A GROWN MAN’S GAME: ROBERT GRIFFIN III IS HUMAN
It’s definitely a grown man’s game,” said Robert Griffin in an interview with ESPN’s Erin Andrews during the Redskins bye-week. “The players are bigger . . . everybody’s got an All-American on their roster.”1
Losses to the Pittsburgh Steelers and Cam Newton’s Carolina Panthers represented Griffin’s toughest and most frustrating games as a professional. The games were both blueprints for future defenses in terms of bottling Griffin’s playmaking ability, and proof of his uncommon poise and leadership, even in the face of adversity.
“Like we talked about at the beginning of the year, the more of a balanced attack you have, the less pressure you put on a quarterback,” said Mike Shanahan before the Pittsburgh game. “You don’t like to throw too much on a quarterback because he hasn’t experienced everything. Robert picks things up very quickly. He’s a threat both in the run and the pass so the defense has to play fairly honest. He learns very quickly. He knows that you can’t win football games if you turn the football over and he has done a great job throughout the preseason and the regular season trying to avoid that.”2
“My goal is to make sure I’m the starting quarterback for this team for a long time . . . and it is pressure,” Griffin told Andrews. “More pressure than I’ve had to deal with in my life. If there’s no pressure on you, you have no opportunity to get a diamond.”3
The line is becoming something of a brand-builder for Griffin, who is now ranking near the top of a list of starting quarterbacks in the National Football League—a list that is, arguably, deeper and more toploaded with quality than it’s ever been. There are truly only a handful of teams that are unhappy with their starters. I ranked each NFL starter (in Week 8) and divided them into tiers below for the purpose of illustrating both the depth of quality competition at the quarterback position and also putting into perspective Griffin’s early success.*
THE HALL OF FAME TIER
Tom Brady, Patriots. Everybody in this tier has won at least one Super Bowl, and Brady is at the top of this list because Brady is the total package. He has Super Bowl wins, mad statistical output, and has piloted one of the steadiest franchises in football for a decade.
Drew Brees, Saints. Brees, like Brady, is an absolute surgeon in the pocket and has the ability to eviscerate any defense that gives him time to throw. The mark of a great quarterback is that he can make average receivers look outstanding, which is all the more apparent when those average receivers go to play in different offenses and then look average again.
Aaron Rodgers, Packers. If you had told Packer fans, “Someone will come along and make you at least momentarily forget about Brett Favre,” they would have been incredulous. If the Packers can find a running game (and maybe even if they don’t), he will be very good for a very long time.
Peyton Manning, Broncos. Manning’s receivers this season are Eric Decker, Brandon Stokely (who’s thirty-seven), and Demaryius Thomas. That said, Peyton Manning is very, very good; and the Broncos absolutely made the right decision when they cut bait on Tebow, a fan and media darling, and brought in a Hall of Famer with fuel left in the tank.
Ben Roethlisberger, Steelers. Some will argue with Roethlisberger’s inclusion in the Hall of Fame tier, but I think he belongs here because (a) he’s won two Super Bowls and (b) he probably does more pure quarterbacking each week than anyone else on this list. By pure quarterbacking, I mean that he’s keeping plays alive with his feet, utilizing the pocket, and making insanely good throws while also managing the game.
THE “NOT QUITE ELITE BUT STILL VERY GOOD” TIER
Eli Manning, Giants. The obvious response to Roethlisberger’s inclusion above is to say, “Eli has also won two Super Bowls, so why isn’t he in the Hall of Fame tier?” It’s a fair question, but while he’s played on great Giants teams and played very well at his position, I’m not convinced that he’s as good as the quarterbacks above him on the list.
Matt Ryan, Falcons. Ryan has all the makings of a “face of the franchise” quarterback. He’s not surly or truculent like Cutler, he makes wise decisions with the football, and he has an elite pair of receivers in Roddy White and Julio Jones to whom to throw the football.
Matthew Stafford, Lions. Stafford has elite arm talent, guts, and above-average charisma; and given the fact that a full half of his team (Suh, Titus Young, et al.) and his coach (Jim Schwartz) are completely out of control and will probably be gone soon, Stafford is doing a more than adequate job of holding the fort and making something out of nothing.
