NOTES

INTRODUCTION

1. Please know, I am fully aware of the problematic nature of using the term “America” when referring to the United States. I am cognizant of the argument, made especially by many of my Latino and Latina brothers and sisters, to the effect that doing so amounts to appropriating to one nation the principal name of an entire continent, encompassing many nations. The Americas are more than us, in other words, and it is understandable that using the term for the U.S. alone could strike some as an act of linguistic colonialism. That said, I use the term America often throughout this book when discussing the United States, for the following reasons. First, however much I agree with the critique of its use, the term “America” as a signifier is recognizable to most readers, and as a writer, connecting to readers is the most important task—and specifically, to readers who may not be versed in post-colonial, critical race theory. Second, to substitute “United States” for “America” each time the latter is used—as opposed to alternating between them as I do here—would become incredibly unwieldy. It might mean using “United States” twice in the same sentence clause, for instance. However ideologically preferable such a move might be for some, junking up a narrative with repetitive formal nouns of any kind so as to make a larger philosophical point (which will likely be lost on most readers anyway) is a conceit I won’t indulge simply to remain ideologically pure and sufficiently leftist in the eyes of some. So too, using “USAmericans” when referring to people in the United States (though I’ve used it in previous essays) can be ridiculously confusing, and “United States-ians,” which I’ve heard in some circles is even more absurd. Fact is, persons in other nations within the Americas have never called themselves “Americans,” so it’s not as if we in the U.S. have stolen the term from others who were actually using it. As such, referring to persons in the United States as Americans is accurate (however non-exclusively accurate it quite obviously is) and entirely appropriate, or so it seems to me. In the end, reaching the uninitiated in a language they actually speak, rather than the one we might prefer they knew, is more important than displaying radical linguistic credibility to the already existing left.

2. Michelle Higgins, “Buy Condo, Then Add Parking Spot for $1 Million,” http://www.nytimes.com/2014/09/10/realestate/million-dollar-parking-spot.html?hp&action=click&pgtype=Homepage&version=HpSum&module=second-column-region&region=top-news&WT.nav=top-news&_r=0 New York Times (September 9, 2014).

3. Chloe Albanesius, “New ‘Facebook for Rich People’ Costs Just $9,000 to Join,” http://www.pcmag.com/article2/0,2817,2468652,00.asp PC Magazine (September 16, 2014).

4. Ben Yakas, “Brunch Hate Reads: NYC Kids Choose Multi-Million Dollar Apartments For Their Parents,” http://gothamist.com/2015/03/20/ny_times_definitely_wants_to_spark_class_warfare.php, Gothamist (March 20, 2015).

5. Ben Yakas, “The Struggle Is Real: 22-Yr-Old Settles For $3700/Month Apartment,” http://gothamist.com/2014/10/19/the_struggle_is_real_22-yr-old_sett.php, Gothamist (October 19, 2014).

6. Melissa Korn, “Forget the Old College Try, Ring the Concierge,” http://online.wsj.com/news/articles/SB10001424127887323452204578290183202447320?mod=WSJ_article_comments&mg=reno64-wsj&url=http%3A%2F%2Fonline.wsj.com%2Farticle%2FSB10001424127887323452204578290183202447320.html%3Fmod%3DWSJ_article_comments The Wall Street Journal (March 5, 2013).

7. Bryce Covert, “New York City Pantries Ran Out Of Food After Food Stamps Were Cut,” http://thinkprogress.org/economy/2014/01/23/3195501/york-city-food-pantries-food-stamps/ Think Progress (January 23, 2014).

8. Kate Briquelet, “City OKs UWS development with ‘poor door’ for residents,” http://nypost.com/2014/07/20/city-oks-uws-development-with-poor-door-for-residents/ New York Post (July 20, 2014).

9. Ronda Kaysen, “What’s Next, a Bouncer?” http://www.nytimes.com/2014/05/18/realestate/rent-regulated-tenants-excluded-from-amenities.html?_r=0 New York Times (May 16, 2014).

10. Kate Briquelet, “Luxury building fences off low-rent tenants’ terraces,” http://nypost.com/2014/12/07/luxury-bulding-fences-off-rent-stabilized-tenants-terraces/ New York Post (December 10, 2014).

11. Heather Knight, “Income inequality on par with developing nations,” http://www.sfgate.com/bayarea/article/Income-inequality-on-par-with-developing-nations-5486434.php San Francisco Chronicle (June 25, 2014).

12. “Most Income Inequality: U.S. Cities,” Bloomberg.com, http://www.bloomberg.com/visual-data/best-and-worst/most-income-inequality-us-cities.

13. http://media.nola.com/politics/photo/11315388-large.jpg

14. Jarvis DeBerry, “Photo of boy in public housing with an iPad prompts debate over what the poor should have,” New Orleans Times-Picayune (July 22, 2012), http://www.nola.com/opinions/index.ssf/2012/07/photo_of_boy_in_the_projects_w.html

15. Robert Tracinski, “An Unnatural Disaster: A Hurricane Exposes the Man-Made Disaster of the Welfare State,” The Intellectual Activist (An Objectivist Review) (September 2, 2005).

16. U.S. Census Bureau, American FactFinder, 2004, (New Orleans city, Louisiana — Selected Economic Characteristics: 2004, Data Set: 2004) American Community Survey.

17. U.S. Census Bureau, American FactFinder, 2004, (New Orleans city, Louisiana — Selected Economic Characteristics: 2004, Data Set: 2004), American Community Survey

18. U.S. Census Bureau, American FactFinder, 2004, (New Orleans city, Louisiana — Selected Economic Characteristics: 2004, Data Set: 2004), American Community Survey.

19. U.S. Bureau of the Census, Census 2000 Sample Characteristics (SF3), compiled by the Greater New Orleans Community Data Center, www.gnocdc.org.

20. http://gnocdc.org/NeighborhoodData/4/IbervilleDevelopment/index.html

21. http://media.nola.com/politics/photo/graphic-iberville-070411jpg-038076f8c-426ba49.jpg

22. “Budget of the United States Government,” Historical Tables, Fiscal Year 2015, http://www.whitehouse.gov/sites/default/files/omb/budget/fy2015/assets/hist01z1.xls.

23. Thomas Frank, “Right-wing obstruction could have been fought: An ineffective and gutless presidency’s legacy is failure,” http://www.salon.com/2014/07/20/right_wing_obstruction_could_have_been_fought_an_ineffective_and_gutless_presi-dencys_legacy_is_failure/ Salon (July 20, 2014).

24. Bill Curry, “GOP’s new moral monstrosity: Trickle-down lies enrich the 1 percent, as wing-nuts assert control,” http://www.salon.com/2015/03/22/gops_new_moral_monstrosity_trickle_down_lies_enrich_the_1_percent_as_wing_nuts_assert_control/ Salon (March 22, 2015).

25. I have deliberately chosen to refer to the economic “elite” as an “economic minority” throughout the book, rather than using the term elite, principally because of what each concept connotes. Too often, we use the term “elite” not merely to denote financial status, but also quality, moral value and talent (think “elite” cheer-leading squads, youth soccer teams, military units, limousine services, etc). As such, to refer to the wealthiest and most powerful one percent or 0.1 percent as “elite,” while certainly accurate financially, runs the risk of reinscribing however subtly and subconsciously this notion of deserved status, moral superiority and quality. To the extent my argument here is that their status is undeserved, and often the result of moral and ethical misconduct, it would be ironic to continue to label them in such a salutary way. On the other hand, the term “minority” has come to be seen as a word that signifies something lesser than, not merely in terms of numbers but also in terms of status and deservingness. As such, peoples of color have increasingly moved away from using it. First, because indeed peoples of color are the majority of the world’s population (and will soon be roughly half of the United States’ population as well)—and thus, the term minority either doesn’t fit at all, or will no longer fit very shortly—and because to use it is to continue to “minoritize” such folks (hat tip to my friend Michael Benitez for this term) in terms of influence and moral deservingness. In this case, however, to use “minority” to describe the wealthy and powerful is not only numerically accurate—they are the minority, not the rest of us—but also flips the script on their ability to claim greater virtue or worthiness. Since a large part of my argument in chapter three is that creating counter-hegemonic narratives is a key element of defeating the culture of cruelty and emerging from “under the affluence,” best to begin here, by deliberately altering my own language and encouraging others to do likewise.

26. Sarah Churchwell, “The Great Gatsby and the American dream,” http://www.theguardian.com/books/2012/may/25/american-dream-great-gatsby The Guardian (May 25, 2012).

CHAPTER I

1. Plato, The Republic, Book IV (translated by Benjamin Jowett), http://classics.mit.edu/Plato/republic.5.iv.html

2. Theodore Dreiser, Sister Carrie (New York: Doubleday, Page, 1900).

3. John Steinbeck, The Grapes of Wrath (New York: Viking Press, 1939).

4. James Baldwin, “A Talk to Teachers,” The Price of the Ticket, Collected Non-Fiction 1948-1985 (New York: Saint Martins, Marek: 1985).

5. “Stock Market Closes at Record High,” http://abcnews.go.com/Business/wire-Story/stock-market-closes-record-high-25183927 ABC News (August 29, 2014).

6. “Corporate Profits Grow and Wages Slide,” http://www.nytimes.com/2014/04/05/business/economy/corporate-profits-grow-ever-larger-as-slice-of-economy-as-wages-slide.html?_r=0 New York Times (April 14, 2014).

7. Bryce Covert, “Corporate Profits Hit A New Record High Last Year,” http://thinkprogress.org/economy/2014/03/27/3420092/corporate-profits-record-2013/ Think Progress (March 27, 2014).

8. Emmanuel Saez, Striking it Richer: The Evolution of Top Incomes in the United States, http://elsa.berkeley.edu/~saez/saez-UStopincomes-2012.pdf (University of California Berkeley, September 3, 2013), 3.

9. Lex Haris, “The Super-Rich are Mad as Hell — and Doing Great,” CNN Money, http://money.cnn.com/2014/01/28/news/economy/super-rich-attack/?iid=EL (January 28, 2014).

10. Emmanuel Saez, Striking it Richer: The Evolution of Top Incomes in the United States, http://elsa.berkeley.edu/~saez/saez-UStopincomes-2012.pdf (University of California Berkeley, September 3, 2013).

11. Pavlina R. Tcherneva, “Growth for Whom?” http://www.levyinstitute.org/pubs/op_47.pdf (Bard College, Levy Economics Institute, October 6, 2014).

12. Matthew Phillips, “Goldman: Corporate Profits Grew Five Times Faster Than Wages in 2013,” http://www.businessweek.com/articles/2014-01-24/goldman-2013-corporate-profits-grew-five-times-faster-than-wages (January 14, 2014).

13. United States Department of Labor, Bureau of Labor Statistics, “News Release: The Employment Situation, January, 2015,” http://www.bls.gov/news.release/pdf/empsit.pdf (February 6, 2015).

14. Dionne Searcey, “After a Bounce, Wage Growth Slumps to 0.1%,” http://www.nytimes.com/2015/03/07/business/economy/jobs-report-unemployment-february.html?_r=1 New York Times (March 6, 2015).

15. United States Department of Labor, Bureau of Labor Statistics, “The Employment Situation – March 2015,” http://www.bls.gov/news.release/pdf/empsit.pdf (April 3, 2015).

16. United States Department of Labor, Bureau of Labor Statistics, “The Employment Situation – April 2015,” http://www.bls.gov/news.release/pdf/empsit.pdf (May 8, 2015).

17. Elise Gould, “Nominal Wage Growth Still Far Below Target,” http://www.epi.org/blog/nominal-wage-growth-still-far-below-target/ Working Economics (February 6, 2015).

18. Robert Kuttner, “Will the Recovery Finally Translate into Better Wages?” http://www.huffingtonpost.com/robert-kuttner/will-the-recovery-finally_b_6642236.html Huffington Post (February 8, 2015).

19. Dean Baker, “The Federal Reserve Board’s Plan to Kill Jobs,” http://www.huffingtonpost.com/dean-baker/the-federal-reserve-board_b_6788040.html Huffington Post (March 2, 2015).

20. United States Department of Labor, Bureau of Labor Statistics, “The Employment Situation – April 2015,” http://www.bls.gov/news.release/pdf/empsit.pdf (May 8, 2015).

21. Michael Grunwald, “Everything is Awesome,” http://www.politico.com/magazine/story/2014/12/everything-is-awesome-113801.html#.VNelCYcf7dt Politico (December 24, 2014).

22. National Employment Law Project, “The Low-Wage Recovery: Industry Employment and Wages Four Years into the Recovery,” (Data Brief), http://www.nelp.org/page/-/reports/low-wage-recovery-industry-employment-wages-2014-report.pdf?nocdn=1 (April 2014).

23. United States Department of Labor, Bureau of Labor Statistics, “The Employment Situation – April 2015,” http://www.bls.gov/news.release/pdf/empsit.pdf (May 8, 2015).

24. Chris Kirkham, “Economic recovery marked by lower-paying jobs, analysis finds,” http://www.latimes.com/business/la-fi-income-inequality-20140812-story.html Los Angeles Times (August 11, 2014).

25. United States Department of Labor, Bureau of Labor Statistics, “The Employment Situation – April 2015,” http://www.bls.gov/news.release/pdf/empsit.pdf (May 8, 2015). Please note, the relative racial unemployment rates in the official data will look slightly different than what I am claiming here. This is because the Labor Department does not break Hispanics out of the other racial categories when tabulating monthly unemployment figures. Although there is a separate table for Latino/a labor force data, the Hispanic folks captured in that data are also represented in the data for whites, blacks and Asians to varying degrees, since Hispanic is not a separate racial category, but rather an ethnic category whose members can be of any so-called race. The problem is that by leaving Hispanics in the other racial categories—especially the white category, in which eighty-nine percent of Hispanics are to be found according to the Labor Department document referenced in the next footnote—the white unemployment totals and rate are skewed upward, since Latinos have higher rates of unemployment than whites. Because Hispanics (including “white Hispanics”) are likely to be perceived as persons of color within the nation’s racialized institutions, including nearly nine out of ten of them in the white category will artificially inflate the unemployment picture for whites, making it hard to discern the true racial opportunity gaps between whites and various persons of color. So for these calculations I have performed the necessary extractions of Hispanics from the white data. It’s an easy calculation: I simply took the number provided in table A-3 for Hispanics in the civilian labor force (26.2 million) and multiplied it by .89 (the share of Hispanics who are also counted as white in the racial data), leaving a total of about 23.3 million Hispanics who are also to be found in the “white” labor force numbers, which are provided in table A-2. I then extracted that 23.3 million from the 123.5 million whites in the civilian labor force to leave a total of 100.2 million non-Hispanic whites in the overall civilian labor force. Then, I took the number for Hispanics who are unemployed (1.8 million) and multiplied that by .89 (the share of unemployed Hispanics who are also to be found in the white totals), leaving a total of about 1.6 million “Hispanic whites” who are unemployed. Then I subtracted the 1.6 million from the provided white unemployment numbers (5.8 million), to leave a total of 4.2 million non-Hispanic whites who are unemployed. Finally, I divided the unemployment numbers by the labor force numbers for non-Hispanic whites (4.2 million/100.2 million), leaving a real unemployment rate for non-Hispanic whites of 4.2 percent, which is a full half point lower than what one sees in the official data.

