The page numbers in this index refer to the printed version of this book. The link provided will take you to the beginning of that print page. You may need to scroll forward from that location to find the corresponding reference on your e-reader.
Page numbers in italics refer to charts and illustrations.
abortion, conversations on, 163–64, 165–66
active learning, 186–88
addiction:
motivational interviewing as tool for combating, 149
as reinforced by failed arguments against, 146
agreeableness, 81–82
as barrier to rethinking, 83
social harmony vs. cognitive consensus in, 89
see also disagreeable people
Albert, Robert, 80–81
Allen, Grant, 185
amygdala, and attacks on core beliefs, 60
animosity, stereotypes and, 127
Anton, Gabriel, 33–34
Anton’s syndrome, 33–35
Apple, iPhone introduced by, 29–31
approval, desire for, politician mindset and, 18–19, 21, 22, 22, 28, 80, 233
Arbery, Ahmaud, 10
arguments:
prosecutor mindset and, 18, 19, 26, 233
see also debates
Aristotle, 247–48
armchair quarterback syndrome, 37
as barrier to rethinking, 42
impostor syndrome vs., 51
Arnold, Karen, 195
arrogance, 54
humility vs., 45
Ashby, Jeff, 129
Asimov, Isaac, 59
active questioning of, 25
learning to rethink, 18
astrological signs, stereotyping and, 137–39
astronauts, overview effect and, 128–29
attachment, to erroneous ideas, 62
Austin (first grader), 201–2
autism, vaccination mistakenly linked to, 144, 158–59
awestruck effect, 192
Barsade, Sigal, 89
Battier, Shane, 131
Beethoven, Ludwig van, 114–15
beliefs and opinions, 26
attachment to, 62
attacks on, as threats to sense of self, 59–60, 63–64, 127
biases and, see biases
blind spots in, 75
challenges to, as opportunities for rethinking, 74, 75–76
convincing others to rethink, 97–160
counterfactual thinking and, 137–39
debates about, see debates
detaching sense of self from, 12, 62–64, 69–70, 74, 76, 251–52
erroneous, see erroneous thinking
freedom of choice in, 60, 148, 255
Murray’s experiment on, 55–58, 60, 74–75
need for rethinking of, 12, 17, 18, 24, 55–76, 243
overconfidence and, 44
politician mindset in, see politician mindset
preacher mindset in, see preacher mindset
prosecutor mindset in, see prosecutor mindset
as reinforced by failed arguments against, 144–45
scientist mindset in, see scientist mindset
staying true to, 16
Benchley, Robert, 165
best practices, process accountability vs., 216–19, 256
Beugoms, Jean-Pierre, 65–66
election forecasting by, 66–67, 69–71, 70, 71, 72–73
and joy of being wrong, 70, 71–72
scientist mindset of, 66–67
Bhutan, Gross National Happiness index of, 237
biases:
denial of, 25
desirability, 25, 168, 173, 174n
status quo, 194n
Bigombe, Betty, in Uganda peace talks, 155–57, 159
Black Lives Matter movement, 10
Blakely, Sara, 47
blindness, patients’ denial of, 33–35
blind spots, mental, 60
as barrier to rethinking, 35
recognition of, 54
self-awareness and, 48
blirtatiousness, 226–27
Boodman, Eric, 148
Boston Red Sox, Yankees’ rivalry with, 122–24, 126–27, 128, 133–36
brain, reward centers in, 123
Brautigan, Richard, 245n
Breuhaus, Rachel, 111
business, motivational interviewing in, 151–53
career choices, 225–43
as actions vs. identities, 230
author and, 225–26
escalation of commitment in, 229–30
of Ryan Grant, 226–28, 230, 241
identity foreclosure and, 230, 242
overthinking and, 235n
periodic checkups on, 233–35
scientist mindset and, 235
“what do you want to be” question and, 225–26, 230, 231, 232
see also life plans
Cassidy, Chris, 205–7
Cavett, Dick, 143
Central Park bird-watching incident, 181–83
challenge networks, 83–84, 200, 218, 253
