Index

Page references followed by f and t indicate figures and tables, respectively.

Abbott, 165
ABC News, 198
Abolition
of the child welfare system, 263–264
of police (defunding), 20, 242, 261–262
of prisons, 20, 242, 258–260
of slavery, 12, 226, 258
Abolition movements, 20–21, 259
Abortion
bans on/prevention of, 142–143, 226
criminalization of, 225–226
ACA (Affordable Care Act; 2010), 9, 207
ACEs (adverse childhood experiences)
abuse, emotional and physical, 97–98
depression and food insecurity, 99–101, 101f
drug use by parents, 94–95, 101
emotional neglect, 94, 100–101, 101f
forms of, 86
health problems associated with, 86–88
hunger, 92–97
incarcerated parent, 257, 263
low self-esteem, 97–98
and nutrition assistance, 100
pair of, 90
poverty, 289
racism, 89
sexual abuse/rape, 86–89, 95, 97, 101, 235, 260, 289
studied singly vs. grouped, 100, 325n20
surveys of, 91–99, 311–312, 325n17
Acoma Pueblo, 175, 177
Adverse childhood experiences. See ACEs
AFDC (Aid to Families with Dependent Children), 141–142. See also TANF
Affordable Care Act (ACA; 2010), 9, 207
Agency for Children and Families, 135, 138
Agricultural workers, 256
Agua Zarca Dam, 281
Aid to Families with Dependent Children (AFDC), 141–142. See also TANF
Akomolafe, Bayo, 214
Albertsons, 182, 195
Alexander VI (pope), 236
Allostatic load, 215
Amazon rainforest, 205
American Beverage Association, 120, 182–183, 253
American Enterprise Institute, 157
Americans for Tax Fairness, 181
Amnesia, 103–104
Anemia, 63
Aramark, 205
Arapaho nation, 37, 174, 177, 187
Archer, Bill, 144
Aretha (case study), 80–81
Arikara nation, 282
Asking for help, xvii, 139, 197
Atlanta Public Safety Training Center, 282–283
Auerhahn, Nanette, 103
Ayala, Luis Fernando, 281

Baby formula, 165
Bail systems, 257–258
Baldwin, James, 24
Bank account use, 153–154, 155
Bankruptcy, 9
Behun, Tony, 284
Bengal Famine (India, 1943), 6
Biden, Joe, 200, 253
Biden-Harris administration, 10
Big Bird, 194
Black codes, 123–124, 226, 261
Black Elk, Linda, 176
Black Lives Matter movement, 20–21, 171, 262
Black Panther Party (BPP), 20, 170–172, 266
Black people
capitalism’s domination of, 226
child-rearing practices of, 220–221
discrimination against and subjugation of, 12, 18
disproportionate food insecurity among, 4, 12
disproportionate hunger among, 4
disproportionate imprisonment among, 224, 258
employment and wages of, 58
food acquisition by, 20
health inequities for, 159
land access by, 13
life expectancy among, 254
mutual aid among, 265–266
participation in TANF, 152–153
resilience and self-reliance of, 20–21
sterilization of women, forced, 150
violence toward (see Racism; Slavery)
Black queer feminism, 20–21
Bloom, Sandy, 111
Bloomberg, 158
Bolsonaro, Jair, 275
Boston Medical Center, 208
Bounded justice, 242–243
BPP (Black Panther Party), 20, 170–172, 266
Brazil, 274–275
Breaking the chain of trauma and oppression, 105–116
via the Building Wealth and Health Network, 112–116
healing, 109–113
via sanctuary creation, 112–113
via solidarity and support, 106–109, 115–116
via trauma-informed care and practice, 110–112, 114
Breathe Act, 262
Breslin, Beau, 271
Brotherhood of Sleeping Car Porters Union, 266
Brown, Michael, 258
Brownell, Kelly, 182
Brydge, Michael, 176
Buddha/Buddhism, 291–292. See also Zen Buddhism
Building Wealth and Health Network, 27, 112–116, 140–141, 143, 155–156, 295–296
Burke, Tarana, 238
Burris, Mary Ann, 74
Bush (George W.) administration, 44