26. U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, Labor Force Characteristics by Race and Ethnicity, 2013, http://www.bls.gov/cps/cpsrace2013.pdf, Report 1050 (August, 2014). As with the previous note, these calculations are slightly different than the raw data in Table 6 of this particular report, because the table, as presented, does not extract Hispanics classified racially as white from the overall white totals for unemployment, by level of education. As with the above note, I have performed the extractions here, using the same assumption as above; namely, that 89 percent of Hispanics are classified as racially white, which we know from the text on page two of this report.

27. Patricia Cohen, “For Recent Black College Graduates, a Tougher Road to Employment,” http://www.nytimes.com/2014/12/25/business/for-recent-black-college-graduates-a-tougher-road-to-employment.html?_r=1 New York Times (December 24, 2014).

28. Janelle Jones and John Schmitt, A College Degree is No Guarantee, http://www.cepr.net/documents/black-coll-grads-2014-05.pdf (Washington, DC: Center for Economic and Policy Research, May 2014).

29. Rory O’Sullivan, Konrad Mugglestone and Tom Allison, Closing the Race Gap: Alleviating Young African American Unemployment Through Education, https://d3n8a8pro7vhmx.cloudfront.net/yicare/pages/141/attachments/original/1403804069/Closing_the_Race_Gap_Ntnl_6.25.14.pdf?1403804069 (Washington DC: Young Invincibles, June 2014), 8.

30. United States Department of Labor, Bureau of Labor Statistics, “The Employment Situation – April 2015,” http://www.bls.gov/news.release/pdf/empsit.pdf (May 8, 2015).

31. Rich Morin and Rakesh Kochhar, “Lost Income, Lost Friends - and Loss of Self-Respect” (Pew Research Center), Social and Demographic Trends, http://www.pewsocialtrends.org/2010/07/22/hard-times-have-hit-nearly-everyone-and-ham-mered-the-long-term-unemployed/ (July 22, 2010).

32. Brad Plumer, “7 reasons why Congress’s failure to extend unemployment insurance matters,” Washington Post, http://www.washingtonpost.com/blogs/wonkblog/wp/2014/01/14/an-extension-of-unemployment-insurance-just-failed-in-the-senate/ January 14, 2014).

33. Mark Trumbull, “Child poverty rate declines in America for first time since 2000,” http://www.csmonitor.com/USA/2014/0917/Child-poverty-rate-declines-in-America-for-first-time-since-2000-video Christian Science Monitor (September 17, 2014).

34. Carmen DeNavas-Walt and Bernadette D. Proctor, U.S. Census Bureau, Current Population Reports, P60-249, http://www.census.gov/content/dam/Census/library/publications/2014/demo/p60-249.pdf Income and Poverty in the United States: 2013 (U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, DC, 2014), 43.

35. Carmen DeNavas-Walt and Bernadette D. Proctor, U.S. Census Bureau, Current Population Reports, P60-249, http://www.census.gov/content/dam/Census/library/publications/2014/demo/p60-249.pdf Income and Poverty in the United States: 2013 (U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, DC, 2014), 17.

36. Peter Edelman, So Rich, So Poor: Why It’s So Hard to End Poverty in America (New York: The New Press, 2012), xvii.

37. Carmen DeNavas-Walt and Bernadette D. Proctor, U.S. Census Bureau, Current Population Reports, P60-249, http://www.census.gov/content/dam/Census/library/publications/2014/demo/p60-249.pdf Income and Poverty in the United States: 2013 (U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, DC, 2014), 13.

38. Carmen DeNavas-Walt and Bernadette D. Proctor, U.S. Census Bureau, Current Population Reports, P60-249, http://www.census.gov/content/dam/Census/library/publications/2014/demo/p60-249.pdf Income and Poverty in the United States: 2013 (U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, DC, 2014), 13.

39. “Reservation Poverty,” Wikipedia, http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reservation_poverty

40. U.S. Census Bureau, Current Population Survey, 2009 Annual Social and Economic Supplement, http://www.census.gov/hhes/www/cpstables/032009/perinc/new04_013.htm, and also, http://www.census.gov/hhes/www/cpstables/032009/perinc/new04_017.htm “Educational Attainment--People 18 Years Old and Over, by Total Money Earnings in 2008, Work Experience in 2008 Age, Race, Hispanic Origin, and Sex.”

41. There are a number of problems with claims about Asian American success and the data used to prove those claims. Although Asian American household income is higher than the median for white households, this hardly suggests that racism is a thing of the past. First, Asian American households, on average, have one to two more members per household and one to two more earners in the household as well. In other words, it takes more people working to make just a little bit more than whites can make with fewer persons in the labor force; and with more mouths to feed, that additional income has to stretch farther as well. In other words, actual per capita income is generally lower for Asian Americans than for whites. Second, Asian Americans are far more likely than whites to have college degrees or advanced degrees, in large part because a significant number of Asian immigrants came with those degrees already or were pursuing them upon arrival. This means that we would expect Asian Americans to make more money: a group with far greater educational attainment would naturally earn more. But considering the greater level of educational accomplishment, the income premium for Asians (i.e., their return on education in terms of earnings) is quite low. Finally, there are large differences between various Asian sub-groups: those who came to America with substantial economic advantage to begin with generally are doing better than whites (which makes sense, since one is a self-selected minority and the other a broadly distributed majority), while those who came as refugees or escaping political turmoil, and who lacked advanced degrees or middle class backgrounds, have persistently high poverty rates and high rates of welfare receipt. For data on these matters, see my previous book, Colorblind: The Rise of Post-Racial Politics and the Retreat from Racial Equity, in which I discuss the “model minority myth” and provide several citations on the matter, in addition to those provided in the text here.

42. Elizabeth M. Hoeffel, Sonya Rastogi, Myoung Ouk Kim, and Hasan Shahid, The Asian Population: 2010, http://www.census.gov/prod/cen2010/briefs/c2010br-11.pdf (U.S. Census Bureau, 2010 Census Briefs, March 2012).

43. Nancy Rivera Brooks, “Study Attacks Belief in Asian American Affluence, Privilege,” San Jose Mercury News (May 19, 1994).

44. Carmen DeNavas-Walt and Bernadette D. Proctor, U.S. Census Bureau, Current Population Reports, P60-249, http://www.census.gov/content/dam/Census/library/publications/2014/demo/p60-249.pdf Income and Poverty in the United States: 2013 (U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, DC, 2014), 17.

45. Brian Miller, State of the Dream, 2014: Health Care for Whom? Enduring Racial Disparities (Boston: United for a Fair Economy, January, 2014), 16.

46. Brian Smedley, et.al, “Race, Racial Inequality and Health Inequities: Separating Myth from Fact,” http://www.unnaturalcauses.org/assets/uploads/file/Race_Racial_Inequality_Health.pdf Unnatural Causes (California Newsreel, December, 2013), 7-8.

47. Carmen DeNavas-Walt and Bernadette D. Proctor, U.S. Census Bureau, Current Population Reports, P60-249, http://www.census.gov/content/dam/Census/library/publications/2014/demo/p60-249.pdf Income and Poverty in the United States: 2013 (U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, DC, 2014), 13.

48. Southern Education Foundation, “A New Majority Research Bulletin: Low Income Students Now a Majority in the Nation’s Public Schools,” http://www.southerneducation.org/Our-Strategies/Research-and-Publications/New-Majority-Diverse-Majority-Report-Series/A-New-Majority-2015-Update-Low-Income-Students-Now (2015).

49. Robert Sanders, “EEGs show brain differences between poor and rich kids,” http://berkeley.edu/news/media/releases/2008/12/02_cortex.shtml UC Berkeley News (Press Release, December 2, 2008).

50. Clive Cookson, “Poverty Mars Formation of Infant Brains,” Financial Times (February 16, 2008).

51. Jamilah King, “The PTSD Crisis That’s Plaguing America’s Poorest Neighborhoods,” http://colorlines.com/archives/2014/02/the_ptsd_crisis_thats_plaguing_americas_poorest_neighborhoods.html Colorlines (February 4, 2014).

52. Angela Johnson, “76% of Americans are living paycheck-to-paycheck,” CNN Money, http://money.cnn.com/2013/06/24/pf/emergency-savings/ (June 24, 2013).

53. Carmen DeNavas-Walt and Bernadette D. Proctor, U.S. Census Bureau, Current Population Reports, P60-249, http://www.census.gov/content/dam/Census/library/publications/2014/demo/p60-249.pdf Income and Poverty in the United States: 2013 (U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, DC, 2014), 17.

54. Ilyce Glink, “Housing crisis: Fewer homeowners underwater,” http://www.cbsnews.com/news/housing-crisis-fewer-homeowners-underwater/ CBS MoneyWatch (Novemeber 19, 2012).

55. Joint Center for Housing Studies of Harvard University, America’s Rental Housing: Evolving Markets and Needs http://www.jchs.harvard.edu/sites/jchs.harvard.edu/files/jchs_americas_rental_housing_2013_1_0.pdf (Harvard College: 2013).

56. Erik Eckholm, “Victims’ Dilemma: 911 Calls Can Bring Eviction,” http://www.nytimes.com/2013/08/17/us/victims-dilemma-911-calls-can-bring-eviction.html?hp&_r=3& New York Times (August 16, 2013).

57. Lauren Feeney and Cameron Hickey, “Tent Cities Are Cropping Up in the Same Place Where Tech Millionaires Are Being Minted,” http://www.alternet.org/hard-times-usa/tent-cities-are-cropping-same-place-where-tech-millionaires-are-being-minted, Alternet (April 8, 2013).

58. “HUD Reports Slight Decline in Homelessness in 2012,” http://portal.hud.gov/hudportal/HUD?src=/press/press_releases_media_advisories/2012/HUDNo.12-191 (December 10, 2012).

59. Scott Keyes, “At Least Five Homeless People Froze to Death Last Week,” Think Progress, http://thinkprogress.org/economy/2014/01/24/3200211/homeless-deaths/ January 24, 2014).

60. America’s Youngest Outcasts: A Report Card on Child Homelessness. http://www.homelesschildrenamerica.org/mediadocs/280.pdf (Waltham, MA: The National Center on Family Homelessness at American Institutes for Research, November, 2014).

61. Steven Perlberg, “Peter Schiff And Barry Ritholtz Battled Over The Minimum Wage On Last Night’s Daily Show,” http://www.businessinsider.com/peter-schiff-barr-ritholtz-daily-show-2014-1, Business Insider, (January 29, 2014).

62. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Fiscal Year 2013 Budget Summary and Annual Performance Plan, http://www.obpa.usda.gov/budsum/FY13budsum.pdf (Washington, D.C.: U.S. Department of Agriculture, 2013).

63. Jordan Weissmann, “The Number of Hungry Americans Has Barely Fallen Since the Recession,” http://www.slate.com/blogs/moneybox/2014/09/03/hunger_in_america_food_insecurity_has_barely_fallen_since_the_recession.html?wpsrc=slatest_newsletter Slate (September 3, 2014).

64. Mike Glenn, “Homeless man ticketed for looking for a meal in trash,” http://www.chron.com/news/houston-texas/houston/article/Homeless-vet-ticketed-for-looking-for-a-meal-in-4346621.php Houston Chronicle (March 11, 2013).

65. Alex Kane, “McDonald’s Advice To Underpaid Employees: Break Food Into Pieces To Keep You Full,” http://www.alternet.org/mcdonalds-advice-employees-break-food-pieces-keep-you-full Alternet (November 19, 2013).

66. Michael Grunwald, “Everything is Awesome,” http://www.politico.com/magazine/story/2014/12/everything-is-awesome-113801.html#.VNelCYcf7dt Politico (December 24, 2014).

67. Brian Miller, State of the Dream, 2014: Health Care for Whom? Enduring Racial Disparities (Boston: United for a Fair Economy, January, 2014), 5.

68. D.U. Himmelstein, D. Thorne, E. Warren, and S. Woolhandler, “Medical bankruptcy in the United States, 2007: results of a national study,” American Journal of Medicine 122:8 (August, 2009): 741-6.

69. “What are we doing with our lives?” TIME (September 8-15, 2014), 60.]

70. Brian Miller, State of the Dream, 2014: Health Care for Whom? Enduring Racial Disparities (Boston: United for a Fair Economy, January, 2014): 27.

71. David Callahan, The Cheating Culture: Why More Americans are Doing Wrong to Get Ahead (New York: Harcourt, 2004), 214.

72. Peter Edelman, So Rich, So Poor: Why It’s So Hard to End Poverty in America (New York: The New Press, 2012), 32––33.

73. U.S. Department of Labor, Bureau of Labor Statistics, “Real GDP Per Hour Worked in the United States” http://research.stlouisfed.org/fred2/data/USARG-DPH.txt (December, 2012).

74. Elise Gould, “Why America’s Workers Need Faster Wage Growth—And What We Can Do About It,” http://www.epi.org/publication/why-americas-workers-need-faster-wage-growth/ (Economic Policy Institute: August 27, 2014).

75. Stephen J. McNamee and Robert K. Miller, Jr., The Meritocracy Myth (Lanham, MD: Rowman and Littlefield, 2009), 247.

76. Heidi Shierholz and Lawrence Mishel, “A Decade of Flat Wages,” http://www.epi.org/publication/a-decade-of-flat-wages-the-key-barrier-to-shared-prosperity-and-a-rising-middle-class/ (Washington, DC: Economic Policy Institute, August 21, 2013).

77. David Leonhardt, “The Great Wage Slowdown, Looming Over Politics,” http://www.nytimes.com/2014/11/11/upshot/the-great-wage-slowdown-looming-over-politics.html?_r=2&abt=0002&abg=1 New York Times (November 11, 2014).

78. Mark Gimein, “For U.S. Men, 40 Years of Falling Income,” http://go.bloomberg.com/market-now/2013/12/31/for-us-men-40-years-of-falling-in-come/ Bloomberg (December 31, 2013).

79. Alan Dunn, “Average America vs the One Percent,” http://www.forbes.com/sites/moneywisewomen/2012/03/21/average-america-vs-the-one-percent/ Forbes (March 21, 2012).

80. John Marsh, Class Dismissed: Why We Cannot Teach or Learn Our Way out of Inequality (NY: Monthly Review Press, 2011), 40.

81. Brian Miller, State of the Dream, 2014: Health Care for Whom? Enduring Racial Disparities (Boston: United for a Fair Economy, January, 2014): 13.

82. John Marsh, Class Dismissed: Why We Cannot Teach or Learn Our Way out of Inequality (NY: Monthly Review Press, 2011), 35.

83. Congressional Budget Office, Trends in the Distribution of Household Income Between 1979 and 2007, Pub. 4031, http://www.cbo.gov/sites/default/files/cbofiles/attachments/10-25-HouseholdIncome.pdf (Washington D.C.October 2011).

