1 Patrick Cosgrave, Thatcher: The First Term (Bodley Head, London, 1985), pp26–7.
2 Margaret Thatcher, The Downing Street Years (Harper Collins, London, 1993), p38.
3 P. Calvert, ‘Authoritarianism’ in (ed.) M. Foley, Ideas that Shape Politics (Manchester University Press, 1994), p66.
4 Hayek's The Fatal Conceit: The Errors of Socialism (University of Chicago Press, 1991) appeared as part of a collection of Hayek's writings edited by W. E. Bartley The collection provided heavyweight intellectual ballast to Thatcher's long, and visceral, struggle against socialism and socialists.
5 J. Bulpitt, ‘The discipline of the new democracy: Mrs Thatcher's domestic statecraft>The discipline of the new democracy: Mrs Thatcher's domestic statecraft’, Political Studies, 34 (1986); Daily Telegraph, 23 November 1990, quoted in J. Charmley, A History of Conservative Politics, 1900–96 (Macmillan, London, 1996), p236; S. Letwin, The Anatomy of Thatcherism (Fontana, London, 1992). A useful summary of the arguments about Thatcherism as an ideology can be found in B. Evans and A. Taylor, ‘The debate about Thatcherism’ in From Salisbury to Major: Continuity and Change in Conservative Politics (Manchester University Press, Manchester, 1996), pp219–40.
6 I. Gilmour, Dancing with Dogma (Simon & Schuster, London, 1992), Francis Pym, The Politics of Consent (Hamish Hamilton, London, 1994).
7 This is a line that initiates will recognise as deriving from Gramsci and is reliably rendered in S. Hall, The Hard Road to Renewal: Thatcherism and the Crisis of the Left (Verson Books, London, 1988).
8 P. Clarke, Hope and Glory: Britain 1900–2000 (2nd ed., Penguin, London, 2004), p367. Lawson made this speech to Swiss bankers in 1981: Nigel Lawson, The View from Number 11: Memoirs of a Tory Radical (Bantam Press, London, 1992), p64. This quotation may also be found in R. Vinen, Thatcher's Britain: The Politics and Upheaval of the 1980s (Simon & Schuster, London, 2009), p275. Vinen offers useful observations on the link between Thatcher and ideology.
9 On the Community charge, see G. K. Fry, The Politics of the Thatcher Revolution (Palgrave Macmillan, Basingstoke, 2008), pp174–9 and J. Campbell, Margaret Thatcher, Vol 2: The Iron Lady (Jonathan Cape, London, 2003), pp503–5 and 698–9.
10 John Campbell, Margaret Thatcher Vol 1: The Grocer's Daughter (Jonathan Cape, London, 2000), pp399–400.
11 Quoted in P. Riddell, The Thatcher Government (Blackwell, 1985 ed., Oxford), p7.
12 For information about Thatcher's father, see John Campbell, Margaret Thatcher Vol 1, esp. pp8–13.
13 Quoted in K. Harris, Thatcher (Fontana, London, 1989), p250.
14 E. H. H. Green, ‘Thatcherism: An historical perspective’, Transactions of the Royal Historical Society, 6th series, vol. 9 (1999), p19. The theme is further developed in E. H. H. Green, Thatcher (Hodder Arnold, London, 2006).
15 (ed.) R. Skidelsky, Thatcherism (Blackwell, Oxford, 1989), p14.
16 The ideas of Friedman and Hayek were not identical. Friedman was a more thoroughgoing monetarist, while Hayek placed greater stress upon the supremacy of markets over all other kinds of organisation, political and social. See F A. Hayek, Denationalisation of Money (Institute of Economic Affairs, London, 1978), Milton Friedman, Inflation and Unemployment (IEA, London, 1977) and Norman Barry, Hayek's Social and Economic Philosophy (Macmillan, London, 1979). Monetarism and the new right in the 1970s is accessibly discussed in A. Gamble, The Free Economy and the Strong State (Macmillan, London, 1988), pp27–60.
17 International Monetary Fund Statistics, quoted in www.clev.frb.org/research
18 A. Gamble, Britain in Decline (Macmillan, Basingstoke, 1985), pp13–15; J. F Wright, Britain in the Age of Economic Management (Oxford University Press, 1979), p21.
19 A. Gamble, op. cit., p16; S. Pollard, The Wasting of the British Economy (Croom Helm, Beckenham, 1982), p11.
20 Keith Robbins, The Eclipse of a Great Power: Modern Britain, 1870–1992 (Addison Wesley Longman, London, 1994), p429.
21 Bernard Porter, Britannia's Burden: The Political Evolution of Modern Britain, 1851–1990 (Arnold, London, 1994), p343.
22 P. Cosgrave, op. cit., p42.
23 R. Vinen, op. cit., pp86–8.
24 A. Gamble, op. cit., pp90–5.
25 M. Pugh, State and Society: British Political and Social History 1870–1992 (Arnold, London, 1994), p298.
1 Margaret Thatcher, The Downing Street Years (Harper Collins, London, 1993), pp4–5.
2 Kenneth Harris, Margaret Thatcher (Weidenfeld & Nicolson, London, 1988), p71.
3 J. Campbell, Margaret Thatcher Vol 1: The Grocer's Daughter (Jonathan Cape, London, 2000), pp415–16.
4 Quoted in Andrew Gamble, The Free Economy and the Strong State: The Politics of Thatcherism (Macmillan, London, 1988), p140.
5 Ian Gilmour, Inside Right (Quartet Books, London, 1977), p96 and p121.
6 Kenneth Harris, Thatcher (Weidenfeld & Nicolson, London, 1988), p82.
7 Quoted in S. Edgell and V. Duke, A Measure of Thatcherism (Harper Collins, London, 1991), p3.
8 Cited in A. Gamble, op. cit., pv.
9 (ed.) D. Kavanagh, The Politics of the Labour Party (Allen & Unwin, London, 1982), pp9–45.
10 For development of this point see E. J. Evans, The Forging of the Modern State: Early Industrial Britain, 1783–1870 (3rd ed., Longman, London, 2001), pp312–14 and 443–5; Martin Pugh, The Making of Modern British Politics, 1867–1939 (2nd ed., Blackwell, Oxford, 1993); and E. J. Evans, The Shaping of Modern Britain: Identity, Industry and Empire, 1780–1914 (Pearson Education, Harlow, 2011), pp231 and 383–5.
11 Peter Jenkins, Mrs Thatcher's Revolution: The Ending of the Socialist Era (Jonathan Cape, London, 1987), p95. For a detailed analysis of the 1979 election see D. Butler and D. Kavanagh, The British General Election of 1979 (Macmillan, London, 1980).