Cab drivers, informal, 323n1
Cáceres Flores, Berta Isabel, 281
Canada, family separation in, 138
Capitalism
intersectional, 224–226
and misogyny, 225–226
ownership/control of people as basis for, 18
personal work on, 218–226
and racism, 223–225
violence caused by, 6–7
Cardiovascular disease, 87, 109, 182
Carla (case study), 106–107, 155–156, 160, 194
Carlisle Indian Industrial School (Pennsylvania), 138
Carrillo, Julián, 281
Carter administration, 173
Cassie (case study), 96–97, 139–140
Castile, Philando, 169–170
Castile, Valerie, 170
Castro, Josué de, 5
Celeste (case study), 39–42, 65
Center for Hunger-Free Communities, xiii–xvii, 27, 47
Center on Budget and Policy Priorities, 157
Centers for Disease Control, 86–87, 100
Charity. See also Feeding America; Food pantries; Philanthropy
by corporations, 181, 190, 195, 198
culture of, 193
emergency food systems’ reliance on, 191–193, 195–196
as food-insecurity solution, 273
by politicians, 200
recipients disempowered and humiliated, 190, 268
self-congratulatory donors, 4, 185, 198, 268
vs. solidarity, 268–269
wages impacted by, 181
Charles, Ms., 140–141
Cheyenne people, 11, 37, 174, 177, 187
Childcare
benefits for, 148–149, 151–152
costs of, 149
inequities in access to, 9
workers in, 256
Children
fear of losing, 53–55, 77, 92–93, 139–140, 151, 263–264
in foster care, 138–139, 144
nutritional assistance for, 46–47
parent-child bond, 120
removal by police, 145
research on welfare of, 47–48
separated from parents, 137–138, 150, 160, 263
summer meals program for, 124–127
Children’s Defense Fund, 163
Children’s HealthWatch
on ACEs, 92
on the benefits of public assistance, 127–128, 178–179
on caregivers, 49
and children brought to emergency rooms, 144
database developed from, 75, 99
on discrimination, 58
interview approach for, 61–63, 65–66
number of families interviewed, 48
on WIC, 164
Child support, 160, 222
Child Tax Credit, 200, 251, 253, 264–265
Child welfare system, 14, 53, 263–264
Chronic hyperarousal, 87
CIA Sabotage Manual, 152
Citibank, 153
City of Sherrill v. Oneida Indian Nation of New York, 339n29
Civil rights, 258–259, 284–285
Cleaver, Eldridge, 170
Climate crisis/climate change, 10, 200, 276–278, 280, 285
Climate refugees, 280, 297
Clinton, Bill, 142
Clinton administration, 47, 141–142, 193
Coates, Ta-Nehisi, 244–246
Coca-Cola, 27, 182, 195, 207
COINTELPRO (Counterintelligence Program), 170–172
Collaborating for Clients, 192
Collective efficacy, 110
Collective trauma, 15–18, 116, 119–120, 136, 244
College and University Food Bank Alliance, 204
College students, 203–206
Colonization
popes’ legitimization of, 339n29
as rape, 234–235
via rape, 13 (see also Rape, culture of)
Combahee River Collective, 20–21
Comcast, 133, 149
Coming to the Table, 233
Committee on National Statistics, 44–46
Commodity cheese, 172–173
Community Food Bank of Arizona, 195
Community-supported agriculture (CSA), 267–268
Compassion, 292–294
Conagra, 195
Concannon, Kevin, 136
Congressional Budget Office, 255
Connection
as a gift, 31–36
during interviews, 36–39
Constitution (US), 271, 277–278
Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination against Women (1979), 273
Convention on the Rights of the Child (1990), 273
Cooperative buyers’ clubs, 267–268
Cooperatives, 265–269
Cop city, 282
Corn, 279–280
Cornell University, 42–43
Counterintelligence Program (COINTELPRO), 170–172
COVID-19 pandemic
food insecurity and wages during, 57, 275
public financial support during, 252–253
school breakfast and lunch during, 169
shelter-in-place during, 7–8, 264
Craig, Nephi, 174
Creary, Melissa, 242
Crenshaw, Kimberlé, 218
Critical race theory, 245–246
Critical Resistance, 21, 262
CSA (community-supported agriculture), 267–268
C&S Wholesale Grocers Association, 182, 253

Dakota Access Pipeline, 19–20, 281–282
Davis, Angela, 21, 235, 262
Davis, Mike, 6–7, 276
Death-dealing superstructure, 217–218, 302
Debtors’ prison, 257
Declaration on the Rights of Peasants and Other People Working in Rural Areas (2018), 273
Decolonization, 20, 250, 294
Deer, Sarah, 13, 234
DeGruy, Joy, 221
Department of Human Services. See DHS
Depression
in children, 99–101, 101f
and food insecurity, 49–52, 65, 99–101
and gut bacteria, 72
and hunger, 49–52, 65, 69
and isolation, 69
and loneliness, 109
Detroit Black Community Food Security Network, 267, 275
DHS (Department of Human Services), 53, 55, 108, 135
Diabetes, 87, 109, 166, 182, 208
Diefenbach, Lorenz, 147–148
Dietz, William, 90
Diné (Navajo) people, 11, 174, 276
Disabilities, people with, 9
Disability benefits, 9
Discrimination
in employment, 266
vs. equanimity, 296
and food insecurity, 58–59
in housing, 89
hunger caused by, 9
intersectional approach to, 218–224
Jim Crow laws, 258, 266
measuring, 58–59
systemic, 132–133
Dissociation, 100, 103, 106, 228. See also under Trauma
Domestic workers, 256–257
Domination. See also Rape; Violence
culture of, 14, 24, 218, 236–237
and food insecurity, 13–14
pleasure of, 18
Dopamine, 87
Drexel University (Philadelphia), xiii
Drexel University Institutional Review Board, 326n1
Drèze, Jean, 7, 9
Droughts, 6
Dr. Pepper, 182
Du Bois, W. E. B., 18, 214, 224, 268
Duncan, Ruby, 159
Dunkin’ Donuts, 198
Dust bowl (1930s), 7
Duterte, Rodrigo, 281
Duwamish people, 249

