.
… Yale spent more the previous year on private equity managers managing its endowment…: Victor Fleischer, “Stop Universities from Hoarding Money,” New York Times, August 19, 2015.
… cost of taxpayer subsidies for a community college student as between $2,000 and $4,000 per student per year…: Jorge Klor de Alva and Mark Schneider, Rich Schools, Poor Students: Tapping Large University Endowments to Improve Student Outcomes, Nexus Research, April 2015.
In 1975, colleges employed one professional staffer… for every 50 students: Benjamin Ginsberg, “Administrators Ate My Tuition,” Washington Monthly, September–October 2011.
The 90 coding boot camps across the country produced about 23,000 graduates in total…: Steve Lohr, “As Coding Boot Camps Close, the Field Faces a Reality Check,” New York Times, August 24, 2017.
At Minerva, students take classes online, but they do so while living together in dorm-style housing: Claire Cain Miller, “Extreme Study Abroad: The World Is Their Campus,” New York Times, October 30, 2015.
Teacher quality dramatically impacts student learning. One school in Manhattan, the Equity Project, pays teachers $125,000 a year on the same budget as a normal school by having fewer administrators and having teachers take on more responsibility instead. This approach is showing remarkable results: Frederick M. Hess, “Teacher Quality, Not Quantity,” National Review, October 28, 2014.
Recent research from Stanford University found that one-on-one tutoring does not only better prepare children, but it also calms the fear circuitry in the brain: Patti Neighmond, “1 Tutor + 1 Student = Better Math Scores, Less Fear,” National Public Radio, September 8, 2015.
Blue Engine recruits and places college graduates as full-time teaching assistants in high schools, leading to a student to teacher ratio of approximately 6 to 1 instead of the usual 26 to 1. Students receive rapid-fire feedback and weekly ‘social cognition’ coaching sessions: David Bornstein, “A Team Approach to Get Students College Ready,” New York Times, May 13, 2017.