corporate cultures and, 86
Pixar’s use of, 83–84
shared values in, 84n
Wright brothers as, 89–90
Challenger space shuttle disaster, 207
change, continuity and, 31
change talk, in motivational interviewing, 152–53
charged conversations, 163–83
complexification in, 165–66, 167–68, 255
idea cults and, 176–77
nuance in, 168, 171, 174, 176, 183
perspective-taking vs. perspective-seeking in, 178
productive vs. unproductive, 179–80, 179, 180
scientist mindset in, 183
Chatman, Jennifer, 89
children, see kids
climate change, beliefs about:
binary bias and, 169
complexity and, 172–73
desirability bias and, 168
media and, 170–73
preacher mindset and, 168
skepticism vs. denial in, 169
climate deniers, 169
Clinton, Hillary, in 2016 election, 69, 71
cognitive ability, emotional intelligence vs., 175–76
cognitive flexibility, see mental flexibility
cognitive laziness, 7–8
as barrier to rethinking, 4
Coleman, Peter T., 163–64, 179
collective rethinking, 11, 161–222, 255–57
Columbia space shuttle disaster, 207, 210–11, 220
Columbia University, 163
commitment, escalation of, 229–30
Committee for Skeptical Inquiry, 169–70
common ground, search for, 104–5, 107, 108–9, 254
common identity, 129
competence:
confidence vs., 33–54, 39, 43, 44, 48–49, 49, 252
humility and, 215n
complexification, 199
caveats and contingencies in, 173–74, 176, 255
in charged conversations, 165–67, 255
media and, 171–73
as signal of credibility, 171, 174
conclusions:
author’s view of, 245–46
in fiction, 245
confidence, 46–48
competence vs., 33–54, 39, 43, 44, 48–49, 49, 252
humility and, see confident humility
ignorance and, 33, 40–41, 42–46, 43, 44
as measure of faith in self, 46–47, 47, 49, 53
see also armchair quarterback syndrome; impostor syndrome
confident humility, 46–48, 47, 49, 52–54, 67, 72n, 112, 116–19, 215, 249
in motivational interviewing, 147, 157
confirmation bias, 25, 28, 29, 174n, 252
conflict:
avoidance of, 81–82
as energizing for disagreeable people, 82, 84
in families, 80–81
in low-performing vs. high-performing groups, 78–80, 79
see also relationship conflict; task conflict
conformity, group polarization and, 127–28
confusion, in learning process, 199, 255, 256
constructive conflict, 77–93, 253
continuity, change and, 31
Cooper, Christian, 181–82
core values, 55–56
coronavirus pandemic, 248, 249
rethinking assumptions in, 9–10
Costanza, George (char.), 68, 118
counterfactual thinking:
beliefs and, 137–39
destabilizing stereotypes with, 134–40
Coutifaris, Constantinos, 213
craft, mastery of, 198
Crane, Frasier (char.), 55
crises, reversion to learned responses in, 5–7
criticism, reception to, 87n
Csikszentmihalyi, Mihaly, 27
Cuomo, Andrew, 249
curiosity, 27–28, 59, 67, 92, 102, 105, 106, 115, 117, 137, 140, 145, 147, 156–59, 165, 174, 180, 188, 197, 199, 200, 203, 211, 214, 221, 251, 255
in motivational interviewing, 147, 157
Dalio, Ray, 63
Darwin, Charles, 33
Davis, Daryl, in encounters with white supremacists, 121–22, 139–41, 151
Davis, Murray, 59
Dear Penn Freshmen (website), 197
debates, 97–119
adversarial approach to, 102–3, 107
brick walls in, 116
confident humility in, 116–17
curiosity in, 117
disagreements reframed as, 91–92
focusing on key points in, 109–11, 254
as negotiations, 104
nuance in, 117
politician mindset, 107–8
preacher mindset, 110
prosecutor mindset, 110
question-based approach in, 112–13
responses to hostility in, 113–16
scientist mindset in, 102–6, 107, 108–9
search for common ground in, 107, 108–9, 254
defend-attack spirals, 105, 109
deniers, skeptics vs., 169