Jay Cutler, Bears. My main issue with ranking Cutler this high is the sneaking feeling that in a year or two, or even by the end of this season, he will have found a way to burn his bridge in Chicago and/or he will have been leapfrogged on this list by both Andrew Luck and Robert Griffin (and maybe Russell Wilson).
THE “OUTSTANDING ROOKIES WITH CRAZY UPSIDE” TIER
Andrew Luck, Colts. Luck looks like Peyton Manning 2.0 in terms of the way he moves in the pocket and reads defenses. He has the arm talent to spin the ball downfield, he’s getting a ton out of a very limited roster, and he’s making the Colts look like geniuses for letting Manning go, even though Manning still had a lot in the tank.
Robert Griffin III, Redskins. Griffin is lighting up defenses with his zone-read planned runs and the subsequent play-action game that is possible as a result of those runs. Alfred Morris has been a revelation in Mike Shanahan’s zone scheme, and the sky seems to be the limit for Griffin, who is scarily accurate and wise with the football for a young player. It’s not a stretch to say that the Redskins may have their most talented quarterback since Sammy Baugh.
THE “NOT QUITE ELITE BUT STILL VERY GOOD” SECOND-TIER
Matt Schaub, Texans. If someone put a gun to your head and said, “You can start a team and you have to pick either Matt Schaub or Jay Culter to play quarterback,” you would probably pick Cutler for his arm and athleticism, but you should probably pick Schaub instead.
Joe Flacco, Ravens. As “Game Managers” go, Flacco is one of the best in the business.
Andy Dalton, Bengals. Dalton’s head coach, Marvin Lewis, shows a preternatural ability to do just enough to not get fired, year in and year out. That said, the acquisition of Dalton and A. J. Green may buy him a few more years.
Philip Rivers, Chargers. Rivers was drafted alongside Eli Manning; and while thought of as elite, and while engaging in some high-profile yap-fests with both Jay Cutler and Peyton Manning, he has failed to even play in a Super Bowl, much less win one.
THE “YOUNG GUYS WITH FRANCHISE-TYPE UPSIDE BUT SIGNIFICANT QUESTION MARKS” TIER
Cam Newton, Panthers. In year two, Cam Newton is learning the hard way what it means to be a star player on a horrible, going-nowhere team. Does Newton have the mental and emotional intelligence to be able to navigate these waters graciously? His megawatt smile made frequent appearances when he was putting up PlayStation numbers last year, but he’s been surly and openly unhappy this year.
Josh Freeman, Bucs. Freeman lost weight this offseason and is subsequently moving much better in the pocket. It doesn’t hurt to have a superfreak rookie at tailback in Doug Martin and a pair of extremely legit and extremely big playmakers at wideout in Vincent Jackson and Mike Williams.
Sam Bradford, Rams. He’s plateaued a bit after a very encouraging rookie campaign, but does Bradford’s plateau have more to do with the fact that he plays for one of the most consistently bad franchises in the NFL over the last ten years?
Jake Locker, Titans. His coach described him as a passing quarterback who can run, and it’s an apt description of the athletic Locker. He seems, more importantly, to have the mental makeup of a solid starter and a franchise leader.
THE “TONY ROMO” TIER
Tony Romo, Cowboys. Tony Romo gets his own tier because he’s no longer a young guy with upside, nor is he necessarily ready to be put out to pasture by the Dallas brass. He’s shown flashes of the old, gunslinging Romo at times, and he’s been awful at times, primarily when he’s trying to do too much with an underachieving team around him.
THE “WE’RE DISSATISFIED BUT NOT QUITE READY TO MAKE A MOVE” TIER
Mark Sanchez, Jets. Sanchez led the Jets to two straight AFC Championship appearances, but that was when he had a better running game (Thomas Jones, anyone?), better receivers (Santonio Holmes, Jerricho Cotchery), and a better defense (a pre-ridiculous, pre-decline Bart Scott) around him.
Alex Smith, 49ers. Smith has had a long and winding career since being the number one overall pick out of Utah. He’s played for several coaches and seems to be playing stable, productive, consistent football under Jim Harbaugh.
THE “WE’VE INVESTED IN YOUNG GUYS WITH UPSIDE WHO HAVEN’T ALWAYS PERFORMED GREAT BUT WE’RE STILL HOPEFUL” TIER
Ryan Tannehill, Dolphins. Tannehill has all the physical tools in the world but is operating with a franchise left tackle who’s having the worst season of his career (Jake Long), an overrated running back (Reggie Bush), and a variety of receivers for whom the “unremarkable” label might be charitable.