Earned Income Tax Credit (EITC), 156–159
EAT Café (Everyone At the Table)
finances of, 123–124
opening of, 1, 3
pay structure at, 299
vs. soup kitchens, 2
summer meals at, 125–126
vision and goals of, 2–3
EBT (Electronic Benefits Transfer) meal program, 126–127, 143, 153–155, 264–265
Economic Research Service (ERS), 43–44
Ecuador, 285–286
Edelman, Marion Wright, 163–164
Education, access to, 9
EITC (Earned Income Tax Credit), 156–159
Eliza Shirley House (Philadelphia), 54
Ellis, Wendy, 90
Emancipation, nonevent of, 12
Emergency food systems, 120–121, 335n1. See also Food banks; Food pantries
allure of, 201–202
backpack programs, 202–203
on college campuses, 203–206
corporate involvement in, 195, 205
and food waste, 200–201
growth of, 190
health professionals’ referrals to, 207–208
for the military, 206–207
and the monetization of meals, 198–199
normalization of, 193–194
and the politics/image of helping, 199–200
reliance on charity, 191–193, 195–196
toxicity of, 27
Emergency rooms, high utilizers of, 207
Emerson Hunger Fellows, 182
Emotional depth, 228, 290
Emotional numbness (indifference), 17–18, 229–232, 234, 237
Empathy, 228, 293
Enbridge, 282
Ending Child Sexual Abuse (Generation Five), 260
Energy Transfer, 193
Entitlement failure, 9, 135–136, 193
Entitlement programs, 135–136, 141, 165. See also SNAP
Environmentalism, 201
protectors of the environment, 280–283
and the rights of nature, 283–286
EPA (Environmental Protection Agency), 284
Epidemiology, xv
Epigenetics, 88
Equanimity, 292, 296
Erotic power and knowledge, 25–26
ERS (Economic Research Service), 43–44. See also HFSSM
Erwin, Valerie, 20
Esther (case study), 149, 302
Ethnography, xiv–xv
Extinctions, 276

Fair Employment Act (1941), 266
Faith (case study), 106–110, 133, 301
Family leave, 57, 148
Famines, 6–7, 276
Farm Bill (1933), 165, 180
Fast-food workplaces, 157–158
FBI (Federal Bureau of Investigation), 170–172
FDPIR (Food Distribution Program on Indian Reservations), 175–177
Federal poverty line, 129–130
Federici, Silvia, 225–226
Feeding America, 27, 190–193, 195, 199, 202–203, 207, 269
Felitti, Vincent, 86–87
Feudalism, 225
Fight, flight, or freeze responses, 86–87
Fisher, Andy, 181, 195
Fletcher, Willie, 11
Floyd, George, 262
FNS (Food and Nutrition Services), 167–168
Fome Zero (Zero Hunger), 274–275
Food and Nutrition Services (FNS), 167–168
Food banks, 190–192, 195–196, 199–200, 268–269. See also Emergency food systems; Food pantries; Philabundance
Food Distribution Program on Indian Reservations (FDPIR), 175–177
Food drives, 191, 201
Food First Information and Action Network, 275
Food for Free, 205
Food insecurity. See also Hunger
and ACEs, 99–101
and addiction, 94–95
and caregivers’ health, 49
charity as a solution to, 273
among children, 99–101, 101f
and children’s development, 48–49
and the climate crisis, 276–278, 280
during the COVID-19 pandemic, 7–8
definition of, xi, 8, 43–45
and depression, 49–52, 65, 99–101
and disabilities, 52–53
and discrimination, 58–59
and domination, 13–14
and emotional neglect, 100–101, 101f
and employment, 57–58
and family stress, 53
across generations, 93, 98–99, 314f
health professionals’ referrals for, 207–208
and housing insecurity, 48–50
hunger as, 43–46
among Indigenous peoples, disproportionate, 4, 10–12
inequities in, 4–5, 8–13
levels of, 44–45, 309–310t
mapping of, 199
measuring, 42–48, 92–93, 309–310t, 321n6
and the monetization of meals, 198–199
during pregnancy, 48
after prison, 59
quantitative vs. qualitative research on, 74
rates of, 8–13
and violence, 90–93, 96, 101–102, 119
and wages, 57
Food pantries. See also Emergency food systems; Food banks
on college campuses, 204–205
as cooperatives, 268–269
as disempowering/humiliating, 192, 197–198
early, 187
and entitlement failure, 193
in hospitals, 208
on military bases, 206
in Philadelphia, 31–32, 192–193
receipt of food donations by, 196
restrictions at, 196–197
Food Purchase Assistance Cooperative Agreement Program, 176
Food Recovery Network, 205
Food Research and Action Center, 182
Food sovereignty, 19, 247, 267, 269
Food stamps. See SNAP
Fort Berthold Reservation, 282
Foster care system, 139, 144, 264
Fourteenth Amendment (US Constitution), 257
Frances (pope), 339n29
Frank, Deborah, 46–47, 49, 208
Freedman, Milton, 252
Freedom Farm Cooperative, 266–267
Freedom from Hunger (National Commission on Hunger), 134, 136–137, 274
Fridays for Future, 283
Fry bread, 174

Gaines-Turner, Tianna, 166, 253
Ganges River, 285
Gangs, 81
Generation Five, 260
Geronimus, Arline, 215
Gilbert, Marcella, 176
Gilmore, Ruth Wilson, 21, 258, 262
Gingrich, Newt, 141–142, 144
Ginsburg, Ruth Bader, 339n29
Ginwright, Shawn, 112
Global warming, 297–298
Global Witness, 281
Goff, Phillip Atiba, 259
Gordon Nembhard, Jessica, 265–266
Gowens, Pat, 142
Grace (case study), 187–190
Gratitude, 298
Great Depression, 7, 165
Great Recession, 8, 178
Greenhouse gas emissions, 299
Grief
avoiding, 18–19, 231–234
embracing, 228–229
about hunger, xiii–xiv
Grocery industry, 179–182
Guaranteed income, 251–253
Gullah Geechie tradition, 20
Gurusami, Susila, 226