desirability bias, 25, 28, 29, 71, 168, 173, 174n
detachment:
of opinions from identity, 62, 69–70, 76
of past from present sense of self, 62–63, 69, 76, 251
Difficult Conversations Lab, 163–64, 179
disagreeable people:
conflict as energizing for, 82, 84
as good critics, 86–87
task conflict encouraged by, 90
see also pirates
discovery, joy of, 69, 188, 198, 203
Disney, 85
Doctorow, E. L., 242
Dodge, Wagner, 1–2, 5–6, 8, 11
doubt, 4, 28, 30–31, 45, 65, 67, 92, 165, 208, 211, 221, 234, 243, 250
benefits of, 47–49, 52, 54, 80, 250
debilitating effect of, 46–47, 52–53
in rethinking cycles, 27, 45, 67, 83, 92, 112–13, 137, 140, 147, 158, 165, 171, 187, 188, 208, 234, 261
see also confident humility; self-doubt
drafts and revisions, in learning process, 199–203, 256
Duke University, UNC rivalry with, 131
dumbstruck effect, 192
Dunning, David, 38, 40, 44, 158
Dunning-Kruger effect, 38–39, 40–41, 42n, 43, 52, 53, 252
Durant, Kevin, 124n
Dutton, Jane, 242
Earth, as seen from space, 128–29
education:
entrenched beliefs in, 17
teaching students to question knowledge, 185–203
see also learning; teachers, teaching
Einstein, Albert, 22
elections, U.S., of 2016, 66–67, 69–71, 70, 71, 164
EL Education, 201–2
emotional intelligence:
cognitive ability vs., 175–76
overestimating, 42
emotions, 24, 59, 63, 69, 75, 78
binary bias in, 180
in charged conversations, 179–83, 179, 255
mixed, 180–81
as works in progress, 180, 255
England, career choices in, 233n
entrepreneurship:
decisiveness as overvalued in, 21–22
scientist mindset and, 20–22, 21, 251
erroneous thinking, 55–76
attachment to, 62
echo chambers and filter bubbles in, 61, 164, 252
joy of acknowledging, 61–62, 65–66, 69, 70, 71–72, 89, 252
escalation of commitment, 229–30
Étienne-Rousseau, Marie-Hélène, 143, 145, 147–48, 155, 158–59
Étienne-Rousseau, Tobie, 143, 145, 147–48, 155
Eversley, Karina, 206
excellence, ethic of, 198, 200
experience, expertise vs., 43–44
experience machine, 194
expertise, experience vs., 43–44
experts, questioning judgment of, 18
Facebook, precursor to, 8
fallibility, acceptance of, 59
Feynman, Richard, 59
fiction, conclusion in, 245
fight-or-flight response, 60
Floyd, George, 10
forecasting, accuracy of, 65–73
forecasting tournaments, 65, 73
Forster, E. M., 158
Fragale, Alison, 131
Gagneur, Arnaud, 148–49, 155, 158–59
Gates, Bill, 212
Gates, Melinda, 212
Mean Reviews video and, 214–15
Gates Foundation, 208
Mean Reviews video at, 214–15
psychological safety at, 212–13, 214–15
Give and Take (Grant), 62n
givers, success rate of, 61, 62n
Goldman, Emma, 245
Goleman, Daniel, 175
Good Judgment, 65
Goodwin, Doris Kearns, 121
Google, 209
Graf, Steffi, 124n
Graham, Paul, 114
Grant, Adam (author):
agreeableness trait of, 81–82, 89
approach to debate, 103–4, 113–15
career choices and, 225–26
challenge network of, 86–87
complexifying conversations, 174–77
family background of, 226
and joy of being wrong, 62, 89
motivational interviewing and, 151–53
online social network and, 8–9
questioning stereotypes, 137–38
as teacher, 195–98
Grant, Ryan, medical career of, 226–28, 230, 241–42
Great Depression, 249
greatness, of composers, 114–15
Grindle, Nicole, 88–89
grit, 229–30
group polarization:
conformity and, 128
stereotypes and, 127–28
groups:
contact between, 139
stereotypes and, 139
gun control, 164
cognitive laziness and, 7–8
Handey, Jack, 225
Hansen, Michele, 117–18
happiness, pursuit of, 237–38
environment and, 238–40
Holocaust deniers, 189–90
Holocaust survivors, 130, 132, 189–90
hostility, responses to, 113–16
hot dog sandwich survey, 125, 125