84. Emmanuel Saez, Striking it Richer: The Evolution of Top Incomes in the United States, http://elsa.berkeley.edu/~saez/saez-UStopincomes-2012.pdf (University of California Berkeley, September 3, 2013), 3.

85. Sarah Anderson, “Wall Street Bonuses vs the Minimum Wage,” Other Words, http://otherwords.org/wall-street-bonuses-vs-minimum-wage/ (March 12, 2014).

86. Les Leopold, How to Make a Million Dollars an Hour: Why Hedge Funds Get Away With Siphoning Off America’s Wealth (NY: Wiley, 2013).

87. Sylvia Allegretto, “The State of Working America’s Wealth, 2011” http://epi.3cdn.net/2a7ccb3e9e618f0bbc_3nm6idnax.pdf (Washington, DC: Economic Policy Institute, March 23, 2011), 1.

88. Anthony Shorrocks, Jim Davies and Rodrigo Lluberas, Global Wealth Databook, http://www.international-adviser.com/ia/media/Media/Credit-Suisse-Global-Wealth-Databook-2013.pdf (Switzerland: Credit Suisse Research Institute, October, 2013), 15-16; 146.

89. G. William Domhoff, “Wealth, Income and Power,” http://www2.ucsc.edu/whorulesamerica/power/wealth.html?print WhoRulesAmerica.net (retrieved, September 3, 2014).

90. W. Scheidel, and S. Friesen, “The Size of the Economy and the Distribution of Income in the Roman Empire,” Journal of Roman Studies, 99 (2010).

91. “Forget the 1%, ”http://www.economist.com/news/finance-and-economics/21631129-it-001-who-are-really-getting-ahead-america-forget-1 The Economist (November 8, 2014).

92. “Forbes Announces Its 33rd Annual Forbes 400 Ranking Of The Richest Americans,” http://www.forbes.com/sites/forbespr/2014/09/29/forbes-announces-its-33rd-annual-forbes-400-ranking-of-the-richest-americans/ Forbes (September 29, 2014).

93. Luisa Kroll, “Inside The 2013 Forbes 400: Facts And Figures On America’s Richest,” Forbes, http://www.forbes.com/sites/luisakroll/2013/09/16/inside-the-2013-forbes-400-facts-and-figures-on-americas-richest/ (September 16, 2013).

94. Sam Pizzigati, “America’s Ridiculously Rich: The 2014 Edition,” http://ourfuture.org/20141005/americas-ridiculously-rich-the-2014-edition?utm_source=pmupdate&utm_medium=email&utm_campaign=20141006 Campaign for America’s Future (October 5, 2014).

95. Paul Buchheit, “4 Shocking Examples of American Inequality,” Alternet, http://www.alternet.org/economy/4-shocking-examples-american-inequality (February 2, 2014).

96. Paul Buchheit, “4 Reasons You Should Be Taking America’s Inequality Very Personally,” http://www.alternet.org/economy/4-reasons-you-should-be-taking-americas-inequality-very-personally Alternet (October 12, 2014).

97. http://geography.about.com/library/faq/blqzcircumference.htm.

98. “Top Ten Things You Didn’t Know About the Moon,” http://content.time.com/time/specials/packages/article/0,28804,1929328_1929325_1929310,00.html Time.

99. Hedrick Smith, Who Stole the American Dream? (New York: Random House, 2013).

100. Tommy Unger, “Which billionaire could buy your city?” http://www.redfin.com/research/reports/special-reports/2014/us-cities-that-billionaires-could-buy.html?utm_content=buffer8bb40&utm_medium=social&utm_source=twitter.com&utm_campaign=buffer#.VC7if5HSJfP (Redfin Research Center, June 5, 2014).

101. “The World’s Billionaires,” http://www.forbes.com/billionaires/ Forbes (March 2, 2015).

102. Melvin Oliver and Thomas Shapiro, Black Wealth, White Wealth: A New Perspective on Racial Inequality (New York: Routledge, 1996).

103. According to a recent analysis by the Pew Research Center, from 2005 to 2009, inflation-adjusted median wealth fell by two-thirds among Latino households and by over half among black households, compared with only a 16 percent decline among white households. Mike Brunker, “Wealth in America: Whites-Minorities Gap is Now a Chasm,” http://www.nbcnews.com/id/43887485/ns/business-eye_on_the_economy/t/wealth-america-whites-leave-minorities-behind/#.VAFpRpHSLnY NBC News (July 26, 2011).

104. Laura Sullivan, Tatjana Meschede, Lars Dietrich, Thomas Shapiro, Amy Traub, Catherine Ruetschlin and Tamara Draut, The Racial Wealth Gap: Why Policy Matters http://www.demos.org/sites/default/files/publications/RacialWealthGap_1.pdf (Institute for Assets and Social Policy/Demos, March 2015).

105. Paul Buchheit, “5 Ways Most Americans Are Blind to How Their Country Is Stacked for the Wealthy,” http://www.alternet.org/economy/5-ways-most-americans-are-blind-how-their-country-stacked-wealthy Alternet (November 15, 2012); Sylvia Allegretto, “The State of Working America’s Wealth, 2011” http://epi.3cdn.net/2a7ccb3e9e618f0bbc_3nm6idnax.pdf (Washington, DC: Economic Policy Institute, March 23, 2011), 10.

106. Matt Bruenig, “In Reality, Middle-Class Blacks And Middle-Class Whites Have Vastly Different Fortunes,” http://www.demos.org/blog/8/29/13/reality-middle-class-blacks-and-middle-class-whites-have-vastly-different-fortunes Demos (August 29, 2013).

107. Matt Bruenig, “White High School Dropouts Have More Wealth Than Black And Hispanic College Graduates,” http://www.demos.org/blog/9/23/14/white-high-school-dropouts-have-more-wealth-black-and-hispanic-college-graduates Demos (September 23, 2014).

108. Algernon Austin, “A good credit score did not protect Latino and black borrowers,” http://www.epi.org/publication/latino-black-borrowers-high-rate-subprime-mortgages/ Economic Snapshot (Economic Policy Institute), January 19, 2012.

109. Pro Publica, “One of the nation’s largest banks discriminates against blacks, Latinos and Asians, lawsuit claims,” http://www.rawstory.com/rs/2015/02/one-of-the-nations-largest-banks-discriminates-against-blacks-latinos-and-asians-lawsuit-claims/ Raw Story (February 9, 2015).

110. Michael Powell, “Bank Accused of Pushing Mortgage Deals on Blacks,” http://www.nytimes.com/2009/06/07/us/07baltimore.html?pagewanted=all&_r=0 New York Times (June 6, 2009).

111. Stephen J. McNamee and Robert K. Miller, Jr., The Meritocracy Myth (Lanham, MD: Rowman and Littlefield, 2009), 69.

112. Bob Lord, “Dr. King’s Nightmare,” http://otherwords.org/dr-kings-nightmare-racial-wealth-gap-forbes400/, Other Words January 15, 2014).

113. John Marsh, Class Dismissed: Why We Cannot Teach or Learn Our Way out of Inequality (NY: Monthly Review Press, 2011), 30.

114. Center on Budget and Policy Priorities, “Today’s Safety Net Cuts Poverty Nearly in Half, Provides Health Care to Millions, and Has Long-Term Benefits for Children,” Chart Book: The War on Poverty at 50, (Washington DC: Center on Budget and Policy Priorities, January 7, 2014), 11.

115. John Marsh, Class Dismissed: Why We Cannot Teach or Learn Our Way out of Inequality (NY: Monthly Review Press, 2011), 36-7.

116. Paul Buchheit, “4 Shocking Examples of American Inequality,” Alternet, http://www.alternet.org/economy/4-shocking-examples-american-inequality (February 2, 2014).

117. Paul Buchheit, “4 Shocking Examples of American Inequality,” Alternet, http://www.alternet.org/economy/4-shocking-examples-american-inequality (February 2, 2014); Anthony Shorrocks, Jim Davies and Rodrigo Lluberas, Global Wealth Databook, http://www.international-adviser.com/ia/media/Media/Credit-Suisse-Global-Wealth-Databook-2013.pdf (Switzerland: Credit Suisse Research Institute, October, 2013).

118. Tami Luhby, “Wealth gap between middle class and rich widest ever,” http://money.cnn.com/2014/12/17/news/economy/wealth-gap-middle-class-rich/index.html?iid=EL CNN Money (December 17, 2014).

119. “Rubio: ‘We Are A Nation Of Haves And Soon-To-Haves,’ (press release), http://www.rubio.senate.gov/public/index.cfm/press-releases?ID=66bd09d9-2acc-41c0-b853-b43ee6f27ad2 (December 26, 2011).

120. Anthony Shorrocks, Jim Davies and Rodrigo Lluberas, Global Wealth Databook, http://www.internationaladviser.com/ia/media/Media/Credit-Suisse-Global-Wealth-Databook-2013.pdf (Switzerland: Credit Suisse Research Institute, October, 2013).

121. Nick Bunker, “Middle Class Series: 5 Charts that Show How Increasing Income Inequality Leads to Less Opportunity,” http://www.americanprogress.org/issues/economy/news/2012/12/05/46817/5-charts-that-show-how-increasing-income-inequality-leads-to-less-opportunity/ (Center for American Progress, December 5, 2012).

122. Richard V. Reeves and Isabel V. Sawhill, “Equality of Opportunity: Definitions, Trends, and Interventions,” Conference Paper, http://www.bostonfed.org/inequality2014/papers/reeves-sawhill.pdf (Federal Reserve Bank of Boston, October 2014), 12.

123. Sean McElwee, “The Myth Destroying America: Why Social Mobility Is Beyond Ordinary People’s Control,” http://www.alternet.org/myth-destroying-america-why-social-mobility-beyond-ordinary-peoples-control Alternet (March 7, 2015).

124. Katharine Bradbury and Jane Katz, “Trends in U.S. Family Income Mobility, 1967–2004,” http://www.bostonfed.org/economic/wp/wp2009/wp0907.pdf, Working Papers No. 09-7 (Federal Reserve Bank of Boston: August 20, 2009).

125. Dalton Conley and Rebecca Glauber, Wealth Mobility and Volatility in Black and White http://cdn.americanprogress.org/wp-content/uploads/issues/2008/07/pdf/wealth_mobility.pdf (Washington, DC: Center for American Progress, July, 2008).

126. Richard V. Reeves and Isabel V. Sawhill, “Equality of Opportunity: Definitions, Trends, and Interventions,” Conference Paper, http://www.bostonfed.org/inequality2014/papers/reeves-sawhill.pdf (Federal Reserve Bank of Boston, October 2014), 13 and figures 8 and 9.

127. Richard V. Reeves and Isabel V. Sawhill, “Equality of Opportunity: Definitions, Trends, and Interventions,” Conference Paper, http://www.bostonfed.org/inequality2014/papers/reeves-sawhill.pdf (Federal Reserve Bank of Boston, October 2014), 14 and figures 8 and 9.

128. Dalton Conley and Rebecca Glauber, Wealth Mobility and Volatility in Black and White http://cdn.americanprogress.org/wp-content/uploads/issues/2008/07/pdf/wealth_mobility.pdf (Washington, DC: Center for American Progress, July, 2008).

129. Richard V. Reeves and Isabel V. Sawhill, “Equality of Opportunity: Definitions, Trends, and Interventions,” Conference Paper, http://www.bostonfed.org/inequality2014/papers/reeves-sawhill.pdf (Federal Reserve Bank of Boston, October 2014), 17-18.

130. Josh Bivens, Globalization, American Wages, and Inequality: Past, Present, and Future. (EPI Working Paper) http://s1.epi.org/files/page/-/old/workingpapers/wp279.pdf. (Washington D.C.: Economic Policy Institute, September 6, 2007).

131. Peter Edelman, So Rich, So Poor: Why It’s So Hard to End Poverty in America (New York: The New Press, 2012), 56.

132. John Schmitt, “Minimum Wage: Catching up to Productivity,” Democracy: A Journal of Ideas, http://www.democracyjournal.org/29/minimum-wage-catching-up-to-productivity.php, Issue 29 (Summer, 2013).

133. Peter Edelman, So Rich, So Poor: Why It’s So Hard to End Poverty in America (New York: The New Press, 2012), 53.

134. Alexandrea Boguhn, “Bill O’Reilly Downplays Impact Of Minimum Wage Increase For Low-Income Workers,” http://mediamatters.org/blog/2015/01/21/bill-oreilly-downplays-impact-of-minimum-wage-i/202230 Media Matters (January 21, 2015).

135. Congressional Budget Office, “The Effects of a Minimum-Wage Increase on Employment and Family Income,” http://www.cbo.gov/sites/default/files/44995-MinimumWage_OneColumn.pdf (February, 2014).

136. David Cooper, “Raising the Federal Minimum Wage to $10.10 Would Lift Wages for Millions and Provide a Modest Economic Boost,” http://www.epi.org/publication/raising-federal-minimum-wage-to-1010/ (Washington, DC: Economic Policy Institute, December 19, 2013).

137. John Schmitt, “Why Does the Minimum Wage Have No Discernible Effect on Employment?” http://www.cepr.net/documents/publications/min-wage-2013-02.pdf (Center for Economic and Policy Research: Washington, D.C., February, 2013).

138. Nick Hanauer, “The Pitchforks Are Coming . . . For Us Plutocrats,” http://www.politico.com/magazine/story/2014/06/the-pitchforks-are-coming-for-us-pluto-crats-108014.html#.VE_KwJHSJfM Politico (July/August 2014).

139. Bethany Jean Clement, “Truth Needle: Is $15 wage dooming Seattle restaurants? Owners say no,” http://www.seattletimes.com/seattle-news/politics/truth-needle-is-15-wage-dooming-seattle-restaurants-owners-say-no/ Seattle Times (March 19, 2015).

140. Ben Wolcott, “2014 Job Creation Faster in States that Raised the Minimum Wage,” http://www.cepr.net/index.php/blogs/cepr-blog/2014-job-creation-in-states-that-raised-the-minimum-wage Center for Economic and Policy Research (June 30, 2014). There is a particularly pernicious version of the argument that higher minimum wages destroy jobs, which has been increasingly common among some conservatives, and which is worth mentioning briefly here. Posing as defenders of job opportunities for young African Americans, some on the right insist that by raising the minimum wage (or even having a minimum wage at all), policymakers inadvertently price young blacks out of the labor market by making it too costly for employers to hire them in particular. The claim rests on two principal sub-arguments: 1) that the history of the initial creation of the minimum wage was tied to racism among labor unions and the white working class, which wanted to protect their wages from competition with persons of color, whom they feared would drive down pay scales if they were hired for the same jobs as whites; and, 2) that employers might be willing to hire young blacks if the minimum wage were lower, or if it were repealed altogether, but if it is raised they will not, because the work performed would not likely be worth more than the current minimum, if even that much. Because of these “facts,” conservatives have taken to insisting that the minimum wage itself is racist.
The problems with this line of reasoning are myriad, of course, even beyond the general fallacy already discussed, about the minimum wage being a job-killer. First, although it is true that the history of the minimum wage’s creation was indeed connected to white working class racism, that fact has little relevance to the debate today. After all, most every policy ever created in the history of the country was tied to white racism: the founding of most all colleges, which discriminated against persons of color; the creation of public schooling from which persons of color were regularly excluded; and research into various methods of birth control, as just a few examples. If a policy or practice’s historical connection to racism renders it illegitimate in the present day, we would have to close most colleges, ban all forms of birth control, and actually abolish the United States altogether, since the entire nation’s history was embedded in white supremacy.