Haines, Staci, 89
Hamer, Fannie Lou, 266–267
Hampton, Fred, 171
Harris, Cheryl, 227
Harris, Nadine Burke, 86, 89
Hartman, Saidiya, 12–13, 18
Harvard University, 205
Haudenosaunee Confederacy and people, 247–248, 277, 288–289
Headley, Jazmine, 145, 257, 263
Healing, 109–112
Health insurance, lack of, 9, 160
Healthy, Hunger-Free Kids Act (2010), 168
Heart disease, 87, 109, 182
Help/helping
asking for help, xvii, 139, 197
bragging about, 180, 192, 198
political systems perceived as, 121, 137–140, 144, 217
politics/image of, 199–200
robust programs for, 264
Hena, Louie, 279
Herman, Judith, 237–239
HFSSM (Household Food Security Survey Module), 43–44, 47–48, 309–310t, 321n6
Hidatsa nation, 282
Hispanic people. See Latinx people
Hoarding food and resources, 6–7, 151, 181–182
Holocaust, 88, 103, 147–148
Homelessness
and caregivers’ health, 49
and emergency room use, 207
and housing support, 54
during pregnancy, 48
hooks, bell
on the culture of domination, 14, 24, 218, 288
on the imperialist, white supremacist, capitalist heteropatriarchy, 217
on love and spirituality, 24–25, 288, 300
on patriarchy, 236–237
Hoopa people, 11–12
Hoover, J. Edgar, 170–171
Household Food Security Survey Module. See HFSSM
Household Pulse Survey, 8
Housing insecurity, 48–50
H.R. 40 (reparations bill), 244
Hubbard, Mia, 206
Human rights, 9, 271–276, 296
Humility, 37
Hunger. See also Food insecurity
among children, 92–97
and community gardens, 4
as created by people in power, 5–7 (see also Capitalism)
definitions of, xi
and depression, 49–52, 65, 69
and disbelonging, 2
discomfort of, 39–42
discrimination as causing, 9
domains of healing, 14–15
as entitlement failure, 9, 135–136, 193
and feelings of disrespect, 90
and the focus on food, 3–4, 7–10
as food insecurity, 43–46
across generations, 91–92, 94
grief about, xiii–xiv
and gut bacteria, 71–72
initiatives on, 3, 10 (see also specific programs)
measuring, 42–48, 309–310t, 321n6
physical vs. mental/emotional, 68–70, 72
quantitative vs. qualitative research on, 74
the right to freedom from, 271–272, 274–275
solutions to, 10, 14–15
trauma of, 15, 119
and violence, 90–93, 96, 101–102, 119
and wages, 5, 9
Hunger-Free Campus Bill, 204

Immigrants
children separated from parents, 137–138, 160
denied health insurance coverage, 160
disproportionate food insecurity among, 12–13
Impoverishment. See Poverty
Incommensurability, ethic of, 250
India, 6
Indian Appropriations Act (1871), 248
Indian Child Welfare Act (1978), 139
Indian Removal Act (1830), 248–249
Indifference. See Emotional numbness
Indigenous Environmental Network, 20
Indigenous peoples. See also specific peoples
boarding schools for children of, 11, 138, 263
capitalism’s domination of, 226
collective trauma among, 16
diabetes among, 11
disproportionate food insecurity among, 4, 10–12
disproportionate hunger among, 4
food assistance among, 173–177
food insecurity among, 174
food sharing with, 37
food viewed as kin by, 278–280
forced relocation of, 248–249
foster care for children of, 138–139
genocide against, 10–11
impoverishment of, 10–11
land stolen from, 13, 174, 246–247, 249–250, 339n29
life expectancy among, 254
malnutrition among, 164
missing women, 282
rape of, 13, 235, 282
resilience and resistance of, 19–21
sovereignty of, 19, 173–174, 177, 234, 247–248, 339n29
sterilization of women, forced, 150
traditional foods of, 11, 175–176
US government’s domination/mistreatment of, 10–11, 173–174
violence against women, 13, 234, 282
Individual agency, 110
International Covenant of the Rights of Indigenous Peoples (2007), 273
International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights (1966), 271–272
Interrupting Criminalization, 262
Isolation, 69, 109, 288

Jackson, Andrew, 248–249
Jackson, Regina, 23
Jefferson, Thomas, 236
Jenkinson, Clay, 271
Jenkinson, Stephen, 229
Jewell (case study), 105, 128–129, 222–223
Jim Crow laws, 258, 266
Joanna (Simmons)
fear of losing her children, 53–55
hardships and depression of, 50–53, 150
low self-esteem of, 56
photo of her kitchen, 51f, 77–78
on public assistance caseworkers, 131
side hustle of, 156
Jocelyn (case study), 94–96
Joy, 292, 295
JPMorgan, 153–154
Juleen (case study)
forced drug use by, 66
on hunger, 39
interviews with, 31–32, 36–39
painting by, 32–33, 34f, 35, 73, 89, 215–216
rape of, 67, 89

Kaba, Mariame, 21, 262
Kaiser Permanente, 86–87, 100
Karuk people, 11–12
Kelly, R., 239
Kennedy, Ted, 163–164
Kimmerer, Robin Wall, 277–280, 297
King, Martin Luther, Jr., 24, 252
Klamath people, 11–12
Klamath River Basin, 11–12
Kornbluh, Felicia Ann, 158
Kroger, 179, 182, 195
Kropotkin, Pëtr, 5
Kwashiorkor, 163