humility, 27, 45–48, 52–54, 106, 112, 117, 119, 137, 147, 157–58, 165, 200, 214–15, 221, 234, 243, 249–50, 256
competence and, 215n
as groundedness, 46–48
intellectual, see intellectual humility
self-doubt vs., 46
see also confident humility
hypotheses, testing of, 20, 21, 23
Ibarra, Herminia, 235
IBM, Project Debater of, 97–102, 107–10
Iceland, 2008 financial crisis in, 35–36
idea cults, 176–77
identity, see self, sense of
identity foreclosure, 230, 232–33, 234, 242
ideology, see beliefs
ignorance, confidence and, 33, 40–41, 42–46, 43, 44
Ig™ Nobel Prize, 38
impostor syndrome, 36, 37–38, 49–51
armchair quarterback syndrome vs., 51
gender and, 51n
in high achievers, 50
possible benefits of, 50–54
Inconvenient Truth, An (film), 167
Incredibles, The (film), 83, 84, 87–88
influencing, defense mechanisms against, 154–55, 154
influencing, listening and, 155–60
information, see knowledge
integrity, passion as sign of, 179
intellectual humility, 27–28, 31, 45–48, 52–54, 62, 102, 106, 112, 117, 119, 137, 147, 157–58, 165, 187, 200, 203, 214–15, 221, 249–50, 253
arrogance vs., 45
International Space Station, 205–7
internet:
misinformation on, 164
simplification and, 171
interpersonal rethinking, 10–11, 95–160, 253–55
interviewing, motivational, see motivational interviewing
iPhone, 23
Jobs’s resistance to, 29–31
iPod, 30
IQ scores:
emotional intelligence and, 175
mental flexibility vs., 24–27
stereotyping and, 24–25
Israel-Palestine conflict, 131
stereotyping in, 130
Jeff (biotech CEO), 151–53, 155
Jehn, Karen “Etty,” 78
Jimmy Kimmel Live! (TV show), 214
Jobs, Steve, iPhone resisted by, 29–31
Johnson Space Center, 221
joy of being wrong, 61–62, 65–66, 69, 70, 71–72, 89, 252
judging, of self vs. work, 201
Kahneman, Daniel:
and joy of being wrong, 61–62
scientist mindset of, 62
Kelemen, Deborah, 188–89
Kelly, George, 127
Kendi, Ibram X., 182
kids:
encouraging rethinking by, 256; see also teachers, teaching
“what do you want to be” question and, 225–26, 230, 231, 232
knowledge:
exponential expansion of, 17
oral transmission of, 247
overconfidence and, 92–93
of what we don’t know, see intellectual humility
Knowlton, Karren, 130–31
Kolbert, Elizabeth, 60
Kony, Joseph, 157
Bigombe’s meetings with, 155–56
Kreider, Tim, 97
Krumrei Mancuso, Elizabeth, 52
Ku Klux Klan, 121–22, 139–41, 151
Kundro, Tim, 126, 129–30, 131, 133
Lazaridis, Mike, 31
in failure to rethink marketplace, 23–24
as victim of overconfidence cycle, 29
leaders, rethinking by, 248–50
learning:
capacity for, confidence in, 48, 252
challenge networks in, 200
inquiry-based, see active learning
scientist mindset in, 186
textbooks and, 185–87
see also lifelong learning
learning cultures:
“how do you know” questions in, 211–12
in organizations, 205–22, 256–57
performance cultures vs., 209
psychological safety in, 209, 212–13, 214–15, 256
rethinking in, 207–8
rethinking scorecards in, 218–19, 218, 257
lectures, active learning vs., 190–93, 196
Lewis, Jerry Lee, 121
lifelong learning, 11, 54, 251, 253
charged conversations in, 163–83
focus on results as obstacle to, 217
teachers and, 185–203
at workplace, 205–22
life plans, 225–43
identity foreclosure and, 232–33
periodic checkups on, 235–37, 257
tunnel vision and, 228–29
see also career choices
listening, 143–59
as expression of respect and care, 159–60
influencing and, 155–60
in motivational interviewing, 153
persuasive, 253
reflective, 147
listening circles, 157–58
logic, faulty, prosecutor mindset, 102, 104
Lord’s Resistance Army, 155, 156n, 157
Lyne, Andrew, 73
McCann, Lauren, 196–97