Second, the argument is itself somewhat racist, in that it presumes young blacks are so devoid of skills and abilities that they aren’t even worth $7.25 per hour. Presumably, in the eyes of those who make this argument, blacks are uniquely unskilled at inherently unskilled labor, so that even flipping fries or busing tables is something for which they are unprepared at such a beneficent wage; as such, employers won’t hire them, but they would if they could only pay them three or four bucks an hour instead. But does anyone really believe this? Can anyone really believe that the marginal productivity differences at the bottom of the wage scale are so vast as to justify this line of thinking? Third, how could employers add jobs just because the minimum wage had been repealed? Is there really a backlog of persons currently unable to get served at McDonalds, or a shortage of persons to stock shelves at Walmart, such that getting labor even cheaper than they currently do would incentivize new hiring? Of course not. McDonalds doesn’t need new stores to meet demand, nor more persons to work their registers. So lowering worker wages wouldn’t spur job creation for anyone. It would simply save the company money and make their executives richer, especially since they wouldn’t likely lower the prices of their products just because now the workers were paid less.

Finally, even if they did suddenly need new workers in such positions, why should we expect they would hire African Americans for those openings? After all, if conservatives are correct, and blacks are that much less productive than their white counterparts (such that employers will only hire them at below the current minimum wage), then if the minimum wage were abolished why wouldn’t those employers just go hire more whites? If the argument were true, the whites would still be better workers, so the bosses could still stick with the better employees and save money at the same time. If the minimum wage were abolished, the whites would be desperate too, after all, and have no choice but to work at whatever wages the company offers. If they really make better fry cooks or grocery clerks or busboys, then the employers will just hire more of them. And if whites are not that much more productive, then the entire conservative argument on this score is undermined, and there is no other reason, other than racism, for why employers refuse to hire blacks for minimum wage jobs in sufficient numbers presently

141. Tim Koechlin, “Which Side Are You On? Inequality and the Case for Unions,” http://www.huffingtonpost.com/tim-koechlin/which-side-are-you-on-unions_b_5517913.html Huffington Post June 24, 2014).

142. Ross Eisenbrey, “Management—bad management—crippled the auto industry’s Big Three, not the UAW,” http://www.epi.org/blog/bad-management-crippled-auto-industry-big-three/ Working Economics (Economic Policy Institute, May 24, 2012).

143. Robert Borosage, Inequality: Rebuilding the Middle Class Requires Reviving Strong Unions (Washington, DC: Campaign for America’s Future, 2012), 2.

144. Peter Edelman, So Rich, So Poor: Why It’s So Hard to End Poverty in America (New York: The New Press, 2012), 52.

145. Tax Foundation, “Federal Individual Income Tax Rates History, Nominal Dollars Income Years 1913-2013,” http://taxfoundation.org/sites/taxfoundation.org/files/docs/fed_individual_rate_history_nominal.pdf

146. Thomas, L. Hungerford, “Changes in Income Inequality Among U.S. Tax Filers between 1991 and 2006: The Role of Wages, Capital Income, and Taxes,” http://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=2207372 (January 23, 2013).

147. Troy Kravitz and Leonard Burman, “Capital Gains Tax Rates, Stock Markets, and Growth,” http://www.taxpolicycenter.org/UploadedPDF/1000851_Tax_Fact_11-7-05.pdf Tax Notes (Tax Policy Center, November 7, 2005).

148. Tax Policy Center, “Tax Facts: Financial Assets, Median Value of Holdings— Family Holdings of Financial Assets: Median Value of Holding for Families Holding Asset, by Selected Characteristics of Families and Type of Asset, 2010,” http://www.taxpolicycenter.org/taxfacts/displayafact.cfm?Docid=549&Topic2id=49 (Urban Institute/Brookings Institution, February 5, 2014).

149. Tax Policy Center, “Tax Facts: Financial Assets, Percentage Holding Asset—Family Holdings of Financial Assets: Percentage of Families Holding Asset, by Selected Characteristics and Type of Asset, 2010,” http://www.taxpolicycenter.org/taxfacts/displayafact.cfm?Docid=548&Topic2id=49 (Urban Institute/Brookings Institution, Feb 5, 2014).

150. Seth Hanlon, “Tax Expenditure of the Week: Capital Gains,” http://www.americanprogress.org/issues/open-government/news/2011/02/23/9163/tax-expenditure-of-the-week-capital-gains/ (Center for American Progress, February 23, 2011).

151. Tax Policy Center, “Tax Benefit of the Preferential Rates on Long-Term Capital Gains and Qualified Dividends; Baseline: Current Law; Distribution of Federal Tax Change by Expanded Cash Income Level, 2015,” http://www.taxpolicycenter.org/numbers/displayatab.cfm?DocID=4035 (Urban Institute/Brookings Institution, December 18, 2013).

152. Paul Buchheit, “3 Facts That Poverty-Deniers Don’t Want to Hear,” http://www.alternet.org/print/economy/3-facts-poverty-deniers-dont-want-hear Alternet (August 3, 2014).

153. Paul Buchheit, “Four Contemptible Examples of Corporate Tax Avoidance,” http://www.nationofchange.org/four-contemptible-examples-corporate-tax-avoidance-1373297031 Nation of Change (July 8, 2013).

154. Robert Scheer, “If Corporations Dodge Taxes, Why Shouldn’t You?” http://www.alternet.org/if-corporations-dodge-taxes-why-shouldnt-you Alternet (March 13, 2013).

155. Robert S. McIntyre, Matthew Gardner and Richard Phillips, The Sorry State of Corporate Taxes: What Fortune 500 Firms Pay (or Don’t Pay) in the USA and What They Pay Abroad — 2008 to 2012 (Washington, DC: Citizens for Tax Justice and the Institute on Taxation and Economic Policy, February 2014), 1

156. Tax Policy Center, “Tax Facts: Corporate Income Tax as a Share of GDP, 1946-2012,” http://www.taxpolicycenter.org/taxfacts/displayafact.cfm?Docid=263 (Urban Institute/Brookings Institution, May 17, 2013)

157. Tax Policy Center, “Tax Facts: Historical Amount of Revenue by Source, Receipts by Source: 1934-2018,” http://www.taxpolicycenter.org/taxfacts/displayafact.cfm?Docid=203 (Urban Institute/Brookings Institute, May 9, 2013).

158. Tax Policy Center, “Tax Facts: Type of Tax as a Share of Federal Revenues, 1934 – 2011,” http://www.taxpolicycenter.org/taxfacts/displayafact.cfm?Docid=264 (Urban Institute/Brookings Institution).

159. Pat Garofalo, “U.S. Corporate Tax Rate Plunges To 40 Year Low Of 12.1 Percent,” http://thinkprogress.org/economy/2012/02/03/418171/corporate-taxes-40-year-low/ ThinkProgress (February 3, 2012).

160. Scott Klinger and Sarah Anderson, Fleecing Uncle Sam http://www.ips-dc.org/wp-content/uploads/2014/11/IPS_Fleecing_Uncle_Sam_Report_Nov2014.pdf (Washington DC: Institute for Policy Studies and Center for Effective Government, 2014).

161. Lydia DePillis, “Why companies are rewarding shareholders instead of investing in the real economy,” http://www.washingtonpost.com/blogs/wonkblog/wp/2015/02/25/why-companies-are-rewarding-shareholders-instead-of-investing-in-the-real-economy/ Washington Post (February 15, 2015).

162. William Lazonic, “Profits Without Prosperity,” Harvard Business Review (September 2014), https://archive.harvardbusiness.org/cla/web/pl/product.seam?c=34792&i=34794&cs=ea368ca3777a1ed5a98b709c7a 8bb969

163. Lu Wang and Callie Bost, “S&P 500 Companies Spend Almost All Profits on Buy-backs,” http://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2014-10-06/s-p-500-companies-spend-almost-all-profits-on-buybacks-payouts Bloomberg Business (October 5, 2014).

164. William Lazonic, “Profits Without Prosperity,” https://archive.harvardbusiness.org/cla/web/pl/product.seam?c=34792&i=34794&cs=ea368ca3777a1ed5a98b709c7a8bb969 Harvard Business Review (September 2014).

165. “Republican Party Platform of 1956,” http://www.presidency.ucsb.edu/ws/?pid=25838 (August 20, 1956).

166. “Coulter: Hoffa Represents ‘Useless’ Workers Like ‘Kindergarten Teachers’ Instead of ‘Men Who Have Actual Jobs’,” http://mediamatters.org/video/2011/09/07/coulter-hoffa-represents-useless-workers-like-k/181907 Media Matters (September 7, 2011).

167. “Limbaugh Calls Union Workers ‘Freeloaders’ as Opposed to ‘Real Working Non-Unionized People’,” http://mediamatters.org/video/2011/02/17/limbaugh-calls-union-workers-freeloaders-as-opp/176572 Media Matters (February 17, 2011).

168. Leo Gerard, “GOP’s Blind Hate of Labor Union Members,” http://www.huffingtonpost.com/leo-w-gerard/gops-blind-hate-of-labor_b_6778702.html Huffington Post (March 2, 2015).

169. Andy Sher, “Sen. Bo Watson slams VW over labor policies, UAW recognition,” http://www.timesfreepress.com/news/business/aroundregion/story/2015/mar/18/watsquestions-volkswagen-over-labor-policies/293841/ Chattanooga Times Free Press (March 18, 2015).

170. Bryce Covert, “Republican Senator Calls For Abolishing The Minimum Wage,” ThinkProgress, http://thinkprogress.org/economy/2013/06/26/2216671/republican-senator-calls-for-abolishing-the-minimum-wage/ (June 26, 2013).

171. Christopher Cousins, “LePage’s efforts to remove child labor barriers to continue in January,” Bangor Daily News, http://bangordailynews.com/2013/12/02/politics/lepages-efforts-to-remove-child-labor-barriers-to-continue-in-january/ (December 2, 2013).

172. “Fox’s Bolling: We Should Emulate China With No Labor Laws Or Minimum Wage,” http://mediamatters.org/video/2014/04/15/foxs-bolling-we-should-emulate-china-with-no-la/198904 Media Matters (April 15, 2014).

173. Helen Pow, “White America’s fears for the future: Survey reveals massive gulf between pessimistic Caucasians and optimistic minorities,” http://www.dailymail.co.uk/news/article-2677127/New-polls-reveal-pessimism-white-America-Less-quarter-believe-hard-work-pays-majority-think-country-going-wrong-direction.html London Daily Mail (July 1, 2014).

174. Rick Marin, “Can Manhood Survive the Recession?” Newsweek, http://www.newsweek.com/can-manhood-survive-recession-66607 (April 17, 2011).

175. “Black And Latino Wealth Falls Further Behind,” http://www.npr.org/2013/05/06/181601018/black-and-latino-wealth-falls-further-behind NPR (May 6, 2013).

CHAPTER II

1. Dale C. Andrews, “Dickens’ A Christmas Carol,” SleuthSayers, http://www.sleuthsayers.org/2011/12/dickens-christmas-carol.html, (December 20, 2011).

2. “A Christmas Carol,” http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A_Christmas_Carol

3. Charles Dickens, A Christmas Carol (London: Chapman and Hall, 1843); full text available at, http://www.stormfax.com/1dickens.htm

4. Peter Edelman, So Rich, So Poor: Why It’s So Hard to End Poverty in America (New York: The New Press, 2012), xv.

5. Max Weber, The Protestant Ethic and the Spirit of Capitalism (Translated by Talcott Parsons) (London: George Allen & Unwin, 1930), p. 163.

6. Joseph Townsend, A Dissertation on the Poor Laws by a Well-Wisher to Mankind (Berkeley, CA: University of California Press, 1971), 23.

7. Paul Bernstein, American Work Values: Their Origin and Development (Albany, NY: State University of New York Press, 1997), p. 137.

8. Lydia Morris, Dangerous Classes: The Underclass and Social Citizenship (New York: Routledge, 1994), p. 59

9. John Marsh, Class Dismissed: Why We Cannot Teach or Learn Our Way out of Inequality (NY: Monthly Review Press, 2011), 110.

10. Howard Zinn, A People’s History of the United States (New York: Harper Perrenial, 1980), 256.

11. Herbert G. Gutman and the American Social History Project, Who Built America: Working People and the Nation’s Economy, Politics, Culture and Society - Volume I (New York, Pantheon, 1989), 547-8.

12. Frances Fox Piven and Richard A. Cloward, The New Class War: Reagan’s Attack on the Welfare State and Its Consequences (New York: Pantheon, 1985), 64.

13. Marta Cook and John Halpin, The Role of Faith in the Progressive Movement: Part Six of the Progressive Tradition Series (Center for American Progress, October, 2010.)

14. Henry George, “The Chinese in California,” New York Daily-Tribune (May 1, 1869): 1-2, excerpted in S.T. Joshi, ed., Documents of American Prejudice (New York: Basic Books, 1999), 425-436.

15. Marta Cook and John Halpin, The Role of Faith in the Progressive Movement: Part Six of the Progressive Tradition Series (Center for American Progress, October, 2010.)

16. Marta Cook and John Halpin, “Progressive Traditions: The Role of Faith in the Progressive Movement,” http://www.americanprogress.org/issues/progressive-movement/report/2010/10/08/8490/the-role-of-faith-in-the-progressive-movement/ (Center for American Progress, October 8, 2010).

17. Moshe Adler, Economics for the Rest of Us: Debunking the Science That Makes Life Dismal (New York: New Press, 2010), 9.

18. “Hull House,” http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hull_House

19. Premilla Nadasen, Jennifer Middelstadt and Marissa Chappel, Welfare in the United States: A History with Documents, 1935-1996 (New York: Routledge, 2009), Kindle Location 456.

20. Clifford M. Johnson, Amy Rynell and Melissa Young, Publicly Funded Jobs: An Essential Strategy for Reducing Poverty and Economic Distress Throughout the Business Cycle. http://www.urban.org/uploadedpdl/412070_publicly_funded_jobs.pdf. (The Urban Institute, March, 2010).

21. Francis Fox Piven and Richard Cloward, Regulating the Poor: The Functions of Public Welfare (New York: Vintage, 1993).

22. Douglas S. Massey and Nancy A. Denton, American Apartheid: Segregation and the Making of the Underclass (Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University, 1998).