Lakota Child Rescue Project, 138–139
Land Back movement, 20, 249–250
Land theft, 13
Latinx people
disproportionate hunger among, 4
employment and wages of, 58
food insecurity among, 4
sterilization of women, forced, 150
Laub, Dori, 103
Lehigh Coal and Navigation Company, 284
Levin, Josh, 179–180
LGBTQIA+ community
Black queer feminism, 20–21
disproportionate hunger among, 4
food insecurity among, 8–9
Limón, Monique, 204
Lindsey, Treva, 14, 217, 300
Line 3 pipeline, 19–20, 282, 285
Listening
deep, 36–39, 65, 230, 292
with the gut, 70–72
Loneliness, 109
Lorde, Audre, 25–26, 303
Love
bell hooks on, 24–25, 287–288, 300
facets of, 25
focus on, 24
of others, 292–296
of ourselves, 289–291, 300–301
and spirituality, 24–25
Lovelessness, 287–288
Loving-kindness, 292–293
Lula da Silva, Luiz Inácio, 274–275
Lunch shaming, 169–170
Lyons, Oren, 289

Magnolia Mother’s Trust, 253
Malcolm X, 241, 294
Malnutrition, 7, 43, 49, 65, 163–164, 275
Man camps, 282
Mancuso, Stefano, 280
Mandan nation, 282
Mandela, Nelson, 243
Map the Meal Gap, 199
Marasmus, 163
Maria (case study), 76–79, 154–155, 157
Mariah (case study), 151–152
Maroon communities, 20, 266
Marshall, John, 339n29
Martinez, Susanna, 170, 178
Maxwell, Zachary, 168
MAZON, 206
McDonald’s, 157–158
McGovern, George, 163–164, 252
McShane-Jewell, Benjamin, 176
Mead Johnson, 165
Medicaid
benefit limits of, 128–129
eligibility for, 222
expansion of, 159–160
funding for, 135
and low wages, 4
separation from TANF and SNAP, 143
unequal access to, 159
Medicare for All, 255
Menakem, Resmaa, 16–17, 23, 103, 211, 228
#MeToo movement, 238–239
Metta meditation, 292–293
Middle Passage, 216. See also Slavery
Ministry of Food Security and Fight against Hunger (Brazil), 274–275
Mink, Gwendolyn, 158
Minnesota starvation study, 49
Misogyny, 148, 153, 224–226
Monsoons, 6
Moore, Thomas, 252
Morales Ayma, Evo, 286
Moten, Fred, 246
Mouzon, Sherita, 288
Muscogee people, 282

National Academies of Science, 157
National African American Reparations Commission, 245, 248
National Commission on Hunger, xv, 10, 126, 134–137, 175–176, 183
National Food and Nutrition Security Law (Brazil, 2006), 274–275
Native American Food Sovereignty Alliance, 247, 267
Nature’s rights, 283–286
Needs-based approach to food, 273
Nestlé, 165, 195
Newcomb, Steven, 236
New Deal, 7
New Mexico, 178
Nhat Hanh, Thich, 17, 25, 292–293, 295
Nicholas V (pope), 236
Nixon, Richard, 252
Nonprofits, lobbying by, 195
Nord, Mark, 45–46
Nutritional Development Services (Philadelphia), 125–126
Nutrition assistance, 163–183. See also SNAP; WIC
and commodity food, 172–174
to Indigenous peoples, 173–177
malnutrition before, 163–164
number of programs, 275
school meals, 168–172

Obama, Barack, 281
Obama administration, 134, 137, 281
Occupational Safety and Health Act (1970), 256
Ocean Spray, 182
Oceti Ŝakowiŋ peoples, 281
Oglala Lakota communities, 176
Ohlone peoples, 249
Oil pipelines, 19–20, 281–282, 285
Ojibwe people, 282, 285
Okun, Tema, 227
Olbermann, Keith, 45–46
Oliphant v. Suquamish, 282
Omar, Ilhan, 170
Oneida people, 339n29
Orleck, Annelise, 159