McCarthy, Erin, 185–87, 189–90, 203
Maclean, Norman, 5
managers:
feedback and, 213–14
outmoded assumptions as factor in, 11–12
mastery, 198
Matrix, The (film), 194
meaning, pursuit of, happiness vs., 238, 240–41
Mean Reviews videos, 214–15
“Mean Tweets,” 214
measles, 148
mortality rate of, 144
resurgence of, 143–44
media:
climate change and, 170–73
complexification and, 171–73
medical errors, psychological safety and, 208–9
mental flexibility, 2–3, 8, 9–10, 251
IQ scores vs., 24–27
rethinking and, see rethinking
scientist mindset and, 27
Mercz, Ursula, 33–34
Michigan, University of, 132
Mill, John Stuart, 241
Miller, Bill, 146, 152, 153, 154, 156
misfits, see disagreeable people; pirates
Mitchell, Edgar, 128
Morrell, Kjirste, forecasting skill of, 68–69
motivation:
ineffective approaches in, 150
pay and, 114
motivational interviewing, 146–51
in business, 151–53
confident humility in, 147
in everyday life, 149–51
freedom of choice in, 148, 255
listening in, 153
open-ended questions in, 147, 148, 156
resisting righting reflex in, 156
summarizing in, 153
sustain talk vs. change talk in, 152–53
as tool for changing behavior, 148
Moyers, Theresa, 152
Mozart, Wolfgang Amadeus, 114–15
Murphy, Kate, 156
Murray, Henry:
beliefs experiment of, 55–57, 60, 74–75
spy assessment test of, 56
emerging learning culture at, 221
lack of psychological safety at, 210–11
overconfidence cycles at, 208
and Parmitano’s spacesuit malfunction, 205–7, 211
performance culture at, 207–8, 210–11, 216–17
rethinking failures at, 207–8, 217, 222
space shuttle disasters of, 207, 210–11, 220
Natarajan, Harish:
debate championships of, 97
question-based approach of, 112
in school subsidy debate, 97–103, 106–10, 112
negotiations, 106
adversarial approach vs. search for common ground in, 104–5
asking questions in, 105–6
debates as, 104
focusing on key points in, 105
humility and curiosity in, 105–6
networks, challenge, see challenge networks
New York Times, 248–49
New York Yankees, Red Sox rivalry with, 122–24, 126–27, 127, 128, 133–36
Nomad Health, 241
North Carolina, University of, Duke rivalry with, 131
Nozick, Robert, 194–95
nuance, 117, 168, 171, 174, 176, 183
Obama, Michelle, 230
and Columbia space shuttle disaster, 210–11
Oddsson, Davíð:
in campaign for Iceland’s presidency, 37, 41, 54
career of, 41
and 2008 financial crisis, 36–37, 45
Office, The (TV show), 117–18
Office of Strategic Services, 56
Ohio State University, 132–33
open systems, 241
identities as, 243
opinions, see beliefs and opinions
Originals (Grant), 116
overconfidence, 92–93
overconfidence cycles, 28–29, 28, 61, 165, 188, 189, 208, 233, 252
overthinking, 235n
overview effect, in astronauts, 128–29
Parmitano, Luca, in spacesuit malfunction, 205–7, 211
passion, as sign of integrity, 178
passion talks, 198
pay, motivation and, 114
perfectionists, rethinking as difficult for, 195–96
performance cultures, 207–8, 221
best practices and, 216–17
learning cultures vs., 209
persuasion, beliefs as reinforced by failed attempts at, 144–45, 146
persuasive listening, 253
Peterson, Jordan, 175
pirates (misfits), 83, 84–85, 88–89
Pixar, 82–83
Planck, Max, 247
Plutarch, 132
polarization, political, 164
polarizing issues, conversations on, see charged conversations
police brutality, rethinking assumptions about, 10
politician mindset, 233, 248, 260
in collective rethinking, 163, 169, 183
in individual rethinking, 18–19, 21, 22, 22, 25, 27, 28, 29, 53, 62, 80, 85–86, 88
in interpersonal rethinking, 107, 108, 145, 156
preacher mindset, 233, 248, 251
in collective rethinking, 165, 167, 169, 175, 177, 183, 192, 200, 216
