¹⁸ ‘Jansenism’ is a term, originally hostile, applied to followers of the Flemish Roman Catholic theologian Cornelius Jansenius (1585–1638), who offered a rigorous restatement of St Augustine’s doctrines on grace and predestination that, to his critics, seemed very close to Calvinism. It has often been noted that in France followers of Augustine’s theology were sympathetic to Descartes: but not all of these were ‘Jansenists’—Malebranche, for instance, was not. Antoine Arnauld is the most obvious example of a Jansenist whose philosophy was Cartesian. See Geneviève Rodis-Lewis, ‘Augustinismeet cartésianisme’, in L’Anthropologie cartésienne (Paris: Presses Universitaires de France, 1995 [1955]), 101–25; Henri Gouhier, Cartésianisme et augustinisme au XVII^e siècle (Paris: Vrin, 1978); Tad M. Schmaltz, ‘What Has Cartesianism To Do With Jansenism?’, Journal of the History of Ideas, 60 (1999), 37–56.