Páez Terán, Manual Esteban (“Tortuguita”), 283
Pandemic EBT (Electronic Benefits Transfer), 126, 264–265
Parallel process, 27, 119–120
Parenthood
fatherhood, 66–67, 142, 144, 160, 222–223
incarcerated parents, 257, 263
interviews with, 93, 98–99
Mother Earth, 248, 286
motherhood, 143, 150–152, 160, 219, 226, 256, 263–264, 279, 290–291
parent-child bond, 120
as protecting children, 92
and summer meals for children, 127
Patriarchy
and heteronormativity, 237
heteropatriarchy, 217, 223
personal work on, 14–15, 235
of public assistance, 223
Patrul Rinpoche, 293
Peace
as a blessing, 230–231
creation of, 25, 248, 295
Penniman, Leah, 267
Pennock, Daniel, 284
PepsiCo, 182, 195, 207
Perry, Bruce, 88
Personal and interpersonal work, 211–239
on capitalism, 218–226
on misogyny, 224–226
on patriarchy, 14–15, 235
on racism, 14–15, 216–226
on rape culture, 234–239
on sexism, 218–224
on slavery’s legacy, 214–218, 221, 233–234
on violence generally, 213–214
wake work, 215–216
on white supremacy, 14–15, 221, 226–229
Personal Responsibility and Work Opportunity Act (PRWORA; 1996), 47, 142–144
Philabundance, 191–193, 198, 200–201, 253
Philadelphia Inquirer, 192, 197
Philanthropy, 4, 124, 193, 195, 201, 327n2 (chap. 5). See also Charity
Photovoice, 74, 76–78, 80
PIC (prison-industrial complex), 259, 262
Pickering, Kathleen, 176
Piggly Wiggly, 182
Pizza party ruse, 185, 335n1
Plum Village tradition, xvii, 17, 292, 298
Police
abolition of, 20, 242, 261–262
children removed by, 145
rape by, 235
Political work, 211, 241–286
on bounded justice, 242–243
child welfare system abolition, 263–264
on the climate crisis, 276–278, 280
on environmental protectors, 280–283
flourishing and well-being, promoting, 262–265
and the Indigenous view of food as kin, 278–280
police abolition, 261–262
prison abolition, 258–260
rematriation, 246–250
reparations, 242–246
on the rights of nature, 283–286
on the right to food, 271–276
on the right to freedom from hunger, 271–272, 274–275
solidarity economies, 265–269
transformative justice, 260
universal social programs for health and flourishing, 242, 250–257, 262, 264–265
Pollution, 284–285
Poo, Ai-jen, 256–257
Poppendieck, Janet, 7, 169, 193
Post-traumatic slave syndrome, 221
Post-traumatic stress syndrome, 15, 85, 101–102, 206
Poverty. See also Food insecurity; Homelessness; Hunger
corporate causes of, 195
cost of, 251
and foster care, 139
and life expectancy, 288
lifting people out of, 156–158
and low self-esteem, 56
rates of, 9
stress of, 35
violence as creating, 120
work as a way out of, 148
Powless, Irving, Jr., 278
Prison-industrial complex (PIC), 259, 262
Prisons
abolition of, 20, 242, 258–260
for debtors, 257
disproportionate imprisonment among Black people, 224, 258
food insecurity after release, 59
growth of, 258–259
women in, 257
Project Nia, 21, 262
Prophesies, 289
ProPublica, 151
PRWORA (Personal Responsibility and Work Opportunity Act; 1996), 47, 142–144
Psychotic spectrum syndrome, 101–102
Ptacek, Thomas, 165–166
PTSD. See Post-traumatic stress syndrome
Public assistance, 123–145. See also specific programs
benefit calculations for, 9
benefits of, 127–128
caseworkers, interactions with, 130–131, 140–141
children separated from parents by, 140–141
and the cliff effect, 149
as corporate entrapment, 158–159
Democrats vs. Republicans on, 133–135
eligibility and work requirements for, 127, 129–133, 222–223
family cap in, 150
funding for, 134–137
harm caused by, 127–129
as patriarchal, 223
racism of, 159–161
recommendations for improving, 134–137
as a safety net, 129, 133, 190
as separating and isolating people, xvii, 120, 127, 137, 251
sexism in, 223
sterilization requirement for, 150
trauma regenerated by, 27, 90, 110–111, 136
Public health practices, 5
Public housing, 217

Racism. See also Discrimination; Slavery; White supremacy
and capitalism, 223–225
and heteropatriarchy, 223
impact on children, 89
and misogyny, 219
toward people of color, 12
personal work on, 14–15, 216–226
and the pleasure of domination, 18
of the prison-industrial complex, 259
of public assistance, 159–161
and sexism, 219–224
stress of, 215
systemic/structural, 218, 266
trauma caused by, 16
of white women, 22–23
Radicalization, 21–22
Rage, 80–82
Rand, Ayn, 148
Randolph, A. Philip, 266
Randolph, Edmund, 236
Rao, Saira, 23
Rape
of Black vs. white women, 238–239
of children, 79, 235
colonization via, 13
culture of, 13, 26, 211–212, 234–239
and food insecurity and hunger, 63–65, 67, 91, 96–97
of Indigenous women, 13, 235, 282
legal and moral justification for, 226
by the police, 235
popes’ legitimization of, 236
prevalence of, 235
as underreported, 235, 238
witnesses or bystanders to, 238–239
Reagan, Ronald, 179–180
Reagan administration, 42, 173, 193
Real Rent Duwamish, 249
Reconciliation, 250
Red Nation, 247–248
Red Power, 20
Reese, Ashanté, 20
Rematriation, 246–250
Remi (case study), 97–98
Rent costs, 154
Reparations, 242–246, 294
Research
ethics of, 326n1
interviewing, power dynamics of, 36–39
qualitative vs. reflexive, 62–63
scientific bias in, 93, 102–103, 114
Research Triangle Institute (RTI), 134
Residential treatment facilities, 111
Responder bias, 92
Restaurant industry, 123, 327n1 (chap. 5)
Restorative justice, 259
Rights of nature, 283–286
Right to food, 271–276, 296
Rikers Island jail, 145
Ritchie, Andrea, 21, 235, 262
Roberts, Brian, 133
Roberts, Dorothy, 21, 139, 263–264
Robinson, Cedric, 224–225
Roe v. Wade, 226
RTI (Research Triangle Institute), 134
Ryan, Paul, 135, 148, 200