12 Margaret Thatcher, op. cit., p43.
13 Martin Holmes, The First Thatcher Government, 1979–1983 (Harvester, Brighton, 1985), p133.
14 P. Cosgrave, Thatcher: The First Term (Bodley Head, London, 1985), p94.
15 Quoted in Kenneth Harris, op. cit., p103.
16 P. Riddell, The Thatcher Government (Blackwell, Oxford, 1985), pp64–8; Will Hutton, The State We're In (Vintage, London, 1996), p70; Martin Pugh, State and Society: British Political and Social History (Arnold, London, 1994), p304; R. Vinen, Thatcher's Britain: The Politics and Social Upheaval of the 1980s (Simon and Schuster, London, 2009), p125.
17 M. Thatcher, op. cit., pp144–5.
18 K. Harris, op. cit., p109.
1 Calculations from Bryan Cribble, ‘Candidates’ in D. Butler and D. Kavanagh, The British General Election of 1987 (Macmillan, London, 1987), pp197–205. See also D. Butler, British General Elections since 1945 (2nd ed., Blackwell, Oxford, 1985), pp81–4.
2 Emma Nicholson, Secret Society: Inside and Outside the Conservative Party (Indigo Books, London, 1996), p89 and p96.
3 The core reference points for British general elections since 1951 are the studies by the psephologist David Butler. Those that cover the Thatcher period are D. Butler and D. Kavanagh, The British General Election of 1979 (Macmillan, London, 1980), The British General Election of 1983 (Macmillan, London, 1984) and The British General Election of 1987 (Macmillan, London, 1988).
4 Margaret Thatcher, The Downing Street Years (Harper Collins, London, 1993), p339.
5 Ivor Crewe, ‘Has the electorate become Thatcherite?’ in (ed.) R. Skidelsky, Thatcherism (Blackwell, Oxford, 1988), p32.
6 Peter Jenkins, Mrs. Thatcher's Revolution (Jonathan Cape, London, 1987), p166.
7 Ibid., p169.
8 (eds) S. Hall and M. Jacques, The Politics of Thatcherism (Lawrence & Wishart, London, 1983), p30.
9 Patrick Minford, ‘Mrs Thatcher's economic reform programme’ in (ed.) R. Skidelsky, Thatcherism (Blackwell, Oxford, 1989), p96.
10 Cited in M. Holmes, The First Thatcher Government, 1979–83 (Wheatsheaf, Brighton, 1985), p67.
11 Figures from HMSO Economic Trends and OECD Labour Force Statistics and collected in L. Hannah, ‘Crisis and turnaround? 1973–93’ in (ed.) Paul Johnson, 20th Century Britain (Addison Wesley Longman, London, 1994), p347. For changes in unemployment calculations, see The Guardian 22 October 1996.
12 Harold Perkin, The Third Revolution: Professional Elites in the Modern World (Routledge, London, 1996), p59.
13 M. Thatcher, op. cit., p308.
14 Leslie Hannah, ‘Mrs Thatcher, capital basher?’ in (eds) D. Kavanagh and A. Seldon, The Thatcher Effect (Oxford University Press, 1989), p39.
15 Lesley Hannah, ‘Crisis and turnaround? 1973–93’ in (ed.) Paul Johnson, Britain in the Twentieth Century (Addison Wesley Longman, Harlow, 1994), p345.
16 Samuel Brittan, ‘The government's economic policy’ in Kavanagh and Seldon, op. cit., p13.
17 Martin Holmes, op. cit., p68.
18 It comes from the speech made to the Conservative Party Conference on 10 October 1980. The aphorism was provided by her playwright speechwriter Ronald Millar. Millar was drawing on his dramatic contacts. This was a pun linked to the title of the 1948 play by Christopher Fry, ‘The Lady's Not for Burning’. It is doubtful whether Thatcher recognised the reference. She offered it to the audience as a plain statement of fact. Thatcher was no orator. She was – eventually – fluent but she lacked alike variety of tone, range of cultural reference and – above all – wit. As she would have riposted, however, she always preferred ‘doers’ to ‘sayers’.
19 M. Dunn and S. Smith, ‘Economic policy and privatisation’ in (eds) S. P. Savage and Lynton Robins, Public Policy under Thatcher (Macmillan, London, 1990), p34.
20 J. Campbell, Margaret Thatcher, Vol 1 (Jonathan Cape, London, 2000), pp94–5.
21 S. Edgell and V. Duke, A Measure of Thatcherism (Harper Collins, London, 1991), p140.
22 Ivor Crewe, ‘The values that failed’ in Kavanagh and Seldon, op. cit., pp248–9.
23 Figures quoted in M. Holmes, Thatcherism: Scope and Limits, 1983–87(Macmillan, Basingstoke, 1989), p60.
24 Quoted in ibid., p61
25 Margaret Thatcher, The Downing Street Years (Harper Collins, London, 1993), p676.
26 ‘Famous’ quotations are often attributed to politicians, rather than to those news editors who ‘translate’ them from the politicians'first thoughts in order to fit on the tabloid page. I am grateful to the late Alan Watkins, A Conservative Coup (2nd. ed., Duckworth, London, 1992) pp105–6 for taking the trouble to research the original text of Macmillan's speech.
27 ProShare statistical information, quoted in The Observer 13 October 1996.
28 Harold Perkin, op. cit., p69.
29 On trade union law in the 1980s, see D. Farnham, ‘Trade union policy’ in Savage and Robins, op. cit., pp60–74.
30 M. Thatcher, op. cit., p342.
31 A. McSmyth, No Such Thing as Society (Constable, London, 2011), p169.
32 M. Thatcher, op. cit., p377.
33 C. Cook and J. Stevenson, The Longman Companion to Britain since 1945 (Addison Wesley Longman, Harlow, 1996), pp98–9.
34 Will Hutton, writing in The Observer, 24 October 2002, the weekend after Thatcher announced her full retirement from public life.
35 Quoted in Hugo Young, One of Us (Macmillan, London, 1989), p411.
36 H. Young, op. cit., p414. See also M. Holmes, Thatcherism (Macmillan, London, 1989), pp122–37 and Kenneth Minogue, ‘The emergence of the New Right’ in (ed.) R. Skidelsky, Thatcherism (Blackwell, Oxford, 1988), pp125–42.
37 J. Campbell, Margaret Thatcher, Vol 2 (Jonathan Cape, London, 2003), pp398–9.
38 Alan Smithers, ‘Education policy’ in (ed.) A. Seldon, The Blair Effect (Little, Brown and Company, London, 2001), p421.