23. Philip F. Rubio, A History of Affirmative Action, 1619-2000 (Oxford, MS: University Press of Mississippi, 2012).

24. Tax Foundation, “Federal Individual Income Tax Rates History, Nominal Dollars Income Years 1913-2013,” http://taxfoundation.org/sites/taxfoundation.org/files/docs/fed_individual_rate_history_nominal.pdf.

25. Joan Walsh, “The radical MLK we need today,” Salon, January 20, 2014, http://www.salon.com/2014/01/20/the_radical_mlk_we_need_today/. Martin Luther King, Jr., Where Do We Go From Here? Chaos or Community? (Boston: Beacon Press, 1967).

26. Josh Levin, “The Welfare Queen,” http://www.slate.com/articles/news_and_politics/history/2013/12/linda_taylor_welfare_queen_ronald_reagan_made_her_a_noto-rious_american_villain.html, Slate (December 19, 2013).

27. Rick Perlstein, The Invisible Bridge: The Fall of Nixon and the Rise of Reagan (New York: Simon & Schuster, 2014, Kindle Edition), Kindle Locations 9159-9160.

28. Ernest Dumas, “The ‘Welfare Queen’ lives on in food-stamp myth,” http://www.arktimes.com/arkansas/the-welfare-queen-lives-on-in-food-stamp-myth/Content?oid=2977935, Arkansas Times (July 18, 2013).

29. Frances Fox Piven and Richard A. Cloward, The New Class War: Reagan’s Attack on the Welfare State and Its Consequences (New York: Pantheon, 1985).

30. Frances Fox Piven and Richard A. Cloward, The New Class War: Reagan’s Attack on the Welfare State and Its Consequences (New York: Pantheon, 1985), 158. This is an especially important point given the continued claims of some conservative economists that lower tax rates for the wealthy actually boost overall tax revenue. The argument, put forward by economists like Arthur Laffer (considered fringe by most mainstream economists, but regularly interviewed on FOX) is that lower tax rates spark so much additional economic activity that incomes will rise and thus taxes collected will also climb. It was Laffer’s analysis (known as the “Laffer Curve”), literally drawn on the back of a cocktail napkin, which formed the basis for much of Reagan’s early economic policy. And yet, there have always been multiple and obvious problems with the position. These problems are in addition to the fact that virtually all academic economists consider it laughable (no pun intended), and the fact that it has never been demonstrated true at any point in economic history for tax cuts as deep as Laffer proposed and Reagan managed to push through. Among those problems, perhaps this is the most utterly devastating: Does it really seem likely that officials who insisted one of the biggest problems in Washington was government waste, would then support economic policies that they honestly believed would give that same wasteful government even more money to spend? Why would people whose entire worldview involved shrinking the size of government push for tax policies that would have the exact opposite effect? Obviously, by internally discussing the hope that the budget cuts and massive spending increases for the military would balloon the deficit, thereby forcing domestic spending cuts, the Reaganites essentially admitted the intellectual absurdity of Laffer’s claims. They knew revenues would fall, and indeed, that was their goal.

31. “Oscar Lewis,” http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oscar_Lewis

32. William Ryan, Blaming the Victim (New York, Vintage Books, 1976).

33. Premilla Nadasen, Jennifer Mittelstadt, and Marissa Chappell, Welfare in the United States: A History with Documents, 1935-1996 (New York: Routledge, 2009).

34. U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Temporary Assistance for Needy Families Program (TANF), Eighth Annual Report to Congress (Washington, DC, 2009).

35. Michelle Chen, “How Reforming Welfare and Gutting Programs for the Poor Became a Bipartisan Platform,” Alternet (September 8, 2012)

36. Steven Perlberg, “Rick Santelli Started The Tea Party With A Rant Exactly 5 Years Ago Today — Here’s How He Feels About It Now,” http://www.businessinsider.com/rick-santelli-tea-party-rant-2014-2 Business Insider (February 19, 2014).

37. Jocelyn Fong, “Cunningham: ‘[P]eople are poor in America . . . because they lack values, morals, and ethics’,” http://mediamatters.org/video/2008/10/29/cunningham-people-are-poor-in-america-because-t/145918 Media Matters (October 29, 2008).

38. “Obama chastises black fathers,” http://www.capitolhillblue.com/node/8828 Capitol Hill Blue June 15, 2008).

39. Ta-Nehisi Coates, “How the Obama Administration Talks to Black America,” http://www.theatlantic.com/politics/archive/2013/05/how-the-obama-administration-talks-to-black-america/276015/ The Atlantic (May 20, 2013).

40. United States Department of Labor, Office of Policy Planning and Research, The Negro Family: The Case for National Action (Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Labor, March, 1965).

41. Peter Edelman, So Rich, So Poor: Why It’s So Hard to End Poverty in America (New York: The New Press, 2012), 14.

42. Peter Edelman, So Rich, So Poor: Why It’s So Hard to End Poverty in America (New York: The New Press, 2012), 19.

43. Elspeth Reeve, “E.W. Jackson Says the Government Is Worse for Black People Than Slavery,” http://www.thewire.com/politics/2013/06/ew-jackson-government-slavery/66451/ The Wire June 20, 2013).

44. Jamelle Bouie, “What Cliven Bundy Knows About ‘The Negro’,” http://www.slate.com/blogs/weigel/2014/04/24/cliven_bundy_and_some_conservative_pundits_are_not_so_different.html Slate (April 24, 2014).

45. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Food and Nutrition Service, Office of Policy Support, Characteristics of Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program Households: Fiscal Year 2013, http://www.fns.usda.gov/sites/default/files/ops/Characteristics2013.pdf (December 2014).

46. Carmen DeNavas-Walt, Bernadette D. Proctor, and Jessica C. Smith, Income, Poverty, and Health Insurance Coverage in the United States: 2012 http://www.census.gov/prod/2013pubs/p60-245.pdf (U.S. Census Bureau, Current Population Reports, P60-245, 2013), 21.

47. Hilary W. Hoynes, Diane Whitmore Schanzenbach, Douglas Almond, “Long Run Impacts of Childhood Access to the Safety Net,” NBER Working Paper, No. 18535, http://www.nber.org/papers/w18535 (National Bureau of Economic Research, November, 2012)

48. Jeffrey Grogger, “The Effects of Time Limits, the EITC, and Other Policy Changes on Welfare Use, Work, and Income among Female-Headed Families,” The Review of Economics and Statistics 85: 2 (May 2003), 394-408.

49. “Policy Basics: Introduction to Medicaid,” http://www.cbpp.org/sites/default/files/atoms/files/policybasics-medicaid.pdf (Washington DC: Center on Budget and Policy Priorities, May 8, 2013).

50. Lisa Gray-Garcia, “The Hater Party: How Right-Wing Candidates Have Turned Hate Into Political Currency,” http://www.alternet.org/story/148657/the_hater_party%3A_how_right-wing_candidates_have_turned_hate_into_political_currency Alternet (October 28, 2010).

51. Beth Fouhy, “Carl Paladino Backs Welfare Prison Dorms, Hygiene Classes,” http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2010/08/22/carl-paladino-backs-welfa_n_690284.html Huffington Post (August 22, 2010).

52. “Limbaugh: ‘Do You Know Any Low-Income People Who Want To Get A Better Job? . . . Do They Even Want To Work?’” http://mediamatters.org/video/2011/04/21/limbaugh-do-you-know-any-low-income-people-who/178940 Media Matters (April 21, 2011).

53. Molly K. Hooper and Bob Cusack, “Boehner: Suicide over minimum wage hike,” http://thehill.com/homenews/house/198856-boehner-id-rather-kill-myself-than-raise-the-minimum-wage#ixzz30Tsx379t The Hill (February 21, 2014).

54. Arthur Delaney, “John Boehner Is Done Being Nice About The Unemployed,” http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2014/09/19/john-boehner-unemployment_n_5849742.html Huffington Post (September 19, 2014).

55. Lis Power, “Congressional Progressive Caucus Denounces Erick Erickson’s “Degrading Remarks” About Minimum Wage Workers,” http://mediamatters.org/blog/2014/09/04/congressional-progressive-caucus-denounces-eric/200653 Media Matters (September 4, 2014).

56. “Limbaugh says non-profit organization employees are “lazy idiots” and “rapists in terms of finance and economy,” http://mediamatters.org/video/2010/08/12/limbaugh-says-non-profit-organization-employees/169145 Media Matters (August 12, 2010).

57. Craig Harrington, “Fox’s Varney On Furloughed Federal Employees: ‘I Want To Punish These People’,” http://mediamatters.org/blog/2013/10/03/foxs-varney-on-furloughed-federal-employees-i-w/196261 Media Matters (October 3, 2013).

58. “Limbaugh Compares Welfare Recipients To Wild Animals That Become Dependent On People For Food,” http://mediamatters.org/video/2012/04/04/limbaugh-compares-welfare-recipients-to-wild-an/186252 Media Matters (April 4, 2012).

59. “Limbaugh Compares Students Who Receive Free School Meals To Family Pets,” http://mediamatters.org/video/2013/09/06/limbaugh-compares-students-who-receive-free-sch/195761 Media Matters (September 6, 2013).

60. “Limbaugh Calls Poor Children Receiving Free School Meals ‘Wanton Little Waifs And Serfs Dependent On The State’,” http://mediamatters.org/video/2011/12/12/limbaugh-calls-poor-children-receiving-free-sch/185173 Media Matters (December 12, 2011).

61. Oliver Willis, “The 10 Worst Advertiser-Sponsored Moments Limbaugh Laughed At Human Suffering,” http://mediamatters.org/blog/2012/03/11/the-10-worst-advertiser-sponsored-moments-limba/185470 Media Matters (March 11, 2012).

62. “Hannity Compares Individuals On Government Programs To Animals That Become Dependent On People For Food,” http://mediamatters.org/video/2013/01/03/hannity-compares-individuals-on-government-prog/192013 Media Matters (January 3, 2013).

63. “Ann Coulter: ‘Welfare’ Creates ‘Generations of Utterly Irresponsible Animals’,” http://mediamatters.org/video/2011/08/15/ann-coulter-welfare-creates-generations-of-utte/182020 Media Matters (August 15, 2011).

64. Ted Nugent, “Four More Years of Debt and Class Warfare,” http://www.washingtontimes.com/news/2012/nov/8/four-more-years-of-debt-and-class-warfare/ Washington Times (November 8, 2012).

65. Kaaryn S. Gustafson, Cheating Welfare: Public Assistance and the Criminalization of Poverty (New York: NYU Press, 2011), 61.

66. Zachary Pleat, “Fox Regular Neal Boortz Calls ‘The Poor’ The ‘Toenail Fungus’ Of America.” http://mediamatters.org/blog/2012/02/01/fox-regular-neal-boortz-calls-the-poor-the-toen/184463 Media Matters (February 1, 2012).

67. Julie Millican, Andrew Seifter, and Trevor Zimmer, “Boortz: ‘[P]rimary blame’ for Katrina goes to ‘worthless parasites who lived in New Orleans’,” http://mediamatters.org/video/2008/02/01/boortz-primary-blame-for-katrina-goes-to-worthl/142414 Media Matters (February 1, 2008).

68. Alfred Lubrano, “Reacting to the poor - negatively,” http://articles.philly.com/2013-08-06/news/41096922_1_west-philadelphia-neuroimaging-psychology Philadelphia Inquirer (August 6, 2013).

69. Dan Solomon, “Video of a Homeless Austin Man Went Viral Because It Shows How Crappy Everybody Treats Homeless People,” http://www.texasmonthly.com/daily-post/video-homeless-austin-man-went-viral-because-it-shows-how-crappy-everybody-treats Texas Monthly (August 13, 2014).

70. Scott Keyes, “State Rep. Smashes Homeless Peoples’ Stuff With a Sledgehammer,” http://www.alternet.org/state-rep-smashes-homeless-peoples-stuff-sledgegammer Alternet (November 19, 2013).

71. Zaid Jilani, “San Francisco Church Installs Watering System to Drench Homeless and Keep Them Away,” http://www.alternet.org/news-amp-politics/san-francis-co-church-installs-watering-system-drench-homeless-and-keep-them-away Alternet (March 18, 2015).

72. Colby Itkowitz, “Rep. Don Young: Wolves would solve homelessness,” http://www.washingtonpost.com/blogs/in-the-loop/wp/2015/03/05/rep-don-young-wolves-would-solve-homelessness/ Washington Post (March 5, 2015).

73. Leanne Suter, “Homeless Man Set on Fire While Sleeping at Ventura Beach,” http://abc7.com/news/homeless-man-set-on-fire-while-sleeping-at-ventura-beach/480692/ (January 18, 2015).

74. Gabe Wildau, “O’Reilly: ‘Irresponsible and lazy . . . that’s what poverty is’,” Media Matters, http://mediamatters.org/research/2004/06/16/oreilly-irresponsible-and-lazy-thats-what-pover/131278 (June 16, 2004).

75. Craig Harrington, “Fox’s Gasparino Calls Public Pensions ‘Ponzi Schemes,’ Wishes More ‘Stigma’ Was Attached To Welfare,” http://mediamatters.org/blog/2014/08/21/foxs-gasparino-calls-public-pensions-ponzi-sche/200506, Media Matters (August 21, 2014).

76. “National Review’s Rich Lowry: It’s ‘A Disgrace’ That Stigma Of ‘Being On The Dole’ Has Eroded,” http://mediamatters.org/video/2013/08/16/national-reviews-rich-lowry-its-a-disgrace-that/195450 Media Matters (August 16, 2013).

77. Eric Schroeck, “Fox News’ Shame Test For The Poor,” http://mediamatters.org/blog/2012/05/21/fox-news-shame-test-for-the-poor/184948 Media Matters (May 21, 2012).

78. “Editorial: Food stamps expansion driven by politics,” http://usatoday30.usatoday.com/news/opinion/editorials/story/2012-07-04/SNAP-farm-bill-food-stamps/56020262/1 USA Today (July 4, 2012).

79. “Forbes On Fox Panelist: ‘Why Can’t We Make Someone Feel Embarrassed’ For Being On Welfare?” http://mediamatters.org/video/2012/08/18/forbes-on-fox-panelist-why-cant-we-make-someone/189430 Media Matters (August 18, 2012).

80. Jordan Weissman, “Newt Gingrich Thinks School Children Should Work as Janitors,” http://www.theatlantic.com/business/archive/2011/11/newt-gingrich-thinks-school-children-should-work-as-janitors/248837/ The Atlantic (November 21, 2011).

81. Reese, Diana. 2013. “West Virginia: Lawmaker wants kids to work for ‘free lunch.’” Washington Post (“She the People” blog), http://www.washingtonpost.com/blogs/she-the-people/wp/2013/04/24/west-virginia-lawmaker-wants-kids-to-work-for-free-lunch/, April 24.

82. Dave Constantin, “How Today’s School Lunch Lines Promote Class Segregation,” http://www.alternet.org/education/how-todays-school-lunch-lines-promote-class-segregation Alternet (September 21, 2014).

83. David Edwards, “Principal stopped school’s shaming free lunch kids with hand stamps, says it got her fired,” http://www.rawstory.com/rs/2014/01/principal-stopped-schools-shaming-free-lunch-kids-with-hand-stamps-says-it-got-her-fired/ The Raw Story (January 6, 2014).