Safety Net That Works, A (American Enterprise Institute), 157
Sanctuary Model, 111–113, 115
Sankofa Farms, 267
Sarafina (case study), 81, 219–221
Saul, Jack, 109
Scheper-Hughes, Nancy, 69–70
Schlosser, Eric, 158
School Nutrition Association, 168
School of Public Health (Drexel University), xiii
Schuylkill River, 284
Scott, Walter, 160
Seeds, returning, 242, 247
Segregation, residential, 12, 56
SELF (safety, emotions, loss, and future), 115–116
Self-esteem, low, 56, 97–98, 231–232, 289, 300–302
Sen, Amartya, 6–7, 9
Sesame Street, 194–195
Sexism
personal work on, 218–224
and the pleasure of domination, 18
in public assistance, 223
and racism, 219–224
Sex work, 70, 79
Shandra (case study), 156
Share Our Strength, 199
Sharpe, Christina, 214–216, 218
Shelters, 54
Shirley (case study), 128, 130, 156–159, 194
Sicangu Oyate Lakota communities, 176
Simmons, Joanna, 253
Slager, Michael, 160
Slavery
abolition of, 12, 226, 258
bans on teaching about, 245–246
and Black codes, 123–124, 226, 261
collective trauma caused by, 16
harm across generations caused by, 214–215
legacy of, personal work on, 214–218, 221, 233–234
and the pleasure of domination, 18
as rape, 234–235
slave codes/patrols under, 261
SNAP (Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program), xvi
and ACEs, 100
benefit calculation by, 167
benefits of, 127–128
college students participating in, 204
corporate exploitation of, 120, 179–183
demonstrating worthiness for, 2
effectiveness of, 59, 166
eligibility for, 130
as an entitlement program, 135–136, 165
establishment of, 163–164
and the focus on food, 3–4
food choices under, 165–166
funding for, 134–137, 165
health benefits of, 166
immigrants’ access to, 13
importance of, 73
Indigenous peoples participating in, 175, 177
ineligible items for purchase under, 165
limitations of, 242
participation rates for, 165
recommendations for improving, 134–137
separation from Medicaid and TANF, 143
stigma created by, 253
tax credits for participants, 156–157
veterans participating in, 165–166, 206
work requirement for, 177–179
Social determinants of health, 207
Social Security, 9, 141, 250–251, 256–257
Soda, 182
Sodexo, 205
Sogorea Te’ Land Trust, 249
Solidarity
vs. charity, 268–269
economies of, 20, 28, 265–269
healing power of, 106–108, 115–116
between researchers and the researched, 36–37
Soul, harm to, 234
Soul Fire Farm, 267
Soup kitchens, 2, 199–200
South Dakota, 138–139
Southern Rural Black Women’s Initiative for Economic and Social Justice, 275
Special Supplemental Nutrition Program for Women, Infants, and Children. See WIC
Spirituality, 24–25
Spiritual work, 211–212, 287–304
loving others, 292–296
loving ourselves, 289–291, 300–301
removing pain, 293–294
respecting food, 297–299
on self-esteem, 300–302
smiling, 294–295
for surviving throughout generations, 288–289
Starbucks, 195
Starvation amid plenty, 6–7
Starvation studies, 49
Staub, Irvin, 75
St. Christopher’s Hospital for Children (Philadelphia), 47
Sterilization, forced, 150
Stevenson, Brian, 243–244
Stop & Shop, 182
Stress. See also Trauma
fight, flight, or freeze responses to, 86
of racism, 215
toxic, 85–86
Stunting, 163
Subsidized housing, 54
Sugar, 182–183
Suicide and suicidal ideation, 53, 65, 83, 86, 96–97, 106–107, 109–110
Summer EBT (Electronic Benefits Transfer), 126–127
Summer Food Service Program, 124
Sunoco, 193
Survivors Memorial (Minneapolis), 238
Swipe Out Hunger, 204

Taino people, 279
Tamaqua Borough (Pennsylvania), 284
TANF (Temporary Assistance for Needy Families)
and the Building Wealth and Health Network, 113–114
caseworkers, interactions with, 130, 144, 151, 155
childcare benefits, 148–149, 151–152, 256
eligibility and work requirements for, 130–133, 135, 143–144, 148–149, 151
family cap in, 150
as financial apartheid, 153–154
funding diverted by, 142–143, 151
funding for, 135, 142
goals of, 142, 151
grant amounts by, 143, 148, 153
income reportable to, 155
marriage promoted by, 142
participation rates for, 152–153
as racist and misogynistic, 148, 153
rent allowance by, 154
sabotage by, 152–156
as separating and isolating people, 120
separation from Medicaid and SNAP, 143
systemic discrimination, 132–133
tax credits for participants, 156–157
Taylor, Linda, 179–180
Temporary Assistance for Needy Families. See TANF
Tewa (Pueblo) people, 174
Texas, 159–160
TFP (Thrifty Food Plan), 167–168
Thunberg, Greta, 283
Tina (case study), 256
Tinisha (case study), 63–64, 72
Tortuguita (Manual Esteban Páez Terán), 283
Trail of Tears, 248–249
Transformative justice, 260
Trauma. See also Breaking the chain of trauma and oppression; Rape; Stress
appeasement response to, 88–89
behavioral responses to, 88
biological/physical responses to, 87–88, 119
among children (toxic stress), 85–86 (see also ACEs)
definition of, 17
at developmental stages, 93
dissociative, 17–18, 23–24, 88–89, 103–104, 119, 229, 246
forms of, 85
across generations, 88, 103–104, 214, 221
historical/collective, 15–18, 116, 119–120, 136, 244
of Holocaust survivors, 88, 103
incidents that cause, 15
knowing and not knowing of, 103–104
racialized, 16, 23–24
secondary, 23, 112
as somatic, 90, 104
and triggers, 87–88
vicarious, 85
and violence, 16–17, 82–83, 85, 119
Trauma-organized society, 119
Travis, Nigel, 198
TRCs (Truth and Reconciliation Commissions), 243
Trump, Donald, 136
Trump administration, 137–138, 178, 192, 281–282
Truth and Reconciliation Commissions (TRCs), 243
Tubbs, Michael, 253
Tuck, Eve, 250
Tufts University, 205
Tulsa Massacre (1921), 266
Tutu, Desmond, 243