39 ‘Lone voices’, an article published in the intellectual magazine Encounter (July 1960), p8.
40 The phrase is Stuart Hall's. The debate may be followed in (eds) Bob Jessop, Kevin Bonnett, Simon Bromley and Tom Ling, Thatcherism: A Tale of Two Nations (Polity Press, Oxford, 1988), esp. pp57–124. See also, S. Hall, ‘Popular-democratic versus authoritarian populism’ in (ed.) Alan Hunt, Marxism and Democracy (Lawrence & Wishart, London, 1980) and S. Hall and M. Jacques, The Politics of Thatcherism (Lawrence & Wishart, London, 1983).
1 A. Sked and C. Cook, Post-war Britain: A Political History (2nd ed., Penguin, London, 1984), p329.
2 For the Conservative Party in the nineteenth century, see R. Stewart, The Foundation of the Conservative Party, 1830–67 (Longman, London, 1978). A useful brief assessment is found in B. I. Coleman, Conservatism and the Conservative Party in Nineteenth-century Britain (Arnold, London, 1988). See also R. Blake, The Conservative Party from Peel to Major (Arrow edition, London, 1998).
3 John Ramsden, The Age of Balfour and Baldwin, 1902–40 (Longman, London, 1978) and Anthony Seldon, ‘Conservative century’ in (eds) A. Seldon and S. Ball, Conservative Century (Oxford University Press, Oxford, 1994), pp17–65. For a briefer account of early twentieth-century Conservatism, see Stuart Ball, The Conservative Party and British Politics, 1902–51 (Longman, London, 1995).
4 D. Kavanagh, Thatcherism and British Politics (Oxford University Press, Oxford, 1987), p183.
5 Powell put a distinctive gloss on his own contribution to the conversion of the party to monetarism in ‘The Conservative Party’ in (eds) D. Kavanagh and A. Seldon, The Thatcher Effect (Oxford University Press, 1989), pp80–8. See also R. Shepherd, Enoch Powell (Hutchinson, London, 1996).
6 Andrew Gamble, The Free Economy and the Strong State: The Politics of Thatcherism (Macmillan, London, 1988), p150.
7 Quoted in Hugo Young, One of Us (Pan Books, London, 1990 ed.), p127.
8 Jim Prior, Balance of Power (Hamish Hamilton, London, 1986), p117.
9 Hugo Young, op. cit., p331.
10 Alan Clark, Diaries (Weidenfeld & Nicolson, London, 1993), p215.
11 George R. Urban, Diplomacy and Disillusion at the Court of Margaret Thatcher (I. B. Tauris, London, 1996), p17 and p183.
12 Jim Prior, op. cit., p119.
13 Quoted in Kenneth Harris, Thatcher (Weidenfeld & Nicolson, 1988), p109.
14 Quotations from Inside Right in Peter Jenkins, Mrs Thatcher's Revolution (Jonathan Cape, London, 1987), p97 and (eds) A. Sked and C. Cook, op. cit., p330.
15 Martin Holmes, The First Thatcher Government, 1979–83 (Harvester, Brighton, 1985), p74.
16 Hugo Young, op. cit., p205.
17 Hugo Young, op. cit., p207.
18 This point is further developed by Vernon Bogdanor in (eds) D. Kavanagh and A. Seldon, The Thatcher Effect (Clarendon Press, Oxford, 1989).
19 It is possible – just – to hold a more charitable view. For one such, see R. N. Kelly, Conservative Party Conferences (Manchester University Press, 1989).
20 Richard Kelly, ‘The party conference’ in (eds) A. Seldon and S. Ball, Conservative Century (Oxford University Press, 1994), p251.
21 On grassroots Conservative Party support, see (eds) P. Whiteley, P. Seyd and J. Richardson, True Blues: The Politics of Conservative Party Membership (Clarendon, Oxford, 1994), esp. pp150–60, where it is argued that Thatcher assimilated and reflected existing grassroots attitudes, at least as much as she pulled the party to the right, especially on social issues.
22 This section has been informed by Anthony Adonis, ‘The transformation of the Conservative Party in the 1980s’ in (eds) A. Adonis and T. Hames, A Conservative Revolution: The Thatcher-Regan Decade in Perspective (Manchester University Press, 1994), pp159–65.
23 (eds) P. Whiteley, P. Seyd and J. Richardson, op. cit., pp231–3.
24 An opinion poll held in the autumn of 1996 discovered that two-thirds of respondents believed that corruption was endemic among politicians of all parties (The Guardian, 19 October 1996). Opinion polls taken in 2011 indicated that only between a fifth and a quarter of respondents trusted MPs to tell the truth (YouGov Cambridge, 2011).
1 Margaret Thatcher, The Downing Street Years (Harper Collins, London, 1993), pp45–6.
2 K. Theakston and G. Fry, ‘The party and the civil service’ in (eds) A. Seldon and S. Ball, Conservative Century (Oxford UP, 1994), pp394–5.
3 P. Hennessy, ‘The civil service’ in (eds) D. Kavanagh and A. Seldon, The Thatcher Effect (Oxford University Press, 1989), p115. See also his more extended study, Whitehall (Secker & Warburg, London, 1989).
4 J. Campbell, Margaret Thatcher, Vol 2: The Iron Lady (Jonathan Cape, London, 2003), p39.
5 Quoted in P. Jenkins, Mrs. Thatcher's Revolution (Jonathan Cape, London, 1987), p261.
6 M. Thatcher, op. cit., p30.
7 P. Hennessy in (eds) Kavanagh and Seldon, op. cit., p117.
8 C. Cook and J. Stevenson, The Longman Companion to Britain since 1945 (Addison Wesley Longman, London, 1996), p87.
9 Hugo Young, One of Us (Pan Books, London, 1989), pp230–2 and 336–8; M. Thatcher, op. cit., pp46–9.
10 M. Heseltine, Where There's a Will(Hutchinson, London, 1987), p21.
11 See, for example, Clive Ponting, Whitehall: Tragedy and Farce (Sphere, London, 1986). The extent of change is debated in R. Atkinson, ‘Government during the Thatcher years’ in (eds) S. P. Savage and L. Robins, Public Policy under Thatcher (Macmillan, London, 1990), pp8–16 and Theakston and Fry, ‘The party and the civil service’ in (eds) A. Seldon and S. Ball, Conservative Century, (OUP, 1994), pp398–9.
12 Theakston and Fry, loc. cit., pp399–400.
13 E. J. Evans, The Forging of the Modern State: Early Industrial Britain, 1783–1870 (3rd ed., Pearson Education, Harlow, 2001), pp360–1.