Russell Wilson, Seahawks. Sometimes electrifying, sometimes frustrating, always undersized, Wilson wrested the job away from big-dollar free agent Matt Flynn and has held on to it ever since. He’s ranked ahead of Ponder because he’s actually won games on his own.
Christian Ponder, Vikings. It remains to be seen whether Ponder will ever develop into more than a game manager, although being a game manager with Adrian Peterson in your backfield and Percy Harvin on the wing isn’t a bad gig.
Brandon Weeden, Browns. Weeden has had a few good, not great, games for Cleveland, and he’s had some very bad games as well.
THE “FREE AGENCY AND DRAFT CAN’T COME SOON ENOUGH” TIER
Carson Palmer, Raiders. Palmer gets placement at the top of this list because of his past achievement and reputation, but Oakland will probably go in a different direction after another dreadful season.
Blaine Gabbert, Jaguars. Gabbert put up huge numbers in a gimmicky college offense and had great pre-draft workouts. Thus, he was probably overdrafted by a franchise that was desperate to fill seats and sell jerseys, for which they should have just gone ahead and drafted Tim Tebow.
Ryan Fitzpatrick, Bills. The three interesting things about Fitzpatrick are that he went to Harvard, that he has a great beard, and that he beat out Vince Young to hang on to the starting job in the offseason.
Mike Vick, Eagles. When Vick was released from prison, hopes and anticipation ran high. But let’s be honest for a second: Mike Vick was never a great passer; he never developed the ability to read the whole field and consistently carve up defenses with his arm. He also never showed the ability to stay healthy for an entire season. For Vick, 2010 is looking more like a statistical aberration than the norm.
Matt Cassel, Chiefs. Cassel wasn’t a starter at USC; he was Tom Brady’s backup in New England and earned his big contract and starting shot in Kansas City as a result of his relationship with Scott Pioli and a few great games driving the Ferrari Testarossa that is the Patriots offense.
Kevin Kolb and John Skelton and Ryan Lindley, Cardinals. Final Jeopardy answer: Who are three players who have failed to look good even when throwing to Larry Fitzgerald and Michael Floyd?
With the exception of the bottom tier, this is a pretty solid list, with five or six locks for the Hall of Fame and lots of guys who have shown they have the potential to be very good, if not potential Hall of Famers themselves. Even the middle-to-bottom tier has some promise (Tannehill, Weeden) and some big names (Carson Palmer).
It’s a cold, rainy afternoon in Pittsburgh, which is fitting for the occasion and the kind of team Pittsburgh routinely fields—tough, physical, veteran laden, and relatively mistake free. Their objective will be to rein in one of the NFL’s rookie sensations, a point of pride for the Steelers defense and their elite, ageless coordinator Dick LeBeau.
“They love to blitz quarterbacks, period,” said Griffin in the week leading up to the game. “They like to bring a lot of pressure and make it a chaotic game. It’s something that you truly can’t be ready for until you’re out there on the field—definitely watching tape and being ready for their blitzes. If they don’t blitz and decide to drop into coverage, that won’t shock us either because we’ve seen about everything that a team can do. They run that 3-4 defense and that’s similar to the one we run. They’ve had guys that have been in that system for a long time so they know what they’re doing. I look forward to playing them. It’ll be a good chess match.”4
As poised as he’s been on the field, Griffin has become an adept manager of the media in these settings as well. In the same session, he’s asked about what he’s learned from Roethlisberger (not much), if he’s excited about the return of previously released tight end Chris Cooley (yes), worried about not having Pierre Garçon and Fred Davis in the lineup (not really), worried about his off-field commitments encroaching on his football time (no), happy for backup tight end Logan Paulsen’s opportunities (yes), and pressured by the success Roethlisberger achieved as a rookie (no).5 Griffin is quickly and easily learning the art of talking a lot while actually saying very little. It’s not so much what he says, though, as much as how he says it. He’s always positive, always makes eye contact, and rarely sulks (like Newton).