84. Progress Ohio, “Tea Partiers Mock And Scorn Apparent Parkinson’s Victim,” http://youtu.be/6ik4f1dRbP8 YouTube (uploaded March 17, 2010).

85. Luke Brinker, “ ‘Join the club’: Rand Paul mocks people on disability,” http://www.salon.com/2015/01/14/join_the_club_rand_paul_mocks_people_on_disability/ Salon (January 14, 2015).

86. Eric Hananoki, “Fox Host Tells Caller Her Bipolar Disorder Is “Made Up” And “The Latest Fad” For Money,” http://mediamatters.org/blog/2015/01/30/fox-host-tells-caller-her-bipolar-disorder-is-m/202349 Media Matters (January 30, 2015).

87. Zachary Pleat, “Fox Business Rebukes Poor People For Not Being Ashamed Of Their Poverty,” http://mediamatters.org/blog/2011/05/19/fox-business-rebukes-poor-people-for-not-being/159642 Media Matters (May 19, 2011).

88. Stephen C. Webster, “Fox News contributor: ‘It gets a little comfortable to be in poverty,’” http://www.rawstory.com/rs/2013/03/31/fox-news-contributor-it-gets-a-little-comfortable-to-be-in-poverty/ The Raw Story (March 31, 2013).

89. “Fox’s Charles Payne Laments Lack Of ‘Stigma’ Surrounding Food Stamps,” http://mediamatters.org/video/2013/03/28/foxs-charles-payne-laments-lack-of-stigma-surro/193311 Media Matters (March 28, 2013).

90. “Fox’s Charles Payne: ‘If You Can’t Pass A Test To Become A Bus Driver But You Know You’re Still Going To Eat, There’s A Problem’,” http://mediamatters.org/video/2012/04/06/foxs-charles-payne-if-you-cant-pass-a-test-to-b/185193 Media Matters (April 6, 2012).

91. “Payne Downplays U.S. Poverty: ‘The Very Poor Suffer From Gout. In The 1920s And ‘30s That Was Called The Rich Man’s Disease’,” http://mediamatters.org/video/2012/02/04/payne-downplays-us-poverty-the-very-poor-suffer/184951 Media Matters (February 4, 2012).

92. Simon Maloy, “Jim Crow For The Poor,” http://mediamatters.org/blog/2012/02/28/jim-crow-for-the-poor/186143 Media Matters (February 28, 2012).

93. “Limbaugh ‘media tweak’: ‘If people cannot even feed and clothe themselves, should they be allowed to vote?’” http://mediamatters.org/video/2010/12/03/limbaugh-media-tweak-if-people-cannot-even-feed/174021 Media Matters (December 3, 2010).

94. Matthew Vadun, “Registering the Poor to Vote is Un-American,” http://www.americanthinker.com/2011/09/registering_the_poor_to_vote_is_un-american.html The American Thinker (September 1, 2011).

95. Matt Gertz, “Ted Nugent’s Budget Deal: Suspend Vote for Welfare Recipients,” http://mediamatters.org/blog/2012/12/04/ted-nugents-budget-deal-suspend-vote-for-welfar/191666 Media Matters (December 4, 2012).

96. Zaid Jilani, “Tea Party Nation President Says It ‘Makes A Lot Of Sense’ To Restrict Voting Only To Property Owners,” ThinkProgress, http://thinkprogress.org/politics/2010/11/30/132532/tea-party-voting-property/ (November 30, 2010).

97. Kyle Mantyla, “Fischer: Only Property Owners Should Be Eligible To Vote,” http://www.rightwingwatch.org/content/fischer-only-property-owners-should-be-eligible-vote Right Wing Watch (January 15, 2014).

98. Emily Arrowood, “These Fox Figures’ Suggestions For Best Voting Practices Sound Similar To Jim Crow Laws” http://mediamatters.org/blog/2014/10/02/thesefox-figures-suggestions-for-best-voting-p/200996 Media Matters (October 2, 2014).

99. David Edwards, “Fox and Ann Coulter prep for 2016: Bring back ‘literacy tests’ so voting is ‘a little more difficult’,” http://www.rawstory.com/2015/04/fox-and-ann-coulter-prep-for-2016-bring-back-literacy-tests-so-voting-is-a-little-more-difficult/, Raw Story (April 15, 2015).

100. Matthew Yglesias, “Newt Gingrich Proposes Reviving “Poll Tests” Of The Sort Outlawed In The Civil Rights Era,” http://thinkprogress.org/yglesias/2011/05/14/200982/newt-gingrich-proposes-reviving-poll-tests-of-the-sort-outlawed-in-the-civil-rights-era/ Think Progress (May 14, 2011).

101. Charles Riley, “Tom Perkins’ big idea: The rich should get more votes,” http://money.cnn.com/2014/02/14/investing/tom-perkins-vote/index.html CNN Money (February 14, 2014).

102. David Badash, “‘Small Government’ GOP Vice Chair: I Would Sterilize Poor Women On Medicaid,” http://www.thenewcivilrightsmovement.com/vice_chair_of_arizona_gop?recruiter_id=2TheNewCivilRightsMovement.com (September 12, 2014).

103. Lance Hill and Tim Wise, “Report on Louisiana House Bill No. 1584: The Duke Sterilization Plan,” in The Politics and Background of David Duke: A Resource Packet (New Orleans: Louisiana Coalition Against Racism and Nazism, December, 1991).

104. Karen Tumulty, “Gramm’s Politics of Controversy: Plan for Balanced Budget Keeps Capital Off Balance,” http://articles.latimes.com/1985-11-13/news/mn-5379_1_balanced-budget-proposal Los Angeles Times, (November 13, 1985).

105. Alex Henderson, “McDowell County, USA Has Close to Haiti’s Life Expectancy: Welcome to Third World America,” http://www.alternet.org/corporate-accountability-and-workplace/mcdowell-county-usa-has-close-haitis-life-expectancy-welcome Alternet (October 16, 2013).

106. Catherine Rampell, “The Haves and the Have-Nots,” http://economix.blogs.nytimes.com/2011/01/31/the-haves-and-the-have-nots/?_php=true&_type=blogs&_r=0 New York Times/Economix (January 31, 2011).

107. “Hannity: ‘Poor In America Is Not Poor Like Around The Rest Of The World’,” http://mediamatters.org/video/2011/12/06/hannity-poor-in-america-is-not-poor-like-around/184720 Media Matters (December 6, 2011).

108. Jason Notte, “Charles Koch: $34,000 puts you in the top http://money.msn.com/now/post--charles-koch-dollar34000-puts-you-in-the-top-1percent MSN Money (July 15, 2013).

109. Robert Frank, “Luxury CEO: The Poor Should Stop Wining,” http://www.cnbc.com/id/101410955 CNBC (February 12, 2014).

110. “Limbaugh Claims Unemployed Spend Their Benefits On Lottery Tickets, ‘Smirnoff Ice And Chips’,” http://mediamatters.org/video/2013/01/11/limbaugh-claims-unemployed-spend-their-benefits/192195 Media Matters (January 11, 2013).

111. “FOX News’ Andrea Tantaros: I Should Live Off Food Stamps As a Dieting Technique (VIDEO),” http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2012/11/21/fox-news-andrea-tantaros-food-stamps-dieting-technique_n_2172496.html Huffington Post (November 21, 2012).

112. David Shere, “Fox Cites Ownership Of Appliances To Downplay Hardship Of Poverty In America,” http://mediamatters.org/research/2011/07/22/fox-cites-owner-ship-of-appliances-to-downplay-h/148574 Media Matters (July 22, 2011).

113. Robert Rector, “How Poor are America’s Poor? Examining the ‘Plague’ of Poverty in America” www.heritage.org/Research/Reports/2007/08/How-Poor-Are-Americas-Poor-Examining-the-Plague-of-Poverty-in-America (Washington, DC: Heritage Foundation, August 27, 2007), 1

114. Robert Rector and Rachel Sheffield, “Air Conditioning, Cable TV, and an Xbox: What is Poverty in the United States Today?” http://www.heritage.org/research/reports/2011/07/what-is-poverty (Heritage Foundation, Backgrounder #2575), July 19, 2011.

115. “Right-Wing Blogger Hoft Criticizes Summer Heat Relief For The Elderly And Chronically I11,” http://mediamatters.org/blog/2012/07/13/right-wing-blogger-hoft-criticizes-summer-heat/187111 Media Matters, July 13, 2012).

116. The idea that the poor should sell anything of value before going on public assistance is ridiculous for a few reasons that should be obvious, but which apparently conservatives cannot comprehend. First, some of the items in question do not even belong to the poor, but rather to their landlords. Things like refrigerators, microwaves and air conditioning units usually come provided in apartments, so they are not possessions that the poor have the legal right to sell. Second, even if the poor sold every real thing of value that they owned, like televisions, video games, or their own personal microwaves, the amount they would receive would hardly suffice to keep them from needing assistance. Such items as these might fetch them a few hundred dollars, which would not be enough for even one month’s rent or groceries, let alone enough to pay medical bills.

117. Darlena Cunha, “This is what happened when I drove my Mercedes to pick up food stamps,” http://www.washingtonpost.com/posteverything/wp/2014/07/08/this-is-what-happened-when-i-drove-my-mercedes-to-pick-up-food-stamps/ Washington Post (July 8, 2014).

118. Rolf Pendall, Christopher Hayes, Arthur (Taz) George, Zach McDade, Casey Dawkins, Jae Sik Jeon, Eli Knaap, Evelyn Blumenberg, Gregory Pierce, and Michael Smart, Driving to Opportunity: Understanding the Links among Transportation Access, Residential Outcomes, and Economic Opportunity for Housing Voucher Recipients (Washington, DC: Urban Institute, March, 2014).

119. Michael Corkery and Jessica Silver-Greenberg, “Miss a Payment? Good Luck Moving That Car,” http://dealbook.nytimes.com/2014/09/24/miss-a-payment-good-luck-moving-that-car/?_php=true&_type=blogs&_r=0 New York Times DealB%k (September 24, 2014).

120. “The New York Times’ ‘homeless’ hooey,” http://nypost.com/2013/12/09/the-new-york-times-homeless-hooey/ The New York Post (December 9, 2013).

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133. “O’Reilly Juxtaposes Stats On Poverty And Substance Abuse, Says, ‘Maybe Poverty Is Not Exclusively An Economic Problem’,” http://mediamatters.org/video/2011/10/11/oreilly-juxtaposes-stats-on-poverty-and-substan/183197 Media Matters (October 11, 2011).

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135. Maia Szalavitz, “Study: Whites More Likely to Abuse Drugs Than Blacks,” http://healthland.time.com/2011/11/07/study-whites-more-likely-to-abuse-drugs-than-blacks/ TIME (November 7, 2011).

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137. Salvatore Colleluori, “Columbus Dispatch Omits Key Facts On Drug Testing For Welfare Recipients,” http://mediamatters.org/research/2012/12/07/columbus-dispatch-omits-key-facts-on-drug-testi/191738 Media Matters (December 7, 2012).

138. National Institutes of Health, “NIAAA Researchers Estimate Alcohol and Drug Use, Abuse, and Dependence Among Welfare Recipients,” http://www.nih.gov/news/pr/oct96/niaaa-23.htm (October 24, 1996).

139. Bryce Covert, “Why Do Americans Feel Entitled to Tell Poor People What to Eat?” http://www.thenation.com/blog/198369/why-do-americans-feel-entitled-tell-poor-what-eat?utm_source=facebook&utm_medium=socialflow# The Nation (February 18, 2015).

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142. Dottie Rosenbaum, “Setting the Record Straight on SNAP, Part 3: Waving the ‘Fraud, Waste, and Abuse’ Flag,” http://www.offthechartsblog.org/setting-the-record-straight-on-snap-part-3-waiving-the-fraud-waste-and-abuse-flag/?utm_ source=feedburner&utm_medium=email&utm_campaign=Feed%3A+OffTheChartsBlog+%28Off+the+Charts+Blog+%7C+Center+on+Budget+and+Policy+Prioriti, Off the Charts, (September 11, 2013).

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145. Ife Floyd and Liz Schott, “TANF Cash Benefits Continued to Lose Value in 2013” (Center on Budget and Policy Priorities, October 21, 2013), 1.

146. Kaaryn S. Gustafson, Cheating Welfare: Public Assistance and the Criminalization of Poverty (New York: NYU Press, 2011), 57-59.

147. Kaaryn S. Gustafson, Cheating Welfare: Public Assistance and the Criminalization of Poverty (New York: NYU Press, 2011), 184-185.

148. Craig Harrington, “Right-Wing Media Think Unemployed Americans Spend Too Little Time Working,” http://mediamatters.org/blog/2014/09/11/right-wing-media-think-unemployed-americans-spe/200730 Media Matters (September 11, 2014).

149. Ali Meyer, “BLS: Unemployed More Likely to Go Shopping on Average Day Than Look for Job,” http://cnsnews.com/news/article/ali-meyer/bls-unemployed-more-likely-go-shopping-average-day-look-job CNS News (September 8, 2014).

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153. Zachary Pleat, “Fox Message Testing: Week-Long Series To Label Safety Net Beneficiaries ‘Takers’,” http://mediamatters.org/research/2011/05/24/fox-message-testing-week-long-series-to-label-s/179984 Media Matters (May 24, 2011).

154. Justin Baragona, “Paul Ryan Claims Black Men Are Lazy And The Cause Of Poverty In This Country,” Politics USA, http://www.politicususa.com/2014/03/12/paul-ryan-claims-black-men-lazy-poverty-country.html (March 12, 2014).

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156. “Nugent: Cut ‘Social Welfare Programs’ Because Poverty Is Based On ‘Poor Decisions’ ‘We Need To Punish’,” http://mediamatters.org/blog/2011/12/19/nugent-cut-social-welfare-programs-because-pove/185489 Media Matters (December 19, 2011).

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165. U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Office of Family Assistance, “Characteristics and Financial Circumstances of TANF Recipients, Fiscal Year 2011,” Appendix, http://www.acf.hhs.gov/sites/default/files/ofa/appendix_fy2011_final_amend.pdf. (October 29, 2013).

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176. United States Department of Agriculture, Food and Nutrition Service (FNS), Office of Policy Support, Characteristics of Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program Households: Fiscal Year 2013, www.fns.usda.gov/sites/default/files/ops/Characteristics2013.pdf (December 2014), 59. To clarify, the official calculations in the above document for each racial group are smaller than those provided here, because the official data includes 7.4 million SNAP beneficiaries whose race was unreported in the data. So, of the forty-seven million recipients in 2013, non-Hispanic whites represented forty-five percent of those whose race was known, while blacks were thirty-one percent of recipients whose race was known and Hispanics were nineteen percent of those whose race was known. If we apply these relative racial percentages to those whose race was unknown (a seemingly reasonable proposition), the relative rates of use for each group will appear as noted herein.