14 Extracts from Sir Andrew Turnbull's Valedictory Lecture on his resignation as Cabinet secretary, 27 July 2005.
15 Quoted in Peter Jenkins, Mrs. Thatcher's Revolution (Jonathan Cape, London, 1987), p178.
16 Quoted in G. K. Fry, The Politics of the Thatcher Revolution (Palgrave Macmillan, Basingstoke, 2008), p170.
17 Sylvia Horton, ‘Local government 1979–89: A decade of change’ in (eds) S. P. Savage and L. Robins, Public Policy under Thatcher (Macmillan, London, 1990), pp172–86.
18 Kenneth Baker, The Turbulent Years (Faber & Faber, London, 1993), p1 12.
19 H. Butcher, I. Law, R. Leach and M. Mullard, Local Government and Thatcherism (Routledge, London, 1990), p64.
20 G. Stoker, The Politics of Local Government (2nd ed., Macmillan, Basing-stoke, 1991), p13.
21 Rate-capping was the term used to describe the powers taken by central government to limit the revenue that local authorities could raise from the rates. It was introduced in Scotland in 1982 and in England and Wales by the Rates Act of 1984.
22 Quoted in (eds) H. Butcher, I. Law, R. Leach and M. Mullard, op. cit., p71.
23 G. Stoker, op. cit., pp169–74. See also, (ed.) M. Goldsmith, New Research in Central-Local Relations (Gower Press, Aldershot, 1986).
24 On Liverpool in the context of broader local government concerns, see G. Stoker, op. cit., pp45, 102 and 135; and (ed.) J. Belchem, Liverpool 800: Culture, Character and History (Liverpool City Council, 2006), pp453–61. For a sympathetic appraisal of Liverpool's position, see M. Parkinson, Liverpool on the Brink (Policy Journals, Hermitage, Berkshire, 1985) and for the militant defence see P. Taafe and A. Mulhearn, Liverpool: A City that Dared to Fight (Fortress Books, London, 1988).
25 G. Stoker, op. cit., pp216–19.
26 From Good Council Guide: Wandsworth, 1982–87 and quoted in J. A. Chandler, Local Government Today (2nd ed., Manchester University Press, 1996), p235.
27 The Guardian, 18 July 1990, quoted in G. Stoker, op. cit., p221.
28 The early story of the poll tax is accurately sketched in Kenneth Baker, The Turbulent Year: My Life in Politics (Faber & Faber, London, 1993), pp111–26.
29 M. Thatcher, op. cit., p645.
1 HMSO, Social Trends, 1992 (London, 1993), Table 1.5.
2 P. Riddell, The Thatcher Government (Blackwell, Oxford, 1985 ed.), p134.
3 J. Campbell, Margaret Thatcher Vol 2: The Iron Lady (Jonathan Cape, London, 2003), p172.
4 Margaret Thatcher, The Downing Street Years (Harper Collins, London, 1993), p607.
5 Charles Webster, ‘The Health Service’ in (eds) D. Kavanagh and A. Seldon, The Thatcher Effect (Oxford University Press, 1989), p171. The NHS share of public expenditure increased from 12 to 15 per cent in the years 1979–96 (The Guardian, 4 November 1996).
6 Ian Kendall and Graham Moon, ‘Health Policy’ in (eds) S. P. Savage and L. Robins, Public Policy under Thatcher (Macmillan, London, 1990), p112.
7 Thatcher, op. cit., p615.
8 Thatcher, op. cit., p607.
9 J. Campbell, op. cit., p552.
10 Interview in The Guardian, 21 January 1995.
11 Interview in The Sunday Times, 26 June 1994.
12 A. McSmith, No Such Thing as Society (Constable, London, 2011), p211.
13 The phrase is Ian Hargreaves's in a review of Simon Jenkins, Accountable to None: The Tory Nationalisation of Britain (Hamish Hamilton, London, 1995). Jenkins's book discusses the paradox of the Thatcher revolution. Pledged to liberate the individual from the burden of the state, it produced a central government exercising greater powers than any before it.
14 John Gray, ‘The reinventing of the NHS’, The Guardian 3 January 1995.
15 Information reported in The Independent, 4 November 1996.
16 QCQ Report in The Independent, 28 June 2012.
17 M. Thatcher, op. cit., p590.
18 The literature on this subject is vast. For a brief selection, see M. J. Wiener, English Culture and the Decline of the Industrial Spirit (Cambridge University Press, 1981); M. Sanderson, Educational Opportunity and Social Change in England (Faber, London, 1987) and (eds) A. P. Summerfield and E. J. Evans, Technical Education and the State (Manchester University Press, 1990).
19 Quoted in Kenneth Baker, The Turbulent Years (Faber & Faber, London, 1993), p161.
20 Malcolm McVicar, ‘Education policy’ in (eds) S. P. Savage and L. Robins, Public Policy under Thatcher (Macmillan, London, 1990), p133.
21 K. Baker, op. cit., p189.
22 M. Thatcher, op cit., pp595–6.
23 K. Baker, op. cit., p206.
24 Means of quantifying attainment in higher education also became fashionable in the later stages of the Thatcher era. See Chapter 11.
25 Researchers reported little change by the second decade of the twenty-first century: ‘Many recent statistical studies have highlighted that social class is the strongest predictor of educational attainment in Britain’, E. Perry and B. Francis, ‘The social class gap for educational achievement’, Royal Society of Arts Journal, December 2010, Vol 100, pp1–21.
26 D. Downes and R. Morgan, ‘“Hostages to fortune?” The politics of law and order in post-war Britain’ in (eds) M. Maguire, R. Morgan and R. Reiner, The Oxford Handbook of Criminology (Clarendon Press, Oxford, 1994), pp183–232. For criminal statistics, see M. Maguire, ibid., pp233–91. On notifiable offences, see (eds) C. Cook and J. Stevenson, Britain since 1945 (Addison Wesley Longman, London, 1996), p140.
27 Stephen P. Savage, ‘A war on crime? Law and order policies in the 1980s’ in (eds) S. P. Savage and L. Robins, Public Policy under Thatcher (Macmillan, London, 1990), pp89–102.
28 R. M. Evans, ‘Situational crime prevention in late twentieth-century Britain – A critique’, B A Dissertation, Dept. of Criminology, University of Hull, 1986, p8.
29 P. Riddell, The Thatcher Government (Blackwell, Oxford, 1985 ed.), pp196–7.
30 On situational crime prevention see R. M. Evans, op. cit. Its protagonist was R. V. G. Clark, ‘Situational crime prevention: Theory and practice’, British Journal of Criminology, 1980, 20(2): 136–147. Patten's advice is quoted in S. P. Savage and L. Robins, Public Policy under Thatcher, (Macmillan, London, 1990), p98.