in individual rethinking, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 22, 25, 27, 28, 29, 39, 60, 62, 76, 80, 91, 92
in interpersonal rethinking, 102, 104, 107, 108, 110, 111, 117n, 119, 124, 127, 132, 141, 144, 145, 146, 155, 156, 157
Prectet, Debra Jo, see Project Debater
prejudice, 121–41
conversation as antidote to, 140–41
see also rivalries; stereotypes
preschool subsidies, debate on, 97–102, 106–10, 112
presidents, U.S., intellectual curiosity and, 27
process accountability, best practices vs., 216–19, 256
Project Debater, in school subsidy debate, 97–102, 107–10, 112
proof, as enemy of progress, 219
prosecutor mindset, 230, 233, 248, 251
in collective rethinking, 165, 167, 169, 175, 177, 183, 192, 200
in individual rethinking, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 22, 25, 26, 27, 28, 29, 39, 53, 60, 62, 76, 80, 91, 92
in interpersonal rethinking, 102, 104, 107, 108, 110, 111, 113, 119, 124, 127, 132, 141, 145, 146, 155, 156, 157
psychological safety, 208–9, 210, 256
author’s experiments on, 212–13
at Gates Foundation, 212–13, 214–15
“how do you know” question and, 211–12
as lacking at NASA, 210–11
medical errors and, 208–9
process accountability and, 217–18
Quakers, clearness committees and, 156n
question-based approach:
in debates, 112–13
encouraging rethinking through, 253–54
in scientist mindset, 25–26
questions:
as encouraged by self-doubt, 53–54
“how do you know,” 211–12
“how” vs. “why,” 254
skilled negotiators’ use of, 105–6
“what do you want to be,” 225–26, 230, 231, 232
racial injustice, rethinking assumptions about, 10
racism, 10, 121–22, 139–41, 181–83
Rawls, John, 178
reasoning, flawed:
prosecutor mindset, 21, 22, 22, 60, 76, 80, 91, 92
reflective listening, 147
relationship conflict, 78–80, 79
as barrier to rethinking, 80
relationships, rethinking in, 236–37
rethinking, 3–4
encouraging others to adopt, see interpersonal rethinking
in individuals, see individual rethinking
in lifelong learning, see collective rethinking
making time for, 257
as mindset, 16
negative responses to, 30
process of, 246–50
see also unlearning
rethinking cycle, 27, 28, 28, 45, 67, 83, 92, 112–13, 137, 140, 147, 158, 165, 171, 187, 188, 208, 234, 261
rethinking scorecards, 218–19, 218, 257
revisions and drafts, in learning process, 199–203, 256
righting reflex, 156
rituals, sports rivalries as, 133
rivalries:
animosity in, 124–25
in business, 124
group polarization in, 128
humanizing the other side in, 130–31
in sports, see sports rivalries
see also prejudice; stereotypes
Rock, Chris, 230
Rollnick, Stephen, 146, 152, 153, 154, 156
Roosevelt, Franklin D., trial-and-error method of, 248–50
Sandler, Adam, 238–39
Saturday Night Live (TV show), 238–39
Schulz, Kathryn, 67
science:
peer-review process in, 86
unlearning in, 188–90
scientific method, 20, 199, 247–48
skepticism in, 169–70
“scientist,” coining of term, 247
scientist mindset, 23, 53, 62, 66–67, 74, 76, 92, 93, 116, 145, 186, 249–50
as actively questioning beliefs and assumptions, 25–26
author’s adoption of, 26–27
career change and, 235
caveats and contingencies in, 173–74, 176, 255
in charged conversations, 183
and consistent narrative vs. accurate record, 174–75
in debates, 102–6
entrepreneurs and, 20–22, 21, 251
humility as characteristic of, 28
rethinking as central to, 19–20, 247–48, 251
Scotland, career choices in, 233n
Scott, Michael (char.), 118
second opinions, 18
Seinfeld, Jerry, 133
Seles, Monica, 124n
commonality in, 129
detaching beliefs and opinions from, 62, 63–64, 69–70, 76, 251–52