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189. Sharon Parrott and LaDonna Pavetti, Cato Gets It Very Wrong: The Safety Net Supports, Rather Than Discourages, Work, http://www.cbpp.org/files/8-21-13pov.pdf (Washington, DC: Center on Budget and Policy Priorities, August 21, 2013).

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198. Sharon Parrott and LaDonna Pavetti, Cato Gets It Very Wrong: The Safety Net Supports, Rather Than Discourages, Work, http://www.cbpp.org/files/8-21-13pov.pdf (Washington, DC: Center on Budget and Policy Priorities, August 21, 2013), 1.

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200. Sharon Parrott and LaDonna Pavetti, Cato Gets It Very Wrong: The Safety Net Supports, Rather Than Discourages, Work, http://www.cbpp.org/files/8-21-13pov.pdf (Washington, DC: Center on Budget and Policy Priorities, August 21, 2013), 2.

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203. Patricia Cohen, “Aid to Needy Often Excludes the Poorest in America,” http://www.nytimes.com/2015/02/17/business/economy/aid-to-needy-often-excludes-the-poorest-in-america.html?_r=0 New York Times (February 16, 2015).

204. Robert Rector, Katherine Bradley, and Rachel Sheffield, Obama to Spend 10.3 Trillion on Welfare: Uncovering the Full Cost of Means-Tested Welfare or Aid to the Poor http://www.heritage.org/research/reports/2009/09/obama-to-spend-103-trillion-on-welfare-uncovering-the-full-cost-of-means-tested-welfare-or-aid-to-the-poor (Washington DC: Heritage Foundation, Heritage Special Report, September 16, 2009)

205. Brittany Rush, “Where the Money Goes,” http://healthcarecostmonitor.thehast-ingscenter.org/brittanyrush/where-the-money-goes/ Health Care Cost Monitor (2013).

206. “Medicaid Moving Forward,” http://kff.org/medicaid/fact-sheet/the-medicaid-program-at-a-glance-update/ (Kaiser Family Foundation, June 17, 2014).

207. David B. Muhlhausen and Patrick D. Tyrrell, The 2013 Index of Dependence on Government http://thf_media.s3.amazonaws.com/2013/pdf/SR142update.pdf (Washington, DC: The Heritage Foundation, November 21, 2013).

208. “To Fox’s Stephen Moore, Unemployment Insurance Is ‘Like A Paid Vacation For People,’ http://mediamatters.org/video/2014/01/08/to-foxs-stephen-moore-unemployment-insurance-is/197491, Media Matters (January 8, 2014).

209. Alan Pyke, “Wall Street Journal Revives Conservative Notion That Social Insurance Breeds Laziness,” http://mediamatters.org/blog/2013/01/09/wall-street-journal-revives-conservative-notion/192117 Media Matters (January 9, 2013).

210. “Ben Stein Asserts That ‘A Lot Of’ Unemployed ‘Would Not Prefer To Go To Work’.” http://mediamatters.org/video/2011/04/30/ben-stein-asserts-that-a-lot-of-unemployed-woul/179223 Media Matters (April 30, 2011).

211. “Limbaugh: ‘Extended unemployment benefits do nothing but incentivize people not to look for work’,” http://mediamatters.org/video/2010/06/29/limbaugh-extended-unemployment-benefits-do-noth/166960 Media Matters (June 29, 2010).

212. “Limbaugh: Obama is ’in the process of creating and building a permanent underclass’ by extending unemployment benefits’,” http://mediamatters.org/video/2010/04/12/limbaugh-obama-is-in-the-process-of-creating-an/163060 Media Matters (April 12, 2010).

213. U.S. Congress, Joint Economic Committee, The Case for Maintaining Unemployment Insurance: Supporting Workers and Strengthening the Economy http://www.jec.senate.gov/public/?a=Files.Serve&File_id=3e1016fc-2ef2-451d-bcee-193c1f08b174 (December, 2011).

214. Congressional Budget Office, “Unemployment Insurance in the Wake of the Recent Recession,” http://www.cbo.gov/publication/43734 (November 28, 2012).

215. Will Kimball and Rick McHugh, “How Low Can We Go? State Unemployment Insurance Programs Exclude Record Numbers of Jobless Workers,” http://www.epi.org/publication/how-low-can-we-go-state-unemployment-insurance-programs-exclude-record-numbers-of-jobless-workers/ (Washington, DC: Economic Policy Institute, March 9, 2015).

216. Christopher Ingraham, “Wal-Mart has a lower acceptance rate than Harvard,” http://www.washingtonpost.com/blogs/wonkblog/wp/2014/03/28/wal-mart-has-a-lower-acceptance-rate-than-harvard/?Post+generic=?tid=sm_twitter_washingtonpost Washington Post (March 28, 2014).

217. Scott Paul, “Shocker: Only 6 Out of 100 Applicants Can Get a Job at Mc-Donalds - It’s Time for Politicians to Stop Ignoring Our Jobs Crisis,” http://www.alternet.org/story/150839/shocker%3A_only_6_out_of_100_applicants_can_get_a_job_at_mcdonald’s_--_it’s_time_for_politicians_to_stop_ignoring_our_jobs_crisis Alternet (May 4, 2011).

218. Isaiah J. Poole, “After 5 Years of ‘Recovery,’ Still Only Half as Many Jobs as Job Seekers,” OurFuture.org (Campaign for America’s Future), August 12, 2014.

219. Economic Policy Institute, “Ratio of Job Seekers to Job Openings Holds Steady at 2.9-to-1” (press release), http://www.epi.org/press/ratio-job-seekers-job-openings-holds-steady/ (November 22, 2013).

220. Matthew O’Brien, “The Terrifying Reality of Long-Term Unemployment,” The Atlantic, http://www.theatlantic.com/business/archive/2013/04/the-terrifying-reality-of-long-term-unemployment/274957/ (April 13, 2013).

221. Jonathan Chait, Jonathan, “Obama’s Plan to End Discrimination Against the Long-term Unemployed,” New York, http://nymag.com/daily/intelligencer/2014/01/obama-hire-the-long-term-unemployed.html (January 27, 2014).

222. Matthew O’Brien, “The Terrifying Reality of Long-Term Unemployment,” The Atlantic, http://www.theatlantic.com/business/archive/2013/04/the-terrifying-reality-of-long-term-unemployment/274957/ (April 13, 2013).

223. Media Matters, “Limbaugh: Obama Is “Punishing Achievers” By Trying To End Discrimination Against Long-Term Unemployed,” http://mediamatters.org/video/2014/01/31/limbaugh-obama-is-punishing-achievers-by-trying/197870 (January 31, 2014).

224. Barry Rithotlz, “How McDonalds and Wal-Mart Became Welfare Queens,” http://www.bloomberg.com/news/2013-11-13/how-mcdonald-s-and-wal-mart-became-welfare-queens.html Bloomberg News (November 13, 2013).

225. Alyssa Figueroa, “Walmart Is Holding Food Drives Again to Urge Workers to Help Feed Their Co-Workers,” http://www.alternet.org/labor/walmart-holding-food-drives-again-urge-workers-help-feed-their-co-workers Alternet (November 20, 2014).

226. Americans for Tax Fairness, Walmart on Tax Day: How Taxpayers Subsidize America’s Biggest Employer and Richest Family, http://www.americansfortaxfairness.org/files/Walmart-on-Tax-Day-Americans-for-Tax-Fairness-1.pdf (Washington, D.C., Americans for Tax Fairness, April 2014).

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347. Matt Taibbi, “Why Isn’t Wall Street in Jail?” http://www.rollingstone.com/politics/news/why-isnt-wall-street-in-jail-20110216?print=true Rolling Stone (February 16, 2011).

348. Ben Protess and Jessica Silver-Greenberg, “HSBC to Pay $1.92 Billion to Settle Charges of Money Laundering,” http://dealbook.nytimes.com/2012/12/10/hsbc-said-to-near-1-9-billion-settlement-over-money-laundering/?_php=true&_ type=blogs&_r=0 New York Times (December 10, 2012).

349. Democracy Now, “Matt Taibbi: The SuperRich in America Have Become ‘Untouchables’ Who Don’t Go to Prison,” http://www.alternet.org/books/matt-taibbi-superrich-america-have-become-untouchables-america-who-dont-go-prison?page=0 %2C10&paging=off&current_page=1#bookmark Alternet (April 15, 2014).

350. Franklin Delano Roosevelt, “Speech at Madison Square Garden” (October 31, 1936), http://millercenter.org/president/speeches/speech-3307. As a side note, my praise here for FDRs directness in confronting the financial elites of his time—and for that matter my obvious support for the New Deal policies that were so central to the rebuilding of the American economy after the Depression—should not be mistaken for uncritical fandom of the Roosevelt presidency. FDRs decision to intern Japanese Americans was an unforgivable racist crime, which should forever complicate progressive praise for his administration. He also approved many restrictions on free speech and association during the war, more generally, and failed to push as hard on southerners in his own party (when it came to inclusion of blacks in New Deal programs) as he did the rich when it came to economic policy. While there may have been little choice at the time but to settle for what was possible, given the power of southern Senators and Congressmen, the fact that he said so little suggesting his opposition to their racism and pro-segregation stance is also an ethical stain on his presidency.

351. Xander Landen, “More cities across the U.S. consider homelessness a crime,” http://www.pbs.org/newshour/rundown/homelessness-now-crime-cities-throughout-u-s/ PBS Newshour July 19, 2014).

352. Dan Solomon, “San Antonio’s Plan To Criminalize Giving To Panhandlers Is Drawing Fire,” http://www.texasmonthly.com/daily-post/san-antonios-plan-criminalize-giving-panhandlers-drawing-fire Texas Monthly (September 9, 2014).

353. Brady Meixell and Ross Eisenbrey, An Epidemic of Wage Theft Is Costing Workers Hundreds of Millions of Dollars a Year http://www.epi.org/publication/epidemic-wage-theft-costing-workers-hundreds/ (Washington, DC: Economic Policy Institute, September 11, 2014).

354. Dana Ford, “Judge orders Texas teen Ethan Couch to rehab for driving drunk, killing 4,” http://www.cnn.com/2014/02/05/us/texas-affluenza-teen/ CNN (February 6, 2014).

355. Michael Martinez and Dan Simon, “Outcry as businessman gets work-release after 7 DUIs, car crash,” http://www.cnn.com/2014/05/21/justice/washington-state-seven-duis-case/ CNN (May 22, 2014).

356. David Edwards, “Wealthy fund manager avoids felony charges after running over cyclist because of . . . wealth,” http://www.rawstory.com/rs/2010/11/08/wealthy-fund-manager-avoids-felony-charges-running-cyclist/ The Raw Story (November 8, 2010).

357. Bruce Vielmetti, “Billionaire Johnson heir gets brief jail term in sex assault case,” http://www.jsonline.com/news/crime/johnson07-b99285933z1-262145461.html Milwaukee Journal Sentinel (June 6, 2014).

358. David Ferguson, “Du Pont heir never completed court-ordered treatment after conviction for daughter’s rape,” http://www.rawstory.com/rs/2014/04/10/du-pont-heir-never-completed-court-ordered-treatment-after-conviction-for-daughters-rape/ The Raw Story (April 10, 2014).

CHAPTER III

1. Richard Wilkinson and Kate Pickett, The Spirit Level: Why Greater Equality Makes Societies Stronger (New York: Bloomsbury, 2009).

2. Stephen J. McNamee and Robert K. Miller, Jr., The Meritocracy Myth (Lanham, MD: Rowman and Littlefield, 2009), 67.

3. Ronald Takaki, A Different Mirror: A History of Multicultural America (Boston: Back Bay Books/Little, Brown and Co., 1993), 334.

4. Derrick Jensen, The Culture of Make Believe (New York: Context Books, 2002), 323-324.

5. “Upper Bound,” http://www.economist.com/node/15908469 The Economist (April 15, 2010).

6. Pew Research Center, Beyond Red Vs. Blue: The Political Typology http://www.people-press.org/files/2014/06/6-26-14-Political-Typology-release1.pdf (June 26, 2014).

7. Imara Jones, “The Great Isolation of the 1%,” Alternet, http://www.alternet.org/news-amp-politics/great-isolation-1 (February 12, 2014).

8. Carmen Stavrositu,”Does TV Viewing Cultivate Meritocracy?” Paper presented at the annual meeting of the International Communication Association, Sheraton Phoenix Downtown, Phoenix, AZ, May 24, 2012, http://citation.allacademic.com/meta/p_mla_apa_research_citation/5/5/5/7/7/p555778_index.html?phpsessid=e41301c471dbe00f80f2efd512c3e239 All Academic (September 13, 2014).

9. Rick Perlstein, The Invisible Bridge: The Fall of Nixon and the Rise of Reagan (New York: Simon & Schuster, 2014), Kindle Locations 195-197.

10. “Remarks by the President on Economic Growth and Deficit Reduction,” http://www.whitehouse.gov/the-press-office/2011/09/19/remarks-president-economic-growth-and-deficit-reduction (September 19, 2011).

11. Ben Mathis-Lilley and Chris Wade, “Watch Barack Obama Talk About How America Is the Greatest Country on Earth in 13 Different Speeches,” http://www.slate.com/blogs/the_slatest/2015/02/20/barack_obama_loves_america_and_thinks_it_s_great_video_evidence_contradicts.html?wpsrc=slatest_newsletter&sid=5388f432dd52b8e41100c960 Slate (February 20, 2015).

12. AP/National Opinion Research Center, “The People’s Agenda: America’s Priorities and Outlook for 2014,” http://www.apnorc.org/PDFs/Peoples%20Agenda/AP_NORC_2014_PeoplesAgenda_Poll_Topline_FINAL_FXD.pdf (December, 2013), 6. Since large numbers of people of color would likely consider addressing racism and racial inequity to be a high priority, these numbers are especially startling. They suggest that those believing the government needs to address such matters are disproportionately black and brown, meaning that far fewer than twenty-six percent of whites would think such things to be of crucial importance.

13. Thandeka, “The Whiting of Euro-Americans: A Divide and Conquer Strategy,” http://msuweb.montclair.edu/~furrg/spl/thandekawhiting.html World: The Journal of the Unitarian Universalist Association. Vol. XII No: 4 (July/August 1998), 14–20.

14. Theodore Allen, The Invention of the White Race: Volume I: Racial Oppression and Social Control (New York, Verso, 2012).

15. Herbert G. Gutman and the American Social History Project, Who Built America: Working People and the Nation’s Economy, Politics, Culture and Society - Volume I (New York, Pantheon, 1989), 420.

16. Corey Robin, The Reactionary Mind: Conservatism from Edmund Burke to Sarah Palin (Oxford University Press, 2011, Kindle Edition), 56.

17. “Letter of S.F. Hale, Commissioner of Alabama to the State of Kentucky, to Gov. Magoffin of Kentucky,” (December 26, 1860), http://civilwarcauses.org/hale.htm.

18. Ronald Takaki, A Different Mirror: A History of Multicultural America (Boston: Back Bay Books/Little, Brown and Co., 1993), 152.