31 G. Laycock and K. Heal, ‘Crime prevention: The British experience’ in (eds) D. J. Evans and D. T. Herbert, The Geography of Crime (Routledge, London, 1989); M. Maguire, ‘Crime statistics’ in (eds) Morgan, Maguire and Reiner, op. cit., pp251–62.
32 R. M. Evans, op. cit.
33 M. Thatcher, The Downing Street Years (Harper Collins, London, 1993), p143.
34 M. Maguire, loc. cit., p206.
1 Quoted in A. May, Britain and Europe since 1945 (Addison Wesley Longman, Harlow, Seminar Studies, 1999), p103.
2 D. Reynolds, ‘Britain and the world since 1945: Narratives of decline or transformation’, in (ed.) K. Burke, Britain since 1945 (Oxford University Press, Oxford, 2003), pp161–2.
3 Quoted in J. Campbell, Margaret Thatcher Vol 1: The Grocer's Daughter (Jonathan Cape, London, 2000), pp247–8.
4 Reginald Maudling, Memoirs (Sidgwick & Jackson, London, 1978), p225.
5 Hugo Young, One of Us (Pan revised ed., 1990), p557.
6 Hugo Young, op. cit., pp551–2. Extracts from the Bruges speech can be found in M. Thatcher, The Downing Street Years (Harper Collins, London, 1993), pp744–5.
7 Quoted in Kenneth Harris, Thatcher (Weidenfeld & Nicolson, London, 1988), p99. For the Carrington incident, see M. Thatcher, The Downing Street Years (Harper Collins, London, 1993), p86.
8 Hugo Young, One of Us (Macmillan, London, 1989), p121.
9 Margaret Thatcher, The Downing Street Years (Harper Collins, London, 1993), pp60–1.
10 Quoted in Patrick Cosgrave, Thatcher: The First Term (Bodley Head, London, 1985), p86.
11 David Willetts, Modern Conservatism (Penguin Books, London, 1992), pp168–9.
12 Margaret Thatcher, op. cit., p743.
13 Lord Carrington, Reflect on Things Past (Collins, London, 1988), p319.
14 See Roy Jenkins, European Diary, 1977–81 (Collins, London, 1989), pp374–5. For a cool analysis of Britain's relations with the rest of the EU in the 1980s, see G. K. Fry, The Politics of the Thatcher Revolution: an interpretation of British Politics, 1979–90 (Palgrave Macmillan, Basingstoke, 2008), pp211–21.
15 M. Thatcher, op. cit., pp62, 313 and 733.
16 M. Holmes, Thatcherism: Scope and Limits, 1983–87 (Macmillan, London, 1989), p77.
17 Keith Robbins, The Eclipse of a Great Power: Modern Britain, 1870–1992 (2nd. ed., Addison Wesley Longman, Harlow, 1994), pp381–2.
18 John Turner, The Tories and Europe (Manchester University Press, Manchester, 200), p99.
19 M. Thatcher, op. cit., p742.
20 M. Thatcher, op. cit., pp741–6 and 759.
21 M. Thatcher, op. cit., p722.
22 Bruce Arnold, Margaret Thatcher: A Study in Government (Hamish Hamilton, London, 1984), pp200–01.
23 Quoted in Martin Holmes, Thatcherism: Scope and Limits, 1983–87(Macmillan, London, 1989), pp75–6.
24 M. Thatcher, op. cit., p745.
25 S. Glynn and A. Booth, Modern Britain: An Economic and Social History (Routledge, London, 1996), p240.
1 Quoted in R. Aldous, Reagan and Thatcher: The Difficult Relationship (Hutchinson, London, 2012), p10.
2 From a speech made in New York in August 1991. Quoted in Tim Hames, ‘The special relationship’ in (eds) A. Adonis and T. Hames, A Counter-Revolution? The Thatcher-Reagan Decade in Perspective (Manchester University Press, 1994), p114.
3 Quoted in Hugo Young, One of Us (Pan Books, London, 1990 ed.), p396.
4 Margaret Thatcher, The Downing Street Years (Harper Collins, London, 1993), p157.
5 Ronald Reagan, ‘Margaret Thatcher and the revival of the West’, National Review, 19 May 1989. The article is quoted in the Margaret Thatcher Foundation Archive: www.margaretthatcher.org
6 Speech, 29 September 1983, reproduced in Margaret Thatcher Foundation Archive, op. cit.
7 Tim Hames, ‘The special relationship’ in (eds) A. Adonis and Tim Hames, A Counter-Revolution?: The Thatcher-Reagan Decade in Perspective (Manchester University Press, 1994), p128. For Thatcher's account of the negotiations see M. Thatcher, op. cit., pp244–8.
8 Fergus Carr ‘Foreign and defence policy’ in (eds) S. P. Savage and L. P. Robins, Public Policy under Thatcher (Macmillan, London, 1990), p236. See also J. Campbell, Margaret Thatcher, Vol 2 (Jonathan Cape, London, 2003) pp187–9.
9 Quoted in Martin Holmes, Thatcherism: Scope and Limitations, 1983–87 (Macmillan, London, 1989), p80.
10 R. Aldous, op. cit., p177.
11 M. Holmes, op. cit., p85.
12 B. Pimlott, The Queen: A Biography of Elizabeth II (Harper Collins, London, 1996), p497.
13 R. Aldous, op. cit., p147.
14 M. Thatcher, op. cit., p331. For an alternative account of the prime minister's incandescent rage over the Grenada incident, see H. Young, op. cit., pp345–8.
15 The Spectator, 29 October 1983, quoted in Bruce Arnold, Margaret Thatcher: A Study in Power (Hamish Hamilton, London, 1984), p255.
16 M. Thatcher, op. cit., p235 and quoted in Eric Hobsbawm, ‘Falklands fallout’ in (ed.) S. Hall, The Politics of Thatcherism (Lawrence and Wishart, London, 1983), p260.
17 Jim Prior, A Balance of Power (Hamish Hamilton, London, 1986), p148.
18 M. Thatcher, op. cit., p174.
19 Alexander Haig, Caveat, quoted in Peter Jenkins, Mrs. Thatcher's Revolution (Jonathan Cape, London, 1987), p161.
20 Lord Carrington, Reflect on Things Past (Collins, London, 1988), p370.
21 Alan Bennett, Writing Home (Faber & Faber, London, 1994), p123.
22 M. Thatcher, op. cit., pp215–16.
23 David Hooper, Official Secrets: The Use and Abuse of the Act (Secker and Warburg, London, 1987). The specific incident is discussed in Bernard Porter, Plots and Paranoia: A History of Political Espionage in Britain, 1790–1988 (Routledge, London, 1992 ed.), p215. Ponting's own defence is told in his two books The Right to Know (Sphere, London, 1985) and Whitehall: Tragedy and Farce (Sphere, London, 1986).