“It’s big. Body language is a big tell-all,” he explained. “For football players, you don’t want to get way too excited after a win and be holly-jolly and then be super down after a loss. You stay even keeled—let guys know you feel like you’re doing the right things as a team and eventually, those wins are going to start coming. You just stay at it. You’re not lackadaisical about it all. You do have a sense of urgency but you’re not panicking.”6
Across the field, Roethlisberger is something of a modern gold-standard for young quarterbacks, winning a division championship in his first year and a Super Bowl in his second. He’s also an example of a quarterback who freelances, keeps plays alive with his feet, leaves the pocket frequently, and also pays a punishing physical price as he’s only started all 16 games in a season once in his career (2008).
The Steelers come out of the locker room sporting a set of horrific, jailhouse-meets-bumblebee 1934 throwback uniforms. The NFL’s alternate-jersey obsession seems to truly know no bounds as it dares to mess with the regular Steeler uniform, one of the simplest and best in pro sports. Defensive coordinator Dick LeBeau is an impressive 14-1 when coaching against rookie quarterbacks, but admitted that the “[meeting] room got silent” when watching RG3 film during the week. Before the game, NBA legend LeBron James Tweeted, “RG III is a monster.”7
“He’s a special talent—not only in terms of what he can do with his arms, but also his legs,” said Steelers coach Mike Tomlin during the week. “I really think they’re doing a nice job of maximizing his talents and putting him in a position to be successful. But bigger than the physical talent, it’s obvious that the stage isn’t too big for him and he’s really representing himself well and appears to be extremely comfortable while executing.”8
The Steelers opened the game with a long, sustained drive against Jim Haslett’s 3-4 defense—the same strategy employed by LeBeau, who is just employing his with much better personnel. The Redskins’ leading sack man coming into the contest is outside linebacker Ryan Kerrigan, who has only 3.5. All told, the drive eats up 12 plays and seven minutes, proving that one way to slow RG3 down is simply to keep him off the field. Washington’s linebackers, including London Fletcher making his 232nd career start, are playing deep—6 to 7 yards off the line of scrimmage—and are getting gashed downhill by big Steelers running back Jonathan Dwyer (nicknamed “The Minivan”). Roethlisberger tosses a short touchdown pass to third-string tight end Leonard Pope, making it look easy.
Robert Griffin leads the NFL in completion percentage coming into the contest, hitting an astonishing 70 percent of his throws, with 7 touchdowns and only 3 picks. On the first series, though, he’s bottled up as the Steelers fill gaps and pursue as well as any team in the league. It’s difficult to run Shanahan’s signature zone-stretch against a good, disciplined 3-4 defense. During the week, at least, Tomlin wouldn’t cop to doing anything special to prepare for Griffin’s option attack, saying, “More than anything, you have to build defenses that are sound—that are capable of standing up and forcing units, are squared away, you know who sets the edge, who turns things back, what is the proper engagement or pursuit angles. We tend to do that with all the defenses. More importantly than trying to figure out how to stop an option-like attack, we knock the dust off our rules and play to them.”9
Since Dick LeBeau took over in 2004, the Steelers are first in the league in sacks with 355, and more importantly are first in points allowed, giving up only 17 per game on average. Still, Griffin leads the Redskins into the red zone in the first quarter, only to see the drive stall on consecutive drops by young receivers Leonard Hankerson and Dezmon Briscoe. It’s a cold, wet day, but they’re both catchable balls and plays that should be made by NFL receivers.
On a fourth and goal in the second quarter, Griffin hits Santana Moss on a drag for the touchdown, but Kai Forbath’s extra point is blocked. Griffin was 5 for 8 on the drive for 57 yards, developing a rhythm for the first time. Perhaps the most interesting play of the game takes place with 4:17 remaining in the second quarter. The Redskins run a reverse pass, with Griffin leaking out of the backfield and running down the left side of the field while wide receiver Joshua Morgan throws across the field. The pass is intended for Griffin, who is flagged for offensive pass interference and then blown up by veteran safety Ryan Clark. It’s a questionable call, and a questionable way to use your newly minted multimillion-dollar franchise quarterback.
After the series he sits dejected and alone on the Redskins sideline.