19. Herbert Hill, “Racism Within Organized Labor: A Report of Five Years of the AFL-CIO, 1955 – 1960,” The Journal of Negro Education (Vol. 30, No. 2, Spring, 1961).

20. Eric Arnesen, “ ‘Like Banquo’s Ghost, It Will Not Down’: The Race Question and the American Railroad Brotherhoods, 1880-1920,” http://www.jstor.org/stable/2168390 American Historical Review 99 (1994), 1629.

21. W.E.B. DuBois, Black Reconstruction in America, 1860-1880 (New York: The Free Press, 1998), 700.

22. Ronald Takaki, A Different Mirror: A History of Multicultural America (Boston: Back Bay Books/Little, Brown and Co., 1993), 204.

23. David R. Roediger, The Wages of Whiteness: Race and the Making of the American Working Class (London: Verso, 1991), 12-13.

24. Carter A. Wilson, Racism: From Slavery to Advanced Capitalism (Thousand Oaks California, Sage Publishing, 1996), 100-101.

25. Ronald Takaki, A Different Mirror: A History of Multicultural America (Boston: Back Bay Books/Little, Brown and Co., 1993), 331.

26. Derrick Bell, “Police Brutality: Portent of Disaster and Discomforting Divergence,” in Police Brutality: An Anthology, Jill Nelson, ed. (New York: W.W. Norton, 2000), 95.

27. Ronald Takaki, A Different Mirror: A History of Multicultural America (Boston: Back Bay Books/Little, Brown and Co., 1993), 350.

28. Philip Perlmutter, Legacy of Hate (Armonk, NY: M.E. Sharpe, 1999), 121.

29. Douglas Massey and Nancy Denton, American Apartheid: Segregation and the Making of the Underclass (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1993).

30. Kenneth J. Neubeck and Noel A. Cazenave, Welfare Racism: Playing the Race Card Against America’s Poor (New York: Routledge, 2001).

31. Rudolph Alexander, Jr. Racism, African Americans and Social Justice (Lanham, MD: Rowman and Littlefield, 2005), 85.

32. Gerald Grant, Hope and Despair in the American City: Why There are No Bad Schools in Raleigh (Cambridge, MA: The President and Fellows of Harvard College, 2009), 17-18.

33. Tax Foundation, “U.S. Federal Individual Income Tax Rates History, 1862-2013 (Nominal and Inflation-Adjusted Brackets),” http://taxfoundation.org/article/us-federal-individual-income-tax-rates-history-1913-2013-nominal-and-inflation-adjusted-brackets (2013).

34. Premilla Nadasen, Jennifer Middelstadt and Marissa Chappel, Welfare in the United States: A History with Documents, 1935-1996 (New York: Routledge, 2009), Kindle Location 473.

35. Premilla Nadasen, Jennifer Middelstadt and Marissa Chappel, Welfare in the United States: A History with Documents, 1935-1996 (New York: Routledge, 2009), Kindle Location 503.

36. Kenneth J. Neubeck and Noel A. Cazenave, Welfare Racism: Playing the Race Card Against America’s Poor (New York: Routledge, 2001).

37. Premilla Nadasen, Jennifer Middelstadt and Marissa Chappel, Welfare in the United States: A History with Documents, 1935-1996 (New York: Routledge, 2009), Kindle Location 785-790.

38. Peter Edelman, So Rich, So Poor: Why It’s So Hard to End Poverty in America (New York: The New Press, 2012), 20.

39. Premilla Nadasen, Jennifer Middelstadt and Marissa Chappel, Welfare in the United States: A History with Documents, 1935-1996 (New York: Routledge, 2009), Kindle Location 1336-1341.

40. Martin Gilens, Why Americans Hate Welfare (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1999).

41. Rick Perlstein, “Exclusive: Lee Atwater’s Infamous 1981 Interview on the Southern Strategy,” The Nation, http://www.thenation.com/article/170841/exclusive-lee-atwaters-infamous-1981-interview-southern-strategy?_r=hpyr# (November 13, 2012).

42. Corey Robin, The Reactionary Mind: Conservatism from Edmund Burke to Sarah Palin (Oxford University Press, 2011, Kindle Edition): 50.

43. David Dante Troutt, “Why America Is Still a Deeply Racist Country,” Alternet, http://www.alternet.org/books/why-america-still-deeply-racist-country?paging=off&current_page=1#bookmark January 31, 2014).

44. David Dante Troutt, “Why America Is Still a Deeply Racist Country,” Alternet, http://www.alternet.org/books/why-america-still-deeply-racist-country?paging=off&current_page=1#bookmark January 31, 2014).

45. Thomas Frank, What’s the Matter With Kansas? How Conservatives Won the Heart of America (New York: Metropolitan Books, 2010).

46. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, “Nonmarital childbearing, by detailed race and Hispanic origin of mother, and maternal age: United States, selected years 1970-2010,” http://www.cdc.gov/nchs/data/hus/2011/007.pdf (2011).

47. Brady E. Hamilton and Stephanie J. Ventura, “Birth Rates for U.S. Teenagers Reach Historic Lows for All Age and Ethnic Groups,” http://www.cdc.gov/nchs/data/databriefs/db89.pdf NCHS Data Brief, No. 89 (April, 2012).

48. U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Indicators of Welfare Dependence Twelfth Report to Congress http://aspe.hhs.gov/hsp/13/Indicators/rpt.pdf (2010).

49. Algernon Austin, “Should We Be Worried About the Declining Black Marital Birth Rate?” http://www.blacknews.com/news/thora_institute101.shtml#.VBM-h1ZHSLna Black news.com

50. “Glenn Beck: Obama agenda driven by ‘reparations’ and desire to ‘settle old racial scores’,” http://mediamatters.org/video/2009/07/23/glenn-beck-obama-agenda-driven-by-reparations-a/152403 Media Matters July 23, 2009); “Beck: ‘The health care bill is reparations. It’s the beginning of reparations’,” http://mediamatters.org/video/2009/07/22/beck-the-health-care-bill-is-reparations-its-th/152321 Media Matters July 22, 2010).

51. “Limbaugh criticizes health care reform as ‘a civil rights bill’ and ‘reparations’,” http://mediamatters.org/video/2010/02/22/limbaugh-criticizes-health-care-reformas-a-civ/160735 Media Matters (February 22, 2010).

52. “The Right Attacks Health Care as ‘Reparations’—Again,” http://nomoremister.blogspot.com/2010/02/right-attacks-health-care-reform-as.html No More Mister Nice Blog (February, 2010).

53. Michael Tesler, “The Spillover of Racialization into Health Care: How President Obama Polarized Public Opinion by Racial Attitudes and Race,” http://mst.michaeltesler.com/uploads/ajps11full.pdf 2010.

54. Binyamin Appelbaum and Robert Gebeloff, “Who Benefits From the Safety Net?” Economix Blog, (New York Times), http://economix.blogs.nytimes.com/2012/02/13/who-benefits-from-the-safety-net/?_php=true&_type=blogs&_ php=true&_type=blogs&_r=1 (February 13, 2012).

55. Richard Myers, “Limbaugh unveils ‘Baracka Claus’, asserts Democrats bribe Hispanics for votes, mocks w/Feliz Navidad,” http://www.dailykos.com/story/2012/11/13/1160965/-Limbaugh-unveils-Baracka-Claus-asserts-Democrats-bribe-Hispanics-for-votes-mocks-w-Feliz-Navidad Daily Kos (November 13, 2012).

56. Jerry Markon and Karen Tumulty, “Romney: Obama’s gift giving led to loss,” http://www.washingtonpost.com/politics/romney-obamas-gift-giving-led-to-loss/2012/11/14/c8d7e744-2eb7-11e2-89d4-040c9330702a_story.html?wpisrc=nl_politics Washington Post (November 14, 2012).

57. Ben Leubsdorf, “Sununu: Democrats won election by turning out voters who are dependent on government,” http://www.concordmonitor.com/home/3140299-95/sununu-base-government-former Concord Monitor (December 4, 2012).

58. “Fox Business Host: Food Stamp Program Is A ‘Deliberate’ Effort To Buy Votes,” http://mediamatters.org/video/2015/02/12/fox-business-host-food-stamp-program-is-a-delib/202508 Media Matters (February 12, 2015).

59. Alberto Alesina, Edward Glaeser, and Bruce Sacerdote, Why Doesn’t the U.S. Have a European-Style Welfare State? http://scholar.harvard.edu/files/glaeser/files/why_doesnt_the_u.s._have_a_european-style_welfare_state.pdf (Harvard Institute of Economic Research, Discussion Paper 1933, November, 2001).

60. Drew Westen, “How Race Turns Up the Volume on Incivility: A Scientifically Informed Post-Mortem to a Controversy,” http://www.huffingtonpost.com/drew-westen/how-race-turns-up-the-vol_b_295874.html Huffington Post (November 23, 2009).

61. Rick Perlstein, The Invisible Bridge: The Fall of Nixon and the Rise of Reagan (NY: Simon & Schuster, 2014), Kindle locations 6772-6776.

62. Suzanne Mettler, “Our Hidden Government Benefits,” http://www.nytimes.com/2011/09/20/opinion/our-hidden-government-benefits.html The New York Times (September 19, 2011).

63. Suzanne Mettler, “Our Hidden Government Benefits,” http://www.nytimes.com/2011/09/20/opinion/our-hidden-government-benefits.html The New York Times (September 19, 2011).

64. Malcolm Gladwell, Outliers: The Story of Success (New York: Little, Brown, 2008). 28-30. Interestingly, by being held out a year, these students become accelerated relative to the younger kids in their own grade, even though relative to other children their own age who started school earlier—and who are now a grade ahead of them—they do worse on so-called IQ tests. This is because the extra year of schooling enjoyed by kids whose birthdays made it logical to start them earlier gives those children a bump relative to their same-age peers who started later. In other words, an extra year of age in a given grade pays dividends at each grade level, while an extra year of schooling pays dividends at every age level. Either of these can provide a long-term edge, but given that we tend to be judged relative to others in our particular school classes, rather than age, the kids who were held out longer are the big winners. After all, they will be competing for college slots against people with whom they graduated, not against the larger pool of eighteen year olds. A sixteen year old who started school at the age of five because he or she was born in October—and who is now a junior in high school—would likely have higher IQ (for what that’s worth) than another sixteen year old born in July, who was held out of school until shortly after he or she turned six, simply because the extra year of schooling will typically bring about such a result. But the first of these sixteen year olds would be competing in class with other kids, many of whom had been held back a year because they had summer birthdays, and who are now seventeen in that same junior class. Relative to those children—the ones against whom our first bright sixteen year old was competing for placement in advanced classes, or against whom he or she would be taking the SAT and hoping for a slot at Harvard—the higher IQ compared to some sixteen year old sophomore wouldn’t do much good. In this scenario, the accelerated sixteen year old with the extra year of school will be going up against seventeen year olds who have the same amount of schooling as they, but who also have the added edge of age, maturity, and the possible presumption of greater ability by their teachers.

65. Malcolm Gladwell, Outliers: The Story of Success (New York: Little, Brown, 2008), 56-68.

66. Malcolm Gladwell, Outliers: The Story of Success (New York: Little, Brown, 2008), 52.

67. Malcolm Gladwell, Outliers: The Story of Success (New York: Little, Brown, 2008), 50-55.

68. Malcolm Gladwell, Outliers: The Story of Success (New York: Little, Brown, 2008), 55.

69. Stephen Steinberg, The Ethnic Myth: Race, Ethnicity and Class in America. (Boston: Beacon, 1989), 95-103.

70. Nick Hanauer, “The Pitchforks Are Coming . . . For Us Plutocrats,” http://www.politico.com/magazine/story/2014/06/the-pitchforks-are-coming-for-us-pluto-crats-108014.html#.VE_KwJHSJfM Politico July/August 2014).

71. “ ‘I can’t breathe’: Eric Garner put in chokehold by NYPD officer – video,” http://www.theguardian.com/us-news/video/2014/dec/04/i-cant-breathe-eric-garner-chokehold-death-video The Guardian (December 4, 2014).

72. Radley Balko, “But for Video: Tamir Rice Edition,” http://www.washingtonpost.com/news/the-watch/wp/2014/12/02/but-for-video-tamir-rice-edition/ Washington Post (December 2, 2014).

73. “Ohio Walmart CCTV captures John Crawford shooting – video,” http://www.theguardian.com/world/video/2014/sep/25/ohio-shooting-walmart-video The Guardian (September 24, 2014).

74. “Rekia Boyd Settlement: Family Of Unarmed Chicago Woman Killed By Off-Duty Cop May Get $4.5 Million,” http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2013/03/10/rekia-boyd-settlement-fam_n_2849382.html Huffington Post (March 10, 2013).

75. David Edwards, “Texas cops go silent after retracting claim woman had gun when officer killed her,” http://www.rawstory.com/2014/02/texas-cops-go-silent-after-retracting-claim-woman-had-gun-when-officer-killed-her/ Raw Story (February 20, 2014).

76. Travis Gettys, “Walter Scott might still be alive if police had taken another black man’s claims about cop seriously,” http://www.rawstory.com/2015/04/walter-scott-might-still-be-alive-if-police-had-taken-another-black-mans-claims-about-cop-seriously/ Raw Story (April 9, 2015).

77. David A. Graham, “The Mysterious Death of Freddie Gray,” http://www.the-atlantic.com/politics/archive/2015/04/the-mysterious-death-of-freddie-gray/391119/ The Atlantic (April 22, 2015).

78. Joseph Goldstein, “Judge Rejects New York’s Stop-and-Frisk Policy,” http://www.nytimes.com/2013/08/13/nyregion/stop-and-frisk-practice-violated-rights-judge-rules.html?pagewanted=all The New York Times (August 12, 2013).

79. Mark Berman and Wesley Lowery, “The 12 key highlights from the DOJ’s scathing Ferguson report,” http://www.washingtonpost.com/news/post-nation/wp/2015/03/04/the-12-key-highlights-from-the-dojs-scathing-ferguson-report/ Washington Post (March 4, 2015).

80. Diane Ravitch, “The Myth of Charter Schools,” http://www.nybooks.com/articles/archives/2010/nov/11/myth-charter-schools/ New York Review of Books (November 11, 2010).

81. Mike Klonsky, “KIPP’s child abuse for other people’s children,” http://michaelklonsky.blogspot.com/2013/12/kipps-long-record-of-child-abuse-must.html Mike Klonsky’s SmallTalk Blog (December 12, 2013).

82. Jeff Bryant, “The Ugly Truth about Charter Schools: Padded Cells, Corruption, Lousy Instruction and Worse Results,” http://www.alternet.org/education/truth-about-charter-schools-padded-cells-corruption-lousy-instruction-and-worse-results Alternet (January 10, 2014).

83. “James Baldwin on ‘The Negro and the American Promise’,” http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/americanexperience/features/bonus-video/mlk-james-baldwin/ (1963).

84. Derrick Jensen, Endgame, Volume I: The Problem of Civilization (New York: Seven Stories Press, 2006), 330.