1 Helmut Kohl's view of Thatcher's diplomatic methods, quoted in The Independent, 5 October 1996.
2 Lord Carrington, Reflect on Things Past (Collins, London, 1988), p290.
3 Hansard, 4 March 1980, cols. 234–41.
4 Speech made at a lunch for Mugabe in No. 10 Downing Street, 19 May 1982. Reproduced in the Margaret Thatcher Foundation Archive, www.margaretthatcher.org.
5 Margaret Thatcher, The Downing Street Years (Harper Collins, London, 1993), p73 and p78.
6 Speech on signing the Joint Declaration on Hong Kong, 19 December 1984 and reproduced in the Thatcher Foundation Archive, www.margaretthatcher.org.
7 For Thatcher's own account of the discussions in 1982 and the 1984 agreement, see M. Thatcher, op. cit., pp259–62 and 487–95. See also, Hugo Young, One of Us (Pan ed., London, 1990), pp397–98 and B. Porter, Britannia's Burden (Arnold, London, 1991), p376.
8 Alan Clark, Diaries (Phoenix Books, London, 1994), p160.
9 Tim Hames, ‘The special relationship’ in (eds) A. Adonis and T. Hames, A Special Relationship? The Thatcher-Reagan Decade in Perspective (Manchester University Press, 1994), pp133–4.
10 George R. Urban, Diplomacy and Disillusion at the Court of Margaret Thatcher (I. B. Tauris, London, 1996), p131.
11 G. R. Urban, op. cit. See also Urban's recollections of a lunch with Thatcher in December 1989. The quotation supports Urban's view that Thatcher held an ‘Alf Garnett version of history’: http://pinkindustry.wordpress.com/the-institute-for-european-defence-and-strategic-studies/george.r.urban
12 Roy Denman, Missed Chances: Britain and Europe in the Twentieth Century (Cassell, London, 1996), p259. Also quoted in A. May, Britain and Europe since 1945 (Seminar Studies in History, Pearson Education, Harlow, 1996), p259.
13 M. Thatcher, op. cit., p791
14 G. Urban, op. cit., p167.
15 Speech at the Winston Churchill Foundation Award Dinner, 29 September 1983, Margaret Thatcher Foundation Archive, ‘Speeches’, www.margaretthatcher.org.
16 M. Thatcher, op. cit., pp454–8 and 808–9.
17 M. Thatcher, op. cit., p779.
18 Remarks at a joint press conference with Jozsef Antall, prime minister of Hungary, 19 September 1990. Reproduced in the Margaret Thatcher Archive, ‘Speeches', www.margaretthatcher.org.
19 Speech to the Czechoslovak Federal Assembly, 18 September 1990. Margaret Thatcher Foundation Archive, www.margaretthatcher.org.
20 M. Thatcher, op. cit., p463; Hugo Young, op. cit., p393.
21 H. Young, op. cit., p514.
22 M. Thatcher, op. cit., pp478–85.
23 R. Crampton, Eastern Europe in the Twentieth Century (Routledge, London, 1994), pp410–15.
1 Margaret Thatcher, The Downing Street Years (Harper Collins, London, 1993), p435.
2 The Westland affair is discussed in detail in Peter Jenkins, Mrs. Thatcher's Revolution (Jonathan Cape, London, 1987), pp185–204, Hugo Young, One of Us (Pan Books, London, 1990), pp435–57 and J. Campbell, Margaret Thatcher Vol 2, The Iron Lady (Jonathan Cape, London, 2003), pp483–98.
3 M. Thatcher, op. cit., p587; J. Campbell, Margaret Thatcher, Vol 2: The Iron Lady (Jonathan Cape, London, 2003), p535.
4 H. Young, One of Us (Pan Books, London, 1990 ed.), pp508–12.
5 Alan Watkins, A Conservative Coup (2nd ed. Duckworth, London, 1992), pp108–23. The contrasting accounts by the protagonists of Lawson's departure can be found in M. Thatcher, op. cit., pp713–18 and N. Lawson, The View from Number 11: Memoirs of a Tory Radical (Corgi ed., London, 1993), pp960–8.
6 As quoted in Nigel Lawson, The View from Number 11: Memoirs of a Tory Radical (Transworld Publishers ed., London, 1992), p470. See also J. Campbell, op. cit., Vol 2, pp447–50.
7 This was the opinion of The Times, 13 June 1987. The quotation, coined during the general election campaign of that year, also appears in J. Campbell, op. cit., Vol 2, p526.
8 T. Bale, The Conservative Party from Thatcher to Cameron (Polity Press, London, 2010), pp24–5.
9 Interview for the television programme, ‘The Fall of Mrs Thatcher’, broadcast on BBC4 on 11 August 2003.
10 M. Thatcher, op. cit., p661.
11 The interview appeared in The Spectator on 13 July 1990.
12 Alan Clark, Diaries (Phoenix books, London, 1993), p341.
13 Howe's speech can be savoured in full in Hansard, vol 180, for 13 November 1990. Extracts are widely quoted in political assessments. See, for example, Alan Watkins, A Conservative Coup (2nd ed., Duckworth, London, 1992), pp152–4.
14 Nigel Lawson, op. cit., p1001.
15 Hansard, 22 November 1990.
16 M. Thatcher, op. cit., p855.
17 (ed.) Sarah Curtis, The Journals of Woodrow Wyatt (2 vols, Macmillan, Basingstoke, 1999), Vol 2, pp397–400.
18 Ingham's views were given in an interview on the television programme ‘Thatcher and the Poll Tax’, broadcast on BBC4 on 11 August 2003.
19 M. Thatcher, op. cit., p860.
1 Alan Watkins, The Observer, 7 April 1991, quoted in Peter Hennessy, The Prime Ministers: The Office and its Holders since 1945 (Penguin Books, London, 2001 ed.), p399.
2 C. Cook and J. Stevenson, The Longman Companion to Britain since 1945 (2nd ed., Pearson Education, Harlow, 2000), p179.
3 Ibid., pp60–2.
4 D. Butler and D. Kavanagh, The British General Election of 1992 (Macmillan, Basingstoke, 1992), p283.
5 Peter Hennessy, op. cit., p454. Thatcher refers to the phrase herself with the comment: ‘It was, unfortunately, the shape of things to come’, Margaret Thatcher, The Downing Street Years (Harper Collins, London, 1993), p861.