“It is very frustrating,” Griffin said after the game. “You want to go out, be successful, execute plays and have everything work for you and then . . . you have a day like today when you have almost nothing work for you.”10
The final stats tell part of the story of Pittsburgh’s defensive efficiency. The Redskins only rushed for 86 yards as a team, lost the time of possession battle, and Griffin was held to a meager 8 yards on 6 carries. And he was good, but not great, through the air, going 16-34 for 177 yards and a score. Granted, he didn’t get any help from his receivers who dropped several easily catchable balls; and the Steelers defense was clutch on third down, with the Redskins converting only 3 of 12 third-down opportunities.
“We didn’t want to get too creative,” said Steelers defensive end Brett Keisel after the game. “We just wanted to play the way we know how.” Added linebacker Larry Foote, “He wasn’t running all over the place. The front seven got challenged by Mike [Tomlin] all week and they delivered.”11
What’s telling is that in each of the Redskins’ losses, Griffin has been outplayed by the quarterback across the field. Today Roethlisberger was a cool 24-33 for 222 yards and 3 scores. Against the Rams in Week 2, Griffin had 2 scoring runs and a 68-yard touchdown pass to Leonard Hankerson, but was outplayed by former number one overall pick Sam Bradford, who had 310 yards and 3 touchdowns in the win. It was a costly loss for the Redskins, who lost defensive end Adam Carriker and outside linebacker Brian Orakpo to injuries in the first quarter.
In their home opener in Week 3, the Redskins lost to Andy Dalton and the Cincinnati Bengals as Dalton picked apart a vulnerable Washington secondary, reeling from the loss of Orakpo and his pass rush. Perhaps more than any of the previous games, this one was an illustration of Griffin’s physical vulnerability. He was sacked 3 times by Bengals defensive end Michael Johnson, who abused Washington tackle Jordan Black. In addition to the sacks (6 total), he seemed to take a beating each time he ran, taking an especially wicked shot from linebacker Rey Maualuga after a fourth-quarter scramble. Still, Griffin was effective on the ground, leading the team in rushing with 85 yards on only 12 carries (with a score). But at what long-term cost?
Griffin would face a similar test the following week, against Carolina’s resident Superman, Cam Newton. He insists the comparisons to the athletic Newton don’t bother him, saying, “We are both athletic quarterbacks so him, myself, Mike Vick, Aaron Rodgers, all these guys, and even Jay Cutler went out there and ran a little bit Monday night. Whenever you can move a little bit, you’re going to get those comparisons. I try not to play too much into that or listen to much of that at all.”12
The fact is, Newton was statistically sensational for the 6-10 Panthers in 2011, throwing for over 4,000 yards and scoring an incredible 14 touchdowns on the ground. In a way, Newton dispelled some of the trepidations regarding running quarterbacks, as he was consistent and durable throughout the course of the season.
This season he’s struggled, though, leading a 1-7 team that didn’t make the jump that many expected in Newton’s sophomore campaign. Newton has struggled statistically himself, throwing only one multiple-touchdown game (2 TDs in Week 4 against Atlanta), throwing only 5 TDs versus 8 picks, and seeing tougher run defenses as well. Of greater concern is Newton’s attitude. He’s an emotional player, but many wonder if that emotion isn’t manifesting itself as immaturity in year two. Newton is a player who won a national title at the junior college level and then won another national title at Auburn. It remains to be seen whether he has the mental makeup to deal with adversity.
Before he was drafted, reports surfaced about an “attitude of entitlement.” And a new report, from Yahoo! Sports’ “Shutdown Corner” blog, paints of picture of Newton as almost universally disliked at last year’s Pro Bowl, refusing requests for autographs and “dissing” the godfather of NFL veterans, Ravens linebacker Ray Lewis.13
For his part, Griffin explained that he would rather be compared to Aaron Rodgers—a passing quarterback with mobility—than Newton, still perceived as a “running quarterback.” That, among other things, may have angered the Carolina Panthers who were deemed the Redskins’ “Homecoming” opponent, at least by Gameday magazine.
“I look on [the program] and it says homecoming. And I’m thinking to myself, like, this is the National Football League. Are you serious? Homecoming?” Panthers running back DeAngelo Williams said.
“It was the whole team. That was definitely motivating. I mean, you don’t say you’re gonna have a homecoming in the National Football League. I mean, you do it in college. It’s [against] one of those teams that’s just terrible. You don’t book a good team for homecoming.”14
The Redskins were dressed in their own throwback uniforms—albeit much more tasteful than Pittsburgh’s—a 1937 rendition that featured a helmet laquer meant to look like old leather.