identity foreclosure and, 230
as open system, 243
present vs. past, 62–63, 69, 76, 251
rethinking as challenge to, 4, 7, 42
tribes and, 125–26
self-deprecation:
gender and, 72n
self-confidence and, 72
self-doubt:
asking questions as encouraged by, 53–54
humility vs., 46
see also impostor syndrome
self-esteem, evolution of, 241
Seneca, 35
sexism, 10
Shandell, Marissa, 234–35
Shaw, George Bernard, 15
Silver, Nate, 66
simplification:
internet and, 171
media and, 171
resistance to, see complexification
skepticism, in scientific method, 169–70
skeptics, deniers vs., 169
smartphone revolution, 16, 22, 23, 31
Smith, Will, 73
social networks, polarizing issues and, 164–65
space, Earth as seen from, 128–29
sports, stock market influence of, 126
sports rivalries, 122–28
author’s experiments on, 131–32, 133–36
group polarization in, 128
as rituals, 133
stereotyping in, 127
status quo bias, 194n
stereotypes, 121–41
animosity and, 127
as barrier to rethinking, 124
conversation as antidote to, 140–41
group polarization and, 127–28
groups and, 139
of groups vs. individuals, 131
intergroup contact and, 139
in Israel-Palestine conflict, 130
rethinking timeline for, 135
shaky foundations of, 139
in sports rivalries, 127
tribes and, 136n
stereotypes, arbitrariness of, 133–34
counterfactual thinking as destabilizing, 134–40
stereotyping, IQ scores and, 24–25
stock market, influence of sports matches on, 126
Storm King Mountain wildfire, 6–7
stress:
learned responses to, 5–7
Murray’s experiment on, 55–58, 60, 74
Strohminger, Nina, 40n
summarizing, in motivational interviewing, 153
disagreeable people and, 83, 84
as encouraged by disagreeable people, 90
encouragement of, 88
politician mindset and, 85–86
relationship conflict and, 90, 91–93
rethinking as fostered by, 80, 253
Taylor, Breonna, 10
teachers, teaching:
Berger as, 198–203
Grant as, 195–98
lecturing vs. active learning in, 190–93, 196
lifelong learning and, 185–203
McCarthy as, 185–87, 189–90, 203
Nozick as, 194–95
textbooks and, 185–87
unlearning and, 188–90
technology, exponential expansion of, 17
teenagers, see kids
test-taking, rethinking and, 3–4
textbooks, 185–87
Theseus paradox, 132–33
Time, 36–37
Tómasdóttir, Halla, 35–36
in campaign for Iceland’s presidency, 36, 49, 53–54
impostor syndrome and, 36, 38, 49, 52–54
totalitarian ego, 59–61, 73, 74
Toy Story (film), 82
tribes:
identity and, 126
stereotyping and, 136n
Trump, Donald, in 2016 election, 66–67, 69–71, 70, 71
tunnel vision, 235n
life choices and, 228–29
Tussing, Danielle, 52
2008 financial crisis, 35–36, 45
Uganda, civil strife in, 155–57, 159
uncertainty, 53
in stress situations, 5–7
see also rethinking
Urban, Tim, 45
autism mistakenly linked to, 144, 158–59
unfounded fear of, 143–44
vaccine whisperers, 145–49, 158–59
Voldemort (char.), 146–47
Vonnegut, Kurt, 205
Wales, career choices in, 233n
Walker, Candice, 242–43
Weick, Karl, 7
Wharton School, 9
Mean Reviews video at, 214
“what do you want to be” question, 225–26, 230, 231, 232
WhatsApp, 24
white supremacists, Davis’s encounters with, 121–22, 139–41, 151
Whitman, Walt, 165
Wilde, Oscar, 77
wildfires, firefighters’ behavior in, 1–2, 5–7
workplace:
best practices in, 216–17
grades as poor predictor of performance in, 195
learning cultures at, 205–22
psychological safety and, see psychological safety
World War II, 56
Wright, Katharine, 91
Wright, Wilbur and Orville, 77, 81
as built-in challenge network, 89–90
in conflict over propeller, 91–93
Wrzesniewski, Amy, 242
X (company), 86
Young Men and Fire (Maclean), 5
Zuckerberg, Mark, 8