6 S. Jenkins, Thatcher and Sons: A Revolution in Three Acts (Allen Lane, London, 2006), pp165–6.
7 The strongest treatment of rail privatisation, by a specialist in the subject, is C. Wolmar, On the Wrong Line: How Ideology and Incompetence Wrecked Britain's Railways (Aurum Press, London, 2005). As the book's subtitle indicates, this is no neutral or dispassionate account.
8 C. Cook and J. Stevenson, op. cit., p177
9 (ed.) K. Burke, The British Isles since 1945 (Oxford University Press, Oxford, 2003), p67.
10 Margaret Thatcher, The Path to Power (Harper Collins, London, 1995), pp474–5.
11 Quoted in John Turner, The Tories and Europe (Manchester University Press, Manchester, 2000), p161.
12 On the Tory travails over Europe in the Major years, see John Turner, op. cit., pp142–80 and A. May, Britain and Europe since 1945 (Addison Wesley Longman, Harlow, Seminar Studies, 1999), pp79–86.
13 John Major, The Autobiography (Harper Collins, London, 2010), p613.
14 Ibid., p351.
15 Ibid., pp644–5.
16 C. Cook and J. Stevenson, op. cit., pp62–3. See also, D. Butler and D.Kavanagh, op. cit.
1 Stuart Hall, ‘New Labour has picked up where Thatcherism left off’, The Guardian, 6 August 2003.
2 Peter Oborne, writing in The Observer, 24 March 2002, p17.
3 For discussion of the impact of the Sheffield ‘rally’, see D. Butler and D. Kavanagh, The British General Election of 2001 (Palgrave, Basingstoke, 2002), pp124–6.
4 Ibid., p269.
5 A. Boulton, Memories of the Blair Administration: Tony's Ten Years (Simon and Schuster, London, 2008), pp144–8.
6 For more on Blair's views and his attitude to power, see S. Jenkins, Thatcher and Sons: A Revolution in Three Acts (Allen Lane, London, 2006), pp221–39.
7 D. Butler and D. Kavanagh, op. cit., pp260–2.
8 For further development of the constitutional issues involved see Michael Foley, The British Presidency (Manchester University Press, 2000) and Peter Hennessy, The Prime Ministers (Penguin Books, London, 2000), pp478–82.
9 Simon Jenkins, The Times, 27 January 1999, quoted in Michael Foley, op. cit., p272.
10 Quoted in Michael Foley, op. cit., p96. Five years after his resignation as prime minister, and at a time when big business and the banks were coming under unprecedented criticism, he was still advising that ‘…you still, in order to win from the Labour perspective, have to have a strong alliance with business as well as the unions’ (interview with the London Evening Standard, reported in The Guardian, 12 July 2012).
11 Michael Foley, op. cit., p91.
12 Minutes, drafted by Bernard Ingham, of a confidential meeting at Chequers, 4 January 1981. Margaret Thatcher Foundation, Thatcher MSS, Churchill Archive Centre, THCR 1/12/8 f3.
13 Hansard (House of Commons) 20 and 22 January 1981, 997/144–50 and 417–22.
14 Margaret Scammell, ‘Media and media management’ in (ed.) A. Seldon, The Blair Effect (Little, Brown and Company, London, 2001), p513.
15 P. Hennessy, op. cit., pp471–2.
16 Michael Foley, op. cit., p97.
17 Christopher Hill, ‘Foreign policy’ in (ed.) A. Seldon, op. cit., p332.
18 Ibid., p341.
19 Michael Foley, op. cit., p99.
20 Robert Taylor, ‘Employment relations policy’ in (ed.) A. Seldon, op. cit., pp256’7.
21 A. Bryson and J. Forth, ‘Trade union membership and influence, 1999–2009’ National Institute of Economic and Social Research Discussion Paper Series No. 362 (September 2010).
22 On New Labour's work in this area, see Howard Glenerster, ‘Social policy’ in (ed.) A. Seldon, op. cit., pp383–403. On the Sure Start project, the most detailed study is N. Eisenstadt, Providing a Sure Start (Policy Press, London, 2011).
23 OECD National Accounts 2011 Index.
24 Polly Curtis ‘Ministers put extra effort into Sure start’, The Guardian, 5 March 2008. See also the obituary of the civil servant Norman Glass, Independent, 19 August 2009.
25 Professor Alan Marsh, ‘Lifted out of the worst poverty’, The Guardian, 5 August 2003.
26 His biography William Pitt the Younger (Harper Perennial, London, 2005) is highly competent and very readable. Several commentators have remarked on what might be called the empathetic imperative. Like himself, Hague's subject made a very early political mark.
27 The commentator was Simon Heffer, writing in the Daily Mail. See also ‘The First 100 Days: William Hague’ BBC News website, 16 March 2006, http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/uk_politics/4745016.stm
28 For more detail on an unedifying contest, see T. Bale, The Conservative Party from Thatcher to Cameron (Polity Press, London, 2012), pp135–44.
29 Ibid., p148.
30 From an article in The Times, 29 October 2003 and reproduced in T. Bale, op. cit., p195.
31 Quoted in T. Bale, op. cit., p315.
32 Quoted in T. Bale, op. cit., p164.
1 Woman's Own, 31 October 1987; cited later in Margaret Thatcher, The Downing Street Years (Harper Collins, London, 1993), p626. See also the discussion in J. Campbell, Margaret Thatcher, Vol 2: The Iron Lady (Jonathan Cape, London, 2003), p530.
2 Margaret Thatcher, op. cit., p627.
3 For further development of this point, see Eric J. Evans, Social Policy, 1830–1914 (Routledge, London, 1978), pp1–18 and 110–36; Eric J. Evans, The Shaping of Modern Britain: Identity, Industry and Empire (Pearson Education, Harlow, 2011), pp248–85. See also Appendix C of the book's associated website: www.pearsoned.co.uk/highereducation/titlesby/evans/ Harold Perkin, The Third Revolution: Political Elites in the Modern World (Routledge, London, 1996), pp70–1.
4 M. Garnett, Principles & Politics in Contemporary Britain (Addison Wesley Longman, London, 1996), p95.
5 D. Marquand, ‘Moralists and hedonists’ in (eds) D. Marquand and A. Seldon, The Ideas that Shaped Post-War Britain (Fontana, London, 1996), pp25–6.
6 Speech to the Conservative Central Council, Harrogate, 15 March 1975 and quoted in J. Campbell, Margaret Thatcher, Vol 1: The Grocer's Daughter (Jonathan Cape, London, 2000), p334.