UBI (universal basic income), 251–253, 262
UN Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples (2007), 249
United Nations, 243, 273, 275–276, 278, 286
United States. See also US government
democracy in, 193, 237–238, 259, 277
health and life expectancy in, 254
hoarding food and resources in, 7
Universal basic income (UBI), 251–253, 262
Universal childcare, 255–257, 262
Universal Declaration of Human Rights (1948), 271–272, 277
Universal health care, 253–255, 262
Universal school meals, 255–256
Upcycling, 201
Urban Institute, 157
US Census Bureau, 8
USDA. See also ERS
EBT program, 126–127, 143, 153–155, 264–265
Food and Nutrition Services, 167–168
on food assistance for Indigenous peoples, 176–177
on food insecurity and employment, 57–58
hunger measured by (see HFSSM)
on public assistance funding, 136–137
school breakfasts run by, 172
Thrifty Food Plan, 167–168
US government
children separated from parents by, 11, 137–143, 150
dairy subsidies by, 173
Indigenous peoples’ domination/mistreatment by, 10–11, 173–174
on reparations, 244
on the right to food, 272–274
treaties with Indigenous peoples, 244, 248–249
US Human Rights Network, 275
US Solidarity Economy Network, 265

Van de Kolk, Bessel, 90
Vantrease, Dana, 174
Vera (case study), 70–72
Veterans, 165–166, 206
Via Campesina, 19, 267, 273
Vilsak, Tom, 136
Violence. See also Rape
and depression, 65–66
domestic, 144, 222–223, 225–226
in fast-food workplaces, 158
and food insecurity and hunger, 63–66
across generations, 91–93, 99, 105, 214
and hunger/food insecurity, 90–93, 96, 101–102, 119
and isolation, 66
nervos and fome, 69–70
personal work on, 213–214
by the police, 235
poverty as causing, 120
quantitative research on, 99
societal factors in, 219
state-supported, 75
structural/systemic, 89–90, 241
and trauma, 16–17, 82–83, 85, 119
by women, 81
toward women, 16–17 (see also Rape)
Violence against Women Act (2015), 282
Vives, Johannes Ludovicus, 252
Voting rights, 259

Wages
and food insecurity, 57
and hunger, 5, 9
living, 148
minimum wage, 9, 57–58, 195
tipped, 123–124
Walmart, 27, 179–182, 190, 195, 207
Walmart Foundation, 181
Walton family, 181–182
Wanda (case study), 130–131
Wang, Caroline, 74
Ward, Larry, 17–18, 24, 104, 228–229, 301
War on drugs, 258
Washington, George, 236
Water access, 276, 298
Wayland, Horace, 321n1
Weathering, 214–218
Wehler, Cheryl, 101
Weight issues, 86–87, 109
Weinstein, Harvey, 238–239
Welfare fraud, 179–180
“Welfare queens,” 179–180
Welfare reform, 46–47, 136, 142–144, 193
Welfare system. See Public assistance
Welfare to work, 147–161
childcare benefits, 148–149, 151–152
as corporate entrapment, 158–159
as financial apartheid, 153–154
as sabotage, 152–156
tax credits, 156–157
work as setting you free, 147–148, 158
work-participation rules, 148–151
Wells Fargo, 153–154
Whanganui River, 285
White, Rowan, 247
White Earth Ojibwe people, 285
White House Conference on Hunger (2022), 10, 22
Whiteness, culture of, 16–17
White people
discrimination by, 12
fear of acknowledging history, 245–246
and food insecurity, 4
genocide by, 10–11, 16
habits of, 220
and health inequities, 159
land theft by, 13
LGBT, 8–9
life expectancy of, 254
on Medicaid, 159
in poverty, 21, 153
slave patrols by, 261
terror perpetrated by, 221
trauma of, 16
White privilege, 16, 22–23, 227
White savior complex, 22–23
White supremacy
culture of, 23, 221, 226–229
personal work on, 14–15, 221, 226–229
violence rooted in, 221
WHY Hunger, 275
WIC (Special Supplemental Nutrition Program for Women, Infants, and Children)
and ACEs, 100
benefits of, 128
breastfeeding promotion by, 164–165
effectiveness of, 164
eligibility for, 130
establishment of, 163–164
participation rates for, 164
recommendations for improving, 134–135
Wildcat, Daniel, 246–247
williams, angel Kyodo, 326n8
“Witches,” torture/killing of, 16, 225
Witnesses to Hunger, xv, 27, 73–83
on ACEs, 91
bonds among members of, 107–108
creation and goals of, 73–74
effectiveness of, 301
exhibits by, 75, 78, 80, 82, 106, 109
members’ experience of rape, 79
members’ rage, 80–81
photovoice used by, 74–76
as a platform for expression, 74–75, 83, 128
with policymakers, xv, 73–75, 78, 106, 301
recruiting by, 75–76
scientific community’s response to, 91–92
on violence and trauma, 82–83, 91
Women
enslaved, 225–226
food insecurity among, 8
forced birth by, 226
forced sterilization of, 150
in prison, 257
subjugation of, 225–226
violence toward, 16–17 (see also Rape)
World Food Program, 275

Yang, K. Wayne, 250
Young Farmers Coalition, 267
Yurok people, 11–12, 285

Zen Buddhism, xvii, 17, 25, 292, 298
Zion Baptist Church (Philadelphia), 31–32, 39–40, 196, 321n1