The motivation seemed to work for Williams, whose 30-yard touchdown run was his longest of the season. Even the typically surly Newton—who can usually be found sulking by himself underneath a white towel on the bench—seemed more joyful. Newton’s 82-yard pass to converted Appalachian State quarterback Armanti Edwards was the highlight of an efficient 13 for 23 performance that included an additional 37 yards and a rushing touchdown.
Regarding Newton: There’s something that is, quite frankly, nasty about his demeanor, facial expressions, and celebrations after successful plays. He routinely taunts opposing defenses and crowds, as he did after scoring on a 1-yard plunge in the third quarter after the long pass to Edwards. He pointed derisively at the Washington crowd and then performed his already played Superman touchdown celebration. He did it all with an obnoxious sneer on his face. Newton seems comfortable playing the black-hatted villain role. Perhaps it’s just his personality. He makes Mike Vick seem staid and dignified by comparison. I think this, plus the fact that his team is bad, will keep a pretty low ceiling on Newton’s marketability as an endorser in the future. Simply stated, he’s hard to like, and people want to buy products from people they like.
“It’s like a gun,” Newton once told Jon Gruden. “I’m that. And my ammunition is the criticism that people put into words to describe who I really am. That’s what I use. That’s my fuel to keep getting better and better.”15
On the field, especially as runners, Griffin and Newton both seem extremely relaxed and confident, like great boxers who make their craft look easy. In fact, Fox pregame analyst Jimmy Johnson said of Griffin, “As a rookie, it’s amazing. . . . I haven’t seen anything like this.”16 Johnson has seen a lot of great quarterbacks, including his own Troy Aikman, who struggled mightily as a rookie, completing only 52 percent of his passes and throwing 18 interceptions (against only 9 touchdowns). Indeed, there is genius in both Griffin’s ability and in the way he’s deployed.
Griffin would have 215 passing yards and another 53 on the ground, but was held out of the end zone in both categories. Perhaps the most significant series came with five minutes remaining in the first half, when Carolina’s defense shut down an Alfred Morris run and a swing pass to Brandon Banks, and then perfectly diagnosed and strung out a Robert Griffin run on fourth and goal from the 2-yard line. Carolina’s gap integrity and pursuit nullified Griffin’s great speed to the corner, and the Panthers would end up driving the ball 98 yards (thanks to several personal fouls and interference penalties) for a touchdown of their own.
The most active and impressive rookie on the field may have been Carolina rookie linebacker Luke Kuechly out of Boston College, who was credited with 9 tackles and 6 assists on the game. Kuechly is an undersized, active, block-shedding dynamo who is reminiscent of a more athletic version of former Dolphin great Zach Thomas.
A two-play stretch in the fourth quarter illustrated both Washington’s lack of offensive rhythm and Carolina’s defensive discipline. On successive dropbacks, Griffin was sacked by both Andre Neblett and the emerging Greg Hardy, who came on a twist through the middle of the pocket and sacked Griffin while his eyes were downfield.
After the Redskins loss, head coach Mike Shanahan nearly lost his team for good, saying, “Now you’re playing to see who, obviously, is going to be on your football team for years to come. Now we get a chance to evaluate players and see where we’re at. Obviously we’re not out of it statistically, but now we find out what type of character we’ve got and how guys keep on fighting through the rest of the season.”17
It’s the kind of comment coaches make after their teams are eliminated from playoff contention. I don’t think Shanahan was giving up on the season; rather, I think it was a rare moment of honesty from people (coaches and players) who are usually well-versed in talking without saying anything meaningful. His players weren’t pleased.
Shanahan clarified the comment on Monday (somewhat lamely) in a phone interview with ESPN, but the damage had been done. Could the Redskins recover after the bye-week and win any of their remaining five division games? Would Robert Griffin III hit the rookie wall?
“You have a lot of guys that want to win now, people toward the end of their careers who have been here a long time, haven’t been to the playoffs in a long time,” defensive end Lorenzo Alexander told the Washington Post. “Bein’ 3-6 really [stinks] because right now we’re on the outside looking in. . . . I’m not thinkin’ about next year. That’s an offseason thing for me. But you know it’s hard when you see yourself in that type of position and your head coach is saying those types of things. It’s disappointing.”18
* These rankings appear revised for the postseason in Appendix A on page 165.