7 Speech to the Zurich Economic Society, 14 March 1977 and quoted in J. Campbell, op. cit., Vol 1, p384.
8 In an interview on Thames Television, 5 February 1976.
9 See K. Marx, Das Kapital, Vol 1 (1867) Part 8.
10 HMSO, Social Trends (London, 1988).
11 Material compiled from HMSO, Households Below Average Income (London, 1996) and government statistics in Charles Leadbeater, ‘How fat cats rock the boat’, The Independent on Sunday, 3 November 1996.
12 Quoted in J. Campbell, op. cit., Vol 2, pp532–3.
13 ‘The Price of Offshore Revisited’, a survey by James Henry for the pressure group Tax Justice Network in 2012, revealed the scale of tax avoidance internationally and the extent to which this practice exacerbates problems of inequality. It uses evidence from the Bank of International Settlements and the IMF. See www.taxjustice.net. The main findings were reported in The Observer, 22 July 2012.
14 How political parties are funded is a controversial topic, particularly since some of the most generous personal contributors wish either to remain anonymous or to conceal the amounts they have donated. Many large donors also find their way, sometimes perplexingly, into the biannual Honours List. Judging by the formal returns, contributions to Conservative Party funds increased by almost 70 per cent between 1992 and 2011, with particularly significant increases coming from the financial sector. Of the £12.2 million the party received in donations, more than a quarter came from City Hedge Funds, financiers and private equity (‘Tory Party Funding’, Bureau of Investigative Journalism, 2011). See also J. Fisher, ‘Political donations to the Conservative Party’, Parliamentary Affairs, Vol 47 (1994) pp61–72; and ‘Donations to political parties’, Parliamentary Affairs, Vol 50 (1997), pp235–45.
15 An aphorism usually attributed to the US judge Oliver Wendell Holmes giving an opinion in 1927 during a legal dispute between a business enterprise and taxation authorities.
16 House of Commons Library Research Paper, quoted in The Independent on Sunday, 6 October 1996.
17 Howard Glennerster, ‘Social policy’ in (ed.) Anthony Seldon, The Blair Effect: the Blair Government 1997–2001 (Little, Brown and Company, London, 2001), pp383–403.
18 Reported, respectively, in The Independent, 27 April 2012 and The Guardian, 30 January 2012.
19 A. Chakrabortty, ‘You've been bankered', The Guardian, 3 July 2012.
20 An Anatomy of Economic Inequality in the UK, Report of the National Inequality Panel (Crown Copyright, London, January 2010), p403.
21 ibid., pp385–7.
22 Henry Porter, ‘Britons’ common decency can survive corruption at the top’, The Observer, 8 July 2012.
23 William Waldegrave, ‘True Conservatives believe in a strong state’, The Times, 17 July 2012.
24 See from a rapidly burgeoning bibliography: J. Stiglitz, The Price of Inequality: The Avoidable Causes and Hidden Costs of Inequality (Allen Lane, London, 2012), P. Krugman, The Conscience of a Liberal (Penguin ed., London, 2009), End this Depression Now (W W Norton, New York, 2012) and W Hutton, Them and Us: Changing Britain. Why we Need a Fair Society (Little, Brown Book Group, London, 2010).
25 W Hutton, ‘The facts are clear. This cruel austerity experiment has failed’, The Observer, 2 June 2012.
26 V Bogdanor, ‘The Constitution’ in (eds) D. Kavanagh and A. Seldon, The Thatcher Effect (Oxford University Press, Oxford, 1989), p142.
27 Ian Aitken, ‘Civil Service leaks lead to corrosion’, The Guardian, 21 November 1996.
28 Hugo Young, ‘RIP – an inconvenient Civil Service’, The Guardian, 14 November 1996.
29 S. Jenkins, Thatcher and Sons: A Revolution in Three Acts (Allen Lane, London, 2006), p339.
30 A. McSmith, No Such Thing as Society: A History of Britain in the 1980s (Constable, London, 2011), p186.
31 Quoted in J. Campbell, op. cit., Vol 1, p30.
32 ‘London envied as the financial centre of the world’, Daily Telegraph, 10 May 2011.
33 Joseph Rowntree Foundation, Characteristics of the Current Housing Boom (London, 2001).
34 Cited in an article by Maurice Glasman, ‘We need to talk about Keynes’, The Guardian, 9 July 2012.
35 Ha-Joon Chang, ‘It's time to start talking to the City’, The Guardian, 21 February 2012.
36 Will Hutton, ‘Let's end this rotten culture’, The Observer, 1 July 2012.
37 ‘Neo-Liberalism’ is an ambiguous term. It fails to distinguish between ‘political liberalism’ and ‘economic liberalism’. It is used here in its economic sense. It refers to the intellectual position, gaining impetus from the later 1970s, that advocated: free trade between nations; light, if any, government regulation of business and trade; a self-regulating market determined by competition and price; and low government expenditure on social services.
38 ‘Warning of “Spurious” Figures on the value of PFI’ in Financial Times, 5 June 2002.
39 See, for example, articles on the consequences of PFI in Daily Telegraph, 25 June 2012 and The Guardian, 5 July 2012.
40 Ian Edwards, quoted in The Independent, 23 July 2012.
41 Figures derived from the statistical analyses of general elections held in House of Commons Research Papers and also online at www.parliament.uk/documents/lib/research. The papers provide a detailed index.
42 Department of Business, Industry and Skills, Economics Paper No. 7 (2010), p10.
43 BIS Statistical Bulletin, Office for National Statistics, 14 December 2011, p10.
44 Eurostat Data, http://epp.eurostat.ec.europa.eu/statistics, December 2011.
45 BIS Statistical Bulletin, 14 December 2011, p16.
46 Quoted in J. Campbell, op. cit., Vol 2, p219.
1 For a useful analysis both of Britain's economy and its relative performance against other countries since 1945, see R. Middleton, The British Economy since 1945: Engaging with the Debate (Macmillan, Basingstoke, 2000).
2 OECD Economic Outlook Statistics, July 1996.
3 J. Campbell, Margaret Thatcher Vol 2: The Iron Lady (Jonathan Cape, London, 2003), p250.
4 Accounts of privatised utilities recorded with Companies House in 1996 and reported in ‘The power game millionaires’, The Guardian, 15 November 1996.
5 Bernard Porter, ‘Thatcher and history’, The Durham University Journal lxxxvi (1994), pp1–12.
6 Rowan Williams, Faith in the Public Square (Continuum, London, 2012). Quoted in The Observer, 24 June 2012.
7 The Sun, 23 March 2002 and quoted in J. Campbell, op. cit., Vol 2, p800.